ÌÈÍÈÑÒÅÐÑÒÂÎ ÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈß ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÎÉ ÔÅÄÅÐÀÖÈÈ ÂÎËÃÎÃÐÀÄÑÊÈÉ ÃÎÑÓÄÀÐÑÒÂÅÍÍÛÉ ÓÍÈÂÅÐÑÈÒÅÒ

Ì.Ã. ÂÎÐÎÁÜÅÂÀ, Ò.Í. ÕÀÐÈÒÎÍÎÂÀ

UPWARD BOUND First year

Ó÷åáíî-ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå

 2 ÷àñòÿõ

ЧАСТЬ II

Âîëãîãðàä 2004 ÁÁÊ 81.432.1ÿ73 Â75

Ðåöåíçåíòû: ä-ð ôèëîë. íàóê, ïðîô. êàôåäðû àíãëèéñêîé ôèëîëîãèè ÂÃÏÓ Â.È. Êàðàñèê; êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, äîö. êàôåäðû èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ ÂÃÒÓ À.Â. Îëÿíè÷; êàíä. ôèëîë. íàóê, ñò. ïðåï. ÂîëÃÓ Ë.À. Êî÷åòîâà

Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ ïî ðåøåíèþ ó÷åíîãî ñîâåòà ôàêóëüòåòà ëèíãâèñòèêè è ìåæêóëüòóðíîé êîììóíèêàöèè ÂîëÃÓ (ïðîòîêîë ¹ 9 îò 10.06 2002 ã.)

Ïå÷àòàåòñÿ â àâòîðîñêîé ðåäàêöèè

Ì.Ã.Âîðîáüåâà, Ò.Í. Õàðèòîíîâà Â75 Upward Bound: First year: Ó÷åáíî-ìåòîäè÷åñêîå ïîñîáèå:  2 ÷.— ×. 2. — Âîëãîãðàä: Èçä-âî ÂîëÃÓ, 2004. — 184 ñ. ISBN 5-85534-866-0 Äàííîå ïîñîáèå ïðåäíàçíà÷åíî äëÿ àóäèòîðíîé è ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé ðàáîòû ñòóäåíòîâ 1 êóðñà îòäåëåíèÿ àíãëèéñêîé ôèëîëîãèè. Ïîñîáèå âêëþ÷àåò 10 òåìàòè÷åñêèõ óðîêîâ.  êàæäîì óðîêå ñîäåðæèòñÿ ñëîâàðü ñëîâ è âûðàæåíèé ïî òåìå è ñèñòåìà óïðàæíåíèé äëÿ ðàçâèòèÿ íàâûêîâ ÷òåíèÿ, àóäèðîâàíèÿ è ãîâîðåíèÿ.

ÁÁÊ 81.432.1ÿ73 ISBN 5-85534-866-0

© Ì.Ã. Âîðîáüåâà, Ò.Í. Õàðèòîòîâà, 2004 © Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà, 2004 EDUCATION TEXT Ex. 1. Read and translate the texts. Education in Russia I In our country all children receive compulsory education for the first eight years at school, which gives them a broad base for further study in whatever direction they may choose. In the schools the choosing of careers is made easier in a variety of ways. Visits are arranged to factories and enterprises, people of different professions come and talk to the school leavers, form teachers discuss the problem with them. Most schools nowadays have, in the two top classes, a bias, which leads to a specialty, such as mathematics, computer programming, physics, or foreign languages. So after the eighth form, at the age of 14-15, young people may transfer to another school according to their special interests. It is up to the children and their parents to decide or choose their future career. There exist technical colleges, which give a general education as well as preparation for a profession. Those who wish to get some training leading directly to a job may join a specialized college where they receive a general education and the school certificate of education, in addition to a certificate in the specialty they have chosen. I Every year thousands of young men and women enter Universities and Institutes of Higher Education. Moscow and St. Petersburg Universities may be the aim of many applicants although there are many more institutions all over Russia where students get their higher education in various subjects. Besides day departments there are evening and extra-mural (or correspondence) departments for part-time students who work during the day. The applicants go in for entrance examinations in July and August before the new academic year begins. A written examination in the Russian language is compulsory as well as oral examination in the subjects the students are going to major courses.

— 3 — If the applicants want to have a good command of the subject in which they will take examinations, they attend preliminary courses. Most students receive grants. The amount depends on the results of the previous set of examinations. The first two years of study are generally the most difficult. The students may have up to 30 hours a week of seminars, lectures and classes. Apart from the major subject and its allied subjects, University students follow courses in Socio-Political Economy. Sport is also compulsory during the first years of study. Students’ life is a very full one, both academically and culturally. Students have holidays twice a year, at the end of each set of examinations. In winter when examinations are over students may spend their vacation in the country where they skate and ski, or they may go to warmer places where it is possible to sunbathe and swim even at this time of the year. Unfortunately there are some students who fail exams. They stay in town and cram for their failed exams. Now more and more young people understand that education provides the younger generation not only with formal learning, but with social, moral and political ideas. Ex. 2. Ask questions about the texts and let your fellow-students answer them. Ex. 3. Retell the text.

DIALOGUE Ex. 1. Read and translate the dialogue.

Once a year every faculty gives an interview for candidates seeking admission. The dean and some on the lecturers welcome them and answer all their questions thoroughly. A: Is there any difference in the curriculum for fulltime and part-time students? Dean: Yes, there is. The evening department holds classes only four times a week, and therefore their course runs for six years. B: We have heard that there is a well-equipped language laboratory at the Philological faculty. Shall we be able to

— 4 — listen to recordings and work with tape — recorders there ourselves? Dean: Of course, you will. You will even have to do it, otherwise your English property. Besides it will help you to improve your pronunciation and speech habits. I’m sure that you will do your best, and there will be no need for your teachers to worry. C: Shall we be able to borrow books from the University library being only part-time students? Dean: Yes, you will have to join our library. It is well-stocked with books from the reading-list of recommended works for students. Times of opening are convenient for those who work as well as study. On Monday s and Thursday s our library is open till 9 o’clock in the evening. E: Are there any student societies at the faculty? Dean: There certainly are. We have students’ clubs, which are extremely popular with the students of our faculty, especially first-year students. Everybody knows that «Much work and no play never makes people gay». So we hope that you will take part in the activities of our discussion and theatrical groups or the choir. Our University Choir is famous all over the country. Of course there are many sports societies among which you can find something to your liking. In senior years if you are interested in research work you will be able to join linguistic societies. S: I’ve heard that there are two museums in the main buildings of the University. What kind of museums are they? Dean: You are right, there are two museums in the main building. Mendeleyev museum which is in fact the flat where Mendeleyev lived with his family when he was Rector of the University. The other museum is the University History Museum. Among its exhibitions there are old documents, photos and instruments. K: When can we hand in our applications? Dean: The Entrance Requirements Department will take them from June 20th till July 31st. L: What entrance exams shall we have to take? Dean: You must write an essay and go in for Russian, English and History.

— 5 — Ex. 2. Reproduce the dialogue.

PHONETIC EXERCISES Ex. 1. Transcribe and learn the pronunciation of the following words. Base, bias, programming, faculty, department, applicant, command, preliminary, candidate, educational scientific, institution, philology, college, curriculum, philological, pronunciation, to recommend, convenient, theatrical, choir, research, application, essay, requirement, laboratory, to grant, seminar, allied, certificate. Ex. 2. Mark the stress in the following words. Extra-mural, part-time, full-time, well-known, well-equipped, well-stocked, reading-list, correspondence, qualification, preparation, mathematics. Ex. 3. Read and transcribe the dialogue; pay attention to the weak forms. Pete: Are you still studying English? Mike: Yes, but I don’t get enough time for it. I have so many other things to do. Pete: It’s the same with me. I can read English now with out much difficulty, but I still find it rather difficult to speak English. And I don’t always under stand people when they speak English to me. Mike: We don’t hear English spoken enough I suppose. Do you listen to the wireless programmes «English by Radio»? Pete: Yes. That helps me to understand spoken English, but not to speak English. Mike: We must speak English all the time. Pete: Yes. You are right. It’s the best way to master a language.

VOCABULARY A. Learn the following words and word combinations I. EDUCATION Education — îáðàçîâàíèå, îáó÷åíèå, ïîäãî- òîâêà, ïðîñâåùåíèå.

— 6 — to give/ — äàâàòü îáðàçîâàíèå provide education elementary — íà÷àëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå (primary) ed. secondary ed. — ñðåäíåå îáðàçîâàíèå post-school (further) ed. — ïîñëåøêîëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå higher — ed. — âûñøåå îáðàçîâàíèå university ed. — óíèâåðñèòåòñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå adult ed. — îáðàçîâàíèå äëÿ âçðîñëûõ compulsory ed. — îáÿçàòåëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå free ed. — áåñïëàòíîå îáðàçîâàíèå vocational ed. — ïðîôåññèîíàëüíî-òåõíè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå special (trade) ed. — ñïåöèàëüíîå îáðàçîâàíèå in-service ed. — ïîâûøåíèå êâàëèôèêàöèè liberal ed. — ãóìàíèòàðíîå îáðàçîâàíèå physical ed. — ôèçè÷åñêîå îáðàçîâàíèå health ed. — ñàíèòàðíîå ïðîñâåùåíèå broad ed. — ðàçíîñòîðîííåå îáðàçîâàíèå ed. by correspondence — çàî÷íîå îáðàçîâàíèå computer-assisted ed. — îáó÷åíèå ñ ïîìîùüþ êîìïüþ- òåðà full-time ed. — îáó÷åíèå íà äíåâíîì îòäåëåíèå part-time ed. — îáó÷åíèå íà çàî÷íîì (âå÷åð- íåì) îòäåëåíèè education act — çàêîí îá îáðàçîâàíèè education grant — ïîñîáèå íà îáðàçîâàíèå education service — ñèñòåìà îáðàçîâàíèÿ education facilities — îáó÷àþùèå ïîñîáèÿ II. EXAMINATIONS 1) an entrance ex. — âñòóïèòåëüíûé a final/graduate ex. — âûïóñêíîé finals — âûïóñêíûå ýêçàìåíû 2) to take/ — ñäàâàòü/ñäàòü ýêçàìåí pass an exam to sit for/fail (at) — ñäàâàòü ïèñüìåííûé ýêçàìåí/

— 7 — an examination ïðîâàëèòüñÿ íà ýêçàìåíå (íå ñäàòü ýêçàìåí) to be examined — ñäàâàòü ýêçàìåí ïî (àíãëèéñêîìó) in (English) to be re-examined in — ïåðåñäàâàòü ýêçàìåí ïî 3) an examiner — ýêçàìåíàòîð an examinee — ýêçàìåíóþùèéñÿ an examining board — ýêçàìåíàöèîííàÿ êîìèññèÿ to revise for an exam — ãîòîâèòüñÿ ê ýêçàìåíó ïî êîíñ- from the notes ïåêòó

III. SCHOOL 1. day — äíåâíàÿ boarding — øêîëà-èíòåðíàò a vocational school — ïðîôòåõó÷èëèùå (an) private — ÷àñòíàÿ public — ÷àñòíàÿ øêîëà â Àíãëèè íî ãî- ñóäàðñòâåííàÿ øêîëà â ÑØÀ independent — íåçàâèñèìàÿ (÷àñòíàÿ) øêîëà â Àíãëèè 2. to leave — îêîí÷èòü øêîëó to attend school — ïîñåùàòü çàíÿòèÿ to drop out of — áðîñèòü øêîëó to be expelled — áûòü èñêëþ÷åííûì èç øêîëû from 3. a school-leaver — âûïóñêíèê a school-leaving party — âûïóñêíîé âå÷åð the head/ — äèðåêòîð øêîëû principle (Am. E.) of a school a form/grade (AmE) — êëàññ 4. to be on top — áûòü ïåðâûì (ïîñëåäíèì) ïî (at the bottom) êàêîìó-ëèáî ïðåäìåòó

— 8 — of the class in... to repeat a year — îñòàòüñÿ íà âòîðîé ãîä IV. a teaching (academic) — ïðîôåññîðñêî-ïðåïîäàâàòåëüñ- staff/faculty (AmE) êèé ñîñòàâ a lecturer — ëåêòîð, ñòàðøèé ïðåïîäàâàòåëü a tutor — a) íàñòàâíèê, ðóêîâîäèòåëü ãðóïïû ñòóäåíòîâ â óíèâåðñèòå- òå (BrE); b)ìëàäøèé ïðåïîäàâà- òåëü, àññèñòåíò (AmE) V. CLASSES a class in English ( Grammar, Speech Practice, Phonetics, Home Reading) a seminar on Lexicology (Stylistics, Linguistics) a lecture on Literature (the History of England) to take notes at a lecture on to attend/to miss classes/lectures a syllabus — ó÷åáíûé ïëàí a curriculum — ïðîãðàììà îáó÷åíèÿ VI. to mark (Br) — îöåíèâàòü çíàíèÿ, ñòàâèòü îöåíêó to grade (Am) to prompt — ïîäñêàçûâàòü to swot (up) — çóáðèòü to cheat — øïàðãàëèòü a cheat sheet — øïàðãàëêà to crib (from/off) — ñïèñûâàòü a timetable — ðàñïèñàíèå a timetable change — èçìåíåíèå â ðàñïèñàíèè to have a good — õîðîøî çíàòü ïðåäìåò/õîðîøî command of a subject/ óñïåâàòü ïî ïðåäìåòó to be good at a subject (to do well in a subject) to work by fits and starts — ðàáîòàòü óðûâêàìè/íå ñèñòåìà- òè÷åñêè to fall (get, lag) behind — îòñòàâàòü îò ãðóïïû ïî ãðàìà- the group in grammar òèêå to catch up with — äîãíàòü ãðóïïó the group

— 9 — to lack fluency — ãîâîðèòü ìåäëåííî (íå õâàòàåò áåãëîñòè) to help smb. with grammar (in smb’s work) to give a mark (credit) — ïîñòàâèòü îöåíêó, çà÷åò to get a mark (a five, a four) in a subject (for a paper) a test paper in grammar

VII. a student — ñòóäåíò (Br); ñòóäåíò, øêîëüíèê ñòàðøèõ êëàññîâ, ó÷àùèéñÿ (Am) an undergraduate — ñòóäåíò (Br) a graduate — âûïóñêíèê, îêîí÷èâøèé ÂÓÇ a post-graduate — àñïèðàíò a faculty — ôàêóëüòåò a department — îòäåëåíèå Bachelor of Arts (BA) — (a title for someone who has) a first university degree = áàêàëàâð èñ- êóññòâ (ãóìàíèòàðíûõ íàóê) Bachelor of Science (BSc)— (a title for someone who has) a first university degree in a science subject = áàêàëàâð íàóê (åñòå- ñòâåííî-ìàòåìàòè÷åñêèõ) Master of Arts (MA) — (a title for someone who has) a university degree at the first level above the BA = ìàãèñòð èñêóññòâ (ãóìàíèòàðíûõ íàóê) Master of Science (MSc)— (a title for someone who has) a university degree in science at the first level above the BSc = ìàãèñòð íàóê (åñòåñòâåííî- ìàòåìàòè- ÷åñêèõ)

VOCABULARY EXERCISES Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian. Be ready to give their back translation. 1. Education is compulsory for all children in Britain between the ages of 5 and 16. 2. She’s a full-time student at the University.

— 10 — 3. I obtained my diploma by correspondence, but it’s none the less valuable for that. 4. Did you pass your history exam? 5. When will you know the exam results? 6. She failed her exams and will have to take them again. 7. In order to become a student one must pass a university entrance examination. 8. When do you take your finals? 9. She graduated from Oxford with a first-class degree in physics. 10. You’ll be examined in French and German. 11. You’ll be examined on your knowledge of American history. 12. This candidate has failed to satisfy the examiners. 13. I’m revising my history notes for the exam on Monday. 14. Has computer studies been introduced into the school curriculum? 15. I see that «Hamlet» is on this year’s syllabus for the English literature. 16. I’ve got a pile of exam papers to mark. 17. She’s swatting up her French irregular verbs. 18. Any student caught cheating will be disqualified from the exam. 19. She was caught cheating at the exam. 20. His pockets were stuffed with microscopically handwritten cheat sheets. 21. She didn’t know the answers, so she cribbed them from/off her neighbor. 22. There are four English classes on the timetable. 23. According to the timetable we have no history class on Monday. 24. Where is the first-year timetable? 25. The teaching staff of the school is/are excellent. 26. The department of physics is in the Faculty of Science. 27. The History Department is/are using this room. 28. He has a BA/BSc. He has an MA in linguistics. He has an MSc in astrophysics. Ex. 2. Give the meaning and use the following in the sentences of your own. An applicant; a student’s record book; preliminary courses; a part-time student; to have a good command of a language; to work by

— 11 — fits and starts; to lack fluency; curriculum; to study by correspondence; a language laboratory; Ex. 3. Complete the following sentences. 1. He didn’t work properly during the year and now he is.... 2. If you want to pass your exams well, you must.... 3. Helen entered the University in 1985, so in 1990 she.... 4. If you help Kate with Grammar, she is sure.... 5. If you don’t know what lectures you have tomorrow.... 6. Our University choir is extremely.... 7. If you want to have a good command of the language, you must.... 8. You are so quick when speaking that.... 9. In winter we shall take exams.... 10. Pete failed his exam. No wonder, he worked.... Ex. 4. Insert preposition or post-verbal adverbs if necessary. 1. Kate is very good... English. She always helps her friends... their Home-Reading, Phonetics or Grammar. There are no weak students... her group. They all work hard... their English and help each other... their work. 2. If a student gets... the group, everybody is ready to help him. It doesn’t take him long to catch... the group. 3. If you are interested... research work, you may join... some scientific society. There are many... them... our faculty. You are sure to find something... your liking. 4. Did you write a composition... Monday? - Yes, we did. I got «excellent»... it. Next week we shall write a paper... Grammar. 5. You can hand... your application... the Entrance Requirements Department. It is next door... the Dean’s Office. 6.... winter we shall take exams... English and the Geography... England... a month we shall have our first examination. I have already begun to do some revision... it. 7. I hope nobody will fail... English. It is most unpleasant to fail... an examination. 8. Peter is good.... Phonetics. He works hard... his sounds. He spends much time... the language laboratory... the faculty. He listens... records and works... a tape-recorder. 9. Please help me... this rule. It is rather difficult. Will you give me your Grammar book... a few days? -Well, yes, of course. But why don’t you get a copy... the library? 10. What subjects shall we do... senior years? 11. Our local library is well-stocked... books... foreign and Russian writers. Times of opening are convenient... everybody.... Mondays and Tuesdays our library is open... 9 o’clock... the evening. 12. Our English club is extremely popular... the students... our faculty. Those who are fond... singing or acting may join... our theatrical

— 12 — group or the choir, which is famous all... the country. 13. There are many sports societies... which you can find something... your liking. Ex. 5. Translate into English. 1.  êàêîì èíñòèòóòå âû ó÷èòåñü? — ß ó÷óñü â èíñòèòóòå èíîñòðàííûõ ÿçûêîâ. -Âû íà âòîðîì êóðñå? -Íåò, ÿ ñòóäåíò ïåð- âîãî êóðñà. 2.  íàøåé áèáëèîòåêè ñîòíè èíòåðåñíûõ êíèã, êîòî- ðûå ÿ åùå íå ÷èòàëà. ß âñåãäà ìîãó âûáðàòü ñåáå ÷òî-íèáóäü ïî âêóñó. 3. Êàêèå ïðåäìåòû âû ñäàâàëè íà âñòóïèòåëüíûõ ýêçàìå- íàõ? -ß ñäàâàë ëèòåðàòóðó, àíãëèéñêèé, ðóññêóþ ãðàììàòèêó è èñòîðèþ. -Êàêèå îöåíêè âû ïîëó÷èëè? -ß ïîëó÷èë «îòëè÷íî» ïî âñåì ïðåäìåòàì. 4. Íèíà! Êàêóþ îöåíêó òû ïîëó÷èëà çà ñî÷èíå- íèå? — «Õîðîøî», à òû? — ß òîæå ïîëó÷èëà «õîðîøî». 5. Ìîé áðàò ïðåêðàñíî âëàäååò íåìåöêèì ÿçûêîì. Îí îêîí÷èë íåìåö- êîå îòäåëåíèå óíèâåðñèòåòà äâà ãîäà òîìó íàçàä. 6. Êîãäà âû áó- äåòå ãîòîâèòüñÿ ê ýêçàìåíàì? Ñêîëüêî ó âàñ ýêçàìåíîâ? Êîãäà âû áóäåòå ñäàâàòü ïåðâûé ýêçàìåí? 7. Êàê âû ìîãëè ñäåëàòü òàêèå ãðóáûå îøèáêè â âàøåé ãðàììàòè÷åñêîé ðàáîòå? Âû ïðîïóñòè- ëè òðè àðòèêëÿ, ñäåëàëè íåñêîëüêî îøèáîê âî âðåìåíàõ è äîïó- ñòèëè ìíîãî îðôîãðàôè÷åñêèõ îøèáîê. 8. Ó íà 3 ñåìèíàðà ïî ðàçíûì ïðåäìåòàì â íåäåëþ, äà åùå îäíî èëè äâà çàíÿòèÿ ïî ÿçûêó êàæäûé äåíü. Íó, à åñëè ïðîïóñòèøü çàíÿòèå, òî îòñòà- íåøü îò ãðóïïû. 9. ß çíàþ, ÷òî ìíå â àíãëèéñêîì ÿçûêå íåäîñòà- åò áåãëîñòè. — Òû äîëæíà çàíèìàòüñÿ ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêè è óïîðíî. À òû ðàáîòàåøü ñïóñòÿ ðóêàâà è â ëèíãàôîííîé ëàáîðàòîðèè áûâàåøü ðàç â äâå íåäåëè. Òû íå ñóìååøü äîãíàòü ãðóïïó è ìî- æåøü ïðîâàëèòüñÿ íà ýêçàìåíå ïî ÿçûêó. 10. ß óæå ïîäàëà çàÿâëå- íèå â ïðèåìíóþ êîìèññèþ, à òû? — Íåò åùå. ß áóäó ïîñòóïàòü íà âå÷åðíåå îòäåëåíèå, ÿ ìîãó ïîäàòü çàÿâëåíèå íåñêîëüêî ïîç- æå. 11. Òðóäíî çàíèìàòüñÿ çàî÷íî? — Êîíå÷íî. ß çàâèäóþ (to envy) äàæå ñòóäåíòàì âå÷åðíåãî îòäåëåíèÿ — ó íèõ áûâàþò ðåãóëÿðíî çàíÿòèÿ ÷åòûðå ðàçà â íåäåëþ. 12. Ñêîëüêî ñòóäåíòîâ âàøåé ãðóï- ïû ïîñåùàëè ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíûå êóðñû? 13. ß ñòàðàþñü íå ïðîïó- ñòèòü íè îäíîé ëåêöèè ïî ðóññêîé ëèòåðàòóðå. Îíè î÷åíü èíòå- ðåñíûå, è ÿ èõ âñåãäà êîíñïåêòèðóþ. 14. Îáó÷åíèå íà äíåâíîì îòäåëåíèè äëèòñÿ 5 ëåò. 15. Êàêèå ñïîðòèâíûå îáùåñòâà ñàìûå ïîïóëÿðíûå ñðåäè ñòóäåíòîâ? 16. Âû óæå íà÷àëè èçó÷àòü ôèëîñî- ôèþ? 17. Íå çàáóäü äîìà çà÷åòíóþ êíèæêó. 18. Åñëè âû õîòèòå ïðîäîëæèòü îáðàçîâàíèå, òî âû ìîæåòå ïîñåùàòü çàíÿòèÿ äëÿ

— 13 — ïðîäîëæàþùèõ îáðàçîâàíèå â ìåñòíîì êîëëåäæå. 19.  Âåëèêîá- ðèòàíèè îáðàçîâàíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ îáÿçàòåëüíûì äëÿ âñåõ äåòåé â âîçðàñòå îò 5 äî 16 ëåò. 20. Âî âñåõ ñòðàíàõ íà÷àëüíîå è ñðåäíåå îáðàçîâàíèå ÿâëÿåòñÿ áåñïëàòíûì. 21. Äåòè ñ ïëîõèì çðåíèåì (partially-sighted) íóæäàþòñÿ â ñïåöèàëüíîì îáðàçîâàíèè. 22. Íà ýòîé ðàáîòå âû ìîæåòå ïîâûñèòü êâàëèôèêàöèþ. 23. Ãóìàíèòàð- íîå îáðàçîâàíèå íåîáõîäèìî òåì, êòî õî÷åò ïîâûñèòü îáùèé óðîâåíü çíàíèé. 24. Òåáå íóæíî áîëüøå äâèãàòüñÿ: íå ïðîïóñêàé óðîêè ôèçêóëüòóðû. 25. Åñëè âû õîòèòå óçíàòü ÷òî-íèáóäü î ïåð- âîé ìåäèöèíñêîé ïîìîùè, òî âàì íåîáõîäèìî ïîñåùàòü óðîêè ñàíèòàðíîãî ïðîñâåùåíèÿ. 25. Óíèâåðñèòåòû âûñøåãî è ïðîäîë- æåííîãî îáðàçîâàíèÿ ïðåäëàãàþò àêàäåìè÷åñêèå è áîëåå ïðî- ôåññèîíàëüíî íàïðàâëåííûå êóðñû äëÿ âçðîñëûõ ëþäåé âñåõ âîçðàñòîâ. 26. Ãîðîäñêèå òåõíîëîãè÷åñêèå êîëëåäæè äàþò ìîëî- äûì ëþäÿì ðàçíîñòîðîííåå ñðåäíåå îáðàçîâàíèå ñ òåõíè÷åñêèì è áèçíåñ óêëîíîì.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION Study the following words, which are often confused by students of English. I. diploma — degree — certificate — licence — qualifications. A diploma is often a lower qualification than a degree and may be awarded for a practical or more specialized skill. E.g. Pat has a degree is maths. I did/took my degree at York. I did a course in hairdressing and gained a diploma. A certificate is a document marking official recognition of smth.: a birth/marriage/death certificate. A licence (Am.E.: license) is an official written/printed statement giving permission to do something, usually for a fixed payment and sometimes after a test: a driving licence/a dog licence. E.g. When did you get your driving license/diploma? Qualifications: proof of having passed essential exams. E.g. What qualifications do I need to teach English as a Foreign language?

— 14 — II. director — manager — headmaster (principal) A headmaster/headmistress — a man/woman in charge of a school. Syn.: the head, the head teacher, the principal E.g. When I was at school, the headmaster always took charge of morning assembly. A manager is a person who runs part of a business. A director is someone in charge of a business. We can speak of the director of a language school because it’s a business. E.g. Jack is very young to be a bank manager/a manager of a supermarket. It has never been my ambition to be a company director. III. occupation — profession — job. Occupation is the formal word for job and is used in limited contexts like form-filling. Job is the normal word to describe what someone does for a living; it cannot always be replaced by occupation. Profession is high-status work that requires special training and education: law and medicine are professions; lawyers and doctors are professional people. E.g. I’m applying for a job in a bank This form asks for details about your age, occupation / job, etc. After studying law I entered the legal profession. IV. professor — teacher A professor (BrE) has the highest position in a university department, or (AmE), teaches at a university. We address a man as Mr + surname or as Sir, and a woman as Miss/Mrs + surname; we address a professor, male or female, as Professor + surname. A teacher teaches in a school. E.g. He was Professor of Physics and head of his university department at the age of 26. Mr Jones was a teacher of History before he became a headmaster.

— 15 — V. programme — syllabus — curriculum — program. A syllabus is set in one subject either by a school or by an examination board. A curriculum is the general programme in all subjects. E.g. There is a new syllabus for next year’s Certificate in Advanced English. Art isn’t on our school curriculum. A programme is a sequence of planned activities, or an information booklet. E.g. What’s your programme for today? This concert programme (BrE)/program (AmE) is very expensive. A program is a computer program (BrE/AmE) E.g. Have you seen Microsoft’s new program? VI. college — university A university is an institution that awards degrees. A college is any institution of higher learning, not always leading to a degree; in the UK a university may consist of different colleges; some independent schools use College as part of their title: e.g. Eton College. E.g. Ann’s at York University. Our daughter started college last October. Tom’s at college for three years to study engineering. Ann’s going to college next October.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION EXERCISES Ex.1. Teacher and its alternatives. Match the word on the left with their definitions on the right. 1. coach a. person who trains athletes or animals 2. educationalist b. person who teachers in a college or university 3. governess c. person who trains sportsmen and athletesor a student for an examination 4. guru d. female teacher who lives with a family and educates their children at home

— 16 — 5. instructor e. private teacher; directing the studies of undergraduates 6. lecturer f. an expert in educational methods 7. schoolmaster g. female teacher in a school 8. tutor h. one who gives information or knowledge or teaches particular skills 9. trainer i. trusted adviser 10. schoolmistress j. influential or revered teacher 11. mentor k. male teacher in a school Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with the words from Vocabulary Extension. 1. To do the job of a nurse you must gain a medical ______. 2. Mr. Brown is a ______of history at Oxford University. 3. The ______of marriage was one of the documents I had to bring. 4. She has a high-school ______in the education. 5. That was a terrible meal; I’m going to complain to the ______. 6. He is a lawyer by ______. 7. My husband is a physics ______at the local school. 8. To get this job, you must have a ______in chemistry. 9. Please state you name, address and ______on this form. 10. The police officer told me to produce my driving ______. 11. He is on board of ______s. 12. The factory closed down and he lost his ______. Ex.3. Translate the following text using the words from this list: up to the age of ..., are maintained with ..., the National Curriculum, core subjects, foundation subject, nationally designed test, extra load. Некоторые реформы в британской системе образования Âñå äåòè â Áðèòàíèè äîëæíû ïîñåùàòü íà÷àëüíóþ øêîëó ñ ïÿòè äî 11 ëåò, çàòåì ñðåäíþþ øêîëó äî 16 ëåò, ãäå îíè ìîãóò îñòàâàòüñÿ, åñëè çàõîòÿò, äî 18 ëåò.  ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ øêîëàõ èçó÷àåòñÿ áîëåå 90 % áðèòàíñêèõ äåòåé. ×àñòíûå øêîëû

— 17 — ñîäåðæàòüñÿ çà ñ÷åò äåíåã, êîòîðûå ïëàòÿò ðîäèòåëè è çà ñ÷åò ÷àñòíûõ ôîíäîâ. Äëÿ âñåõ ãîñóäàðñòâåííûõ øêîë ââåäåí íàöèîíàëüíûé ó÷åá- íûé ïëàí.  ýòîò ïëàí âõîäÿò «îñíîâíûå» ïðåäìåòû (àíãëèéñ- êèé, ìàòåìàòèêà è åñòåñòâîçíàíèå) è «îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèå» ïðåäìåòû (èñòîðèÿ, ãåîãðàôèÿ, òåõíîëîãèÿ, ìóçûêà, ðèñîâà- íèå è ôèçêóëüòóðà). Ñ 11 ëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà äåòè èçó÷àþò åùå îäèí îñíîâîïîëàãàþùèé ïðåäìåò — êàêîé-íèáóäü èíîñòðàí- íûé ÿçûê. Ó÷àùèåñÿ ñäàþò îäèí è òîò æå ýêçàìåí ïî âñåé ñòðà- íå â âîçðàñòå 7, 11, 14 è 16 ëåò. Ýòà ðåôîðìà ãàðàíòèðóåò âûñî- êèé óðîâåíü ïðåïîäàâàíèÿ è ïîìîãàåò îïðåäåëèòü, íóæíà ëè ðåáåíêó äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ íàãðóçêà èëè äîïîëíèòåëüíàÿ ïîìîùü.  îáó÷åíèè øèðîêî ïðèìåíÿþòñÿ êîìïüþòåðû. Âñå äåòè ñ ïÿòèëåòíåãî âîçðàñòà îáó÷àþòñÿ ðàáîòå ñ êîìïüþòåðîì. Ýòî çíà÷èòåëüíî ïîâûøàåò êà÷åñòâî îáó÷åíèÿ äåòåé. Ex. 4. Supply the best words. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1. A nursery school is a school for... a) babies b) infants. 2. Who is the... of your grammar school? a) head b) director. 3. My favourite... at school is Mr Watkins. a) professor b) teacher. 4. Our teacher always sets us a lot of.... a) housework b) homework. 5. What will you be doing in the summer...? a) vacation b) vacancy. 6. Children often have to carry heavy.... a)schoolbags b) sacks. 7. There are 15 students in our English.... a) class b) grade. 8. I’m... English classes. a) attending b) following. 9. Please write... ink. a) in b) with. 10. We have a very good school... a) canteen b) restaurant. 11. You... too many lessons last term. a) missed b) lost.

— 18 — 12. You will each need a... paper for this. a) sheet of b) -. 13. ... your knowledge! a) Try b) Test. 14. You’ll have to... it’s true. a) st b) prove. 15. What did you get out of ten in the test? -...! a) Nought b) Nil. 16. Maths... easy for everybody. a) aren’t b) isn’t. 17. I’m not good... sports. a) in b) at. 18. I’m doing a course in.... a) cookery b) cuisine. 19. A... lists the times of classes, etc. a) timetable b) schedule. 20. When schools close, the children are on.... a) leave b) holiday. 21. Children who live in a school are called.... a) pensioners b) boarders. 22. The head of a school could be called the.... a) principal b) principle. 23. A school for the very young is a.... a) kindergarten b) nursery. 24. The function of a school is to... children. a) educate b) bring up. 25. You can remove mistakes with a.... a) gum b) rubber. 26. Have you seen the new... for the exams? a) programme b) syllabus. 27. We’re building a car in our.... a) laboratory b) workshop. 28. After... you can attend university. a) gymnasium b) grammar school. 29. Write your answers on this.... a) protocol b) sheet. 30. You might receive... at the end of each term. a) a reference b) a report. 31. Universities can only... a few students.

— 19 — a) admit b) receive. 32. I need to pass my Cambridge First.... a) Certificate b) Diploma. 33. She’s got a... to do French at Oxford. a) position b) place. 34. Teachers... so many exercise books! a) note b) mark. 35. Our course provides you with... experience. a) practicable b) practical. 36. You do this before you take an exam..... a) revision b) repetition. 37. ... lessons are very expensive. a) Particular b) Private. 38. I... down what the teacher said. a) marked b) noted. 39. My essay was illustrated with a.... a) diagram b) scheme. 40. ... is treated like any other school subject. a) Gymnastics b) Exercise. 41. It’s hard to... into university. a) get b) enter. Ex. 5. Use the words from the Vocabulary Extension in your own sentences.

CLASS READING Ex. 1. Read the text. British Universities In Britain there are a number of different kinds of institutions of higher education. First of all, of course, there are the universities. The oldest of them are Oxford and Cambridge. Their history goes back to the 12th-13th centuries. But, of course, there is a large number of other universities, many of which have opened since the war. The latest of these is the Open University, a unique institution, which, as its name suggests, is open to all. It is not necessary for students of the Open University to have any previous qualifications. All the students are part-time and are taught through the medium of television and radio, although they do receive some personal tuition as well

— 20 — through centers located near their own homes. The first graduates received their degrees in 1973. Besides the Universities there are other institutions such as Polytechnics and Technical Colleges. These tend to offer courses of vocational nature as well as academic courses. Colleges of Education provide training and education for prospective teachers. The vast majority of students receive grants from their Local Authority, which cover tuition fees and allow a certain amount of money to the students to pay for their keep and their books. The Academic Year has three terms; it starts in October, each term lasting eight weeks at Oxford and Cambridge, or ten weeks at other universities. Students have vocations at Christmas, at Easter, and the so- called «Long Vac» in summer. At the end of three years’ study the undergraduates take their first degree — Bachelor of Arts (BA) or Bachelor of Science (BSc). Ex. 2. Match the words from the list with their definitions vocational, graduate, grant, academic, fee, term, tuition, undergraduate, keep, course, degree 1. concerning education, esp. in a college or university (adj.) 2. necessary goods and services, esp. food and lodgings 3. a title given by a university to a student who has completed a course of study 4. a set of lessons or studies 5. a sum of money paid for professional services 6. instruction or teaching 7. a person who has completed a university degree course for a first degree 8. preparing one for a job (adj.) 9. a student who is doing a university course for a first degree 10. any of the three periods of time into which the teaching year is divided at schools, universities, etc. 11. money given esp. by the state for a particular, purpose, such as to a student during a period of study.

— 21 — Ex. 3. Read the text. A college in America I. Choosing a college If you meet a group of twelfth grade students they are all talking about one thing: What are they going to do next year? Some students don’t want to go on with their education. When they leave school they will look for a job. Other students are thinking about colleges. They are each writing letters to three or four different colleges, and sending in forms. Colleges accept only those students who have done well in high school. They want to meet these students before they decide to accept them. Colleges want to know why students have chosen them, and how they will pay for their college education. Students choose from about 2000 colleges in the US. Every school has its own special flavor. Top students may choose famous « Ivy League» schools like Princeton, Harvard, or Yale. They are the oldest colleges in the country — excellent, but very expensive. Other students choose large universities because they teach lots of different subjects. Some choose small religious colleges. There are differences between colleges and the type of study programs they have. For example, many four-year «Liberal Arts» colleges are small and teach only the most important subjects for a general education. State universities are large. They teach many subjects and have some programs that last longer than four years. State universities are paid for by money from the state. Students from that state pay less to study there. Colleges are paid for privately, so students usually pay more to go there. Whether a student chooses a small college or a large university, the cost of higher education in the United States is rising every year. Many parents find it too expensive. Colleges and universities often have money for students who cannot pay, but it is not enough for everyone. Some have part-time jobs while they are at college. Studying and working at the same time can be very hard. But these students think it’s worth all the hard work to get the college education they want. II. Going to college Going to college usually means leaving home for the first time. Most college students live on campus, which is the place where all the college buildings are. Some have rooms in buildings called

— 22 — dormitories. Others may live in «fraternity» or «sorority» houses. These are clubs of men or women students. They choose their members carefully. Some students prefer to live off campus. They try to find rooms or apartments near the campus. A college diploma is called a degree. There are three degrees that students can earn. The first four years of college gives an undergraduate degree. Students in undergraduate school study lots of subjects. They do not choose their most important subject until the end of undergraduate school. They earn credits for the classes they complete. They must have a certain number of credits in their most important subject and some credits in other subjects, too. Then they get a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree. With a BA degree, college students can go on to graduate school. After two or three years, they can get a Master of Arts (MA) degree. They take only subjects that lead to the MA. These are subjects that will be important for their later work. Graduate school can prepare students to become teachers or lawyers, for example. With a Master of Science degree (MSc), they can become scientists. They can prepare for work in business with a Master of Business Administration degree (MBA). Students can go on in graduate school to get a Doctor of Philosophy degree (PhD). That is the highest degree university students can get. Most university teachers must have a PhD. In the U.S., many students stay on at college to get a master’s degree, because a bachelor’s degree is often not enough to get the job they want. It can take a long time, and a lot of money. It can take at least ten years to become a lawyer, and five or six years to become a teacher. Many students are in their mid or late twenties when they finally start work. Ex. 4. Say whether these statements are true or false. Correct false ones. 1. To enter a college students have to go through a set of oral and written examinations. 2. Students can apply for admission to a number of colleges. 3. All you need to become a student at an «Ivy league» college is the money to pay for your education. 4. State universities offer shorter study programs than colleges. 5. Many students receive grants to pay their tuition fee.

— 23 — 6. Dormitories are recreation rooms. 7. Fraternities accept both men and women as their members. 8. Students receive a general education until they get their first degree. 9. Graduate students study a wide range of subjects. 10. Only a PhD entitles you to work as a school teacher. Ex. 5. Find in the texts the English equivalents to the following words and expressions. óíèêàëüíîå ó÷åáíîå çàâåäåíèå èíäèâèäóàëüíîå îáó÷åíèå ñòàðåéøèå óíèâåðñèòåòû Íîâîé Àíãëèè ñòóäåí÷åñêîå áðàòñòâî, çåìëÿ÷åñòâî (AmE) æåíñêàÿ îáùèíà, æåíñêîå çåìëÿ÷åñòâî (AmE) ïðîãðàììà îáó÷åíèÿ ñòóäåí÷åñêîå îáùåæèòèå (AmE) æèòü íå íà òåððèòîðèè óíèâåðñèòåòà îáùåîáðàçîâàòåëüíûå èíñòèòóòû æèòü íà òåððèòîðèè óíèâåðñèòåòà òðåõãîäè÷íîå îáó÷åíèå ðàáîòà íà íåïîëíûé ðàáî÷èé äåíü ïðîäîëæèòü îáðàçîâàíèå ëó÷øèå ñòóäåíòû èìåòü ñâîþ îñîáåííîñòü çàðàáàòûâàòü áàëëû çà ïðîñëóøàííûé êóðñ (ñäà÷ó ýêçàìåíîâ)/ïîëó÷àòü çà÷åò ïîñûëàòü çàÿâëåíèå/àíêåòó ïèòàíèå è ïðîæèâàíèå ïðèíèìàòü ñòóäåíòîâ ïðåäâàðèòåëüíàÿ êâàëèôèêàöèÿ ïðè ïîìîùè/ïîñðåäñòâîì ÷-ë ïîëèòåõíè÷åñêèé èíñòèòóò ïëàòà çà îáó÷åíèå Ex. 6. Choose the right variant 1. After he’d graduated from the university he became a(an) ____. a) senior; b) aspirant; c) postgraduate 2. Do you ___ school? a) visit; b) attend; c) go to 3. He is doing his second year in Harvard. He is a (an) ___.

— 24 — a) pupil; b) undergraduate; c) graduate 4. Let me introduce our colleague from Washington. He is a ___ in the school. a) headmaster b) tutor; c) principal 5. She works and studies. She is ___. a) full time; b) graduate; c) part time 6. The student gets the help of his own ___ whom he meets regularly. a) principal; b) tutor; c) monitor 7. After three years of studies and successful final examinations in British University you can get a ___ degree. a) PhD; b) BA; c) MA 8. Studies such as ancient and modern literature, history are called ___. a) humanity; b) humanities; c) humanitarians 9. Before he left school, his father told him to start thinking about choosing a___. a) business; b) career; c) profession 10. Before you are called for interview they will read your letter of ___ carefully. a) appliance; b) request; c) application 11. Most member of our staff are university ___. a) undergraduates; b) graduates; c) professionals Ex. 4. Find any other information about institutions of higher education in GB and the USA. Speak on the student’s life in GB and the USA.

CLASS LISTENING Ex. 1. At an english language school. Listen to the text. Answer the questions. 1. What time does breakfast start? ... 2. What time do lessons start? ...... 3.What do students have at half past ten? ...... 4. Write «twelve-thirty» in numbers...... 5. What finishes at two o’clock? ...... 6. What time do lessons finish? ......

— 25 — 7. What sports do students play? ...... 8.What do some students have in the gym? ...... 9. When do students go in London? ...... Ex. 2. Going through the system. You will hear someone answering questions about the American education system. 1. Look at the questions. Which questions does he answer? a. At what age do children start primary school? b. What about secondary school? c. Are all subjects compulsory? d. Do all students follow the same course? e. What’s the school leaving age? f. What are the most important school exams? g. How many subjects do they take? h. How long does it take to get a university degree? 2. Student A: Imagine you’re an American. Ask about the education system in B’s country. Student B: Answer A’s questions.

SPEAKING Ex. 1. British education made simple. Answer the questions: 1. At what age do British children start school? 2. What types of school are there in Great Britain? 3. Do they take exams to get a school-leaving certificate? Check your answers while you are reading the article. What are the main types of schools in England and Wales? There are many different types of school in Britain. There are, however, only three main systems: The comprehensive system More than 90% of children who go to state schools in England and Wales go to schools in the comprehensive system — a system introduced in the 1960s. Children go to primary (or first) school at

— 26 — the age of five. Depending on the policy of the Local Education Authority, they may go directly to the upper school — usually called the comprehensive school — at the age of 11. Alternatively, they may go to middle school for three or four years before going to the upper school. The comprehensive system is non-selective. This means that all children go from one school to another without taking any exams, and without being selected according to their abilities. The selective system In some area of Britain, you can still find a different, and older, system of education (introduced in 1944). This is a selective system — children are selected for certain schools according to their ability. All children go to a primary school until the age of 11. They then take an examination called the 11-plus. Those who are successful go to a grammar school, where they receive a more academic education. Those who fail the exam go to a secondary modern school, where they receive an education which is less academic, and more intended to train them for a job when they leave at the age of 16. The private (independent) system About 7% of children go to private schools. There are three levels of private school — primary schools (age four to eight) and the preparatory (prep) schools (eight to 13). At the age of 13, children take an examination. If they pass, they go on to public school, where they usually remain until they are 18. Many prep and most public schools are boarding schools — the children live at the school during the school terms. Be careful — although these schools are called «public», they are, in fact, private, and it can be very expensive to send your child to such a school. Within the three systems, there are several varieties of schools. For instance, you can find. schools for boys only schools for girls only mixed schools — for boys and girls voluntary schools — often with a religious background — such as Roman Catholic schools. You can see that the British education system is rather confusing. This chart will help: follow the arrows to see the possibilities that are open to British child up to the age of 16.

— 27 — — 28 — Examinations The public examinations taken by British schoolchildren are: GCSEs (the General Certificate of Secondary Education). Pupils usually take their GCSEs at the age of 16. Some children take three or four; others take as many as ten or eleven. Pupils who have passed their GCSEs may remain at school for another two years and take their «A» (Advanced) level exams. All grammar and most comprehensive schools have a sixth form, where pupils study for their «A» levels. Any student who wants to go to university needs to pass at least two or three «A» levels. A. Answer the questions. 1. What system of education is non-selective? 2. At what school do children study until they are eighteen? 3. Do you have to pay to go to public school? 4. What school gives you training for a job? 5. What school do children leave at the age of 13? 6. At what age do children take exams? 7. What exams must you pass to enter university? 8. Why do some children take 3 or 4 GCSEs, while others take 10 or 11? 9. What varieties of schools do you know? 10. In what way do grammar school and secondary modern school differ from each other? B. See how well you have understood the British education system. 1. Fill in the blanks with the following words: grammar, nursery, comprehensive, higher, primary, evening classes, teacher-training college, grant. At 5, Nelly Smith went straight to ..... school, because there were very few ..... schools for younger children in those days. When she was ready to go on to secondary school, she passed an exam and so got in her local ..... school. Nowadays her own children don’t do that exam, since most children go to a ..... school. She left school at 16 and did not go on to ..... education, but she goes to ..... once a week to learn French. She would like to take up her education again more seriously, if she could get a ..... or scholarship from the government. Her ambition is to go to a ..... and become a school-teacher.

— 29 — 2. Here are two young British people with different educational experiences. Fill in the missing words to complete the story of their lives at school. Use the information on the preceding pages to help you. My name’s Maggie Turnbull, and I’m seventeen. I first went to 1...... school when I was 2...... years old. I left there at the age of nine, and went on to a 3...... school, and then to a comprehensive. I took ten 4...... and now I’m in the 5...... form studying maths, chemistry and physics for my 6...... exams. I’m Philip Powell. I’m seventeen, and I work in a factory. After 7...... school I failed my 8...... exam, and went to a 9...... school. I passed four 10...... and left school when I was 11...... Ex. 2. Going through the system. 1. Listen to the text. 2. Fill in the blanks with the words you hear on the tape. a. So there were three ..... in each year. b. It’s interesting that there was no ..... specialist on the staff. c. If you were gonna leave at 16 after your ..... then you left at 16. d. They had a very high rate of successful University ...... e. That was a very ..... school, very rigid ...... f. One (basic criteria) was that we would not send our children to ..... school. g. And they both in fact attended state ..... schools. h. She went to a similar school to mine, a ...... school for girls. 3. Answer the questions. 1. Did the speaker attend a comprehensive school? 2. Was it coeducational? 3. Was it a church school? 4. How did the school help children who left at 16? 5. Where did the speaker send his own children to school? How was their school different from his own? 6. Did the speaker’s wife have a similar education to his? 4. Discussion. 1. In what sense was the speaker’s school «successful»? And in what sense was it «unsuccessful»? 2. What does the speaker mean when he describes his school as «a socially divisive institution»? 3. What features do you think a «successful school» should have?

— 30 — Ex. 3. Compare the system of education in Great Britain and the USA, using the following information. UK 3—4 years old: Nursery school, play-group or kindergarten (optional) 5—6 years old: Infant school of primary school 7—11 years old: Junior school of primary school 12—16 years old: Secondary school 17—18 years old: University or Polytechnic (1st year (fresher), 2nd year, 3rd (funal) year) 22—23 years old: University (postgraduate) USA 3—4 years old: Nursery school (optional) 5 years old: Kindergarten 6—11 years old: Elementary school (1s—6th grades) 12—13 years old: Junior High School (7th—8th grades) 14—17 years old: High School (9th—12th grades) 18—21 years old: College (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) 22—23 years old: Graduate School Ex. 4. Americans at school. A. Introduction. Read the following questions. How many of them can you answer? 1. What’s the «Pledge of Allegiance» ? 2. What does a cheerleader do? 3. What kind of teacher is the homeroom teacher? 4. What can you read about in a high school yearbook? 5. What kind of event is the «prom»? 6. Who returns to the school for Homecoming? 7. Do public schools teach religion? 8. What do teachers write on their report cards? If you can’t answer any of them you’ll be able to do it after you have done this exercise. To start with, read the following text. Jodie is the oldest of three children in her family. She is nineteen years old, and she goes to college. She has always liked drawing and

— 31 — painting. Now, in college, she is learning to use her drawing and painting in ways that will help her get a good job Robert is Jodie’s brother, two years younger than she is. He is still in nigh school. He has two interests: basketball and computers. Next year he will have to decide which college he wants to go to. The college with the best basketball team is not the one with the vest classes in computers. Sarah goes to elementary school. In fact, she goes to the same elementary school that her sister and her brother went to. She is eight years old and shows talent in many kinds of music. She takes piano lessons and likes to sing. Before sending their children to school, the parents of Jodie, Robert, and Sarah had many questions. «How can we find a good school for our children?» «Will some students come from other languages besides English?» «Are the students all girls, or all boys?» «Are sports important?» «Does the school teach children with learning problems?» «Do the teachers belong to our church?» «Are private schools better than public ones?» B. You’ll find the answers to some of these questions in the text your teacher will give you. Work through it looking up any words you don’t know. In class, tell the rest of the students what you have learned. Use the blackboard to illustrate your report with a list of words /word combinations on the topic, a picture, a diagram, etc. Prepare two or three questions to see how well they have understood. C. Give a 3 or 4 minute talk on the following topic: The life of students in elementary school, high school, and college in the USA today. Ex. 5. Schooling in the States. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words or word combinations. A: At what age do children start school in the States? B: Generally ___. That’s when I started. A: And that goes up to what age? B: That goes up to grade six, so that would be what? Twelve years old? And then you go to ______in Junior High School, in fact you go for three years to a Junior High School, 7th, 8th and 9th grades. A: And then you go to real ______?

— 32 — B: And then comes the real thing, three years of High School. That’s the ___, the ___ and ______. A: And that takes you up to what age? Sixteen or ..? B: Seventeen, eighteen. It’s quite common to finish High School with your Diploma at age _____. A: And how many subjects do you take for your Diploma? B: Well that depends on what type of Diploma you’re doing. There are really two types - there’s an ______, which would prepare you for ___, and there’s a ______, which is more ______. Both types of Diploma have their ___ subjects, you know, like in the academic Diploma you have to _____. But then in both cases again the student has some choice, so in addition there are what’s called _____. A: ‘Electives’ means you can choose the subject ...? B: Exactly. exactly. So in the United States you could _____ driving, for example, and learn to drive at High School. Or typing is another ___ that you can learn in High School, and that will ______your Diploma. Listen to the dialogue and check your answers. Ex. 6. Read the following short situations. Choose one of them and make it part of a longer story of somebody’s life at school/college/university. 1. My education has been rather do-it-yourself. To this day and cannot recite the alphabet or the multiplication table. 2. He got a bad mark in a handwriting test in write very neatly and his teacher gave him a bad mark. 3. At school he was brilliant at subjects he cared about, and had no energy to spare for the others. He always cared about history and literature. 4. My father didn’t have any great learning. He left school at twelve to go to work. But he had a good brain. 5. He had had only six months of college. 6. Our youngest son i in his senior yea at Oberlin College in Ohio. He is majoring in English and his studies include American writers. 7. David’s new school is a few minutes’ walk away, built specially for the new development, and with lots of playing fields.

— 33 — He’ll be there until he’s nine, go to a middle school until he’s thirteen, then to an upper school. 8. She had an unusual memory and had done will in history. But she was very bad at art. 9. You can learn shorthand at home as an external student of the Speedwriting International Centre, the largest adult shorthand school in Britain. 10. He had no inclination towards mathematics. He missed classes now and then, and his teacher had to remind him that he wouldn’t be able to pass his exam. Ex. 7. Speak on the topic «The differences in Britain’s and Russia’s school education systems».

HOME READING The fun they had By I. Asimov Margie even wrote about it that night in her diary. On the page headed May 17, 2 157, she wrote, «Today Tommy found a real book!» It was a very old book. Margie’s grandfather told her that there was a time when all stories where printed on paper. They turned the pages, which were yellow and crinkly, and it was awfully funny to read words that stood still instead of moving the way they were supposed to — on a screen, you know. And then, when they turned back to the page before, it has been the same words on it that it had been when they read it the first time. «Gee», said Tommy, «What a waste. When you’re through with the book, you just throw it away, I guess. Our television screen must have had a million books on it and it’s good for plenty more. I wouldn’t throw it away». «Same with mine», said Margie. She was eleven and hadn’t seen as many telebooks as Tommy had. He was thirteen. She said, «Where did you find it?» «In my house». He pointed without looking, because he was busy reading. «In the attic». «What’s it about?» «School».

— 34 — Margie was scornful. «School? What’s there to write about school? I hate school». Margie always hated school, but now she hated it more than ever. The mechanical teacher had been giving her test after test in geography and she had been doing worse and worse until her mother had shaken her head sorrowfully and sent for the County Inspector. He was a round little man with a red face and a whole box of tools with dials and wires. He smiled at Margie and gave her an apple, then took the teacher apart. Margie had hoped he wouldn’t know how to put it together again, but he knew all right, and, after an hour or so, there it was again, large and black and ugly, with a big screen on which all the lessons were shown and the questions were asked. That wasn’t so bad. The part Margie hated most was the slot where she had to put homework and test papers. She always had to write them out in a punch code they made her learn when she was six years old and the mechanical teacher calculated the mark in no time. The Inspector had smiled after he was finished and patted Margie’s head. He said to her mother. «It’s not the little girl’s fault, Mrs. Jones, I think the geography sector was geared a little too quick. Those things happen sometimes. I’ve slowed it up to an average ten year level. Actually, the overall pattern of her progress is quite satisfactory». And he patted Margie’s head again. Margie was disappointed. She had been hoping they would take the teacher away altogether. They had once taken Tommy’s teacher away for nearly a month because the history sector had blanked out completely. So she said to Tommy. «Why would anyone write about school?» Tommy looked at her with very superior eyes. «Because it’s not our kind of school, stupid. This is the old kind of school that they had hundreds and hundreds years ago». He added loftily, pronouncing the word carefully, «Centuries ago». Margie was hurt. «Well, I don’t know what kind of school they had all that time ago». She read the book over his shoulder for a while, then said, «Anyway, they had a teacher». «Sure, they had a teacher, but it wasn’t a regular teacher. It was a man». «A man? How could a man be a teacher?» «Well, he just told the boys and girls things and gave them homework and asked them questions». «A man isn’t smart enough».

— 35 — «Sure he is. My father knows as much as my teacher». «He can’t. A man can’t know as much as a teacher». «He knows almost as much, I betcha». Margie wasn’t prepared to dispute that. She said, «I wouldn’t want a strange man in my house to teach me». Tommy screamed with laughter. «You don’t know much, Margie. The teachers didn’t live in the house. They had a special building and all the kids went there». «And all the kids learned the same things?» «Sure, if they were the same age». «But my mother says a teacher has to be adjusted to fit the mind of each boy and girl it teaches and that each kid has to be taught differently». «Just the same they didn’t do it that way then. If you don’t like it, you don’t have to read the book». «I didn’t say I didn’t like it», Margie said quickly. She wanted to read about those funny schools. They weren’t even half-finished, when Margie’s mother called, «Margie! School!» Margie looked up. «Not yet, Mamma». «Now!» said Mrs. Jones. «And it’s probably time for Tommy, too». Margie said to Tommy, «Can I read the book some more with you after school?» «Maybe», he said nonchalantly. He walked away, whistling, the dusty old book tucked beneath his arm. Margie went into the schoolroom. It was right next to her bedroom and the mechanical teacher was on and waiting for her. It was always on at the same time every day, except Saturday and Sunday, because her mother said little girls learned better if they learned at regular hours. The screen lit up, and it said: «Today’s arithmetic lesson is on the addition of proper fractions. Please insert yesterday’s homework in the proper slot». Margie did so with a sigh. She was thinking about the old schools they had when her grandfather’s grandfather was a little boy. All the kinds from the whole neighborhood came laughing and shouting in the schoolyard, sitting together in the schoolroom, going home together at the end of the day. They learned the same things, so they could help one another on the homework and talk about it. And the teachers were people...

— 36 — The mechanical teacher was flashing on the screen: «When we add the fraction 1/2 and 1/4». Margie was thinking about how the kids must have loved it in the old days. She was thinking about the fun they had.

EXERCISES Ex. 1. Paraphrase the following sentences using the word combinations and phrases:

to be through with in no time to give smb. a test in next to to take smth apart to read (look at) smth over smb’s shoulder to put smth together to get (be) adjusted to to flash smth on a screen 1. It may take a while to reach the end of that pile of work on Saturday. 2. I shall have nothing more to do with this fellow. 3. The teacher examined us in English. 4. He examines the class on their homework. 5. It’s much easier to take the recorder to pieces than to join them correctly again. 6. The dining-room was empty, except for the table nearest to ours. 7. She put down the box of powder and turned her head round and looked back at me. 8. A piano stool should be made suitable to the height of the player. 9. I was surprised that they returned very quickly. 10. The mechanical teacher showed a new picture on the screen. Ex. 2. Translate the following sentences into English. 1.Îí áûë ðàä, ÷òî çàêîí÷èë ñâîè äåëà. 2.Ñåãîäíÿ ÿ äàì ñâîåìó êëàññó êîíòðîëüíóþ ðàáîòó ïî àíãëèéñêîé ëèòåðàòóðå. 3. Îí ïîæàëåë, ÷òî âçÿëñÿ ÷èíèòü áðèòâó ñàì. Ðàçîáðàòü åå áûëî ëåã÷å, ÷åì ñîáðàòü. 4. Äåòè èíîãäà ëîìàþò èãðóøêè, ÷òîáû ïî- ñìîòðåòü, êàê îíè óñòðîåíû. 5. ß îãëÿíóëñÿ è óâèäåë, ÷òî ñîáà- êà áåæèò çà ìíîé. 6. ß óâåðåí, ÷òî âû çíàåòå ÷åëîâåêà, êîòîðûé ñèäåë ðÿäîì ñ âàìè. 7. Åãî ãëàçà ïðèâûêëè ê òåìíîòå. 8. Óìî- ëÿþ, ðàññêàæèòå ìíå åùå íåìíîãî î íåé. 9. ß îãëÿíóëñÿ è åùå ðàç ïîñìîòðåë íà çàëèâ. 10. Íà ýêðàíå îáó÷àþùåé ìàøèíû âñïûõ- íóëî íîâîå çàäàíèå.

— 37 — Ex. 3. Find in the text English equivalents for the following words, word combinations and phrases. Çàïèñàòü â äíåâíèêå; ïîêîí÷èòü ñ ÷åì-ëèáî; ïîêà÷àòü ãî- ëîâîé; ðàçîáðàòü íà ÷àñòè; êàêàÿ ðàñòî÷èòåëüíîñòü; äåëà ó íåå øëè âñå õóæå è õóæå; ìãíîâåííî; ñìîòðåòü íà êîãî-ëèáî ñ ïðå- âîñõîäñòâîì; áûòü çàäåòûì çà æèâîå; ïðèñïîñîáèòñÿ; ñ êíèãîé ïîä ìûøêîé; ïîìîãàòü äåëàòü äîìàøíèå çàäàíèÿ; ñêëàäûâàòü äðîáè; êîíòðîëüíàÿ ðàáîòà. Ex. 4. Retell the Text: a) close to the text; b) as if you were Tommy; c) as if you were Margie. Ex. 5. Act out dialogues between: 1. Margie and her grandfather talking about books. 2. Two children discussing the school of the future after reading Asimov’s story. 3. Two foreign language teachers discussing the advantages and disadvantages of «a mechanical teacher» if compared to «a man teacher».

HOME LISTENING Ex. 1. Listen to Vivien. Ex. 2. Find Russian equivalents. Nursery school, a crèche, schooling, the eleven plus, general knowledge questions, an all girls’ school, «Ordinary» level exams, Domestic science, émigré, a high school, an eye-opener, to have respect for, hurl abuse, «Tech», to stay on for another year, passes, a grant, a lump sum, to rely on one’s own motivation, a hall of residence, a boarding school, finals, a system of continuous assessment, to go crazy with stress, to be in favor. Ex. 3. Translate into English. 1. Íåêîòîðûå äåòè â Àíãëèè ñíà÷àëà õîäÿò â äîøêîëüíóþ ïîäãîòîâèòåëüíóþ ãðóïïó, à çàòåì â 5 ëåò èäóò â øêîëó. 2. Åñëè ðîäèòåëè ðàáîòàþò, òî îíè îòäàþò äåòåé â äíåâ- íûå ñàäèêè, ãäå çà íèìè ïðèñìàòðèâàþò â òå÷åíèå ðà- áî÷åãî äíÿ. 3. Íà óðîêàõ ðèòîðèêè ó÷àò ïðàâèëüíî ãîâîðèòü è ÷è- òàòü ñòèõè.

— 38 — 4. Òå äåòè, êîòîðûå óñïåøíî ñäàþò ýêçàìåí «èëýâåí ïëàñ» â îäèííàäöàòü ëåò, ìîãóò ó÷èòüñÿ äàëüøå â ãðàììàòè- ÷åñêîé øêîëå, à òå, êòî ïðîâàëèâàåò åãî, âûíóæäåíû èäòè â ñðåäíþþ øêîëó. 5.  àíãëèéñêèõ øêîëàõ êðîìå áàçîâûõ ïðåäìåòîâ, òàêèõ êàê àíãëèéñêèé, áèîëîãèÿ, ëèòåðàòóðà, ôèçèêà, õè- ìèÿ, ðèñîâàíèå, ãåîãðàôèÿ, ïðåïîäàþò äîìîâîäñòâî, âòîðîé èíîñòðàííûé ÿçûê, ðàáîòà ñ èíñòðóìåíòàìè. 6.  Àíãëèè ó÷èòåëÿ ïåäàíòè÷íûå è ñòðîãèå, îíè íå î÷åíü îòêðûòû è äðóæåëþáíû ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñòóäåíòàì. 7.  16 ëåò øêîëüíèêè ñäàþò ýêçàìåíû íà óðîâåíü «0», ïîñëå êîòîðîãî îíè ìîãóò âûáèðàòü êóäà ïîéòè äàëüøå ó÷èòñÿ: â òåõíè÷åñêîå ó÷èëèùå èëè îñòàòüñÿ â øêîëå åùå íà 2 ãîäà, ïîñëå ÷åãî îíè ìîãóò ñäàòü ýêçàìåíû íà óðîâåíü «À» (ïðîäâèíóòûé) 8. Ñàìûå ïðåñòèæíûå äëÿ ïîñòóïëåíèÿ óíèâåðñèòåòû — Îêñôîðä èëè Êýìáðèäæ. Çà íèìè ñëåäóþò óíèâåðñèòå- òû Áðèñòîëÿ, Ìàí÷åñòåðà è äð. ×åì áîëüøå øêîëüíèêè íàáèðàþò áàëëîâ íà ýêçàìåíå óðîâíÿ «À», òåì áîëüøå ó íèõ øàíñîâ ïîñòóïèòü â ïðåñòèæíûé óíèâåðñèòåò. 9. Íåêîòîðûå ñòóäåíòû ïîëó÷àþò ñòèïåíäèþ, ñóììà êî- òîðîé çàâèñèò îò áëàãîñîñòîÿíèÿ ðîäèòåëåé. Ýòè äåíüãè äàþòñÿ áåçâîçâðàòíî, è õîòÿ ýòî íå òàêàÿ óæ áîëüøàÿ ñóììà, íî íà íåå ìîæíî ïðîæèòü è ýòèõ äåíåã õâàòàåò, ÷òîáû ïëàòèòü çà êâàðòèðó, ïîêóïàòü êíèãè è ïèòàòüñÿ. 10.  îòëè÷èå îò øêîëû â óíèâåðñèòåòå ñòóäåíòû ïðåäîñ- òàâëåíû ñàìè ñåáå. Îíè äîëæíû ñàìè ãîòîâèòü åäó, çà- áîòèòüñÿ î ñâîåé âíåøíîñòè, ñòèðàòü. Âñå ýòî ãîòîâèò èõ ê ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíîé æèçíè. Ex. 4. Speak on the topics. 1. Education before 5 years old. 2. The first stage of school education. 3. Types of schools in Great Britain. 4. Types of exams in Great Britain. 5. Vivien’s impressions of the American school. 6. Vivien’s favourite subjects and teachers. 7. Popular universities in Great Britain. 8. Life at a British University. HEALTH

TEXT Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. A Thousand Diseases I remember going to the British Museum one day to read up the treatment for some slight disease. I got down the book and read all I had come to read. Then without realizing what I was doing I turned the leaves and began to study diseases generally. I do not remember which was the first disease I read about but before I looked through the list of the symptoms I felt that I had it. I kept on reading, feeling rather nervous, and realized that I was suffering from every disease imaginable. The only thing I had not got so far was housemaid’s knee. To say that I was worried and upset and that I felt miserable would be to say nothing. I nearly fainted. In fact I felt more dead than alive. I tried to examine myself. I felt my pulse. I discovered that I had no pulse. I tried to feel my heart. I could not feel my heart. It had stopped beating. I tried to look at my tongue. I stuck it out as far as it would go. I shut one eye, and tried to examine it with the other. I could only see the tip but I no longer doubted that in addition to everything I had scarlet fever. It became clear to me that I would never recover and would never get rid of the thousand diseases I had. I gave up all hope. Medicine could not help me. I had walked into the reading-room a happy healthy man, I walked out an invalid. Though I doubted if anyone would be able to cure me of my diseases, I decided to consult my physician. I always turn to him for advice and help. He is a good fellow and an old friend of mine. He has been treating me for many years. I never make an appointment with him, he’s always ready to see me. He looks at my tongue, feels my pulse, talks about the weather, and all for nothing, when I imagine that I am ill. He never remains indifferent to what I say and always does his best to encourage me when I start complaining of my diseases. I thought that he would be grateful if I went to him. «What a doctor wants,» I said to myself, «is practice. He will have me. He will get

— 40 — more practice out of me than out of seventeen hundred ordinary patients with only one or two common diseases each.» «Well, what’s the matter with you? Got any complaints?» he asked. I did not pretend to be calm. My whole life depended on what he would say. «I will not take up your time, dear fellow, by telling you what is the matter with me,» I began. «Life is short and you may die before I’m through. But I’ll tell you right away what is not the matter with me. I haven’t got housemaid’s knee. Why I haven’t got it I cannot tell you. But the fact remains that I haven’t got it. Everything else I have got. My life is in danger.» I told him how I came to discover it all. I didn’t pretend I wasn’t frightened. He took my temperature, felt my pulse, and then hit me over the chest when I wasn’t expecting it. After that he sat down and wrote out a prescription. He folded it and giving it to me said that I had better go home. I did not open the prescription. I went to the nearest pharmacy to have it made up. The chemist read the prescription and handed it back. He apologized for being unable to help me. He said he didn’t keep it and smiled. I was very much annoyed. I did not see the joke. I said, «You are a chemist, aren’t you?» He did not deny it. «I am a chemist,» he said. «If I were a department store and family hotel combined, I might be able to help you. But the matter is I am only a chemist. That’s why I can’t oblige you.» I read the prescription. It said: «1 lb beefsteak, with 1 pt beer every six hours, 1 ten-mile walk every morning, 1 bed at 11 sharp every night. And avoid stuffing up your head with things you don’t understand.» I felt relieved. My life was out of danger. I didn’t tear up the prescription or throw it away. I followed the directions with the happy result that my life was saved and is still going on. My health improved, but I never mention the incident to anyone. From Jerome K. Jerome. Three Men in a Boat, adapted. Ex. 2. Ask 12 questions about the text. Ex. 3. Retell the text.

— 41 — DIALOGUE Ex. 1. Read and translate the dialogue. Doctor: Good evening. What’ the trouble? Patient: I haven’t been feeling well for some time. I have lost my appetite and I don’t sleep very well. I have rather a bad cough that I can’t get rid of, and a pain in my chest sometimes when I breathe. Doctor: I see. Very well. You had better have a thorough examination. Let me see your tongue... Yes, your stomach is a little out of order... Now your pulse ... Yes, that’s all right. Now just unfasten your coat and shirt and I’ll listen to your heart and chest.... Do you smoke a lot? Patient: Well, rather a lot, I’m afraid. Doctor: H’m! You ought to cut that down for a time. Let me see your throut. Open your mouth. Say «Ah!» Patient: Ah! Ah! Doctor: All right, that’ll do. Have you been losing weight? Patient: No, I don’t lose or gain, at least never more than half a kilo or so one way or the other. Doctor: Well, There’s nothing serous the matter with you, but you are rather run down. You’ve been working too hard. You need a real rest. I’ll give a bottle of medicine that will help. Take a table-spoonful in water three times a day after meals. Eat plenty of good plain food, have no cigarettes and drink plenty of milk, and not too much coffee; get plenty of fresh air and plenty of sleep, but, above all, don’t try to do too much. A real change of air and surroundings would be very helpful. Patient: As a matter of fact, a friend of mine has invited me to come and stay with his family in their cottage near the town. Doctor: That’s just the thing. But remember, take it easy. Not too much swimming or tennis, at least for a week or two, but a good walk by the sea every day will do you a world of good. I’ll see you again when you come back, just to make sure that you are all right. Don’t worry about yourself. If that holiday doesn’t work wonders I’ll be very much surprised. Another month and you’ll be fine. Good evening. Ex. 2. Reproduce the dialogue.

— 42 — PHONETIC EXERCISES Ex. 1. Transcribe, translate and learn the following words and word combinations. treatment, disease, symptom, nervous, imaginable, to examine, pulse, tongue, medicine, invalid, to cure, indifferent, to encourage, practice, patient, complaint, temperature, prescription, pharmacy, chemist, incident, physician, to doubt, appetite, cough, to breathe, thorough, examination, stomach, to unfasten, throat, to worry. Ex. 2. Look up the following words in the dictionary and learn their pronunciation and spelling. measles tnsillitis diphtheria cancer scarlet fever turberculosis pneumonia insomnia indigestion Ex. 3. Practice reading the following words paying attention to the pronunciation of the first sound [I]. recover remains encourage deny prescription examine department expect depend relieved result pretend Ex. 4. Read the dialogue according to the given melody. A: Is that the hospital? B: Yes. A: I want to ask about Mr Smart, who is in the sick-room at the moment, I believe. I imagine he isn’t fit to come to the phone himself; I just wanted to ask how he was. B: He is doing quite well, defenitely on the mend. A: Thanks very much. I am glad to know he is getting all right. B: Oh, yes, he is getting on quite nicely. A: Tell him I am glad he is making good progress. Good-bye. B: Good-bye.

VOCABULARY Learn the following words and word combinations: I. DISEASE, ILLNESS disease — áîëåçíü, çàáîëåâàíèå

— 43 — a acute, common,epidemic, terminal, incurable, disease (an) chronic, infectious, mental, skin to prevent, to fight, to cure, to come down with a disease illness — áîëåçíü, çàáîëåâàíèå, íåçäîðîâüå. a slight, sudden, serious, fatal, incurable, illness (an) grave terminal, mental to recover from, to get over an illness Though illness and disease are often used in the same way, there is a certain difference between them. Illness is a state of being unwell, which may be caused by a disease. e.g. Several children are away from school because of illness. Disease can be caught and passed on if they are infections; they are the subjects of medical study: a rare heart disease II. ill (adj) — áîëüíîé to be taken, to fall, to be ill (with) to be slightly, seriously, desperately, incurably, terminally ill III. 1. to treat, treatment to treat — ëå÷èòü (îò) to treat sb/sth to treat sb for a disease with some medicine treatment (for) — ëå÷åíèå (îò) to get, to receive, to undergo treatment 2. to cure, a cure to cure — âûëå÷èòü (îò) to cure sb/sth to cure sb of a disease a cure — ëåêàðñòâî, ñðåäñòâî; èçëå÷åíèå a cure for a complete, sure, miraculous cure IV. to go down with, to catch a (bad) cold/chill/flu to be subject to colds (headaches) — áûòü ïîäâåðæåííûì ïðîñòóäå a sore throat — áîëü â ãîðëå to have a cold in one’s head, a running nose — íàñìîðê a (bad) cough — (ñèëüíûé) êàøåëü

— 44 — to sneeze, to cough, to blow one’s nose V. to suffer from, to complain of (a headache) to get well/better/worse to recover from (a cold)/after an illness to have a complication after an illness on one’s heart to die of some illness, hunger/from wounds VI. to look ill, tired, (un)healthy, (un)well, poorly, sick (=ill), etc. to feel bad, tired, ill, (un)well, etc. e.g. You’re looking tired. I’m feeling unwell. to be / feel (completely) run-down — (ñèëüíî) ïåðåóòîìèòüñÿ VII. a high (low, nomal) temperature to be running a temperature — òåìïåðàòóðèòü to take the patient’s temperature a thermometer VIII. to make/to have an appointment — çàïèñàòüñÿ/áûòü çàïè- with the doctor for 12 o’clock ñàííûì íà ïðèåì ê âðà- ÷ó íà 12 ÷àñîâ to turn to/to consult/to see/to go and see a doctor (about sth) to examine a patient/a sick man to give sb/to have a thorough (medical) checkup/examination an annual, regular checkup to take one’s/sb’s blood-preassure to X-ray sb’s chest to test sb’s blood to pull/to fill sb’s tooth one’s temperature taken one’s chest X-rayed to have one’s blood-pressure taken one’s blood tested one’s tooth pulled (taken out), filled a filling — ïëîìáà an eye/blood test to call a doctor in — âûçâàòü âðà÷à íà äîì to get a doctor’s medical certificate (or a sick-note) — ïîëó÷èòü áîëüíè÷íûé, (ñïðàâêó)

— 45 — IX. medicine, remedy (for), cure (for), drug Medicine is a substance used for treating disease. to take medicine a bottle of medicine Drug is a substance used for treating disease (but it also means «a harmful addictive substance») Remedy is a specific method of treating smth., often traditional Cure is something that eradicates the problem entirely e.g. The cough sounds bad. I think you should take this medicine (NOT drug). Paracetamol is a much more powerful drug/medicine than people realize. A good night’s sleep would be the best remedy for your headache. There is still no cure for the common cold. X. to prescribe a medicine for to write out a prescription (for smb.) by prescription only — òîëüêî ïî ðåöåïòó to have a prescription made up (filled AmE) at the chemist’s XI. to call/ring for an ambulance to take smb. to hospital to be taken/rushed by ambulance to (the nearest) hospital to operate on smb. for (appendicitis) to be operated on for (appendicitis) to perform, to have, to undergo an operation (for appendicitis) XII. to cut down — ñîêðàòèòü, óìåíüøèòü to cut down (on) smoking, drinking to lose weight = to grow/to get thin to put on/to gain weight = to grow/to get fat (stout) XIII. to stay in bed — ëåæàòü â ïîñòåëè to keep (to) one’s bed — ëåæàòü â ïîñòåëè, íå âñòàâàòü, áûòü áîëüíûì to be laid up with (flu/a bad cold) — ëåæàòü â ïîñòåëè ñ (ãðèïïîì/ñèëüíîé ïðîñòóäîé) to keep (to) one’s room — íå âûõîäèòü íà óëèöó

— 46 — e.g. She doesn’t keep (to) her bed, but she still keeps (to) her room. XIV. Doctors a general practitioner (GP) — òåðàïåâò, ó÷àñòêîâûé âðà÷ an oculist (an eye specialist) a heart specialist a surgeon a dentist a specialist in diseases of the ear, nose and throat Diseases measles tuberculosis scarlet fever cancer flu pneumonia tonsillitis insomnia diphtheria indigestion an outbreak (epidemic) of flu. XV. Some useful phrases to work wonders — òâîðèòü ÷óäåñà to do sb. a world of good — ïðèíåñòè îãðîìíóþ ïîëüçó to be of (great, no) use — áûòü ïîëåçíûì (áåñïîëåçíûì) to be on the safe side — íà âñÿêèé ñëó÷àé Take it easy. Don’t take it to heart. — Íå ïðèíèìàéòå áëèçêî ê ñåðäöó I wish you a speedy recovery. — Æåëàþ âàì ñêîðåéøåãî âûçäîðîâëåíèÿ It’s nice to see you up and about again. — Ðàä ñíîâà âèäåòü âàñ çäîðîâûì.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES Ex. 1. Translate into Russian and be ready to give the back translation of the sentences. 1. You’ll never get over your illness if you don’t follow the doctor’s orders. 2. Jane is ill with flu; she is keeping to her room. 3. He caught a cold in the storm yesterday. 4. Come inside — you will catch a bad cold out there! 5. Don’t go out in this weather — you will catch a chill.

— 47 — 6. I need a handkerchief to blow my nose. 7. The baby keeps sneezing — she must be getting a cold. 8. If you eat so fast, no wonder you suffer from stomach- ache. 9. I am afraid he is getting steadily worse. 10. You should keep to a diet, otherwise you may have complications. 11. During the war a lot of people died of hunger. 12. «You are looking tired». — «I am feeling unwell.» 13. I’ve been working hard of late and I feel completely run-down. 14. You need a holiday: you look a bit run-down. 15. The nurse took the patient’s temperature with a thermometer. 16. If you are running a temperature you should stay in bed. 17. I took a tablet of aspirin to bring down the high temperature. 18. Doctor Brown doesn’t receive patients without an appointment. 19. Before we can offer you the job, you will have to undergo a medical examination. 20. The doctor examined him but could find nothing the matter with him. 21. The patient kept catching colds, so the doctor gave him a thorough check-up. 22. The surgeon is performing a delicate operation. 23. She’s going into hospital to have a minor operation on her knee. 24. I haven’t given up drinking but I am cutting down. 25. You’ll get even fatter if you eat all those cream cakes. 26. I put on a lot of weight when I was on holiday. 27. She got stout as she grew older. 28. She doesn’t keep to her bed but she still keeps to her room. 29. My GP sent me to a specialist. 30. She looked so tired before, but her holiday has worked wonders (for her). 31. Take this prescription to your local chemist’s and they will make it up. Ex. 2. Insert prepositions or post-verbal adverbs where necessary. 1. Take these tablets ... you cough, to be ... the safe side. Otherwise you may fall ill... flu. It is strange that you can’t get rid ... it ... such a

— 48 — long time. 2. He is ill ... quinsy ... a very severe form. He has been keeping ... his bed ... a fortnight already and is sure to stay ... bed ... another week. 3. The doctor gave him a sick-note because he has a very serious complication ... his heart ... quinsy. 4. As you are subject ... colds you must start hardening yourself. It’s the best remedy ... it. 5. I see you are constantly suffering ... your liver. 6. Many people died either ... starvation or ... wounds ... the blokade ... Leningrad. 7. If you complain ... an earache, go and have this prescription made up ... the chemist’s. 8. If you don’t want to put ... weight, stop eating so much bread and pastry. Cut it ... to the minimum. 9. Your temperature isn’t much ... normal. Nothing to worry ..., but I think you had better go ... bed at once. A little rest will do you a world of good. 10. I was very glad to learn that your mother had recovered ... her illness. — Yes, Mr. Smith who treated her ... a heart disease is a very good specialist. 11. This medicine will cure you ... your cough. I also think you had better cut ... (on) smoking. 12. The doctors were sure they could cure ... the patient, but when complications set ..., they lost hope. 13. The soldier died ... several bullet wounds. 14. You should consult a doctor ... your headache, if you want to get ... your illness. 15. What time is your appointment ... the dentist? 16. Doctor Smith is now operating ... a patient ... appendicitis. 17. The injured man was taken ... ambulance ... the nearest hospital. 18. I have been laid ... for a week ... my bad back. 19. What can you prescribe ... the pain ... my back, doctor? 20. You will need a prescription ... a doctor ... antibiotics. Ex.3 Fill in the gaps with either disease or illness. 1.Many ... are caused by bacteria. 2. Jane is away from school because of .... 3. Poverty and ... often go together. 4. She is a healthy child and she will get over her .... 5. Preventing a ... is easier than curing it. 6. Measles is an infectious .... 7. Her ... prevented her from continuing her work. 8. Cholera is an epidemic .... 9. We were all very glad to learn that he had recovered from his .... 10. The World Health Organization tries to prevent and fight ... in developing countries. 11. He died of a heart .... 12. She grew thin after her .... Ex. 4. Fill in the gaps with treat, cure or their derivatives. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1.It isn’t easy to ... a patient who doesn’t obey the doctor’s oders. 2. Many diseases that couldn’t be ... years ago, can be easily ... now. 3. Cancer is still an ... disease. 4. He is receiving ... for cancer. 5.

— 49 — When I left hospital I was completely .... 6. This medicine will ... you of your cough. 7 The new ... effected a miraculous cure. 8. The only way to ... backache is to rest. Ex. 5. Use medicine, remedy, cure to fill in the gaps. 1.The best ... for you now would be a good holiday. 2. There is still no ... for the common cold. 3. A good night’s sleep would be the best ... for your headache. 4. This mixture is a good ... for your cough. 5. A century ago it seemed unlikely that we would find a ... for TB. 6. That cough sounds bad. I think you should take this .... 7. This herbal mixture is a well-tried ... for the common cold. Ex. 6. Supply the words asked for in the clues. The first one has been done for you. 0. What verb beginning with B means ‘take air into the lungs and put out again’? (7 letters) 0 breathe 1. What noun beginning with C and ending -TION describes the way the blood travels round the body? (11 letters) ...... 2. A noun beginning with P and ending with E that describes a substance that forms on the teeth. (6 letters) ...... 3. What verb beginning with S (5 letters) describes what boiling water does to you if it comes in contact with your skin? ...... 4. A noun beginning with P (6 letters) that describes an infectious disease borne by rats and common in the Middle Ages...... 5. What noun beginning with M describes having a baby too early so that it doesn’t survive? (11 letters) ...... 6. What 6-letter adjective beginning with P means ‘unwell’? ...... 7. A 9-letter verb beginning with S and ending -IZE describes what a dentist does to his instruments to make them germ-free...... 8. What verb beginning with DIS describes what a nurse does to a wound to make it germ-free? (9 letter) ......

— 50 — 9. A 10-letter noun beginning with S that describes a medically qualified person with detailed knowledge about a subject...... 10. What noun beginning with I describes a tool used for scientific and technical purposes? (10 letters) ...... 11. What adjective beginning with IM and ending -ILE means ‘completely without movement’? (8 letters) ...... 12. What 12-letter noun beginning with P describes an order for medicine made by a doctor and supplied by a chemist? ...... 13. A noun beginning with D that has two meanings: a medicine or a narcotic. (4 letters) ...... 14. What noun beginning with S is the name of a doctor’s consulting room? (7 letters) ...... 15. What two-word noun beginning O and T describes the special room where a surgeon does his/her work? ...... 16. A technical, medical noun beginning with PRO that refers to a medicine or injection that prevents disease. (12 letters) ...... 17. What noun beginning with S describes emotional and physical stress that might follow a car accident? (5 letters) ...... 18. What 11-letter adjective beginning with H describes a person who suffers from a physical or mental disadvantage? ...... 19. A two-word adjective beginning L-S that describes a person who can see things well at a distance...... 20. What adjective beginning with I often goes in front of ‘pain’ to mean ‘acute’? (7 letters) ...... 21. What adjective beginning with G means ‘very serious’ when we use it to describe an illness? (5 letters)

— 51 — Ex. 7. Translate into English. 1. Ó íåãî áîëèò ãîðëî. Íàâåðíîå, ó íåãî àíãèíà. Èçìåðü åìó òåìïåðàòóðó. — Ãäå ãðàäóñíèê? — Ãäå-òî íà ñòîëå. 2. Íå êóïèòå ëè âû äëÿ ìåíÿ ëåêàðñòâî â àïòåêå? -Ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì. Ãäå ðåöåïò? — Âîò îí. 3. Õîòÿ ìíå è íåçäîðîâèòñÿ, ÿ íå ñòàíó ïðèíèìàòü ëåêàðñòâî, òàê êàê òåðïåòü íå ìîãó (can’t stand) âñÿêèå ïîðîø- êè, êàïëè, ìèêñòóðû. ß ïðîñòî íå áóäó âûõîäèòü íà óëèöó íå- ñêîëüêî äíåé. 4. Êàòÿ ñåðüåçíî áîëüíà. Îíà ëåæèò â áîëüíèöå óæå ìåñÿö. Íî ñåé÷àñ åé çíà÷èòåëüíî ëó÷øå. ß íàäåþñÿ, ÷òî îíà ïî- ïðàâèòñÿ ê ñâîåìó äíþ ðîæäåíèÿ. 5. ×òî ñ âàìè? Âû ïîõóäåëè. — Íè÷åãî ñåðüåçíîãî, ÿ ïðîñòî óñòàë. ß ìíîãî ðàáîòàþ è ìàëî ñïëþ. ×åðåç íåäåëþ ÿ ïîåäó â ñàíàòîðèé è îòäîõíó. — Ýòî êàê ðàç òî, ÷òî âàì íóæíî. ß óâåðåí, ÷òî ìåñÿö îòäûõà ïðèíåñåò âàì áîëü- øóþ ïîëüçó, è âû áóäåòå ñíîâà ïðåêðàñíî ñåáÿ ÷óâñòâîâàòü. 6. Âñå, êðîìå Íèíû, îñòàâàëèñü íà âå÷åðå, à îíà äîëæíà áûëà âåðíóòüñÿ äîìîé, òàê êàê îíà îñòàâèëà áîëüíóþ ìàòü îäíó äîìà. 7. Òû íåâàæíî âûãëÿäèøü ñåãîäíÿ. ×òî ñ òîáîé? Òû ïëîõî ñïàë? — ß ñåáÿ ïëîõî ÷óâñòâóþ óæå íåñêîëüêî äíåé. Ó ìåíÿ íåò àïïå- òèòà, è ÿ ïëîõî ñïëþ. — Ïîéäè ê âðà÷ó. Îí òåáå äàñò áþëëåòåíü è ëåêàðñòâî. — Íî ó ìåíÿ íåò òåìïåðàòóðû, òîëüêî íàñìîðê è ãîëîâíàÿ áîëü. 8. Âàì ïðèäåòñÿ ïðîéòè òùàòåëüíûé îñìîòð. 9. Äåòè ÷àñòî òåìïåðàòóðÿò. ß ýòî çíàþ, íî êîãäà ÿ óâèäåëà, ÷òî ó äî÷åðè 39,5, ÿ ñðàçó áðîñèëàñü ê âðà÷ó, êîòîðûé âñåãäà åå ëå÷èò. Îêàçà- ëîñü, íè÷åãî ñåðüåçíîãî. Âðà÷ ïîñîâåòîâàë ïîäåðæàòü åå â ïîñòå- ëè äåíåê-äðóãîé íà âñÿêèé ñëó÷àé. 10. ×òî òû òàê ïëîõî âûãëÿ- äèøü ñåãîäíÿ? — Íå çíàþ, ìåíÿ âñåãî ëîìàåò, è ó ìåíÿ íàñìîðê. Áîþñü, ÷òî çàáîëåâàþ ãðèïïîì. 11. Åé ñåãîäíÿ òàê æå ïëîõî? — Íåò, òåìïåðàòóðà ñïàëà (to fall down), è åå áîëüøå íå ëèõîðàäèò. —À êîãäà âû èçìåðÿëè åé òåìïåðàòóðó â ïîñëåäíèé ðàç? -×àñà ïîëòîðà òîìó íàçàä. -Äàéòå-êà ÿ ïîùóïàþ ïóëüñ è ïîñëóøàþ ëåãêèå. 12. Íèêàêîå ëåêàðñòâî íå ìîæåò ñîòâîðèòü ÷óäî, åñëè åãî íåðåãóëÿðíî ïðèíèìàòü. Ñîâñåì íåóìíî ñ òâîåé ñòîðîíû, ÷òî òû ïðåíåáðåãàåøü ñîâåòàìè âðà÷à. 13. Ìîé ðåâìàòèçì — îñëîæ- íåíèå ïîñëå ñêàðëàòèíû. ß ñòðàäàþ îò íåãî óæå ëåò ñåìü. 14. Äà- âàéòå èçìåðèì âàøå äàâëåíèå. 15. Òåáå áû ëó÷øå áîëüøå îáðà- ùàòü âíèìàíèå íà ñâîå çäîðîâüå, äà ïîìåíüøå êóðèòü. 16. Âîò òåáå ïîðîøêè. — Ñïàñèáî, ýòî êàê ðàç òî, ÷òî ìíå íóæíî. 17. Ëåíà îïÿòü ïðîñòóäèëàñü! Êîãäà îíà íà÷íåò çàêàëÿòüñÿ? Íåóæå- ëè åé íðàâèòñÿ òàê ÷àñòî áîëåòü? 18. Îíà æàëóåòñÿ íà çóáíóþ

— 52 — áîëü óæå ìåñÿö, à ê çóáíîìó âðà÷ó íå èäåò. 19. Êàêîå ëó÷øåå ñðåäñòâî îò íàñìîðêà? 20. Êòî ðàçáèë ãðàäóñíèê? — ß. -Îïÿòü? Òåáå íè÷åãî íå îñòàåòñÿ ñäåëàòü, êàê ïîéòè â àïòåêó è êóïèòü íîâûé. 21. Êðîìå ýòèõ ïîðîøêîâ ÿ íè÷åãî íå ïðèíèìàëà. 22. Êðî- ìå ýòèõ ïîðîøêîâ ÿ åùå ïèëà êàêóþ-òî ãîðüêóþ (bitter) ìèêñòó- ðó. 23. Òåáÿ òîøíèò? — Íåò, ïî÷åìó òû òàê äóìàåøü? 24. Êòî åùå çàáîëåë? — Áîëüøå íèêòî. 25. ß ïîäâåðæåíà ïðîñòóäàì è ÷àñòî áîëåþ ãðèïïîì. 26. Êòî âàñ ëå÷èò? — Äîêòîð Âîðîíîâ. 27. Ëåãêî çàáîëåòü, äà òðóäíî âûçäîðîâåòü. — Íå ïóãàé ìåíÿ. ß âåðþ â ìåäèöèíó. 28. Ìîÿ ñåñòðà ðàáîòàåò ìåäñåñòðîé â áîëüíèöå, îíà ïîìîãàåò äîêòîðó Áðàóíó óõàæèâàòü çà ïàöèåíòàìè. 29. Ñåãîäíÿ ó îäíîãî ïàöèåíòà áûë ñåðäå÷íûé ïðèñòóï, íî åìó óäàëîñü èçáå- æàòü ñìåðòè áëàãîäàðÿ ïîìîùè âðà÷åé. 30. Âî âðåìÿ îáõîäà ìåä- ñåñòðà èçìåðÿåò êðîâÿíîå äàâëåíèå, òåìïåðàòóðó, ùóïàåò ïóëüñ è äåëàåò óêîëû áîëüíûì. 31. Â÷åðà ó ìåíÿ áûë æàð, ÿ ÷óâñòâîâàë òîøíîòó è ãîëîâîêðóæåíèå. Ìåäñåñòðà äàëà ìíå ëåêàðñòâî, ÷òî- áû ñáèòü òåìïåðàòóðó. 32. Íåñêîëüêî ìåñÿöåâ íàçàä Òîìàñ ïåðå- íåñ òÿæåëóþ îïåðàöèþ íà æåëóäêå è ñåé÷àñ îí åùå íå ÷óâñòâóåò ñåáÿ âïîëíå èçëå÷èâøèìñÿ îò áîëåçíè. 33. Íà ïðîøëîé íåäåëå ó íåå áûë ãðèïï, íî îíà íå ñòàëà áðàòü áîëüíè÷íûé, õîòÿ è ñëå- äîâàëà âñåì óêàçàíèÿì äîêòîðà Áðàóíà. 34. Ê êîíöó íåäåëè îíà ïåðåñòàëà ÷èõàòü è êàøëÿòü, íî ãîðëî åùå áîëåëî. Äîêòîð âûïè- ñàë åé ðåöåïò, è îíà çàêàçàëà ëåêàðñòâî â àïòåêå. 35. Íî÷üþ ó Êåéò ðàçáîëåëñÿ çóá. Îíà íå ìîãëà ñïàòü è óòðîì ïîøëà ê äàíòè- ñòó, ÷òîáû åé óäàëèëè áîëüíîé çóá. 36. Â÷åðà ÿ áûëà ó äàíòèñòà, ìíå ñäåëàëè ðåíòãåí è ïîñòàâèëè ïëîìáó. 37. Ïðè ìûñëè î äàí- òèñòå ó Êåéò ñèëüíåå çàáèëîñü ñåðäöå è ïåðåõâàòèëî äûõàíèå — îíà ñ äåòñòâà íåíàâèäåëà ëå÷èòü çóáû.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION I. ill/sick — áîëüíîé 1. After verbs like to look and to seem, both ill and sick mean «not in good health». e.g. What’s the matter with her? She’s looking sick/ill. But in British English to be/feel sick is «to vomit or feel that one is going to vomit» e.g. Jimmy’s just been sick (=has vomited) I think I’ll go home. I’m feeling sick (=am going to vomit)

— 53 — 2. Before a noun use sick, not ill in the meaning «not in good health» e.g. He is a sick man — Îí áîëåí. II. sore/bad — áîëüíîé When speaking about separate parts of the human body, use the adjectives sore or bad for the Russian «áîëüíîé». Sore indicates a temporary state: e.g. I’ve got a sore throat. The broken skin round my knee is still sore (=sensitive; quick to feel pain) Bad indicates a more or less chronic disability: e.g. The boy couldn’t go in for sport because of his bad heart. III. to ache/to hurt — áîëåòü 1. To ache is used to speak of a «continuous, dull pain». e.g. My head aches. My tooth is aching again. I have to go and see the dentist. I’m aching all over — Ó ìåíÿ âñå áîëèò 2. To hurt is used to speak about pain caused by contact with a sore spot, either internal or external e.g. It hurts me to cough/walk, etc. My head hurts (possibly from injury). My eyes hurt when I look at a bright light. (But: My eyes ache all the time; I probably need stronger glasses) IV. to hurt/to injure/to wound. 1. The verb to hurt has the meaning «to cause physical pain and/or damage to (esp. a part of the body)»: e.g. I banged my arm against the door and hurt myself. My arm hurts. 2. The verb to injure means «to cause physical harm to smb. esp. in an accident, to hurt seriously»: e.g. The train left the rails, but fortunately no one was injured. 3. One can be wounded from any attack in which a gun or sharp instrument such as a sword or knife is used. e.g. The battle didn’t last long, but a lot of men were wounded. 4. The verbs to hurt and to injure may be used to speak about «emotional damage; mental pain, caused by smb’s unkindness»:

— 54 — e.g. She was deeply hurt by their comments. I didn’t want to hurt her feelings. His reputation was badly injured by these vicious rumours. 5. Adjectives: an injured knee/injured pride an injured/wounded man (woman) injured people the injured — ïîòåðïåâøèå, ïîñòðàäàâøèå the wounded — ðàíåíûå 6. Nouns: an injury, a wound a slight, serious, severe, fatal injury/wound to receive an injury/a wound V. ache/pain 1. The noun ache means «a continuous, dull pain»: It is often used in compound nouns: a headache/earache, stomach-ache, backache, toothache, etc. e.g. Chocolate gives me toothache. She often gets stomachache(s). to have a bad, severe, splitting, slight, migrane headache. 2. The English for «áîëü» in other cases is «pain»: to cause, to endure (stand), to feel, experience, to have pain. to ease, to kill, to sooth pain. to cry with pain, to cry out with pain. pain appears, disappears, eases, wears off. a pain in one’s stomach, side, chest, back, etc. (a). great, severe, sharp, chronic, constant, dull, sudden, intense pain. 3. Adjective: painful a painful cut on one’s finger. e.g. My leg is still pretty painful after the accident. Does it still feel painful? a painful decision, situation e.g. It’s painful to read of such things. It was rather painful for me to tell her about the accident.

— 55 — VI. had better. Had better is one of the most common expressions in conversation when giving firm advice about what a person should or ought to do, esp. to avoid some problem, unpleasantness, or danger. The infinitive following this expression is used without «to». e.g. You had better (You’d better) have a thorough examination — Âàì áû ñëåäîâàëî (ëó÷øå) ïðîéòè òùàòåëüíûé îñìîòð. VII. but/except/besides 1. Except and but are prepositions used in the meaning «çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì, èñêëþ÷àÿ, íå ñ÷èòàÿ». e.g. We are all here but/except Mary. But is used only after words like no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything, any, etc. or after question-words like who, where, what, etc. But is usually followed by a noun or pronoun or the infinitive without «to» e.g. Who else but George would do such a thing? The window is never opened except (not but*) in summer. 2. Besides is a preposition used in the meaning «êðîìå, â äîïîëíåíèå ê, ñâåðõ, â äîáàâîê ê» e.g. There were three other people at the meeting besides Mr. Day. Besides being a professional pianist, he is also a keen amateur singer.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION EXERCISES Ex. 1. Supply ill or sick. 1) It goes without saying that healthy men are happier than _____ man. 2) He’s very _____ and unlikely to recover. 3) The _____ child couldn’t eat or sleep. 4) She’s been _____ a lot recently but she’s looking well now. 5) Stop the car. I feel _____! 6) He felt _____ and left in the middle of the game. 7) The _____ and the wounded were taken to hospital. 8) I’m sorry, I didn’t know you’d been _____ in hospital. 9) When I travel by boat I always become _____. 10) He went to the hospital to visit a _____ friend of his.

— 56 — Ex.2. Fill in the blanks will ill, sick, sore or bad. Translate the sentences. 1. George went to see his _____ mother daily. 2. I’ve been laid up for a week with my _____ back. 3. The _____ man was too _____ to raise his head. 4. The old lady showed the doctor her _____ knee. It was all swollen. 5. Chris removed the bandage from his _____ foot. 6. Susan had to take care of her _____ father. 7. You can’t have any ice-cream today, you have a _____ throat. 8. His _____ leg gives him trouble whenever it rains. 9. An ambulance is a special car, to take people who are seriously _____ to hospital. 10. I can’t draw because my finger is still _____. Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences using to hurt, to ache, ache, pain. 1. Ó ìåíÿ âñþ íî÷ü áîëåëî óõî. 2. Ïîñëå ýêñêóðñèè ó íåãî áîëåëè íîãè, òàê êàê îí áûë íà íîãàõ âåñü äåíü. 3. Áîëüíîé ïîæàëîâàëñÿ íà áîëü â ïðàâîì áîêó. 4. Âðà÷ ñïðîñèë, áîëèò ëè ó ìåíÿ æèâîò (áûâàþò ëè ó ìåíÿ áîëè) ïîñëå åäû. 5. ß ñèëüíî óøèá êîëåíî â÷åðà, è îíî åùå áîëèò (íîåò). 6. Êîãäà ÿ õîæó, êîëåíî áîëèò, à êîãäà ëåæó ñïîêîéíî, îíî íå áîëèò. 7. Åñëè ÿ äîëãî ÷èòàþ, òî ó ìåíÿ íà÷èíàþò áîëåòü ãëàçà. Íàâåðíîå, ìíå íóæíû î÷êè. 8. Êîãäà çóáíîé âðà÷ äîòðîíóëñÿ äî ìîåãî áîëüíîãî çóáà, áîëü áûëà íåâûíîñèìîé. 9. Êîãäà ó ìåíÿ áîëèò ãîëîâà, ÿ ïüþ òàáëåòêó è ëîæóñü îòäîõíóòü â òåìíîé êîìíàòå. 10. ß òàê ñèëüíî îáãîðåëà, ëåæà íà ñîëíöå â÷åðà, ÷òî ÿ íè÷åãî íå ìîãó íàäåòü, ïîòîìó ÷òî áîëèò ñïèíà. 11. Êîãäà áîëü íåìíîãî ñòèõëà, ðàíåíûé ïîïîëç ñíîâà. 12. Çóá ñíîâà áîëèò — ïðèäåòñÿ åãî óäàëèòü. 13. Ó ìåíÿ ÷àñòî áîëèò æåëóäîê ïîñëå îñòðîé ïèùè.

— 57 — 14. Áîëü áûëà òàêîé îñòðîé è âíåçàïíîé, ÷òî ó íåãî ïåðåõâàòèëî äûõàíèå. 15. Ìåíÿ òîøíèò îò îäíîãî âèäà èõ äî áîëè çíàêîìûõ ëèö. Ex. 4. Fill in the blanks with to hurt, to injure, to wound and their derivatives. 1. She _____ her leg when she fell. 2. Two people were killed and seven were _____, some of them seriously, when the car hit the bus. 3. I’m sorry if I _____ your feelings; I didn’t mean it. 4. The bullet _____ his arm, but only slightly. 5. The two cars collided, but luckily no one was seriously _____. 6. The _____ is healing fast; you’ll be able to go back to your regiment soon. 7. The driver of the car received serious _____ to the legs and arms. 8. The President is reported to have received a fatal stomach _____. 9. The train accident was awful, among the dead and _____ were six children. 10. He can’t play today because he’s _____ his knee. Ex. 5. Give advice and suggest what each one should do. Follow the pattern. Pattern: — I’m aching all over. — You’d better (had better) go to see a doctor. 1. John’s little brother has a very bad sore throat and a bad cough. 2. John hurt his arm while playing volley-ball. He thinks he’s broken it. 3. The doctor has given you a prescription. 4. You feel quite run down. 5. Mary has a splitting headache. 6. You’re in doubt how to take the medicine. 7. Tom is feverish. 8. You’re putting on weight. 9. I’ve been having toothache for some days. 10. Your sister has got an attack of ‘flu.

— 58 — Ex. 6.. Insert but, except or besides. 1. Ten of us passed _____ John. 2. All of us passed _____ John. 3. There is no one here _____ me. 4. I always take this mixture for a cough, and of course I drink milk with honey and butter ___. 5. The sick child wanted to see nobody _____ his mother. 6. I can take my holiday at any time _____ in August. 7. _____ the drops she has bought some powders at the chemist’s. 8. I know nothing about the accident _____ what i read in the paper. 9. What can we do _____ sit and wait? 10. _____ coughing I also feel a pain in my chest. 11. Who else _____ John would have played a trick like that? Ex. 7. Translate using your Vocabulary Extension. 1. Ó òåáÿ áîëüíîé âèä — ß ÷óâñòâóþ, ÷òî ïîäíèìàåòñÿ òåìïåðàòóðà. Ó ìåíÿ âñå áîëèò. 2. Âû ìîæåòå çàïèñàòüñÿ íà ïðèåì ê äîêòîðó Áðàóíó â ëþáîé äåíü, êðîìå ïîíåäåëüíèêà. 3. Òåáå áû ëó÷øå áîëüøå îáðàùàòü âíèìàíèå íà ñâîå çäîðîâüå è ïîìåíüøå êóðèòü. 4. Îíà æàëóåòñÿ íà ñèëüíûå áîëè â æåëóäêå. 5. Ïîñëå ñðàæåíèÿ ðàíåíûõ îòâåçëè â ïîëåâîé ãîñïèòàëü. 6. ×òî âû ìíå ìîæåòå âûïèñàòü îò áîëè â ñïèíå, äîêòîð? 7. Èç-çà áîëüíîãî ïàëüöà ìíå òðóäíî ïèñàòü. 8. Ìîÿ ñåñòðà ñåðüåçíî áîëüíà. Îíà ëåæèò â áîëüíèöå óæå ìåñÿö. 9. Îíà æàëóåòñÿ íà çóáíóþ áîëü óæå âòîðóþ íåäåëþ, à ê çóáíîìó âðà÷ó íå èäåò. 10. Òåáå ëó÷øå îáðàòèòüñÿ ê äîêòîðó ïî ïîâîäó òâîåãî áîëüíîãî óõà. 11.Ìåíÿ ñèëüíî îáèäåëî òî, êàê îíà ïðîñòî ïðîèãíîðèðîâàëà ìåíÿ. 12. Áóäü îñòîðîæíåå, íå ïîäíèìàé ýòó òÿæåëóþ ñóìêó — íàäîðâåøüñÿ. 13. ß ñèëüíî ïîðåçàëñÿ íîæîì íåäåëþ íàçàä, íî ðàíà çàæèâàåò äîâîëüíî áûñòðî.

— 59 — 14. Ìíå óäàëèëè çóá 3 äíÿ íàçàä, íî äåñíà áîëèò, êîãäà ÿ æóþ. 15. Ìû ïî÷óâñòâîâàëè òîøíîòó, êàê òîëüêî êîðàáëü ñòàë äâèãàòüñÿ. 16.  ïðîøëîì ãîäó äåäóøêà åçäèë â ñàíàòîðèé ïîëå÷èòü áîëüíóþ ïå÷åíü. 17. Ìàëü÷èê âñêðèêíóë îò áîëè, êîãäà âðà÷ äîòðîíóëñÿ äî åãî áîëüíîãî êîëåíà. 18. Îíà óøèáëà íîãó, êîãäà óïàëà ñ ëåñòíèöû. 19. Ê ñ÷àñòüþ íèêòî â àâàðèè ñåðüåçíî íå ïîñòðàäàë. 20. Ïîêàæèòå, ãäå áîëèò? — Âîò çäåñü äîêòîð, ÷óòü âûøå ëîäûæêè. 21. Áûëî áîëüíî ñìîòðåòü, êàê ìó÷èëèñü ðàíüøå â ãîñïèòàëå. 22. Ãäå Òîì? — Ïîøåë íàâåñòèòü áîëüíîãî äÿäþ â êëèíèêó. 23. Ó ìåíÿ âåñü äåíü áîëèò ñïèíà. Äîëæíî áûòü, ÿ ñèäåëà íà ñêâîçíÿêå. 24. Âàì áîëüíî ãëîòàòü? — Äà, èç-çà áîëüíîãî ãîðëà ÿ òîëüêî ìîãó ïèòü ÷òî-íèáóäü òåïëîå. 25. Êåéò çàáîëåëà ãðèïïîì, ïîòîìó ÷òî ïðèâèâêó ñäåëàëè âñåì, êðîìå íåå. 26. Âñå, êðîìå Íèíû, îñòàëèñü íà âå÷åðå, à îíà äîëæíà áûëà âåðíóòüñÿ äîìîé, òàê êàê îñòàâèëà áîëüíóþ ìàìó îäíó äîìà. 27. Íàðîäíûå ñðåäñòâà õîðîøèå, íî âñå æå ëó÷øå îáðàòèòüñÿ ê âðà÷ó: òû ñëèøêîì äîëãî òåìïåðàòóðèøü. 28. Óâå÷üÿ, êîòîðûå îí ïîëó÷èë âî âðåìÿ àâàðèè, ïðåâðàòèëè åãî â èíâàëèäà. 29. Ñäåëàéòå ìíå óêîë: ÿ íå ñìîãó âûíåñòè äàæå ëåãêóþ áîëü. 30. Áîëü áûëà òàêîé íåâûíîñèìîé, ÷òî ðàíåíûé ïîòåðÿë ñîçíàíèå. Ex. 8. Choose the word or phrase which best completes the sentences. 1. wounded, injured, damaged Footballer Jimmie White was ... in the second half of the match in a tackle with the goalkeeper. 2. sprained, sore, dislocated He’ll be out of the game for several weeks with a ... shoulder.

— 60 — 3. a bandage, stitches, a sling My daughter fell off her bike and she had to have ... in her leg. 4. pain, ache, indigestion Suddenly Tom felt a sharp ... in his stomach. 5. bruises, a rash, warts Whenever I eat shellfish I get ... all over my body. 6. allergic to, allergic with, allergic from Lots of people are ... shellfish. 7. a blister, a blemish, a boil Ouch! I’ve got ... on my heel from those new shoes. 8. drowsy, tipsy, dizzy My husband hates heights. When he looks down he feels .... 9. run in, run over, run down There’s nothing seriously wrong with me. I’m just a bit ... because I’ve been working so hard recently. 10. damages, hurts, injures There’s no doubt about it. Smoking ... your health. Ex. 9. Correct the mistakes, which have been underlined for you. Suggest a suitable alternative for ach one. The first one has been done for you. Yesterday, I decided to visit my (0) medicine. 0. doctor I’ve been having (1) aches in the chest. 1...... I (2) heat all the time, and 2...... then I sudenly (3) cold. 3 ...... I (4) don’t have hunger at all 4...... and I think I’m (5) thinning. 5...... I (6) tire myself easily, as well. 6...... Last week I developed a (7) sore neck and could 7...... hardly speak. Ihoped it would (8) better, 8...... but in fact it got (9) worst. 9...... The doctor (10) interrogated me 10...... and gave me a (11) recipe. 11...... ‘You can get this medicine at the (12) pharmacist’s,’ 12...... he said. ‘Don’t worry. You’ll soon be (13) alright.’ 13......

— 61 — I (14) pleased the doctor to give me 14...... some (15) advices. 15...... When you feel better, (16) make plenty of exercise, 16...... and you need plenty of (17) open air. 17...... You’ll be (18) good in no time. 18...... I thanked the doctor as the (19) nanny showed me out 19...... before leading in the next (20) customer. 20...... Ex. 10. Make up a story/situation with the words and phrases from the Vocabulary Extension.

CLASS READING Ex. 1. Discuss the questions. Have you ever tried jogging? Do you think it is a good way to keep fit? Would you advise jogging to people of all ages? Ex. 2. Read and translate the text. When I started running seven years ago, I could manage only about a quarter of a mile before I had to stop. Breathless and aching, I walked the next quarter of a mile, then I jogged the next quarter of a mile, alternating these two activities for a couple of miles. Within a few weeks I could jog hallf way round Hampsted Health without stopping. Soon I strated to run up the quarter-mile slope to the top of Parliament Hill, although I haad to stop at the top to get my breath back. Eventually I found that I could even manage to get up the hill comfortably. I started to run because I felt desperately unfit. But the biggest pay-off for me was — and still is — the deep relaxation that I achieve by taking exercise. It tires me out but I find that it does calm me down. In those days I saw few other runners. Now there are many more — and not just the macho sports freaks. Men and women of all ages have now taken running. Some 25,000 runners aged 5 to 85 are attracted each year to the Sunday Times Fun Run in Hyde Park.

— 62 — In the last two years the London Marathon has become the biggest British sporting event — overtaking the boat race and the Derby in the number of spectators it attracts. When I started to jog I never dreamt of running in a marathon, but in 1982 I realized that if I trained for it, it was within my reach, and after a slow, six-month build-up I managed the 26.2 miles in just under four hours. A creditable performance for a first -time runner and far cry from those days when I had to stop for breath after a quarter of a mile. What about heart attacks? My story shows that an unfit 39-year-old, as I was when I started running, who had taken no serious exercise for 20 years, can do the marathon — and that this is a sport in which women can beat men. But is it crazy to do it? Does it make sense to run in the expectation of becoming healthier? What about the chances of injuring yourself or dying of a heart attack? I was personally convinced of the health benefits of running because I felt unfit, and I wasn’t worried about the risk of a heart attack, because I wasn’t a smoker and I was sticking to a fairly low animal-fat diet. But a person I knew well did die immidiately after a jog and plenty of people told me I was mad to start running. Reassuring evidence now comes from doctors, showing that vigorous exercise actually reduces the chances of heart attack. According to their findings, it is necessary to take twenty minutes of vigorous exercise at least two or three times a week to obtain some protection from heart attack. Apart from jogging, the exercise might be swimming, singles tennis or squash, digging or chopping wood. Whatever it is the exercise should leave you out of breath. There is a small risk of unaccustomed risk causing a heart attack when a person is very unfit, but this can be reduced if exercise is always increased in easy stages. My advice is: if you are under 40, are healthy and feel well, you can begin as I did by jogging gently until you are out of breath, then walking, and alternating the two for about two miles. Build up the jogging in stages until you can do the whole distance comfortably. You will have to expect soreness of muscles and joints to begin with. If soreness changes to pain, or if you find that you suffer from deep tiredness which you cannot shake off, then stop jogging for a while and just walk.

— 63 — Ex. 3. Answer the following questions. 1. How did the author feel when he started running? 2. What for him are the pleasures of running? 3. How much exercise do doctors suggest you should take to avoid a heart attack? 4. Do you think the author’s suggestion on how to start running are sensible, or potentially dangerous? Ex. 4. A. Find English equivalents of the following words and word combinations. çàïûõàâøèéñÿ, áåã òðóñöîé, áåæàòü ìåäëåííî, íàðàùè- âàòü èíòåíñèâíîñòü áåãà ïîñòåïåííî, áûòü â õîðîøåé ôèçè÷åñ- êîé ôîðìå, ÷åëîâåê â ïëîõîé ôèçè÷åñêîé ôîðìå (íåòðåíèðî- âàííûé ÷åëîâåê), áûòü çäîðîâûì, äåëàòü ãèìíàñòèêó (äâèãàòü- ñÿ), ýíåðãè÷íûå óïðàæíåíèÿ, óâåëè÷èâàòü íàãðóçêó ïîñòåïåí- íî, çàíÿòüñÿ áåãîì, ïîëüçà äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ îò ðåãóëÿðíûõ ôèçè- ÷åñêèõ íàãðóçîê, âûçâàòü/èçáåæàòü/ñîêðàòèòü ðèñê ñåðäå÷íîãî ïðèñòóïà, âûçûâàòü óñòàëîñòü, ñòðàäàòü îò ñèëüíîé óñòàëîñòè, ñòðÿõíóòü óñòàëîñòü, áîëåçíåííîñòü ìûøö è ñóñòàâîâ, íåïðè- âû÷íàÿ íàãðóçêà, ñïîðòèâíîå ñîáûòèå, çðèòåëü, òðåíèðîâàòü- ñÿ, ïðèäåðæèâàòüñÿ íèçêîêàëîðèéíîé äèåòû. B. Fill in the blanks with the words and word-combinations from Part A. Be ready to give their back translation. 1. If you are over 40 be careful:...... may cause a...... 2. If you suffer from deep... which you can’t... off, turn to a doctor. 3. An... man may be... out by 30 mins of... walk. 4. The Olimpic Games is the most important...... for all sports fans. 5. If you want to lose weight you should keep to a...... 6. Start jogging... and then... up jogging in.... 7. In this article I’ve read about a man who died of a...... immediately after a.... 8. The health...... regular exercise are obvious: you feel... and you don’t have to turn to the doctor. 9. I was... after running for a bus. 10. My brother...... tennis when he was at school. 11. If you are not... you’ll feel soreness of muscles and joints after......

— 64 — 12. Tom ... trains under a coach for 4 days a week and is sure to show good results this season. 13. I used to go in for sports a lot when I was at school but now I am a participant rather than a.... 14. Remember to.hold your ... when you dive into the water. 15. I’ve never been seriously ill: I’ve always enjoyed (= had)...... 16. Walking up the stairs left me out of .... Ex. 5. Put one of following words or phrases into each gap. There are eleven gaps. Two of the words or phrases aren’t used! as a result/above all/which/before/and/especially/although/ however/this is why/such as/on the contrary/ if/to Doing regular exercise can be dangerous,______if you are over 40. ______it is a very good idea to see your doctor______starting if you think you are not very fit. Some people try to exercise too vigo- rously too soon, and______they cause themselves injuries ______can take a long time to heal. ______, it is not older people who should take care. Doctors report many injuries ______backches, sprained ankles and pulled muscles, which can all be avoided ______a little care is taken. If you do injure yourself, rest for a while ______allow your body to recoved naturally. ______, don’t push yourself because you think it is doing you good.______, you could do yourself permanent damage. Ex. 6. Prepare a talk on the following topic «How to keep fit and sound?» Consider the following questions: 1. Is it true that we have become more health-conscious in the past few years? 2. How fit are you? What do you do to keep fit? 3. What are some of the things we should and shoudn’t do to stay healthy? Think of these topics: diet, bad habits, exercise, work.

CLASS LISTENING Ex. 1. Have you ever tried any sports connected with life risk? Would you like to try any of them? Why?/Why not?

— 65 — Ex. 2. Look through definitions of the words and give their Russian equivalents. impact injury Damage strangulation Death risky dangerous to the body when in from lack of respiration direct contact with caused by something somebody / something tight around the neck martial arts hockey puck triggers e.g. Karate and aikido Flat piece of rubber Starts used instead of a ball in ice hockey upset to NHS strenuous Change in National Health Very heavy Service, the British system of free medical treatment impair immune system drowned Weaken The body’s method of Died in the water fighting diseases because they were unable to breathe lifespan bungee-jumping slobbing The length of your life Jumping from a very Being very lazy high point with feet attached to a long piece of rubber couch potato Person couching hang – gliding who sits (often on a Being a coach potato Flying while sofa –“coach”) and attached to a large watches TV all day kite Ex. 3. Listen to the tape and complete the following sentences with these numbers from the box. 16 1. Every year ... sports injuries are reported in England and Wales. 19 million 2. In one recent year, there were ... deaths from sports injuries. 84 3. Every year ... people die in air sports, and the same number die mountaineering. 240 million 4. The sports council did a survey of ... people. It

— 66 — 500 showed that ... people per month got hurt playing football. 28, 000 5. In Britain, medical treatment for new sports injuries costs more than ... pounds per year. Ex. 4. Discuss in groups/pairs. Be ready to report to the class. 1. What is the point of the text? Who is it talking to? Do you think the article could persuade somebody to give up sport? 2. What sports do you do? How regularly do you do them? 3. Have you ever been injured doing sport or exercise? What happened? What do you do to prevent injury? 4. What do you think are the most dangerous sports? Do you do any of them? Why/why not? Ex. 5. Put the following benefits of sport in order of importance with 1 as the most important. Do a class survey to compare results. makes your body more flexible good way of meeting people increases stamina allows you to get rid of aggression helps you to relax good for competitive instinct increases strength teaches you to be part of a team tones the muscles

SPEAKING Ex. 1. Match a person in A with suitable lines from B and C. Make at least one sentence about each person. e. g. The nurse took the patient’s temperature. ABC The nurse performed his knee The surgeon suffered her wrist The accident victim had in the smoky atmosphere. The toddler took during the crossing. The teenager fell over and grazed the patient’s temperature. The pregnant felt faint a difficult operation. woman The old man felt sea-sick in the attack. The tennis player sprained a heart attack.

— 67 — The racing driver was wounded from sunburn. The soldier was carried the crash. The gardener was stung by a wasp. The ferry passengers was lucky to survive spots on her face. The holidaymaker on a stretcher. Ex. 2. Match the diseases with their symptoms. 1. flu a. swollen glands in front of ear, earache or pain on eating 2. pneumonia b. burning pain in abdomen, pain or nausea after eating 3. rheumatism c. rash starting on body, slightly raised temperature 4. chickenpox d. dry cough, high fever, chest pain, rapid breathing 5. mumps e. headache, aching muscles, fever, cough, sneezing 6. an ulcer f. swollen, painful joints, stiffness, limited movement Ex. 3. What does the doctor or nurse use the following things for? stethoscope, thermometer, scales, tape measure, scalpel. Ex. 4. Look at the statements in A. Which do you think the doctor said to each of the following patients? AB 1. Anne with sunburn. a. Take one three times a day after meals. 2. Jo who’s broken b.Take a teaspoonful last thing her leg. at night. 3. John who’s off c. Rub a little on before going to the Tropics. to bed each night. 4. Paul with flu. d.We’ll get the nurse to put a bandage on. 5. Liz with a bad cough. e. You’ll need to have some injections before you go. 6. Sam who needs his f.I’ll ask the surgeon when he can appendix out. fit you in for an operation. 7. Rose suffering g. You’ll have to have your leg put from exhaustion. in plaster.

— 68 — 8. Alf who’s sprained h. I think you should have total bed his wrist. rest for a week. Ex. 5. Complete the following table. noun adjective verb — breathless — — faint — — shivery — — dislocated — ache — — treatment — — — swollen — Ex. 6. What medical problems might you have if .... Use the words and phrases from the list. to feel breathless, to itch, to sprain one’s ankle, to get a cold, to have a sore throat, to get a sunburn, to get diarrhoea, to break one’s arm/leg, blisters, a rash on one’s skin, indigestion, hypochondriac, lung cancer. 1. you wear shoes that rub? 7. you play football? 2. you eat food you’re 8. a mosquito bites you? allergic to? 3. you eat too fast? 9. you go skiing 4. you run unusually 10. you get wet on a cold day? fast for a bus? 5. you smoke a lot? 11. you stay too long in the sun? 6. you eat food that is bad? 12. you think you’re ill all the time? Ex. 7. Make up short dialogues using the following words and word combinations. A: A PATIENT • I’ve got a cold/a cough/a sore throat/a temperature/a stomach ache/chest pains/earache/a pain in my side/a rash on my chest/ spots/a bruise on my leg/a black eye/a lump on my arm/ indigestion/diarrhea/blisters/painful joints/sunburn. • I feel sick/dizzy/breathless/shivery/faint/particularly bad at night. • I am depressed/constipated/tired all the time.

— 69 — • I’ve lost my appetite/voice. • I can’t sleep, my nose itches and my leg hurts. B: A DOCTOR • Let me take your temperature/listen to your chest/look in your ears/examine you/take your blood pressure/ask you some questions/weigh and measure you before sending you to the hospital for further tests. • You’ve got flu/chickenpox/mumps/pneumonia/rheumatism/ an ulcer/a virus/a bug something that’s going round/lung cancer/a heart attack/a brain hemorrhage/AIDS. • You’ve broken your wrist and sprained/dislocated your ankle. • You’re pregnant/a hypochondriac. • Do you have health insurance? Have you ever had any operations? Are you allergic to anything? Are you taking any medication? Ex. 8. First Aid. I. Correct first-aid treatment, if it is given properly and promptly, can save lives. Of course, if the situation is serious, the first thing to do is to seek medical attention. • How good is your knowledge of first aid? • What would you do in these circumstances? 1. Someone has a minor burn; should you: a) put cold water on the burned area? b) put a tight bandage on it? c) put butter on it? 2. Someone has a bad burn; should you: a) put cold water on the burned area? b) put a tight bandage on it? c) put a loose, clean covering on? 3. You are the first to arrive at the scene of a car accident; should you: a) lie the victims flat and keep them warm? b) avoid moving the victims and keep them warm? II. Listen to the interview with a doctor and check your answers. III. EMERGENCY A. How good would you be in an emergency? Write down what you would do (and what you wouldn’t do) in these situations.

— 70 — 1. You’re out walking and you get bitten in the leg by a poisonous snake. 2. You’re preparing food in the kitchen when you accidentally cut yourself deeply on the hand. 3. Someone in your family knocks a pan of boiling water off the cooker. The water goes over his/her arm. 4. You find an elderly relative lying on the floor. She tells you that she thinks she’s had a heart attack. Discuss your answers in pairs. Prepare to report them to the class. B. Read the texts and check your answers. a) SNAKE BITE. Movement helps the poison to spread, so try not to walk about: if possible, send someone else to get a doctor. Meanwhile, tie something (e.g. a handkerchief) fairly tightly above the bite, to stop the poison spreading. If you have a sharp knife, make a cut and suck out as much of the poison as you can. b) CUT WRIST. If possible get someone to call a doctor right away. Meanwhile, try to stop the bleeding: close the wound and apply pressure with your other hand (or get someone else to), until bleeding begins to stop. This may be some minutes. Any bandages should be applied tightly: if blood soaks through the bandage, don’t remove it — just add another bandage on top. c) BOILING WATER. Reduce the heat as quickly as possible by putting the arm in cold water or under a cold tap for at least 10 minutes. Remove anything tight such as jewelry, and cover the burn with a clean smooth cloth to avoid infection. Then take the person to hospital. d) HEART ATTACK. If the patient is conscious, place her in a half- sitting position, with her head and shoulders supported with pillows or cushions, and with another cushion placed under her knees. Then call a doctor or an ambulance. Loosen clothing around the neck, chest and waist. Do not give the patient anything to eat or drink, and do not allow her to move unnecessarily.

HOME READING Ex. 1. Look through the words. Give their Russian equivalents. 1. use a knuckle 4. culprits 7. taking 10. immune cells a supplement

— 71 — 2. soothing effect 5. vigorously 8. less likely 11. a cough 3. poor air 6. echinacea 9. ward off 12. a sick person circulation Ex. 2. Read the text filling in the blanks with the words from Ex. 1. Translate the text. 1. That’s how far airborne droplets from...... or sneeze can travel. «If one lands in your eyes or nose», explains Dr. Dennis Murray, professor of pediatrics and human development, «you could wake up sick a few days later». What if you have to take the elevator with an indiscriminate cougher? Turn your back toward him. 2. Most colds are transmitted through indirect physical contact. For instance,...... who transfers her cold germs from her nose to her hands contaminates any object she touches. (Cold germ can survive for up to three hours on inanimate objects). Others who handle the object and then rub their own noses or eyes can get infected.»This is why hand-washing is by far the most important thing you can do to avoid catching a cold», says Dr. Joseph F. Plouffe. So wash at every opportunity. 3. Office buildings with...... are a high-risk environment because cold viruses can’t escape. What’s worse, low humidity dries the mucous membranes that normally trap and dispose of viral invaders. For the same reason, airplanes are another likely place to pick up cold germs. The best anitidote is to frequently mist your nostrils with an over-the-counter saltwater nasal spray, says Dr.Margaret Gradison. 4. They help flush germs from your body and...... the dehydration that often accompanies colds. «Breathing through your mouth, blowing your nose and taking drying cold medications all promote fluid loss», notes Dr. Gradison. To counteract this, drink at least eight glasses of water, fruit juice or other noncaffeinated fluids every day. 5.One study showed you probably touch these parts of your face as often as three times an hour. If you must,.....not a fingertip, because it’s less likely to be teeming with germs. 6 Thirty to 45 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise, such as walking, cycling or dancing three times a week, is all it takes to enhance your resistance to upper-respiratory-tract infections, says physiologist Niall Moyna. And more isn’t necessarily better. Researchers

— 72 — have found that exercising...... for over an hour a day actually increases the likelihood that you’ll catch a cold. 7. Lots of colds are caught in the kitchen. The biggest...... : sponges and dishrags, which provide warm, moist environments that cold germs thrive in. Your best defense is to put these items in the dish-water on the hot cycle two or three times a week. 8. Vitamin E is believed to play an important role in immune function. But since its best food sources are fats and oils, people on low-fat diets may find it difficult to get enough. Dr. John H. Weisburger recommends...... of the vitamine E each day. To boost your body’s ability to use this nutrient, you should take the pill with a main meal — lunch or dinner — for most people. 9. A British study found that when nonsmoking light-to-moderate drinkers (one or two drinks daily) were exposed to cold viruses, they were 65-percent...... to develop symptoms than abstainers. 10. This keeps your...... powered up, according to research conducted at the VA San Diego Healthcare System. In the study, 42 healthy volunteers were allowed to sleep only the second half of one night, resulting in a 30-percent drop in their natural killer cells the next day. But when subjects got at least eight hours’ sleep the following night, their killer cells bounced back to nearly full strenghth. 11...... , an edible flower, is believed to enhance your resistance to colds. Take it in extract, capsule, soft-gel or tablet form at the first sign of symptoms — and continue through the duration. Choose a product that says «standardized» on the label. Echinacea has no known side effects, but people can be allergic to it. Also, people with autoimmune disorders should avoid the substance. 12. Any warm fluid can help relieve cold symptoms and act as an expectorant. But chicken soup does seem to have an especially...... Says Duke University’s Dr. Gradison: «It’s packed with protein, vitamins and minerals, all of which can aid in the fight against cold germs». When you’re sick with a cold, try to be extra-vigilant about keeping germs to yourself by covering up coughs and sneezes. Teach children to do the same. It may not seem as if you’re doing much, stresses Gradison, «but if everyone took simple hygienic measures,

— 73 — the results would be dramatic. In fact, the common cold would no longer be so common». Ex. 3. The following sentences are the first sentences of each paragragh. Read the text again and put them into their places in the text. 1. Keep at least three feet away from coughers and sneezers. 2. Wash your hands often. 3. Sterilize your sponges. 4. Get off the couch. 5. Beware of closed-in spaces. 6. Take vitamines E and C. 7. Don’t rub your eyes and nose so much. 8. Have a low-fat chicken soup for lunch or dinner. 9. Drink a lot of fluids. 10. If you’d like a nightcap then have one. 11. Try natural remedies. 12. Get a good night’s sleep every night. Ex. 4. Think of a title to the text. Ex. 5. Think of other remedies for teating colds. Ex. 6. Sum up the information have learnt from the text and speak about different ways to avoid and/or beat a cold.

HOME LISTENING Ex. 1. Listen to Vivien and Thomas speaking about different kinds of sport activities. Ex. 2. Find English equivalents. Ïðûæêè â äëèíó, áåã ñ ïðåïÿòñòâèÿìè, àòëåòèçì, ñòîÿòü íà âîðîòàõ, ïëàâàòü íà êàíîý (ãðåñòè), ñòðåëüáà èç ëóêà, ïðû- æîê ñ ïàðàøþòîì, îñàíêà, ñíîðîâêà è âíèìàíèÿ, âûãîâàðè- âàòü ÷òî-òî (ðóãàòü), íå ñîðåâíîâàòåëüíûå âèäû ñïîðòà. Ex. 3. Find Russian equivalents. The high jump, to stay behind after school, to bend one’s knees back, to introduce kip-fit for smb, to use up all smb’s muscles, to have a leak, to get vertigo, strenuous exercise, a fresh vigor, PT, PE, fallen by the wayside, quarry.

— 74 — Ex. 4. Complete the chart. Vivien Thomas I Favorite sports Hated sports Good sports to watch Boring sports to watch Never experienced sports Team games Ex. 5. Describe different kinds of sport. The first one is done for you. E. g. Snorkeling is swimming under water in a musk around a coral reef and being able to see vast numbers of beautifully colored fish and corals. snorkeling, scuba-diving, rugby, golf, windsurfing, water-skiing, orienteering, roller-skating, surfing, hang-gliding, para-gliding, Ex. 6. Translate from Russian into English using the tape. 1. Ðåãóëÿðíàÿ ôèçè÷åñêàÿ íàãðóçêà î÷åíü âàæíà äëÿ ëþäåé. Îíà âëèÿåò íà îñàíêó, êîòîðàÿ ñâÿçàíà ñî çäîðîâüåì âñåãî òåëà. Äàæå íåáîëüøàÿ ðåãóëÿðíàÿ íàãðóçêà çàðÿæàåò ýíåðãèåé è, â öå- ëîì, ïîìîãàåò èñïîëüçîâàòü îñòàëüíîå âðåìÿ ñ ïîëíîé îòäà÷åé. 2.  øêîëå ìíå íðàâèëñÿ òåííèñ. Ó íàñ áûëî ìíîãî òðàâÿ- íûõ êîðòîâ, ïîýòîìó ìîæíî áûëî èãðàòü ñêîëüêî óãîäíî. 3. Íà óðîêàõ ôèçêóëüòóðû â øêîëå ó÷èòåëÿ ñòàðàëèñü ïðè- âèòü íàì ëþáîâü ê îçäîðîâèòåëüíîé ïðîãðàììå «âñåãäà â ôîð- ìå», íî èç ýòîãî íè÷åãî íå âûøëî. 4. Íåêîòîðûì äåâóøêàì íðàâèòñÿ çàíèìàòüñÿ àòëåòèçìîì, à ìíå ñêó÷íî ïðîñòî ïîäíèìàòü òÿæåñòè. Êóäà áîëåå èíòåðåñíî ñõîäèòü â ñàóíó èëè â «äæàêóçè». 5. Ñàìûé õîðîøèé ñïîñîá ïîääåðæàíèÿ õîðîøåé ôèãóðû — ýòî ïëàâàíèå, òàê êàê âî âðåìÿ ïëàâàíèÿ çàäåéñòâîâàíû âñå ìûø- öû, è ñïèíà íå íàïðÿãàåòñÿ êàê ïðè áîäè-áèëäèíãå, êðîìå òîãî, ñæèãàåòñÿ ìíîãî êàëîðèé.  ïëàâàíüå, êàê â ÿçûêàõ è â ìóçûêå, íàäî íà÷èíàòü êàê ìîæíî ðàíüøå, â âîçðàñòå 4-5 ëåò. Åñëè âû õîòèòå ñòàòü òàëàíòëèâûì ïëîâöîì, òî ó âàñ äîëæíà ñôîðìèðî- âàòüñÿ óâåðåííîñòü, ÷òî âû óìååòå ïëàâàòü.

— 75 — 6. Ñ âîçðàñòîì ëþäè íà÷èíàþò ìåíüøå çàíèìàòüñÿ ñïîðòîì è áîëüøå ñìîòðåòü ñîðåâíîâàíèÿ ïî òåëåâèçîðó. ß ëþáëþ ñìîò- ðåòü êîìàíäíûå èãðû, îñîáåííî õîêêåé ñ øàéáîé è áàñêåòáîë, íî ÿ òåðïåòü íå ìîãó àìåðèêàíñêèé ôóòáîë è ðåãáè. 7. ß íå ëþáèòåëü ýêñòðåìàëüíûõ âèäîâ ñïîðòà, íî ìíå õî- òåëîñü áû ïîïðîáîâàòü ÷òî-òî íîâîå, íàïðèìåð, âèíäñåðôèíã, ïðûãíóòü ñ ïàðàøþòîì èëè âîäíûå ëûæè. Êàê áûëî áû çäîðîâî íàó÷èòüñÿ ëåòàòü íà ñàìîëåòå. ß äóìàþ, ÷òî ýòî òàê âîëíóþùå. 8. Äåòåé íàäî ñ äåòñòâà ó÷èòü ëþáâè ê ñïîðòó. Ïîýòîìó î÷åíü ïîëåçíû ðàçëè÷íûå êóðñû èëè ñïîðòèâíûå êëóáû, ãäå äåòè ìîãóò íàó÷èòüñÿ åçäèòü íà ëîøàäè, ñòðåëÿòü èç ëóêà, âîñ- õîäèòü íà ãîðû, õîäèòü íà áàéäàðêè, îðèåíòèðîâàòüñÿ íà ìåñ- òíîñòè è ìíîãîìó äðóãîìó. 9. ß âñåãäà îòäàâàë ïðåäïî÷òåíèå èãðàì, êîòîðûå òðåáóþò ñíîðîâêè è âíèìàíèÿ, à íå ôèçè÷åñêîé ñèëû, õîòÿ íà óðîêàõ ôèçè÷åñêîé êóëüòóðû íàì ïðèõîäèëîñü èãðàòü â ôóòáîë è ðåã- áè è áåãàòü êðîññû. 10. Âèäû ñïîðòà, êîòîðûå ÿ õîòåë áû ïîïðîáîâàòü íå ñî- ðåâíîâàòåëüíûå. ß ñ óäîâîëüñòâèåì áû ïîïðîáîâàë ïëàâàíèå â âîäîëàçíîì êîñòþìå ñ àêâàëàíãîì, ïëàâàíèå ñ ìàñêîé, ñåð- ôèíã èëè âîäíûå ëûæè. Åùå ÿ ìå÷òàþ ïîïðîáîâàòü ÷òî-òî, ñâÿ- çàííîå ñ ïîëåòàìè — äåëüòàïëàíåðèçì èëè ïàðà ïëàíåðèçì. Ex. 6. Be ready to discuss the following questions. 1. What is the best way to keep fit? 2. What are your favourite sports? 3. Are all kinds of sport available to people in your country? Which are not? Why? 4. What is the most popular sport in your country/region/city? MEALS TEXT Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. In Search of Good English Food by Verona Paul and Jason Winner 1. How come it is so difficult to find English food in England? In Greece you eat Greek food, in France French food, in Italy Italian food, but in England, in any High Street in the Land, it is easier to find Indian and Chinese restaurants than English ones. In London you can eat Thai, Portuguese, Turkish, Lebanese, Japanese, Russian, Polish, Swiss, Swedish, Spanish, and Italian — but where are the English restaurants? 2. It is not only in restaurants that foreign dishes are replacing traditional British food. In every supermarket, sales of pasta, pizza and poppadoms are booming. Why has this happened? What is wrong with the cooks of Britain that they prefer cooking pasta to potatoes? Why do the British choose to eat lasagne instead of shepherd’s pie? Why do they now like cooking in wine and olive oil? But perhaps it is a good thing. After all, this is the end of the 20th century and we can get ingredients from all over the world in just a few hours. Anyway, wasn’t English food always disgusting and tasteless? Wasn’t it always boiled to death and swimming in fat? The answer to these questions is a resounding ‘No’, but to understand this, we have to go back to before World War II. 3. The British have in fact always imported food from abroad. From the time of the Roman invasion foreign trade was a major influence on British cooking. English kitchens, like the English language, absorbed ingredients from all over the world — chickens, rabbits, apples, and tea. All of these and more were successfully incorporated into British dishes. Another important influence on British cooking was of course the weather. The good old British rain gives us rich soil and green grass, and means that we are able to produce some of the finest varieties of meat, fruit and vegetables, which don’t need fancy sauces or complicated recipes to disguise their taste. 4. However, World War II changed everything. Wartime women had to forget 600 years of British cooking, learn to do without foreign

— 77 — imports, and ration their use of home-grown food. The Ministry of Food published cheap, boring recipes. The joke of the war was a dish called Woolton Pie (named after the Minister for Food!). This consisted of a mixture of boiled vegetables covered in white sauce with mashed potato on the top. Britain never managed to recover from the wartime attitude to food. We were left with a loss of confidence in our cooking skills and after years of Ministry recipes we began to believe that British food was boring, and we searched the world for sophisticated, new dishes which gave hope of a better future. The British people became tourists at their own dining tables and in the restaurants of their land! This is a tragedy! Surely food is as much a part of our culture as our landscape, our language, and our literature. Nowadays, cooking British food is like speaking a dead language. It is almost as bizarre as having a conversation in Anglo-Saxon English! 5. However, there is still one small ray of hope. British pubs are often the best places to eat well and cheaply in Britain, and they also increasingly try to serve tasty British food. Can we recommend to you our two favourite places to eat in Britain? The Shepherd’s Inn in Melmerby, Cumbria, and the Dolphin Inn in Kingston, Devon. Their steak and mushroom pie, Lancashire hotpot, and bread and butter pudding are three of the gastronomic wonders of the world! Ex. 2. Match a paragraph 1-5 with a summary below. - Historical and climatic influences on British cooking. - There’s everything except an English restaurant. - The legacy of World War II. - Where there is hope for the future. - The British love affair with international cooking. Ex. 3. Ask 12 questions to the text and have them answered. Ex. 4. Retell the text.

DIALOGUE. Ex. 1. Read and translate the dialogue. In a Restaurant Fred: Let’s go in here. The restaurants aren’t very crowded in the day time on weekdays, and I like a change from the cafeteria now and then. Here is a table.

— 78 — Kate: Let’s see what’s on the menu? I’ll have tomato soup, and stewed meat with mashed potatoes and peas. Fred: And I’ll take broth and a steak with vegetables. Waiter: How do you want the steak- rare, medium, or well-done? Fred: Well-done, please, and will you please bring a bottle of water? Waiter: Certainly. Kate: Tomato soup is my favourite. It’s delicious. I hope you like your soup too. Fred: I’m not enjoying it at all. It tastes awful. Ah! Here comes the meat. That stew smells lovely, Kate. I almost wish that I had ordered that too. Kate: But don’t you like your steak? It looks lovely. Fred: Oh, yes. I do. It is very tender. Waiter: Would you like some fruit? Kate: Oh, could we have some coffee, please? Waiter: Black or white? Fred: Black, please, and two cakes. As we are in a hurry, could you have the bill ready? Waiter: The two together? Fred: Yes, thank you. Ex. 2. Reproduce the dialogue.

PHONETIC EXERCISES Ex. 1.Transcribe, translate and learn the following words: 1. Restaurant, supermarket, pizza, pasta, lasagna, shepherd, to import, import, to absorb, to incorporate, ingredient, variety, recipe, to disguise, sauce, mashed, sophisticated, bizarre, increasingly, gastronomic. 2. Greek, Chinese, Thai, Portuguese, Turkish, Lebanese, Japanese, Polish, Swiss, Swedish, Spanish, Italian, Roman. Ex. 2. Read the following patterns aloud and use them in your own short dialogues. 1. Would you like a cup of coffee? -Yes, please. 2. More tea? -No, thanks. (No, thank you.) 3. Would you like an orange? — Yes, please. (No, thank you.) 4. Will you have a drink? — Thank you. I’d love one.

— 79 — Ex. 3. Read and intone the following dialogue. Learn it by heart. A: Come and have some coffee. B: What’s the time? A: Ten to eleven. B: We shall have to be quick, then. I’ve got someone coming to see me. Where are we going? A: Canteen, I suppose. B: No, let’s go out. The coffee here’s getting worse and worse. A: What about the place round the corner? B: All right. Come on!

VOCABULARY Translate and learn the following words. 1. a meal = an occasion of eating to make/cook a hot meal in the evening to have 3 meals a day the first meal of the day food = that which can be eaten by people or animals. e.g. Good plain food is just what a man needs. a course = one of several parts of the meal the 1st, 2nd... course a 3-course dinner desert= sweet/pudding/afters (especially at home) a snack e.g. Let’s go somewhere for a snack a snack bar a cafe, refectory, canteen, restaurant 2. Cooking utensils, tableware a dish, plate, saucer a plateful of soup a glass, cup, mug a spoon: table/tea/dessertspoon; 2 spoons (spoonfuls) of sugar a fork/a knife a soup ladle a (whistling) kettle, tea/coffeepot a pot, pan, frying pan, saucepan

— 80 — a sugar bowl, butter dish a tray, mixer, thermos, mincing machine 3. to boil, to fry, to roast, to stew, to braise; to bake; to grill; to barbecue; to season 4. to have a large/light/substantial breakfast to be a heavy/light eater to treat sb. to sth to help oneself to sth to have another helping of sth to be a good cook (not) to feel like eating/drinking/having sth to do with/without sth to leave room for sth. to lay a table for two to sit at the head/foot of the table to serve/to be served with sth (to serve meat with vegetables) to have sth for dinner to have sb. to dinner to give/take on order menu, to be on the menu a waiter/waitress e.g. Help yourself to some salad. Have another helping of ..... What shall I treat you to?/May I treat you to .... ? What kind of soup would you like? — Any kind. How do you find your soup? 5. Food a) bread: wheat, rye, white, brown; fresh, stale a loaf/piece/hunk of bread a roll, bun, cake, pie, puff, flan, doughnut, pancake flour b) meat: beef, veal, pork, mutton, lamb, bacon, ham, lard, sausage, minced meat; venison; liver; kidneys, chicken, duck, turkey, pate. rissoles, a steak, a chop, a cutlet. c) milk: loose/bottled milk a bottle/carton of milk

— 81 — cheese, cottage cheese (curds), cream, sour cream, yogurt, butter, to turn sour d) pasta: macaroni, vermicelli, noodles e) cereals: rice, semolina... porridge, boiled rice/semolina f) soup: clear soup (broth); consommé; cabbage/chicken/onion/pea/tomato/vegetable soup. g) eggs: fried/scrambled eggs hard-/soft-boiled eggs omelet(te) h) salads: a fruit/green/potato/tomato and cucumber salad i) seafood: prawns; shrimps; crab; lobster; crayfish; squid; cockles; mussels; oysters. g) fish: cod; hake; plaice; whiting; mackerel; herring; sardine; trout; salmon; sturgeon. 6. Drinks a) alcoholic/non-alcoholic (soft) drinks. b) coffee: black/white/strong/weak coffee c) tea: strong/weak/herbal/mint/scented tea to make/brew tea high tea = early evening meal (includes substantial food) d) stewed fruit 7. Spices/Herbs mustard (mustard pot) pepper (pepper box) salt (salt-seller/— shaker) curry; cinnamon; ginger; nutmeg, parsley; rosemary; thyme; chives; oregano; tarragon; sage. to flavour with (to flavour with garlic/herbs) 8. diet to be on/to keep to a diet/to go on a diet a low-fat/vegetable/slimming diet 9. cuisine = style of cooking French/Italian/Russian cuisine

— 82 — 10. Flavours/Tastes sweet/bitter; sour; hot(spicy)/mild; blend; salty; sugary, sickly; savoury ( pleasant, slightly salty or with herbs); tasty/tasteless; sticky; soggy; sharp; crunchy; stale, greasy, stodgy, more-ish. one’s taste, tasty/tasteless delicious, flavorful overdone = cooked too much underdone = not completely cooked (esp. of meat — still red) done to a turn to lack smth. e.g. The soup lacks salt.

VOCABULARY EXERCISES Ex. 1. Translate the sentences. Be ready to translate them back into English. 1. She usually cooks a hot meal in the evenings. 2. Breakfast is my favourite meal. 3. Milk is the natural food for babies. 4. Too much sweet food like cakes and pastry, may increase your weight. 5. What are we having for the first course today? 6. For the second course we had stewed mutton served with mashed potatoes. 7. If you see minced meat at the butcher’s buy some. I’ll make rissoles for dinner. 8. I never buy loose milk. I usually buy a bottle or a carton of milk and some cottage cheese at the dairy which is not far from my home. 9. The doctor prescribed him to go on a diet high in fruit and vegetables. 10. They say it is healthier to eat rye and stale bread than wheat and fresh bread. 11. Would you like ice-cream or a piece of cake for dessert? 12. Sunday brunch is my favourite meal. 13. Our family meets at meals. 14. Would you like fruit or cheese after your main course? 15. This drink is made from 4 tropical fruits. 16. We had bacon and eggs for breakfast. 17. Shall I peel an orange for you? 18. Don’t you think the soup lacks salt? — Does it? I’ll put a grain/pinch of salt in it. 19. The amount of food we have is insufficient for 10 people. 20. May I trouble you for the salt? 21. The coffee is too strong — it tastes bitter. 22. Buy two loaves of white bread and 2 buns at the baker’s. 23. Is there any fish on the menu? 24. I only had time for a quick snack. 25. She brought 2 mugs of steaming coffee. 26. Please, put the kettle on. 27. How do you find the biscuits? They are home-

— 83 — made.-Oh, they’re absolutely delicious. 28. Herbal tea is very good to our health. 29. For the 2nd course they served chicken flavoured with garlic and various herbs. 30. A great number of various flavourful sauces in a peculiarity of French cuisine. 31. Shall I make a green salad or a tomato and cucumber salad for lunch? Ex. 2. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Åøüòå ÿáëîêè. Îíè î÷åíü âêóñíûå. Ìíå èõ ïðèâåç áðàò ñ Êàâêàçà. 2. Êàêîé ñóï òû õî÷åøü, ÷òîáû ÿ ïðèãîòîâèëà? — Ëþ- áîé. Òîëüêî ïóñòü ìàìà ñâàðèò åãî. Îí áóäåò ãîðàçäî âêóñíåå, åñëè áóäåò ïðèãîòîâëåí áåç òâîåé ïîìîùè. Ó ñåìè íÿíåê äèòÿ áåç ãëàçó. 3. Ðàçðåøèòå ïðåäëîæèòü âàì ÷àøå÷êó êîôå? — Ñïà- ñèáî. Íå êëàäèòå ìíîãî ñàõàðó, ïîæàëóéñòà. Äâóõ êóñî÷êîâ áó- äåò äîñòàòî÷íî. — ß âñåãäà êëàäó òðè êóñêà ñàõàðà. ß ëþáëþ î÷åíü ñëàäêèé êîôå. — Íó ÷òî æå, î âêóñàõ íå ñïîðÿò. 4. Ïîðà óæèíàòü. ×òî ñåãîäíÿ íà óæèí? — Îòáèâíûå ñ æàðåíîé êàð- òîøêîé è ÷àé ñ ïå÷åíüåì. 5. ×åì âàñ óãîñòèòü? Ïîïðîáóéòå ñà- ëàò. — Ñïàñèáî, ÿ óæå åãî åë. Î÷åíü âêóñíî. — Ðàçðåøèòå òîãäà ïðåäëîæèòü âàì âåò÷èíû èëè ñûðó? — Ñïàñèáî, ñ óäîâîëü- ñòâèåì âîçüìó êóñî÷åê âåò÷èíû ñ ãîð÷èöåé. 6. Ïåðåäàéòå ìíå, ïîæàëóéñòà, ñàõàðíèöó. — Ïîæàëóéñòà. 7. ×òî âû çàêàçàëè íà âòîðîå? — Åùå íè÷åãî, íî çàêàæó êîòëåòû ñ ìàêàðîíàìè (macaroni). — À ÿ ìàêàðîíàì ïðåäïî÷èòàþ êàðòîôåëü è äðóãèå îâîùè, ïîýòîìó ÿ âîçüìó æàðåíóþ êóðèöó ñ ïþðå. 8. Ñòîë óæå íàêðûò. Òàðåëêè, íîæè è âèëêè óæå ðàçëîæåíû, õëåá íàðåçàí, è âñÿ çàêóñêà (the dishes) óæå íà ñòîëå. — À ãäå æå ñîëü è ïåðåö? Òû, êàê âñåãäà, çàáûëà î íèõ. 9. Êàê âàì íðàâèòñÿ ìîðîæåíîå? — Îíî ÷óäåñíîå. Äàâàéòå âîçüìåì åùå. 10. Äîêòîð ñîâåòîâàë âàì åñòü áîëüøå ôðóêòîâ. Âûïîëíÿéòå åãî ñîâåòû, è âû ñêîðî ïî- ïðàâèòåñü. 11. Ïîçâîíè ìíå, ñêàæåì, ìåæäó äâóìÿ è òðåìÿ. Ê ýòîìó âðåìåíè ÿ óæå ïîîáåäàþ, è ìû ñìîæåì ïîéòè ïîãóëÿòü. 12. ß òàê õî÷ó ïèòü! Ñåãîäíÿ î÷åíü æàðêî. 13. ß áû õîòåë çàêàçàòü äâå îòáèâíûå êîòëåòû ñ êàðòîôåëåì ïþðå íà âòîðîå. 14. Êàê ïðàâèëî, ìû îáõîäèìñÿ áåç äåñåðòà. 15. Íà çàâòðàê ìàìà äàâàëà íàì ìàííóþ êàøó, êèñåëü, èëè ÿéöà âñìÿòêó. 16. ×òî ó íàñ íà óæèí? — ß ïðèãîòîâèëà ìàêàðîíû ñ òîìàòíûì ñîóñîì è ñàëàò èç çåëåíè. 17. Ìíå íå õî÷åòñÿ åñòü íè ãðå÷íåâóþ êàøó, íè ñóï. ß ïðîñòî õî÷ó ïèòü. Äàé ìíå êîìïîòó. 18. Òû íàâåðíÿêà èñïîð- òèøü àïïåòèò, åñëè ñúåøü øîêîëàä äî îáåäà. Îñòàâü íà ïîòîì.

— 84 — 19. Òû âàðèøü èëè òóøèøü îâîùè äëÿ ýòîãî ñàëàòà? 20. Îí ïðåä- ïî÷èòàë æàðåíóþ êàðòîøêó ëþáîìó äåëèêàòåñó. 21. Ìÿñî îêàçà- ëîñü íåäîâàðåííûì, à êàðòîôåëü ïåðåâàðåííûì. 22. Âîçüìèòå åùå ñàëàòà èç ïîìèäîðîâ è îãóðöîâ, îí òàêîé âêóñíûé. 23. Îôè- öèàíò ïðèíÿë çàêàç, íî ñêàçàë, ÷òî ïðèäåòñÿ ïîäîæäàòü, ïîêà ïðèãîòîâÿò áèôøòåêñ. 24. Ýòîãî êóñî÷êà òîðòà õâàòèò? 25.  ìåíþ åñòü íåñêîëüêî âèäîâ ðûáû. Äàâàé çàêàæåì ñàìóþ ëó÷øóþ: ëî- ñîñü èëè ôîðåëü. 26. ß çàêàçàë ïî òåëåôîíó ñòîëèê â ðåñòîðàíå. 27. ß õî÷ó, ÷òîáû ðîñòáèô áûë õîðîøî ïðîæàðåííûì. 28. Õîòè- òå åùå êàïóñòû ñ ñûðíûì ñîóñîì? — Ñïàñèáî, ìíå äîñòàòî÷íî. 29. Îáñëóæèâàíèå áûëî ïðåêðàñíûì, òàê êàê èõ ðåñòîðàí — ýòî íåáîëüøîé ñåìåéíûé áèçíåñ. 30. Õîòÿ âûáîð áëþä â ìåíþ áûë î÷åíü îáøèðíûì (extensive), îí áûë äîâîëüíî òðàäèöèîííûì. 31. Ôîðåëü áûëà ñâåæåé, íî áûëà íåìíîãî èñïîð÷åíà ÷ðåçìåð- íûì êîëè÷åñòâîì ïðèïðàâ (òðàâ). 32. Áèôøòåêñ áûë ïî÷òè ñî- âåðøåíñòâîì, òàê êàê ìÿñî áûëî ïðåâîñõîäíûì, è îíî ãîòîâè- ëîñü äîñòàòî÷íî äîëãî. 33. ß çàêàçàë æàðåíîå ìÿñî ìîëîäîãî áàðàøêà, íî ìÿñî ïîêàçàëîñü ìíå íåìíîãî íåäîæàðåííûì. 34.  êàðòå âèí ÿ âûáðàë ôðàíöóçñêîå ñòîëîâîå âèíî, è îíî îêàçà- ëîñü âåñüìà ïðèÿòíûì è ïîë ðàçóìíîé öåíå. (reasonably priced) 35. Ñ÷åò, âêëþ÷àÿ êîôå è áðåíäè, äîøåë äî 40 ôóíòîâ, ÷òî áûëî ïðèåìëåìûì äëÿ ðåñòîðàíà ýòîãî êëàññà. 36. Â÷åðà ÿ áûë â ðåñòîðàíå áûñòðîãî ïèòàíèÿ, êîòîðûé îòêðûëñÿ íåäàëåêî îò êèíîòåàòðà «Îäåîí». 37. Ìåíþ îãðàíè÷èâàëîñü ðàçíîîáðàçèåì ãàìáóðãåðîâ, è öåíû áûëè óìåðåííûìè. 38. Áîëüøîé ÷èçáóð- ãåð, êîòîðûé ÿ çàêàçàë, ïîäàâàëñÿ ñ ùåäðîé ïîðöèåé êàðòîôå- ëÿ ôðè. 39. Õîòÿ ñàì áóðãåð áûë äîâîëüíî áåçâêóñíûì, íà ñòîëå áûë áîëüøîé âûáîð ãîòîâûõ ïðèïðàâ (relishes).40. Ìîëî÷íûé êîêòåéëü áûë íà âêóñ òàêîé æå õîðîøèé, èëè òàêîé æå ïëî- õîé, êàê è ëþáîé äðóãîé. Ex. 3. Name 10 kinds of meat, fish, vegetables, fruit, berries, seafood. Ex. 4. Try dividing these words into the following groups: 1. vegetables which grow underground 2. vegetable found in salads 3. onion — family vegetables 4. vegetables which are usually long-shaped aubergine leek Cucumber spinach carrot potato

— 85 — sweetcorn lettuce Onion rice pea cauliflower radish shallot Turnip asparagus cabbage green/ red pepper celery bean Broccoli beetroot garlic courgette Ex. 5. 1. Which are fish and which are usually called seafood? prawns; sardines; squid; oysters; mackerel; mussels; hake; crab; plaice; trout; lobster; cod; sole; whiting. 2. What do we call the meat of these animals? calf; deer; sheep (two names); pig (three names). 3. Which of these fruit grow in your country/region? Are there others not listed here? peach; plum; grapefruit; grape; nectarine; star-fruit; blackcurrant; raspberry; melon; lime; kiwi-fruit; mango. Ex. 6. Supply the best words in Parts A and B. Translate the sentences. PART A. 1. Tomatoes are very nice.... a) filled b) stuffed 2. A... is a piece of furniture in a dining room. a) sideboard b) buffet 3. A light meal is.... a) a collation b) a snack 4. We can speak of the con... of food. a) summation b) sumption 5. The first course is.... a) an entrée b) a starter 6. A large meal for important guests.... a) a feast b) a banquet 7. Weigh it on the kitchen.... a) scales b) balance 8. Boil the milk in this small.... a) saucepan b) casserole 9. Food becomes this in a deep freeze... a) congealed b) frozen 10. .... a little butter in a pan. a) Dissolve b) Melt

— 86 — 11. The salad has been dressed... oil. a) in b) with 12. Vegetables should be stored in a... place. a) fresh b) cool 13. I love... salmon. a) smoked b) fumed 14. I have a very good... for onion soup. a) receipt b) recipe 15. Please... a couple of lemons for me. a) squeeze b) press 16. I must consult the... for the food mixer. a) directions b) instructions 17. ... some of that pie for me, won’t you? a) Reserve b) Save 18. What shall I do with the...? a) remainders b) leftovers 19. Do you want your food... or not? a) with sauce b) saucy 20. The toast has been.... a) scalded b) burnt PART B. 1. ... two egg wites until they’re stiff. a) Hit b) Beat 2. ... some butter on your toast while it’s hot. a) Spread b) Stretch 3. You can’t stop... coming out of a kettle! a) steam b) vapour 4. Here’s a packet of... biscuits. a) assorted b) matching 5. These apples have.... a) gone bad b) decayed 6. These peaches are the finest. They’re.... a) extra b) best quality 7. That fruit salad smells.... a) delicate b) delicious 8. You should avoid all... foods. a) processed b) artificial 9. These peaches need a couple of days to.... a) mature b) ripen

— 87 — 10. Get me some... steak from the butcher’s. a) lean b) meagre 11. Don’t pour... sauce over everything. a) hot b) piquant 12. I prefer... grilled fish without sauce. a) plain b) simple 13. This milk has.... a) gone sour b) soured 14. You can’t live... a diet of nuts. a) with b) on 15. We felt quite... after a good meal. a) rejuvenated b) restored 16. You’ll rot your teeth... sweets! a) licking b) sucking 17. An excellent meal! My compliments to the.... a) chief b) chef 18. Shall we... a pudding? a) order b) command 19. ... the dish first before you comment. a) Taste b) Probe 20. ... the dish first before you comment. a) Try b) Try on Ex. 7. Read the story. Refer to the list below and fill in the blanks with the best word or words. The first one has been done for you. (0) ‘I’m not very hungry. I think I’ll skip the first (1).... I’ll order just one (2).... I don’t want the (3)..., but I might have (4)..., (5)..., (6)... or (7)... ‘. ‘You eat (8)...’, Anita said to me. ‘It isn’t good for you to have so much (9).... I’m going to have (10)...’. ‘I’ll have a (11)...’, I said. ‘I hope it will be (12)...’. ‘I’ll start with (13)... and (14)...’, Anita said. ‘This is a wonderful (15)...’, she added, looking round. ‘The (16)... very good here’. My meat was very (17)..., but a bit (18).... ‘I should have chosen (19)... beef’, I said. ‘I really prefer meat done in the (20)...’. Anyway, we enjoyed the meal and finished with (21)... sorbet and (22)..., followed by (23)... which was rather (24).... ‘The (25)... was quite reasonable’, I said, as we were leaving.

— 88 — ‘We should come here more often’. Anita didn’t agree. ‘From tomorrow’, she said, ‘we’ll both be back on a (26)...!’ 0. a) I haven't 7. a) hog 14. a) a bread 21. a) citron much hunger b) pig b) a roll b) lemon b) I'm not c) pork very hungry 1. a) course 8. a) too many 15. a) canteen 22. a) fruits b) dish meats b) restaurant b) fruit c) plate b) too much meat 2. a) plate 9. a) flesh 16. a) foods are 23. a) café b) dish b) meat b) food is b) coffee c) kitchen is 3. a) menu 10. a) fish 17. a) tasty 24. a) strong b) cart b) fishes b) tasteful b) stark c) dish of the day 4. a) fowl 11. a) beef 18. a) hard 25. a) addition b) chicken b) steak b) tough b) c) poultry reckoning d) hen c) bill 5. a) sheep 12. a) tender 19. a) roasted 26. a) diet b) lamb b) soft b) roast b) system c) toasted c) regime 6. a) beef 13. a) bouillon 20. a) furnace b) bullock b) soup b) oven c) ox

VOCABULARY EXTENSION I. to prefer = to choose (one thing or action) rather than another; like better This verb can be used in several ways to express preference. Study the following patterns: - to prefer smth (to smth) - to prefer doing smth to doing smth - to prefer to do smth (rather than do smth) - to prefer smb. to do smth preferable (adj) = better, esp. because more suitable NOTE: this adjective is not used with more

— 89 — Study the following patterns: - doing smth is preferable to doing smth - It is preferable to do smth rather than do smth II. to find — 1) discover by searching e.g. We looked everywhere for the keys, but we couldn’t find them anywhere. 2) to discover by chance or experience -to discover (someone or smth) to be e.g. When we arrived we found him (= that he was) in bed. e.g. I find her an amusing person to talk to. Study the pattern: find + it + adj + to-verb e.g. I find it difficult to understand him. 3) to obtain by effort - to find the time to do sth/the money/the courage to do sth. III. Study the difference between to learn, to find out, to recognise, to get to know, to know. They may all be translated as óçíàòü. 1) to learn sth = to become informed of (óçíàâàòü î ÷åì- ëèáî, êàê ïðàâèëî, íå ïðèëàãàÿ óñèëèé) - to learn about/of sth 2) to find (sth) out - to find out about sth = to learn or discover sth that was previously unknown (óçíàâàòü ÷òî-ëèáî, ïðèëàãàÿ óñèëèÿ, âûÿñíÿòü) - to find out the correct time/the number of a flight/sb’s address; - to find out about the train/the flight/sb’s whereabouts. 3) to recognize smb/sth = to know again sb or sth one has seen, heard or experienced before (óçíàâàòü, âñïîìèíàòü êîãî-ëèáî) - to recognize a person/a melody/smb’s voice/a street 4) to get to know sb = to become familiar with smb (óçíàâàòü êîãî-ëèáî, áëèæå çíàêîìèòüñÿ) 5) to know = to be able to recognize (óçíàòü) - She knows a god wine when she tastes it. IV. Study the difference between to offer, to suggest. They may be translated as ïðåäëàãàòü.

— 90 — 1) to offer = a) to hold out (to a person) for acceptance or refusal study the patters: - to offer sb sth - to offer sth to sb - to offer (sb) one’s help/a loan/money/a cigarette/a reward/ a suggestion/100 $ for sth/a job. b) to express willingness to do sth Study the pattern and the NOTE - to offer to do sth NOTE: Do not use a personal object after offer if the direct object is expressed by the infinitive. E.g. Îí ïðåäëîæèë ìíå ñäåëàòü ïåðåâîä. (Îí âûçâàëñÿ ñäå- ëàòü ïåðåâîä äëÿ ìåíÿ). He offered to do the translation for me (offered to help me with the translation). - to offer to help (with sth)/give sb a lift to some place/ show sb round (a city/London/exhibition)/lend sb the money. 2) to suggest = to put forward an idea Study these patterns - to suggest sth (an idea/a plan) - to suggest doing sth - to suggest (that) sb (should) do mth. E.g. He suggested a drive in the country = He suggested going for a drive in the country. V. Piece There are many words available to talk about a piece of something in English. Learn some of them. 1. chunk a large, usually, uneven piece e.g. a chunk of meat/ of solid material that can be cut stone/wood. or divided. (ëîìîòü, êóñîê, ãëûáà) 2. hunk a thick piece of usually food, that can e.g. a hunk of bread be broken or cut off. (áîëüøîé êóñîê, ëîìîòü) 3. lump a mass of solid material of no regular e.g. a lump of coal/ size or shape, especially one which earth/mud has not been shaped by human control. (êóñîê, êóñî÷åê, êîìîê)

— 91 — but: a lump of sugar is usually regular in size and shape. 4. slice a thin, flat, cleanly-cut piece of e.g. a slice of bread/ something, especially food. sausage/cheese/cake (êóñîê, ëîìîòü, ëîìòèê) 5. rasher a thin piece of bacon or ham e.g. a rasher of bacon/ham (ëîìòèê) 6. bar a piece of solid material that is longer e.g. a bar of soap/ than it is wide.(êóñîê, ïëèòêà, chocolate/gold/iron ñëèòîê) 7. square a piece in the shape with four straight e.g. a square of chocolate/ equal sides forming four right angles cloth. (îòðåç, êóñîê, êóñî÷åê) 8. segment a section, any of the parts into which e.g. a segment of orange some fruits can be cut or divided (an orange segment) (äîëÿ, äîëüêà) 9. pinch an amount that can be picked up e.g. a pinch of salt between the thumb and a finger. (ùåïîòêà) 10. grain a single, very small piece of a hard e.g. • a grain of salt/sand substance. (÷àñòèöà, êðóïèíêà) • a grain of truth 11. flake a light leaf-like little bit (of sth. soft) e.g. a flake of snow/fire (ñíåæèíêà, èñêîðêà) 12. scrap a small (usu. unwanted) piece e.g. • a scrap of paper/ (êóñî÷åê, êëî÷îê, îáðûâîê, broken glass/cloth ëîñêóò) • a scrap of news/truth 13. shred a small narrow piece, torn or roughly e.g. • a shred of paper/ cut off (îáðåçîê, ëîñêóò, êëî÷îê) cloth • to be in shreds (also used figuratively, for example, about smb’s reputation) • a shred of truth (êðóïèöà, êàïëÿ ïðàâäû)

— 92 — 14. splinter a small sharp-pointed piece of wood, e.g. a splinter of wood/ glass, efc. split, torn or broken off glass a larger piece (îñêîëîê, îáëîìîê, ùåïêà)

VOCABULARY EXTENSION EXERCISES Ex. 1. Translate the following sentences. Be ready to translate them back into English. 1. I preferred to stay out in the cold rather than spend the night in that house. 2. We’re found oil under the North Sea. 3. I find it difficult to understand him. 4. A dark suit is preferable to a light one for everyday wear. 5. Why do you prefer the theatre to the cinema? 6. Where were the jewels found? 7. «I think she’s mean» «I don’t find her so.» 8. I prefer singing to acting. 9. How ever do you find time to make cakes? 10. Did you ever find that pen you lost? 11. Anything is preferable to having her stay for the whole week. 12. When we arrived we found him in bed. 13. I woke up to find myself (= that I was) in hospital. Ex. 2. Translate into English. 1. Åùå íèêòî íå íàøåë ðåøåíèÿ ýòîé òðóäíîé ïðîáëåìû. 2. Îíè ïðåäïî÷ëè óìåðåòü, íî íå ñäàòüñÿ. 3. ß ãîðàçäî áîëüøå ëþáëþ ñîáàê, ÷åì êîøåê. 4. Îí åäåò â Ìåêñèêó. ß òîæå ïîåäó, åñëè ðàçäîáóäó äåíåã. 5. ß ñ÷èòàþ íåâîçìîæíûì ðàáîòàòü â òàêèõ óæàñíûõ óñ- ëîâèÿõ. 6. Îí âûáðàë Èñïàíèþ, íî ëè÷íî ÿ áû ïðåäïî÷åë ïî- åõàòü â Ãðåöèþ. 7. Ïîéòè èñêóïàòüñÿ ëó÷øå, ÷åì èãðàòü â ôóòáîë â òà- êóþ æàðó. 8. Îíè íàøëè ïðîïàâøåãî ðåáåíêà, ïðÿ÷óùåãîñÿ â ïåùåðå. 9. Ïðîñìàòðèâàÿ æóðíàë, ÿ íàøåë íåñêîëüêî èíòåðåñ- íûõ ñòàòåé.

— 93 — 10.  êîíöå êîíöîâ, îíà íàøëà â ñåáå ñèëû ñêàçàòü, ÷òî îíà î íåì äóìàåò. 11. ß áû ïðåäïî÷åë, ÷òîáû âû íå âìåøèâàëèñü â íàø ñïîð. 12. Êîãäà ìû ïðèøëè, òî çàñòàëè åãî çà ðàáîòîé â ñàäó. 13. Êðîâàòè â íîìåðå (ãîñòèíèöû) ïîêàçàëèñü íàì î÷åíü óäîáíûìè. 14. «Âû áóäåòå ìÿñî èëè ðûáó?» — « ß áû ïðåäïî÷åë ìÿñî» 15. Âåíåöèÿ ïîêàçàëàñü íàì î÷àðîâàòåëüíûì ãîðîäîì. 16. ß ïðåäïî÷èòàþ ðèñîâàíèå êàðàíäàøîì ðèñîâàíèþ êðàñêàìè. 17. Åãî îáíàðóæèëè ìåðòâûì íà ñëåäóþùåå óòðî. 18. Ñîëäàòû íàøëè äåðåâíþ ñîâåðøåííî ðàçðóøåííîé. Ex. 3. Fill in the blanks with to learn, to find out, to recognize, to get to know, to know. 1. Nobody could... how to operate the machine. 2. When you... him, you’ll find him quite nice. 3. You’ll... her by the colour of her hair. 4. She only... of her son’s marriage long after the event. 5. Dogs... people by their smell. 6. I’m returning the machine so you can... what is wrong with it. 7. The town’s changed so much, you won’t... it. 8. When a woman goes out to work she... other people. 9. We were pleased to... that he had arrived safely. Ex. 4. Translate. 1. Ìíå íå óäàëîñü óçíàòü, ãäå îí æèâåò. 2. Êîãäà âû áëèæå óçíàåòå ìèñòåðà Óàéòà, òî ïîéìåòå, ÷òî îí íåïëîõîé ÷åëîâåê. 3. Ìû óçíàëè î âàøåì ïðèåçäå èç ïèñüìà Äæîíà. 4. Ìíå íå óäà- ëîñü ïîäøóòèòü íàä Òîìîì — îí ñðàçó óçíàë ìîé ãîëîñ. 5. Âû ìîæåòå óçíàòü ýòî â ñïðàâî÷íîì áþðî. 6. Òî÷íîå âðåìÿ ìîæíî óçíàòü ïî òåëåôîíó. 7. ß ñ òðóäîì óçíàë Ìýðè íà ôîòîãðàôèè. 8. Ïîæàëóéñòà, óçíàéòå, êîãäà óõîäèò ïîåçä. 9. Ìû õîòèì óçíàòü áîëüøå îá àâòîðå ýòîé êíèãè. 10. Òû óçíàåøü åå ïî÷åðê? 11. Âû ìîæåòå óçíàòü, êîãäà îí ïðèåçæàåò? Ex. 5. Ask questions using the verbs offer and suggest. Have them answered. E.g. : «Let’s cast lots», said Harris. «Why did Harris suggest that we should cast lots?»

— 94 — «He suggested that we should cast lots because he realized it was the best way to avoid arguing.» 1. Donald said it wouldn’t be bad if we went down to Folkstone for the weekend. 2. Dauglas volunteered to mend the puncture. 3. Let John apply to the the manager, that’s what Helen says. 4. Mrs Hart wrote she would give a reward to the finder. 5. Jane said she would show me round London. 6. Philip said he would take me for a drive in his new car. Ex. 6. Translate into English. 1. Ìèñòåð Áåéêåð ïðåäëîæèë îáñóäèòü ýòó ïðîáëåìó íå- ìíîãî ïîçæå. 2. Ðîäèòåëè ïðåäëîæèëè åìó ñâîþ ïîìîùü. 3. Îíà êðèòèêîâàëà âñå åãî èäåè, íî ñàìà íè÷åãî íå ïðåäëàãàëà. 4. Âëàäåëèöà ïðîïàâøèõ äðàãîöåííîñòåé ïðåäëîæèëà âîçíàã- ðàæäåíèå çà èõ âîçâðàùåíèå. 5. Îíà ïðåäëîæèëà ÷àé ëþäÿì, ïîïàâøèì â ãðîçó. 6.  áóêèíèñòè÷åñêîì ìàãàçèíå åìó ïðåä- ëîæèëè çà êíèãó 15 ðóáëåé. 7. Ìàðê ïðåäëîæèë îòïðàâèòüñÿ â ïóòü íåìåäëåííî. 8. Îíà ïðåäëîæèëà ïðîâîäèòü ìåíÿ â äîðîãó. 9. Äæî ïðåäëàãàåò ïîäâåñòè íàñ äî âîêçàëà. 10. Òîì ïðåäëî- æèë ïîéòè â ðåñòîðàí, âìåñòî òîãî, ÷òîáû ãîòîâèòü îáåä äîìà. 11. ß ïðåäëîæèë âñòðåòèòü èõ íà âîêçàëå, íî îíè îòêàçàëèñü. 12. Ïðåäñåäàòåëü ïðåäëîæèë ïåðåíåñòè çàñåäàíèå íà äðóãóþ íåäåëþ. 13. Èíæåíåð ïðåäëîæèë óâåëè÷èòü ñêîðîñòü. 14. Ìíå ïðåäëîæèëè ëåòîì ðàáîòàòü ãèäîì. Ex. 7. Fill in the blanks with the words from the Vocabulary Extension part V. Translate the sentences into Russian. Be ready for their back translation. 1. ...s of paper were scattered all over the floor of the room. 2. ...s of cloth of different colours were sewn together into a beautiful patchwork blanket. 3. Andrew’s head ached, he felt hungry, but the sight of the...s of meat on the counter suddenly made him sick. 4. I got a... in my finger while I was sawing the wood. 5. A few...s of mud from under the wheels of the car ruined her new coat. 6. He had to stop; his blistered feet seemed to feel every... of sand in his shoes.

— 95 — 7. My scarf was in...s (= completely torn) after the dog had chewed it up. 8. I made myself a sandwich with a... of cheese and a... of ham. 9. The...s of snow were dancing around her face, melting on her cheeks. 10. Do you take one or two... of sugar with your coffee? 11. I had to write down his address on a... of paper I found in my bag. 12. Take a... of chocolate in case you feel hungry. 13. The soup lacks salt, add a... or two. 14. «Mummy, give me a... of cake with a cream rose», said Jane. 15. He came outjj of the meeting with his reputation in...s (= completely ruined). 16. The story sounded most improbable, but there may be a... of truth in it. 17. The boy lifted a... of earth and threw it at the window. 18. On the coffee table there stood a bottle of wine, two glasses and a dish of orange...s. 19. Some...s of glass had got into his eyes. 20. In the soap dish there was a small... of soap which pleasantly smelled of lavender. 21. The two boys divided between themselves the last... of bread. 22. I don’t really care for chocolate but I’ll take a... of this.... Ex. 8. Make up a story/situation with new words from the Vocabulary Extension.

CLASS READING Ex. 1. Answer the questions. 1. What vegetables/fruit do you like most of all? 2. How do you prepare them? What vegetables do you prefer to eat raw? 3. What vegetables/fruit do you eat in summer/winter?

— 96 — Ex. 2. Read and translate the text. Mother knew best after Michael Castleman «Eat your vegetables», Mom always said. «They are good for you». But even she didn’t know how good. During the last decade, evidence has accumulated that a diet high in fruit and vegetables helps prevent several cancers. Gladys Block, a professor at the University of California at Berkeley School of Public Health, assembled all the studies on diet and cancer into a coherent whole. The result made a compelling case that, except for quitting smoking, the best way to prevent cancer is to eat more fruit and vegetables. Every study showed that as fruit and vegetable consumption increased, cancer risk decreased. The National Cancer Institute recommends that we «Strive for Five»: five servings of fresh fruit and vegetables a day. «It’s not difficult to get your five», Black says. «Orange juice with breakfast, a salad for lunch, two fruit snacks, and a salad or vegetables with dinner will do it». But surveys show that only about 9 percent of Americans get their daily five, and a recent one-day analysis of the diets of 12,000 showed that 41 percent ate no fruit at all, and only 25 percent ate a fruit or vegetable rich in vitamins A or C. Conscientious vegetable-eaters might worry about the chemical residues on their five-a-day. But the major source of the typical American’s pesticide exposure is not fruit and vegetables, but meats. Pesticides or other toxic residues in an animal’s food are stored in its fatty tissue, and concentrate there over the creature’s lifetime. Humans who eat beef, pork, lamb, veal, duck, chicken, turkey, or fish (or drink other than nonfat milk) consume all the pesticides stored in fat. Fruit and vegetables, however, are extremely low in fat and pesticides are unlikely to accumulate in them at the levels found in fatty tissue. You can cut back on pesticide-laced meat and dairy items by doing what Mom told you to do: have some broccoli. Eat a fruit salad. Put down those tortilla chips and pick up a carrot stick. If you eat five servings of fruit and vegetables a day, every day, you’ll cut your cancer risk in half. Mom was ahead of her time.

— 97 — Ex. 3. Find in the text English equivalents to the following: 1. íàêàïëèâàòüñÿ, ñîáèðàòüñÿ (î äàííûõ, èíôîðìàöèè) 2. ïèòàíèå, áîãàòîå îâîùàìè è ôðóêòàìè 3. ñîáðàòü â åäèíîå öå- ëîå 4. óáåäèòåëüíûå äîêàçàòåëüñòâà, äîâîäû 5. áðîñèòü êóðèòü 6. ïðåäîòâðàòèòü ðàê 7. ïîòðåáëåíèå îâîùåé è ôðóêòîâ 8. îïðîñ 9. ñ âûñîêèì ñîäåðæàíèåì âèòàìèíîâ 10. ëþäè, ñîçíàòåëüíî óïîò- ðåáëÿþùèå â ïèùó îâîùè 11. õèìè÷åñêèå (òîêñè÷åñêèå) îñàä- êè, îñòàòêè 12. æèðîâàÿ òêàíü Ex. 4. Answer the questions. 1. What’s the best way to prevent cancer? 2. How many servings of fruit and vegetables should you eat a day? 3. Is it difficult to get the servings? 4. How many percent of Americans do not eat fruit at all? 5. What might vegetable-eaters worry about? 6. Where in animal’s food are pesticides stored? 7. Why are there fewer pesticides in fruit and vegetables? 8. What food should you cut down eating? Ex. 5. Discussion. 1. Do you eat five servings of fresh fruit and vegetables a day? Do you eat enough fruit/vegetables in winter? 2. Which do you prefer fruit or vegetables? Fruit provides many of the same vitamins and minerals as vegetables. For example, melon (like carrots) is rich in vitamin C. Juices count too but you should drink only 100 percent fruit juice. What vitamins are vegetables/fruit you like rich in? 3. Do you keep to a low-fat diet? Adults should get no more than 30 percent of their daily calories from fat. How could you cut down on fat? Consider the following tips: eat a dinner (vegetable) salad with low-fat dressing; use a tomato-based sauce on pasta or chicken which is less fattening than cream-based white one; drink a low-fat yogurt shake made with fresh fruit. 4. What food do you eat as a snack during lunch breaks at the University? At home? Do you choose hamburgers, pizza, pastry, chips? But fast foods are mostly starch, fat and salt. According to nutritionists a super snack is an apple and a small piece of low-fat cheese: the natural sugar in the apple offers fast energy, while protein in the cheese helps sustain you. Have you any other ideas of healthy snacks?

— 98 — Ex. 6. Speak on the topic: Vegetables and fruit are an indispensable part of our diet.

CLASS LISTENING Ex. 1. Listen to the text «One man’s meat is another man’s poison». Ex. 2. Answer the questions. 1. What is the text about? A People like delicious food. B People have to eat certain foods. C People’s tastes differ. D Eating is healthy. 2. Why did Robert find it difficult to obtain snails? A He lived in the country. B He lived in a country where people didn’t eat snails. C As his flat was in a small town. D He had a big garden. 3. Why did the writer put the snails in a paper bag? A He wanted to throw them away. B He decided to cook them himself. C He wanted to make Robert happy. D He wanted to play a joke on Robert. 4. Which of the following wasn’t mentioned in the text? A Where Robert lived. B Why Robert asked his friend to collect snails for him. C If Robert considered octopus a great delicacy. D That snails were a great luxury in the world. 5. Why have garden snails received more praise than other creature? A Because they can be cooked only in wine. B There are a lot of them in all the gardens. C They are considered to be great delicacy. D Few people associate them with food. Ex. 3. Retell the text. Ex. 4. Give examples of the food that can/can’t be eaten in your country.

— 99 — SPEAKING Ex.1. Describing food I. Look at these adjectives commonly used to describe food. Match each adjectives with the items of food. 1. sticky a. lemon 2. sour b. too much chocolate 3. soggy c. last week’s milk 4. sharp d. last week’s bread 5. sickly e. very strong black coffee 6. crunchy f. toffy (toffee) 7. bitter g. overcooked boiled potatoes 8. stale h. peanuts II. Use the taste and flavour words (see Vocabulary) to describe the following. 1. Indian curry 2. pizza 3. sea water 4. an unripe apple 5. a cup of tea 6. strong black 7. factory made 8. pudding with five coffee with white bread spoonfuls no sugar of sugar III. What might you say to the person/people with you in a restaurant if... 1. your chips had too much oil/fat on them? 2. your dish had obviously been cooked too much/too long? 3. your piece of meat was absolutely perfectly cooked? 4. your dish seemed to have no flavour at all? IV. In the ‘working lunch’ we are eavesdropping on below, all the talk is of food and both men are trying to be complimentary about the lunch. Can you think of the antonyms of the words in italics and thus re-write the conversation so that it is highly critical of the meal? George: How’s your beef? Mr Soames:Oh — It’s fine. Very tender. My meal is very well cooked. I must remember the name of this place. How’s your lunch? George: It’s delicious. The vegetables are especially tasty: not under-cooked but still firm and with a ‘bite’ you know.

— 100 — But you are not eating any bread. Nothing wrong with it, is there? Mr. Soames: No, no. It’s just as I like it — fresh and with a lovely chewy texture. And the beer has a good rich flavour too. George: What about a pudding now, and a coffee to finish? I love the old-fashioned English dishes they do here. You know the sort of thing, with lashings of thick, smooth custard. Mr. Soames: No, I don’t think I will, thank you. I’ve had quite enough of this delightful food — to eat any more would just be greedy. Ex. 2. Food for thought I. There are many common expressions in English which refer to some kind of food. What would you understand by the following? 1. «You’d better not spill the beans». 2. «She seems full of beans». 3. «It was a piece of cake». 4. «It’s selling like hot cakes». 5. «You’re such a butter-fingers». 6. «She knows which side her bread is buttered». 7. «Oh, hard cheese!» 8. «He seems a bit cheesed off». 9. «He’s been left with egg on his face». 10. «It is easy as pie». KEY: a) She knows how to behave in her own self-interest. b) It is simple. c) She’s got plenty of energy. d) You are always dropping things. e) He was made to look stupid. (foolish) f) Bad luck. g) It was very easy. h) Don’t tell anyone. i) It is in great demand. j) He’s lost all interest in it. (He’s fed up) II. Food Idioms A. Use your dictionary to find Russian equivalents to the following English idioms. 1. bring home the bacon: to earn a salary (informal). 2. not worth a hill of beans: worthless (informal).

— 101 — 3. spill the beans: to reveal a secret or a surprise by accident (cliche). 4. beef something up: to make something stronger (informal or slang). 5. bread and butter: (a person’s) livelihood or income. 6. too many cooks spoil the soup/broth/stew: a proverb meaning that too many people trying to manage something simply spoil it. 7. chew the fat: to chat informally with close friends (slang). 8. half a loaf is better than none: a proverb meaning that having part of something is better than having nothing. 9. salt something away: to store something for future use. 10. simmer down: to become calmer and quieter. (informal) 11. hash something over: to discuss something in great detail (informal). 12. know one’s onions: to have a good knowledge about something one is supposed to know ( informal or slang). 13. in apple-pie order: very well organized; in very good order (informal) B: Translate the following sentences into Russian. 1. Her desk is so neat; everything’s always in apple-pie order. 2. I think Mary will do a good job; she really knows her onions. 3. We’ve already talked about the matter several times; there’s no point in hashing it all over again. 4. Things have been so hectic here this week; we hope they’ll simmer down after the holidays. 5. Mr. Smith is saving money to use after he retires from work; he salts away $50 every week. 6. I was hoping they would pay me more than that, but at least I have a job now; I guess half a loaf is better than none. 7. We didn’t get much done this morning. An old friend came by, and we spent a lot of time chewing the fat. 8. Several people were trying to manage that programme, and it didn’t turn out well. I guess too many cooks spoiled the soup. 9. I don’t especially like doing this job, but it’s my bread and butter. 10. We should beef up the programme by adding an advanced course. 11. We wanted the party to be a surprise, but William spilled the beans and spoiled it. 12. Their advice isn’t worth a hill of beans. 13. I need to get a job; now I’m the one who has to bring home the bacon. C: Use the idioms in your own sentences.

— 102 — Ex. 3. Restaurant language. I. Sort these dishes out under the headings starters, main courses or desserts.

Chicken coffee fresh fruit sorbet Irish stew casserole gateau salad Prawn rump steak chocolate grilled trout p tØ and cocktail fudge cake toast Shrimps in chilled apple pie chicken cod in garlic melon with cream Kiev cheese sauce II. Link the phrases below with their responses. Write the correct number in the box. a) I’d like to reserve a table for 1. The Beaujolais Villages is very Saturday. good. b) Which wine do you 2. Yes, it is, sir. recommend? c) This knife is dirty. 3. For how many people , please. d) Another bottle of the same, 4. I’ll change it immediately. please. e) Is service included? 5. Medium, please. 6. Certainly. Or a credit card if f) Are you ready to order? you prefer. g) Do you accept cheques? 7. No, not yet. h) How would you like your 8. Certainly, madam. I’ll bring it steak, sir? now. III. Listen to the dialogue «In a restaurant». Use the menu to make up a dialogue of your own. MENU

STARTERS Prawn Cocktail $1.50 French onion soup $0.75 Pâté $1.00 Melon $ 0.85

— 103 — Trout $ 2.00 Fruit Juice 50 c Avocado with prawns $ 1.00

MAIN COURSES Veal (in cream sauce with brandy) $ 3.10 Chicken (fried in breadcrumbs) $ 2.50 Steak ( in red wine sauce with mushrooms) $ 3.00 Scampi (served with tomato and garlic sauce and rice) $ 3.60 Roast Beef (with Yorkshire pudding) $ 3.60 Salad — mixed, green, tomato $0.75

VEGETABLES Cauliflower $ 0.50 Brussels Sprouts $ 0.50 Courgettes $ 0.60 Peas $0.40 Greenbeans $0.50 Carrots $ 0.40 Potatoes — boiled, French-fried, roast, baked $0.50

WINES

Musgater (French) Mosel (German) Beaulieu (English) Graveo (French) Soave (Italian) IV. The role play. STUDENT A. You are a customer at a restaurant. You have just received your bill: Main course $ 15.20 Dessert $ 3.75

— 104 — Carafe of wine $ 4.75 Coffee $ 1.75 You do not want to pay for your dessert (the fruit salad was not fresh, but you ate it) and you drank only a glass of wine ($ 1.20) not a carafe. Call the waiter/waitress. STUDENT B. You are a waiter/waitress at the restaurant. You have just given a bill to a customer. He/She will call you back. NOTES: • He/she drank one glass of wine; • He/she didn’t complain about the dessert. Ex. 4. Planning a festive meal. You are going to have some guests. Discuss with your friend what you will offer them for breakfast/lunch/tea/supper. Suggest something from the list of food and drink given on this page. Express your agreement or disagreement + reason and make another suggestion. EXAMPLE: Student A Student B suggestion agreement + suggestion What about having some bottles Oh, yes, that's a good idea Let's of white wine? have some beer, too.

disagreement + reason suggestion I don't think that's a good idea. Then why not have some fruit It would be too expensive. juice or Cola? agreement + suggestion disagreement + reason Not a bad idea. And we can I don't think so. They will be serve some sandwiches. hungry. What about hot sausages? • Use the following to express a suggestion. What about What do you think of having/offering/serving...? Why not Can’t/Couldn’t/Shouldn’t/Shall we

— 105 — Do you think we can/could/should have/offer/serve... ? Wouldn’t it be a good idea to

Let’s Perhaps/I think we can/could/should have/offer/serve... I wonder it we can/could/should • Use the following to express agreement. (Oh) yes, that’s a good idea. Yes, of course. Not a bad idea. Not a bad idea at all. That would be very suitable. I agree with you. I think so, too. • Use the following to express disagreement. (oh) no, that wouldn’t be good. (oh) no, that’s impossible/a silly idea/unreasonable. I don’t like that idea. I don’t think that would be good. I don’t agree with you. • Use the following to express reasons for disagreement. That is/will be (far) too expensive/rather tasteless/too sour/ sweet/not enough. That will not suit (the occasion)/agree with.../go well with.../ taste/smell good/be very tasty/be suitable. I/We can’t do/afford that. You haven’t got the money for.... We can’t eat/drink that much. I (just) don’t like that. • Make use of the following list of food and drinks. general: chips — chop — pie — roast — salad — sauce — soup, etc. meat: lamb — mutton — pork — beef — veal — chicken — duck — goose, etc. vegetables: Potato — cucumber — cabbage — carrot — onion — pea — tomato, etc. dessert: pudding — chocolate — (whipped)cream — tart — biscuit — ice-cream, etc.

— 106 — fruit: cherry — orange — peach — plum — raspberry — strawberry — grapefruit — banana, etc. alcoholic beer — liqueur — brandy — wine — whisky — drinks: rum — champagne, etc. soft drinks: lemonade — (lemon) squash — (orange) juice, etc. Ex. 5. Preparing for guests A. Read and translate the text. When I invite friends for a meal I always like to prepare as much as possible in advance. Last week, for example, I wanted to serve soup, fried chicken with vegetables and potatoes and an apple- cake to go with the after-dinner coffee. The day before I prepared the vegetables for the soup: carrots had to be washed and chopped up fine, onions peeled and sliced and some fresh parsley chopped and then put in the refrigerator. I boiled a chicken in the pressure-cooker and when it was done I lifted it out onto a dish. I added the vegetables and rice to the liquid with a little salt, pepper and dried thyme. When the chicken was cold, I sliced it, removing all the bones. Some of the meat the liver and the heart were chopped up and added to the soup. Then I peeled the potatoes, enough to serve some plain boiled and some to be creamed with milk and butter. I wanted to serve sprouts with the fried chicken. I decided to buy them fresh from the market the next day. Next I prepared the apple cake. Butter, sugar, eggs and flour, were soon mixed with the electric mixer. I peeled and chopped four large apples and added them to the mixture, put it in a buttered cake-tin and baked it in the oven. The next day I had little to do, I reheated the soup and sprinkled the fresh parsley over it just before serving. I washed the sprouts and boiled them with some butter and fried the chicken slices in butter, too. I didn’t make a sauce but used the butter from the frying-pan to pour over the boiled potatoes. I sprinkled my apple-cake with icing- sugar and cinnamon and served it with whipped cream. It was a delicious meal. B. Speak on a) A meal you prepared. b) A dinner party you were invited to and liked or disliked. Ex. 6. Favourite dish.

— 107 — I. How do you like the following food prepared ? Use the words from the Vocabulary. What do you like to put on the foods from the list in the box? a leg of a fillet of eggs potatoes cheese chicken cod prawns mushrooms sausages salt pepper vinegar mustard brown sauce ketchup salad- oil mayonnaise lemon dressing juice II. Summer pudding This is a traditional English sweet dish that can be made from almost any kind of soft fruit. Below you are given the recipe in diagram form only. Write out the recipe in full.

— 108 — III. Find a recipe of an English/American dish and tell the group how to prepare it. Illustrate your answer with pictures. IV. Speak on the topic: My favourite dish/dishes.

HOME READING Ex. 1. Read the first text and answer the questions. 1. What English expressions about food do you know? 2. What is Irish stew? 3. Have you ever tried a Scotch egg? 4. What is the most popular meal in the USA? I National Food The English language has a number of ‘national’ expressions. Many of them are to do with food. A Scotch egg, for example, is a hard-boiled egg in sausage meat, eaten cold or hot. Scotch broth is a thick soup with beef and barley. Irish stew is made from meat, onions and potatoes. Welsh rerebit pronounced ‘rabbit’ is melted cheese on hot toast. A Spanish omelette containing tomatoes, onions and potatoes. Russian salad is a salad of cold, cooked vegetables made with Russian dressing which has a sharp taste. Russian tea is tea with lemon instead of milk. Ex. 2. Read the second text and answer the questions. 1. What were the two types of Russian cuisine? 2. How did Russian people cook their food? 3. Veal wasn’t eaten, was it? 4. Was food heated in fat (butter)? 5. What did Russian people use to fill blins, pirogs? 6. What soups did Russian people cook? 7. What did the cuisine of Russian aristocracy prefer? 8. What dishes were served at the tzarist receptions? 9. It’s a Russian tradition to set a rich table, isn’t it? 10. What Russian dishes are still popular? 11. What did Russian blins symbolize? 12. What is the greatest praise which can be said to a Russian cook?

— 109 — I Russian Cuisine There have always been two types of Russian cuisine — on the one hand, the aristocratic, rich style and on the other hand — a peasant, simple, every-day style. Russian people loved chicken (turkey emerged at the beginning of the 17th century). Veal wasn’t eaten. Russian kitchens only boiled, steamed or simmered food. Food was never heated in fat (butter). Many different kinds of bread, cakes and pirogs were baked and filled with things which were in the house, farm, garden, field or forest: chicken, vegetables, peas and beans, fruit, berries or mushrooms. The rivers were full of fish, so pirogs filled with all types of fish were very common. Chicken pirogs were eaten on public holidays. Meat was eaten boiled and on special occasions at the end of the meal like blessed food. There was no shortage of soup, especially vegetable soup: borsh, stchi — a soup made from marinated cabbage. Other favourite was the famous Russian kasha. So there is a Russian saying: «Stchi and kasha is all we ever get to eat». The cuisine of the aristocracy preferred the blins cakes (pancakes) or towers, which were invented by Russian gourmands and comprised blins of all manner of different fillings piled up on top of each other. In the times of Catherine II it became fashionable to serve French and Russian meals at receptions, followed by delicious desserts and exotic fruits. The evening meal at the tzarist court comprised 80 courses for each person. There were hot broths, marinated chicken, rabbit, tortoise, sausages, pirogs, salads, oysters, bitter oranges, pastry, blins, sweets. It is of upmost importance for the Russian hospitality to set a rich table. blins are still very popular — both by themselves or filled with meat, fish, caviar, sour cream. Originally, they symbolized the sun. These traditions still exist. They have survived — at family dinners and friendly parties at the kitchen, where the housewife cooked her own special dish. To this very day, the greatest praise which can be said to a cook is that it «tastes as if it were home- made». And foreigners can’t believe their eyes: «What? You can do all that at home?»

— 110 — Ex. 3. Read the third text and look up the words in bold type in the dictionary and explain their meaning III American food and drink What is «American» food? The answer is that it is part Italian, part British, part German, part Mexican, part Chinese ... When people from other countries came to live in the US, they brought different cooking traditions. Some of them opened restaurants and food stores, and today Americans enjoy food from all over the world. Over the years, some foreign dishes changed a little. «Tex-Mex» food is popular in Texas and other states in the Southwest. But it is not quite the same as the Mexican food you will find in Mexico. Doughnuts were originally from Holland. But doughnuts with a hole in the middle are American. In 1847 a young boy complained to his mother that her doughnuts were never cooked in the middle. He cut out the centers and his mother cooked them — and they were delicious! Maybe the US is most famous for «fast food.» The first fast food restaurants served hamburgers, but now they serve other kinds of food as well. Many fast food restaurants have a drive-in section. Here you can order and pick up your food without even getting out of your car! Inside there is often a «salad bar», where you can help yourself to as much salad as you want. Americans eat out a lot, and when they go to a restaurant, they don’t expect to be hungry afterwards. Most restaurants will put a lot of food on your plate — sometimes it can be too much. But if you can’t finish it all, don’t worry: the waiter will bring you a «doggy bag» and you can take it home with you. Busy people don’t have a lot of time to cook at home, and so snack and convenience foods are becoming more popular. Most Americans now have a light breakfast instead of the traditional eggs, bacon, toast, hash brown potatoes, orange juice and coffee. But on weekends there is more time, and a large late breakfast or early lunch «brunch» is often eaten with family or friends. And if guests come to lunch or dinner, the hosts will make something special. It might be Mexican enchiladas, Japanese sushi, or Italian lasagna — or it might be good old American steak. Many people take a bottle of wine or some flowers when they are invited to dinner at someone’s home. At a «pot luck» dinner, all the guests bring something

— 111 — to eat. You should ask your hosts what kind of food they would like you to bring. Usually it is a salad, vegetable, or a dessert. When you are invited to dinner, it is usual to arrive ten or fifteen minutes late. Ex. 4. Be ready to discuss the following: 1. What do you think influences a country’s food? 2. What influences the food in your country? Ex. 5. Speak on the topic: «National food in different countries»

HOME LISTENING Ex. 1. Translate the following words and word combinations into Russian. Low-fat diet, to cut down on fat/red meat, to be revealed, advert, to be in favour of smth, one step forward and three steps back, to get one’s protein, to eat healthily, to be strictly vegetarian, a real carnivore, tinned fish, last thing at night, caffeine, a powerful effect, to lower cholesterol level, a palatable drink, multivitamins, basic bodily system. Ex. 2. Decipher the words. Find the sentences with the words on the tape and write them out. arld ifbre bnsea wnbor reic slentil ceelsra nabr biloccor esnarsdi erwolfuns lio Ex. 3. Comprehension check. a. Do you agree with the statement «You are what you eat»? Prove your answer with examples of your own. b. Why isn’t Hungarian diet good for those who want to eat low- fat diet? c. What is the best place for healthy diets? d.Are all the fats the same? Are there healthier ones? e. What must one eat to get enough protein? f. Why is fish good to eat? g. What is a healthier drink, tea or coffee? h.Should one avoid drinking alcohol? i. What should we take for our basic bodily system? Ex. 4. Translate from Russian into English. Ê óòâåðæäåíèþ, ÷òî «Òâîå çäîðîâüå — â òîì, ÷òî òû åøü» ìîæíî îòíîñèòüñÿ ïî-ðàçíîìó. Íî íåëüçÿ íå ñîãëàñèòüñÿ ñ òåì,

— 112 — ÷òî íå ñóùåñòâóåò èäåàëüíîãî ðåöåïòà äèåòû äëÿ âñåõ ëþäåé. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ìíå äóìàåòñÿ, ÷òî ãëàâíîå â ïèòàíèè — óìåðåí- íîñòü. Î÷åíü ïîëåçíî åñòü ïîìåíüøå êðàñíîãî ìÿñà è ïîáîëüøå ðûáû. Íàïðèìåð, â êîíñåðâàõ, òàêèõ êàê ñàðäèíû ìíîãî âèòà- ìèíà À è îíè ïîëåçíû äëÿ æåíùèí.  ðûáå òàêæå ìíîãî êàëü- öèÿ, êîòîðûé ïîëåçåí äëÿ êîñòåé è ñóñòàâîâ. Åñëè ó âàñ åñòü âûáîð ãîòîâèòü íà ñàëå è æèðå èëè íà ïîäñîëíå÷íîì ìàñëå, òî ëó÷øå ïðåäïî÷åñòü ìàñëî; îëèâêîâîå ìàñëî îñîáåííî ïîëåçíî äëÿ çäîðîâüÿ. Ðàçóìååòñÿ, åñëè âû âåãåòàðèàíåö, òî âàì íå íàäî áåñïî- êîèòüñÿ î ïîòðåáëåíèè æèðà. Íî åñòü ëþäè, êîòîðûå ïëîòîÿä- íûå è íå ìîãóò, åñòü òîëüêî îâîùè, ôðóêòû, ðèñ è êàøè. È âåãåòàðèàíöàì, è òåì, êòî åñò ìÿñî íåîáõîäèìî åñòü áîëüøå êëåò÷àòêè, êîòîðàÿ îòâå÷àåò çà ïðîòåèí. Òàêèå ïðîäóê- òû êàê îòðóáè, áîáû, êîðè÷íåâûé ðèñ, ÷å÷åâèöà áîãàòû êëåò- ÷àòêîé. Äàæå åñëè âû íå âåãåòàðèàíåö, òî âàì ñëåäóåò åæåäíåâ- íî åñòü îâîùè è ôðóêòû, ïî âîçìîæíîñòè ñûðûìè, òàê êàê òå, êòî åñò ìíîãî ñâåæèõ ïîìèäîðîâ è ôðóêòîâ ìåíüøå ñòðàäàþò ñåðäå÷íî-ñîñóäèñòûìè çàáîëåâàíèÿìè. ß ñòàðàþñü íà÷èíàòü äåíü ñî ñòàêàíà àïåëüñèíîâîãî ñîêà, òàê êàê îí áîãàò âèòàìèíîì Ñ. Êîôå ÿ ìíîãî íå ïüþ, ïîòîìó ÷òî î÷åíü âîçáóæäàþñü, îí î÷åíü äåéñòâóåò íà ìåíÿ. À âîò ÷àÿ ÿ ìîãó âûïèòü õîòü 20 ÷àøåê â äåíü è ïåðåä ñíîì, íî ýòî íå âëèÿåò íà ìîå ñàìî÷óâñòâèå. Òåïåðü ãîâîðÿò, ÷òî êðàñíîå âèíî ïîëåçíî äëÿ ñåðäöà, è îíî ñíèæàåò óðîâåíü õîëåñòåðèíà. Ïèâî òîæå ïðèÿòíûé íàïè- òîê. À òàêæå æåíùèíàì ïîëåçíî ïèòü ãîðÿ÷èé øîêîëàä, êîãäà ó íèõ äåïðåññèÿ.  íàøå âðåìÿ ó ëþäåé íå õâàòàåò âðåìåíè íà ñïîðò è äèåòó, ïîýòîìó âðà÷è ñîâåòóþò ïðèíèìàòü âèòàìèíû. ß ïðåäïî÷èòàþ ìóëüòèâèòàìèíû, òàê êàê ÿ âåðþ â èõ äåéñòâåííîñòü. Åñëè âû ïðèíèìàåòå åæåäíåâíî âèòàìèí. Ñ, òî ó âàñ ìàëî øàíñîâ ïðîñòó- äèòüñÿ, à âèòàìèí.  õîðîøî âëèÿåò íà íåðâíóþ ñèñòåìó, óñïîêà- èâàåò âàñ, óëó÷øàåò íàñòðîåíèå è âîîáùå ïîëîæèòåëüíî âëèÿåò íà âåñü îðãàíèçì. Íî ïðåæäå ÷åì ïðèíèìàòü âèòàìèíû, ëó÷øå ïîñîâåòîâàòüñÿ ñ âðà÷îì, òàê êàê îò ýòîãî çàâèñèò âàøå çäîðîâüå. Ex. 5. Speak on the topic «What diet do you keep to?» TOWN

TEXT Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Toronto The story of Toronto begins in 1615, when Etienne Brule became the first European to see the area on the shores of Lake Ontario which is now Toronto. In 1787 the British bought this land — more than 50 square miles — for approximately 1700 pounds in goods. In 1793 John Simcoe, Governor of Upper Canada, moved to Toronto, changing its name to York. In 1834, when York became the capital, it reverted to its old Indian name, Toronto. During the latter part of the nineteenth century, Toronto grew at high speed. The Toronto of today is a pleasant blend of older restored homes and towering new office buildings, large new shopping centres, small personal boutiques and lush green parks, all linked by a road system second to none in Canada. Close to 3 million people now live here, and this constitutes more than one tenth of Canada’s total population. Toronto has one of the finest systems of public transportation in North America; it includes road, rail, bus, subway. streetcar and a modern airport — Toronto International. The subway is one of the cleanest and most efficient in the world. A rapid rail system carries commuters from the large urban area outside Metro. Many people have moved to the outlying areas for a taste of country living while still working downtown. Toronto is a very wealthy city, and in recent years it has overtaken its greatest rival, Montreal, to become the financial capital of Canada. Apart from the banks whose massive office buildings dominate the downtown area, Toronto has the second largest stock exchange in North America. The city is culturally wealthy as well. At every turn there is something to catch your eye. Many of the city’s old buildings have been refurbished to preserve a part of the past. One of Canada’s finest universities is situated in Toronto. It was founded by King George IV in 1827. Although Toronto has many art galleries and

— 114 — museums, two of the most important are the Art Gallery of Ontario and the Royal Ontario Museum. Both are known world-wide for their collections. Toronto residents can also go in for many sports afforded by Lake Ontario in summer and skating at the City Hall in winter. For the spectator, there is Maple Leaf Gardens, the huge stadium which is not only the home of the Toronto Maple Leafs, the city’s National Hockey League Team, but also houses a variety of activities from ballets to circuses. With all this, it is still really the people who give a city its own distinctive flavour, and Toronto is marked by a wealth of cultural diversity. A large percentage of newcomers, both from other countries and points within Canada, are concentrated in Toronto. On a street one might meet a policeman from Scotland, a shopkeeper from Portugal, or an engineer from New Delhi. Many people have brought their heritage and traditions with them, and these are preserved in festivals, ethnic restaurants and stores which exhibit the crafts of many countries. Ex. 2. Ask 12 questions about the text. Ex. 3. Retell the text.

DIALOGUES Ex. 1. Read and translate the dialogues. I New-comer: Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the Druzhba Hotel? I am a stranger here, I’ve just arrived in St. Petersburg. Passer-by: Oh, it is quite a long way from here. New-comer: Yes, I know, but my friends advised me to put up at this hotel. Passer-by: Your friends are right, it is one of our best hotels. You may go there by the underground. It’s the quickest way to get there, though you’ll have to change on to a bus in Lev Tolstoy Square or walk. New-comer: What bus shall I change on to? Passer-by: A number 65 or 46 bus will take you to Popov Street. It is only one stop from the metro station.

— 115 — New-comer: Thank you very much. Is it possible to get there by tram or trolley-bus? I haven’t seen anything of St. Petersburg yet and I’ve heard so much about this beautiful city! Passer-by: You can get on a No. 1 trolley-bus. It will take you as far as Palace Square where you may get off. When you have admired the wonderful view around you, take a No. 10 bus. New-comer: Where must I get off for the Druzhba hotel? Passer-by: In Popov Street, but you’d better ask the conductor to put you down or you may miss your stop. New-comer: I am very much obliged to you. Passer-by: That’s all right. I N: Am I going the right way to the No. 1 trolley-bus stop? A: You are quite out of your way. Go straight on as far as the first turning to the right, then cross the street and you’ll see the stop. You cannot lose your way. It is just a two-minute walk from here. I am going that way myself. Come with me if you like. N: Thank you. It’s very kind of you. Ex. 2. Reproduce the dialogues.

PHONETIC EXERCISES Ex. 1. Transcribe, translate and learn the following words. 1. boutique, resident, population, transport/transportation, commuter, area, gallery, museum, variety, stadium, diversity, craft, percentage, heritage, engineer, to restore, to constitute, to overtake, to dominate, to refurbish, to preserve, to house, to concentrate, to exhibit, efficient, urban, wealthy, financial, ethnic, national. 2. Toronto, Ontario, Canada, York, North America, Scotland, Portugal, New Delhi, European, Montreal. Ex. 2. Mark the stress in the following groups of words, translate them. Consult your dictionary. to restore — restoration to populate — population to preserve — preservation to constitute — constitution to exhibit — exhibition to concentrate — concentration

— 116 — to reside — resident — to transport — transportation residential Ex. 3. Mark the stress in these words. Practice reading them: approximately, outlying, world-wide, downtown, metropolitan, international, subway, streetcar, airport, newcomer, shopkeeper, university. Ex. 4. Read the following dialogue according to the given melody and learn it by heart. A: Excuse me, will this road take me to the station? B: Yes, go straight on. Turn to the left when you get to the end. You’ll see a notice there. You can’t go wrong. A: Is it far? B: About three or four minutes. A: Thank you very much.

VOCABULARY 1. avenue — ïðîñïåêò block — êâàðòàë by-street/lane — ïåðåóëîê embankment — íàáåðåæíàÿ suburb/outskirts — ïðèãîðîä/îêðàèíà pavement/sidewalk — òðîòóàð roadway — øîññå, ïðåçæàÿ ÷àñòü äîðîãè highway — øîññå, áîëüøàÿ äîðîãà crossing — ïåðåõîä, ïåðåêðåñòîê subway — ïîäçåìíûé ïåðåõîä/ìåòðî (Am) 2. underground, metro — ìåòðîïîëèòåí by metro — íà ìåòðî stop (a bus stop, a request stop) — îñòàíîâêà (àâòîáóñíàÿ, ïî òðåáîâàíèþ) terminus — êîíå÷íàÿ îñòàíîâêà driver (bus-, tram-, taxi-) — âîäèòåëü conductor — êîíäóêòîð passenger — ïàññàæèð double decker — äâóõýòàæíûé àâòîáóñ ñhange, small change — ñäà÷à, ìåëî÷ü

— 117 — fare — ïëàòà çà ïðîåçä to pay the fare to get on/off a bus (tram, train) — ñàäèòüñÿ â/âûõîäèòü èç àâòîáóñà Remember: to get on/take a ¹ 10 bus or _ bus (¹) 10 to change (on to a tram)- ïåðåñàæèâàòüñÿ (íà òðàìâàé) to get about — åõàòü, ïåðåäâèãàòüñÿ to be overcrowded/packed full — áûòü ïåðåïîëíåííûì to move, to move ahead/along/up — äâèãàòüñÿ, ïðîäâèíóòüñÿ 3. taxi, cab — òàêñè taxi-rank — îñòàíîâêà òàêñè driver’s licence — âîäèòåëüñêèå ïðàâà licence plates — íîìåðíûå çíàêè parking — ñòîÿíêà parking-lot — ìåñòî ñòîÿíêè àâòîòðàíñïîðòà to park — ïàðêîâàòüñÿ to thumb a lift — îñòàíàâëèâàòü ìàøèíó, ãîëîñîâàòü to give smb a lift — ïîäâåçòè êîãî-ëèáî to drop sb off at some place — ïîäâåçòè êîãî-ë êóäà-ë. to hitch-hike — ïóòåøåñòâîâàòü àâòîñòîïîì to go in a taxi — åõàòü â òàêñè 4. pedestrian — ïåøåõîä passer-by — ïðîõîæèé stranger — íåçíàêîìåö direction — íàïðàâëåíèå in the direction of — âíàïðàâëåíèè turning — ïîâîðîò E. g. Take the 1st turning on your right. corner — óãîë E. g. It’s just round the corner near/in the neighbourhood — áëèçêî, ïî ñîñåäñòâó no distance at all/at hand — íåäàëåêî, ðóêîé ïîäàòü down the street — ïî óëèöå (ïî íàðàñòàþùèì íîìåðàì äîìîâ) up the street — ïî óëèöå (ïî óáûâàþùèì íîìåðàì äîìîâ) to get lost/to lose one’s way — çàáëóäèòüñÿ

— 118 — 5. traffic — äâèæåíèå, òðàíñïîðò E. g. The traffic is heavy (light) on this road Traffic keeps to the left in England traffic jam — ïðîáêà, çàòîð to be held up by a traffic jam E. g. There was a jam in the traffic for some minutes traffic lights — ñâåòîôîð traffic rules — ïðàâèëà äâèæåíèÿ rush-hour(s) — ÷àñ(û) ïèê to cross (on the green lights) — ïåðåõîäèòü íà çåëåíûé ñâåò to go downtown — åõàòü íà îêðàèíó/â öåíòð (Am) to go uptown — åõàòü â öåíòð/íà îêðàèíó (Am) to go as far as — äîåõàòü/äîéòè äî ê-ë ìåñòà 6. road-book — äîðîæíûé ñïðàâî÷íèê incident — ñëó÷àé, èíöèäåíò accident — íåñ÷àñòíûé ñëó÷àé to knock smb down — ñáèòü ñ íîã to run over — çàäàâèòü, ïåðååõàòü to drive at high speeds — åõàòü íà áîëüøîé ñêîðîñòè to jaywalk — íåîñòîðîæíî ïåðåõîäèòü óëèöó a jaywalker — íåîñòîðîæíûé ïåðåõîä to fine -øòðàôîâàòü to pay a fine — ïëàòèòü øòðàô

VOCABULARY EXERCISES Ex. 1. Fill in the gaps with the words from the Text. Translate the sentences into Russian. 1.This ... sells up-to-date clothes for young people. 2. The residents of ...... suffer from air pollution. 3. What was the ...of Europe in 1900? 4. Moscow’s public ... system is among the finest in the world. 5. The train was crowded with the ...going to London. 6. There aren’t any big stores in this ...of the town. 7. The Tretyakov Art ...has become one of the main tourist attraction in Moscow. 8. This shirt in available in a wide ...of colours. 9. They are building a new Olympic ...now. 10. The cultural ...of the US is just amazing. 11. What ...of the population is concentrated in towns and cities? 12. Many traditional village ...are on

— 119 — the decline nowadays. 13. Moscow is ...in museums and art galleries. 14. These beautiful old churches are part of our national.... 15. This old building was damaged in the fire and it took 2 years to ...it. 16. Do you know the names of the 50 states which ...the USA? 17. The car ...a lorry and ran into a lamppost. 18. The great cathedral ...the centre of the city. 19. Local authority has decided to ...the old theatre. 20. I think these old customs should be.... 21. This building ...a lot of offices. 22. She has ...her paintings in Paris. 23. Our new machines are much more .... 24. The City of London is a great ...centre. Ex. 2. Translate from English into Russian. 1. It’s impossible to lose one’s way in New York with its system of streets and avenues. 2. I’ve got a day off and I’ll show Bill round. 3. When you return, we’ll go sightseeing or even make a tour of the country. I’ll be your guide. 4. Shall I take you for a drive and show you round? 5. This car ahead of us doesn’t seem to be moving at all and overtaking is not allowed here. 6. I’ve never been a reckless driver as I don’t want to have an accident or get fined. 7. Traffic is heavy in this part of the city, especially at the rush hour. 8. Traffic is a wonderful excuse: you can always say that you were held up by a traffic jam. 9. The car ahead of them suddenly stopped and they nearly hit it. 10. I’m sure it’s a woman who is driving a car: with women at the wheel there can be no safety on the road. 11. In Great Britain several thousand people are killed and injured in road accidents every year. 12. I was knocked down by a car once and our dog was nearly run over by a lorry. 13. Accidents are caused by carelessness. They occur because people don’t observe traffic regulations. 14. Drivers break traffic regulations by speeding. 15. Pedestrians are careless: before crossing the road one must stop and look both ways, 1st left, then right. 16. Don’t you know that in this country traffic keeps left (to the left side of the road)?

— 120 — 17. While they were driving along the streets, Bill was busy reading road signs. 18. If you do not drive carefully, you may have an accident. 19. There was an accident and many people were injured. 20. Avoid speeding to prevent accidents. 21. They managed to escape an accident by a miracle. 22. We were fined $10 for not observing traffic regulations. 23. He was fined for parking the car in a busy street. 24. The policemen fined Bill for crossing the street in the wrong place. 25. Traffic in big cities is controlled by traffic lights. 26. Traffic was controlled by a traffic officer. 27. We were moving at great speed as there was almost no traffic. 28. Is there much traffic in your street? 29. It is difficult to drive a car when traffic is heavy/busy. 30. How much were you fined? 31. We took a taxi, because we were afraid we wouldn’t make it. 32. He crossed the street against the red light and was almost knocked down by a car. 33. There is so much jay-walking in this city. 34. This crossing is the busiest in our town. 35. What is the fare to the river port? 36. The police officer asked for his driver’s license. 37. I have no small change about me. 38. You must get off at the last stop, but one. 39. The car stopped at the traffic lights and waited till the lights showed green. 40. We must observe traffic rules. 41. At rush-hours the buses are always overcrowded. 42. We took a taxi and drove to the airport. 43. The traffic was heavy and it was not easy to get about. 44. I took a N103 bus in Gorky street. 45. Don’t drive the car too fast, you may meet with an accident. 46. Will you give me a lift? Ex. 3. Fill in the gaps with prepositions and adverbs where necessary. Will you advise me where to get ... to change ... bus No. 6? 2. Will this bus take me right ... Pushkin Square? 3. Are you getting ...... the next stop? — No, ... the second ... here. 4. We couldn’t get ... the tram

— 121 — because it was packed full. 5. Let’s go ... this street. It will take us straight ... the Circus. 6. I don’t yet know ... what hotel we shall put .... 7. We’d better inquire ... the way. I am afraid we are already ...... our way. 8. The Opera House is a long way ... here. You’d better take ... a bus. 9. You’ll have to change ...... bus No. 7 ... the corner of Nevsky Avenue and Sadovaya Street. 10. I always forget where to get ...... the Comedy Theatre. 11. It seems to me she is not sure if she is ... the right bus. 12. Can you tell me if there is a tram ... here ... the Smolny? 13. Do you remember that the traffic keeps ... the left ... Great Britain? 14. Go straight ... as far as Gogol Street and then take the second turning ... the left. 15. Please, put us ...... the Museum. 16. You’d better go there ... tram. It is a good way ... here. 17. If you turn ... the left you’ll soon be ...... your way. Better go straight .... 18. The house you are looking ... is just ... the corner. There is no need to take ... a tram. 19. It’s 4 min.... underground... here... Oxford Street. 20. Which way am I to go? — Go straight..., you can’t miss your way. 21. Take the second turning... the right. 22. Does this bus go... Kirov street? 23. You’ll see the Gorky library... the left. 24. Go... this street and when you see a big house, turn... the left. 25. Will you advise me where to get... to change...... bus ¹ 20? 26. Are you getting...... the next stop? — No,... the 3rd stop... here. 27. I’m afraid we are...... our way. 28. You’ll have to change... to a ¹ 7 bus... the corner of Gogol Street. 29. The house you are looking... is just... the corner. 30. Am I right... the National Gallery? — No, it’s... the opposite direction. 31. Excuse me. Where is the nearest bus stop? — Turn... the corner and there it is,... Victoria Station. 32. Will this bus take me... the Stock Exchange? — No, bus 4 will take you...... the Stock Exchange. 33. Am I right... Times Square? — No, you’ll have to change... 23 rd Street. 34. Ask the conductor to put you...... the park. Ex. 4. Translate the Russian parts into English. 1. This tram won’t take you straight to the Drama Theatre, you’d better ïåðåñåñòü íà àâòîáóñ ¹10. 2. Let’s get off at the next stop but one, and then ïîéäåì ïî óëèöå äî 1-ãî ïîâîðîòà íàëåâî, à òàì âîçüìåì òàêñè. 3. We were, held up â óëè÷íîé ïðîáêå â òå÷åíèå ïîëó÷àñà. 4. He looked up at the house number-sign and ïîíÿë, ÷òî èäåò â íåïðàâèëüíîì íàïðàâëåíèè.

— 122 — 5. He was crossing the street to the parking lot when îí óâèäåë, ÷òî áîëüøîé ãðóçîâèê ïîÿâèëñÿ â êîíöå óëèöû. 6. Traffic was light at this time in the afternoon that’s why áûëî ëåãêî ïðîäâèãàòüñÿ. 7. A truck blocked the greater part of the roadway and äâèæåíèå áûëî îñòàíîâëåíî ïî÷òè íà ÷àñ. 8. Can I get to Picadilly Circus íà ìåòðî? 9. The traffic at the crossing is so heavy ÷òî îíè ñîáèðàþòñÿ ïîñòðîèòü òàì ïîäçåìíûé ïåøåõîäíûé ïåðåõîä. 10. Turn to the left êîãäà äîéäåòå äî êîíöà ýòîé óëèöû. 11. The first thing we did when we arrived in Moscow ïîøëè íà ýêñêóðñèþ ïî ãîðîäó. 12. Is there a bus stop near here? — Äà, â äâóõ êâàðòàëàõ âíèç ïî ýòîé óëèöå íà ïëîùàäè Ïóøêèíà. 13. Is there a bus from Pennsylvania Station to Columbia University? — I don’t think there is. Äàâàé âîçüìåì òàêñè, èíà÷å ìû îïîçäàåì. Ex. 5. Translate from Russian into English. 1. Ìû ñäåëàëè ïåðåñàäêó íà Òâåðñêîé óëèöå. 2. Åãî îøòðà- ôîâàëè íà 30 ðóáëåé. 3. Îíè ïîãèáëè ïðè àâàðèè. 4. Êòî-íèáóäü èç âàñ âèäåë, êàê ìàøèíà íàëåòåëà íà ãðóçîâèê? (hit) 5. Ñîáëþäàé- òå ïðàâèëà óëè÷íîãî äâèæåíèÿ, òîãäà àâàðèè íå ïðîèçîéäåò. 6. Êîíäóêòîð ñêàçàë åìó ñîéòè íà ñëåäóþùåé îñòàíîâêå. 7. Îí ñïðî- ñèë, ãäå åìó íóæíî ñäåëàòü ïåðåñàäêó. 8. Îí ñïðîñèë åñòü ëè ïî- áëèçîñòè àâòîáóñíàÿ îñòàíîâêà. 9. Ìû îïîçäàåì, åñëè íå âîçüìåì òàêñè. 10 Åìó áûëî òðóäíî ïðèâûêíóòü âîäèòü ìàøèíó â Ëîíäî- íå, òàê êàê â Àíãëèè ëåâîñòîðîííåå äâèæåíèå. 11. Åñëè áû ìà- øèíó âåëà ÿ, ìû áû èçáåæàëè àâàðèè. 12. Åìó ïîñîâåòîâàëè êó- ïèòü ïóòåâîäèòåëü ïî Ëîíäîíó, ÷òîáû íå çàáëóäèòüñÿ. 13. Äàâàéòå ñîâåðøèì ïîåçäêó ïî ñòðàíå. 14. Ñêîëüêî ÷åëîâåê ïîñòðàäàëî ïðè àâàðèè? 15. Êòî-íèáóäü èç âàñ âèäåë, êàê åãî ñáèëà ìàøèíà? 16. Îí ïîïàë â àâàðèþ, òàê êàê îí íå ïðèâûê ê ïðàâîñòîðîííåìó óëè÷íîìó äâèæåíèþ. 17. Ìû çàãîâîðèëèñü è ÿ ïðîåõàëà îñòàíîâ- êó. 18. Îí çàäåðæàëñÿ èç-çà ïðîáêè â óëè÷íîì äâèæåíèè. 19. Îí ñïðîñèë, â êàêèõ ñòðàíàõ ñóùåñòâóåò ëåâîñòîðîííåå óëè÷íîå äâè- æåíèå. 20. Îí ïîêàòàåò ìåíÿ íà ìàøèíå, åñëè ïîëó÷èò âûõîäíîé. 21. Æåíùèíà áûëà çà ðóëåì, à íå ìóæ÷èíà. 22.  ýòîé ÷àñòè ãîðîäà íå áîëüøîå óëè÷íîå äâèæåíèå. 23. Ïðîñòèòå, ÷òî ÿ îïîçäàë. Ìåíÿ

— 123 — çàäåðæàë ñâåòîôîð. 24. ß äîëãî íå ìîã ïðèâûêíóòü âîäèòü ìàøè- íó â Ëîíäîíå. 25. Åñëè âû ïåðåéäåòå óëèöó çäåñü, âàñ îøòðàôóþò. 26. Íà ñêîëüêî âàñ îøòðàôîâàëè? 27. ß âèäåë, êàê åãî îøòðàôî- âàëè çà íàðóøåíèå ïðàâèë óëè÷íîãî äâèæåíèÿ. 28. Åñëè òû áó- äåøü åõàòü çäåñü ñî ñêîðîñòüþ áîëåå 90 ìèëü â ÷àñ, òåáÿ îøòðà- ôóþò. 29. Ñîáëþäàéòå ïðàâèëà óëè÷íîãî äâèæåíèÿ âî èçáåæàíèå íåñ÷àñòíûõ ñëó÷àåâ. 30. Ïî÷åìó áû íàì íå ñîâåðøèòü ïîåçäêó ïî ãîðîäó? 31. Ó íåå áûë ñâîáîäíûé äåíü, è îíà ñìîãëà ïîêàçàòü íàì ãîðîä. 32. Ñàìûé ëó÷øèé ñïîñîá îñìàòðèâàòü äîñòîïðèìå÷à- òåëüíîñòè (ãîðîä) — ñîâåðøèòü ïîåçäêó ïî ãîðîäó ñ ýêñêóðñî- âîäîì. 33. Åñëè âû õîòèòå óçíàòü áîëüøå î íåçíàêîìîì ãîðîäå, ïî÷èòàéòå ïóòåâîäèòåëü ïî ãîðîäó (ïîïðîñèòå æèòåëÿ ãîðîäà ïîêàçàòü âàì ãîðîä). 34. Êîãäà ÿ ïðèåçæàþ â íåçíàêîìûé ãîðîä, ÿ ïåðâûì äåëîì ïîêóïàþ ïóòåâîäèòåëü ïî ãîðîäó. 35. Âàì íå íóæíî ñîïðîâîæäàòü ìåíÿ, òàê êàê ÿ íå çàáëóæóñü, åñëè ïîïðîøó êîí- äóêòîðà âûñàäèòü ìåíÿ ó ïàðêà. 36. Ìû ïîåõàëè íà àâòîáóñå, òàê êàê íóæíîå íàì ìåñòî áûëî äàëåêî. 37. È âîäèòåëè è ïåøåõîäû äîëæíû ñîáëþäàòü ïðàâèëà äâèæåíèÿ è áûòü âíèìàòåëüíûìè íà óëèöå, êîãäà äâèæåíèå èíòåíñèâíîå. 38. Âîäèòåëè íå äîëæíû ïàðêîâàòü ìàøèíû òàì, ãäå ýòî íå ðàçðåøåíî, íàïðèìåð íà îæèâëåííûõ óëèöàõ. 39. Ïåøåõîäû äîëæíû ïîñìîòðåòü ñíà÷àëà íàëåâî, à çàòåì íàïðàâî ïðè ïåðåõîäå. 40. Ëþäè, êîòîðûå íå ñî- áëþäàþò ïðàâèëà äâèæåíèÿ ìîãóò áûòü ñáèòû ñ íîã èëè ïîïàñòü ïîä ìàøèíó è ñåðüåçíî ïîñòðàäàòü èëè äàæå â ïîãèáíóòü â àâà- ðèè. 41. Åãî îøòðàôîâàëè çà òî, ÷òî îí åõàë íå ïî òîé ñòîðîíå äîðîãè/ïàðêîâêó ìàøèíû â çàïðåùåííîì ìåñòå/åçäó íà êðàñ- íûé ñâåò (on)/ïåðåõîä óëèöû íà êðàñíûé ñâåò/íåîñòîðîæíîå âîæäåíèå/âîæäåíèå â íåòðåçâîì âèäå (drunken driving). 42. Íå- ñ÷àñòíûå ñëó÷àè ïðîèñõîäÿò, òàê êàê ëþäè íå ñîáëþäàþò ïðà- âèëà äâèæåíèÿ/îíè íåâíèìàòåëüíû ïðè ïåðåõîäå óëèöû. 43. Äâè- æåíèå íà ïåðåêðåñòêå òàêîå èíòåíñèâíîå, ÷òî îíè ñîáèðàþòñÿ ïîñòðîèòü òàì ïåøåõîäíûé ïîäçåìíûé ïåðåõîä. Ex. 6. Complete the sentences with the words, which initial letters, are given. 1. We got on the bus and soon the conductor came along to collect f .... 2. Some cities on the continent have buses, trolley-buses and also t ....

— 124 — 3. If you go by rail you can get a single or a r ... ticket. 4. Pedestrians are supposed to walk on the p .... 5. If you are sitting in the front seat of a car, it’s safest t wear a s .... 6. Before you get in the car, put all your luggage in the b ... (AmE t ...). 7. Take the first left and the second right and then go s ...... 8. We drove round the town for a quarter of an hour looking for a parking s .... 9. The driver swerved to avoid hitting the bus but he crashed into a road s .... 10. If you leave your car out in the rain all the time, it’ll start r .... 11. The quickest way to get from London to the North is to take the t.... 12. In London it’s quicker to cross the city by f... than to drive across. 13. It is cheaper to travel a long distance by c... than to take the train. 14. Go straight down the hill and take the third t... on the left. You can’t miss it. 15. If you want to stop the car, what you have to do is put your foot on the b....

VOCABULARY EXTENSION Learn the words and word combinations. I. turn 1. îáîðîò, âðàùàòåëüíîå äâèæåíèå to give sth a turn — ïîâåðíóòü ÷-ëèáî to take/make a turn — ïîâåðíóòü 3. ïåðåìåíà, èçìåíåíèå (ñîñòîÿíèÿ) the turn of the seasons — ñìåíà âðåìåí ãîäà the turn of the events — ïîâîðîò ñîáûòèé a turn for the better/the worse — èçìåíåíèå ê ëó÷øåìó/ õóäøåìó to take a bad (new, dangerous, — ïðèíÿòü ïëîõîé ( íîâûé, favourable) turn îïàñíûé, áëàãîïðèÿò- íûé) îáîðîò

— 125 — 4. î÷åðåäü in turn, by turns — ïî î÷åðåäè laughing and crying in turn — òî ñìåÿñü, òî ïëà÷à to take turns at doing sth — äåëàòü ÷-ë ïî î÷åðåäè to wait one’s turn in — äîæèäàòüñÿ ñâîåé î÷åðåäè íà ïðèåì a doctor’s office ê âðà÷ó 5. êîðîòêàÿ ïðîãóëêà, ïîåçäêà to take a turn in the garden — ïðîãóëÿòüñÿ â ñàäó II. to miss 1. ïðîìàõíóòüñÿ to miss the target — íå ïîïàñòü â öåëü 2. ïðîïóñòèòü, ïðîãëÿäåòü, íå çàìåòèòü; ïðîñëóøàòü E. g. I missed the house — ÿ ïðîøëà ìèìî äîìà to miss one’s words — íå óñëûøàòü, ïðîñëóøàòü ÷üè-ë ñëîâà to miss an opportunity (to do sth) — óïóñòèòü âîçìîæíîñòü ÷òî-ë ñäåëàòü to miss the point — íå ïîíÿòü ñóòè to miss the point of the story — íå ïîíÿòü ðàññêàçà (øóòêè, (joke, argument) ñóòè ñïîðà) 3. ïðîïóñòèòü, íå ÿâèòüñÿ; îïîçäàòü, íå ïîïàñòü to miss classes -ïðîïóñêàòü çàíÿòèÿ to miss the (9.30) train/bus — îïîçäàòü íà ïîåçä/àâòîáóñ to miss the train by 3 minutes — îïîçäàòü íà ïîåçä íà 3 ìèíóòû to miss one’s turn — ïðîïóñòèòü ñâîþ î÷åðåäü 4. ñêó÷àòü, ÷óâñòâîâàòü, îùóùàòü îòñóòñòâèå, íåäîñòàòîê ÷åãî-ë. to miss smb. — ñêó÷àòü ïî êîìó-ë. III. miss 1. ïðîìàõ, îñå÷êà ten hits and one miss — äåñÿòü ïîïàäàíèé è îäèí ïðîìàõ 2. îòñóòñòâèå, ïîòåðÿ E.g. He is no great miss — Î íåì íèêòî íå æàëååò. 3. to give smth a miss — ïðîïóñòèòü ÷òî-ë. E.g. I gave the meeting a miss. — ß íå ïîøåë íà ñîáðàíèå.

— 126 — IV. missing 1. îòñóòñòâóþùèé, íåäîñòàþùèé E.g. There is a page missing in this book. This is a book with 2 pages missing missing persons — ïðîïàâøèå áåç âåñòè V. speed to drive slow низкой to travel average средней to go at great speed на большой скорости to run top предельной to fly full полной at a speed of 30 miles an hour — ñî ñêîðîñòüþ 30 ìèëü â ÷àñ at breakneck speed — ñ áåøåííîé ñêîðîñòüþ to pick up/gather speed — íàáèðàòü ñêîðîñòü to reduce speed — ñíèæàòü ñêîðîñòü speeding — åçäà ñ íåäîçâîëåííîé ñêîðîñòüþ, ïðåâûøåíèå ñêîðîñòè speedy — áûñòðûé, áåçîòëàãàòåëüíûé to wish sb a speedy recovery — ïîæåëàòü êîìó-ë ñêîðåéøåãî âûçäîðîâëåíèÿ a speedy reply — áûñòðûé îòâåò speedy progress — áûñòðîå ðàçâèòèå

VOCABULARY EXTENSION EXERCISES Ex. 1. Translate the sentences into Russian, then back into English. 1. I don’t pull the handle; give it a turn. 2. Take a turn to the right at the next corner. 3. Make a left turn after the bank. 4. Events have taken a dangerous turn. 5. His father was imprisoned, so his affairs took a turn for the worse. 6. The patient has taken a turn for the better. 7. They were laughing and crying in turn. 8. He went hot and cold by turns. 9. Now it’s your turn to speak. 10. You can’t all do it together; you ‘ll have to take turns. 11. Let’s take a turn on bicycle.

— 127 — 12. He shot at the deer but missed. 13. She went to the station to meet her husband but missed him in the crowd. 14. He did not want to miss an opportunity of speaking to her for the last time. 15. Don’t miss the Hermitage when you are in Leningrad. 16. He turned away as if he’d missed my words. 17. I’m afraid you’ve missed the point of the argument. 18. He’s missed classes three days this week. 19. I arrived too late and missed the train. 20. There are two pencils missing in the box. 21. Some important figures are missing from this report. 22. He has a finger missing from his left hand. 23. Hundreds of missing persons are reported to the police every week. 24. I usually go swimming on Mondays, but I’ve decided to give it a miss this week. 25. We were driving at a slow speed of about 30 mph. 26. We can’t go faster — we’re already driving at top speed. 27. You’re driving at breakneck speed — you’ll meet with an accident. 28. The train pulled out of the station and began to pick up speed. 29. The police are advising motorists to reduce speed because of the fog. 30. She was found guilty of speeding and fined 50$. 31. We sent him a card that said: «Best wishes for a speedy recovery». 32. Her children have gone to Australia, and she misses them very much. 33. It’s rather an ugly building; I don’t think it will be missed. 34. I miss living in the country. 35. She was fined 10$ for speeding. Ex. 2. Translate into English. 1. Îí òðè ðàçà ïîâåðíóë êëþ÷ è îòêðûë äâåðü. 2. Èäèòå âäîëü ïî óëèöå, çàòåì ïîâåðíèòå íàëåâî. 3. Ìàøèíà ïðîíåñëàñü íà áîëü- øîé ñêîðîñòè ìèìî áàíêà, çàòåì ðåçêî ïîâåðíóëà íàïðàâî. 4. Ïîñëå òîãî êàê îí ïîòåðÿë ðàáîòó, åãî äåëà èçìåíèëèñü ê õóä-

— 128 — øåìó. 5. Òàêîé ïîâîðîò ñîáûòèé áûë âåñüìà íåîæèäàííûì. 6. Ó÷èòåëü ñïðàøèâàë êàæäîãî èç íàñ ïî î÷åðåäè. 7. Âû ïðîïóñòèëè ñâîþ î÷åðåäü, òåïåðü âû äîëæíû æäàòü. 8. Ìû ïîçíàêîìèëèñü, ïîêà æäàëè î÷åðåäè íà ïðèåì ê âðà÷ó. 9. Ìîé ìóæ è ÿ ïî î÷åðåäè ñèäèì ñ ðåáåíêîì. 10. Êàêàÿ ïðåêðàñíàÿ ïîãîäà! Äàâàé ïîãóëÿåì â ñàäó. 11. Ýòî î÷åíü êðàñèâîå çäàíèå — âû åãî íå ïðîïóñòèòå. 12. Åñëè ó âàñ áóäåò âîçìîæíîñòü ïîåõàòü çàãðàíèöó, íå ïðîïóñòèòå åå. 13. Îí îáèäåëñÿ, ïîòîìó ÷òî íå ïîíÿë øóòêè. 14. Ïî äîðîãå íà âîêçàë ÿ ïîïàë â ïðîáêó è îïîçäàë íà ïîåçä íà 5 ìèíóò. 15.  íàøåì ìóçåå íîâàÿ ýêñïîçèöèÿ: îáÿçàòåëüíî ïîñìîòðè åå. 16. Ìû ïðèøëè â òåàòð ïîçäíî è ïðîïóñòèëè ïåðâûé àêò ïüåñû. 17. Äîê- òîð çàïðåòèë ìíå êóðèòü ñèãàðåòû, íî ÿ ñïîêîéíî îáõîæóñü áåç íèõ. 18. Ìíå óæàñíî íå õâàòàåò íàøèõ äëèííûõ ïðîãóëîê â ñàäó ëåòíèìè âå÷åðàìè. 19.  ìîåì ñîáðàíèè ñî÷èíåíèé Ïóøêèíà íå õâàòàåò îäíîãî òîìà. 20. Ïîñëå îãðàáëåíèÿ îáíàðóæèëîñü, ÷òî áîëüøàÿ ñóììà äåíåã ïðîïàëà èç ñåéôà. 21. Íåîñòîðîæíûõ âîäè- òåëåé ÷àñòî øòðàôóþò çà ïðåâûøåíèå ñêîðîñòè. 22. Íà ýòîì ó÷à- ñòêå äîðîãè íåîáõîäèìî ñíèçèòü ñêîðîñòü. 23. Ïî÷åìó ïîëèöåéñ- êèé íàñ îñòàíîâèë? Ìû åõàëè íà íèçêîé ñêîðîñòè îêîëî 30 ìèëü â ÷àñ. 24. ß óäèâëåí òàêèì áûñòðûì ðàçâèòèåì âàøåé èññëå- äîâàòåëüñêîé ðàáîòû. 25. Òû èäåøü â áîëüíèöó íàâåñòèòü Ãåíðè? Ïîæåëàé åìó ñêîðåéøåãî âûçäîðîâëåíèÿ. 26. Íà íàøå ïðåäëîæå- íèå î ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâå ïîñëåäîâàë áûñòðûé îòâåò î ñîãëàñèè. 27. Åìó íåäîñòàâàëî (íå õâàòàëî) ñîëíöà, êîãäà îí âåðíóëñÿ èç Àôðèêè â Ëîíäîí Ex. 3. Make up 20 sentences/a situation/a story with the words from the Vocabulary Extension.

CLASS READING I Describing a city Ex. 1. Look at this description of Cork, one of Ireland’s main towns. Underline any words or phrases that might be useful for describing your own or any other town. Cork city is the major metropolis of the south; indeed with a population of about 135,000 it is the second largest city in the Republic. The main business and shopping centre of the town lies on the island

— 129 — created by two channels of the River Lee, with most places within walking distance of the centre. ( The busses tend to be overcrowded and the one-way traffic system is fiendishly complicated.) In the hilly area of the city is the famous Shandon Steeple, the bell-tower of St Anne’s Church, built on the site of a church destroyed when the city was besieged by Duke of Marlborough. Back across the River Lee lies the city’s cathedral, an imposing 19th century building in the French Gothic style. Cork has two markets. Neither caters specifically for tourists but those who enjoy the atmosphere of a real working market will appreciate their charm. The Crawford Art Gallery is well worth a visit. It regularly mounts adventurous exhibitions by contemporary artists. The fashionable residential districts of Cork city overlook the harbour. There are other residential areas on the outskirts. Ex. 2. Check that you understand the text about Cork by answering the following questions. 1. Where is Cork? 2. Where is the shopping and business centre of Cork? 3. What is Cork’s traffic system like? 4. What is special about the site of St Anne’s Church? 5. In what style is the architecture of Cork Cathedral? 6. Can you buy souvenirs at the markets? 7. Is the Crawford Gallery worth visiting and why? 8. Where do Cork people live? Ex. 3. The description of Cork comes from a guidebook for tourists. Write sentences about a town of your choice, using the following expressions from the text. the second/third/fourth ...est the main ... area of the town lies within walking distance of the Victorian/Georgian/ Classical/Baroque/French Gothic style built on the site tend to be cater for whether or not it merits to overlook those who enjoy well worth a visit/visiting on the outskirts a working market/ museum / to appreciate the charm steam railway/model to mount an exhibition

— 130 — I My native city Ex. 1. Read the text. Volgograd 1. Volgograd lies across the lower Volga and Don rivers. The Volga is flanked on the west by the Volga Upland, which is continued south of Volgograd as the Yergeni Upland. Between the uplands and also east of the Volga are level plains. Most of the oblast lies in a dry steppe zone. The bulk of the population today lives along the rivers and in the northern lowland. The Volga flows from the Valdai Hills to its mouth in Astrakhan. 2. Once an area inhabited by successive nomadic peoples (Bulgars, Khazars, and Tatars), the region was settled by Russians from the mid-16th century. The city was founded as the fortress of Tsaritsyn in 1589 to protect newly acquired Russian territory along the Volga. During the Russian Civil War (1918-20), Joseph Stalin organized the defense of the city in a major battle against the White Russian armies, and in 1925 the city was renamed in his honour. One of the decisive battles of World War II took place there, from August 1942 to February 1943. The German armies at the limit of their advance attempted to capture Stalingrad. As a major industrial centre, Stalingrad was an important prize in itself, and control of the city would have cut Soviet transport links with southern Russia via the Volga River. After bitter fighting a German army group of some 300,000 men was annihilated. Official Russian military historians estimate that 1,100,000 Soviet soldiers lost their lives in the campaign to defend the city. The city was totally rebuilt after the war, and new apartment buildings and factories extend for more than 40 miles (65 km) along the river. Its present name the city got in 1961. 3. Industry is concentrated largely in Volgograd, the administrative centre; the other cities are concerned chiefly with processing agricultural products. Petroleum is extracted in the north around Zhirnovsk and natural gas near Kotovo and Frolovo. Agriculture is of great importance, but it suffers severely from droughts and soil erosion; irrigation is increasing steadily in many areas. The main crops are wheat, millet, corn (maize), sunflowers, and mustard. Along the Volga Upland, market gardening and dairying are well developed. In the south cattle and sheep raising is important.

— 131 — 4. Some of the postwar developments include (1) the Volga- Don Ship Canal, opened in 1952, and (2) a hydroelectric station immediately north of the city. There are medical, civil engineering, teacher-training, mechanical, and municipal-economics institutes. The University of Volgograd was opened in 1980. (1) Russian Volga — Don canal links the lower Volga River with the Don River at their closest point, in Volgograd Region (province). Work on the canal began in 1948. The canal runs from Kalach-na-Donu to Krasnoarmeysk, immediately south of Volgograd for 101 km. There are 13 locks along its route. (2) A string of huge dams and reservoirs now line the Volga and its major tributary, the Kama River. All the reservoir complexes include hydroelectric power stations and navigation locks. Ex. 2. Match a paragraph 1-4 with a summary below: • Industry and agriculture • History of the city • Postwar developments • Geographical features Ex. 3. Find English equivalents in the text. Âäîëü, ðàñïîëàãàòüñÿ ïî îáå ñòîðîíû, âîçâûøåííîñòü, ðàâíèíà (AmE ñòåïü), êî÷åâûå íàðîäû, êðåïîñòü, ðåøàþùåå ñðàæåíèå, óíè÷òîæàòü, äîáûâàòü, çàñóõà, ýðîçèÿ ïî÷âû, îðî- øåíèå, çåðíîâûå çëàêè, ïðîñî, ìîëî÷íîå ïðîèçâîäñòâî, ðàç- âåäåíèå îâåö, ñâÿçûâàòü, ðÿä (öåïî÷êà) ïëîòèí, ðàñïîëàãàòü- ñÿ â ëèíèþ, ïðèòîê. Ex. 4. Draw some conclusions using the text. 1. What is the landscape of Volograd? 2. What is the native population of Volgograd? 3. What would have happened if the Soviet Army had lost the Stalingrad Battle? 4. What plants and factories might be there in Volgograd? 5. How long did it take to complete the Volga — Don Canal? 6. Does Volgograd play an important part in the economy of Russia? Ex. 5. What information which is missing in the text might be of interest to • a student,

— 132 — • a businessman/businesswoman, • a tourist, • a historian, • an art-lover? Ex. 6. Choose one of the sights of Volgograd and prepare to speak on it in the class.

CLASS LISTENING Ex. 1. A: Have you ever been to Moscow? When were you there first/last? Has the city changed for the last few years? B: In no more than 5 sentences describe the capital city of Russia. Ex. 2. Listen to six people from English speaking countries describing their capital city. Put the number of the speaker in the right box. Listen for the clues to help you. Edinburgh Washington London Cardiff Canberra Dublin Ex. 3. Listen to the text « London». A: Answer the questions: 1. What part does London play in the life of the United Kingdom? 2. What are the most famous ancient buildings of London? 3. What are different districts of London famous for? 4. Why do some districts of London stay alive at night? 5. What has London except concrete buildings? 6. Where do many people live? B: Translate into English using the tape. 1. Ëîíäîí — ýêîíîìè÷åñêèé, ïîëèòè÷åñêèé è êóëüòóðíûé öåíòð, îäèí èç êðóïíåéøèõ ïîðòîâ ñòðàíû è êðóïíåéøèõ ãî- ðîäîâ â ìèðå. 2. Ñàìûå çíàìåíèòûå äðåâíèå çäàíèÿ — Ëîíäîíñêèé Òàó- ýð, Âåñòìèíñòåðñêîå àááàòñòâî, ñîáîð Ñâÿòîãî Ïàâëà, Ïàðëà- ìåíò, Áóêèíãåìñêèé äâîðåö.

— 133 — 3. Ëîíäîí áûë íåáîëüøèì ðèìñêèì ãîðîäîì. 4. Âåñò-Ýíä — ðàéîí ìàãàçèíîâ, îôèñîâ è òåàòðîâ, ðàéîí áîãàòûõ ëþäåé. 5.  Ñèòè ñêîíöåíòðèðîâàíû áàíêè, îôèñû, â òîì ÷èñëå Êîðîëåâñêàÿ Áèðæà è Áàíê Àíãëèè. 6.  Èñò-Ýíäå æèâóò ðàáî÷èå. 7.  Äîêëàíäå, áûâøåì ðàéîíå ïîðòîâ, ñåé÷àñ ìíîãî íî- âûõ îôèñîâ. 8.  Âåñò-Ýíä ëîíäîíöû ïðèåçæàþò ðàçâëåêàòüñÿ. 9.  ñîñåäíåì Ñîõî æèçíü èäåò è íî÷üþ. Ex. 4. Find some interesting information about one of the biggest cities of the world and speak about it in class. Use pictures to illustrate your answer.

SPEAKING I. Getting around in a city Ex. 1. Dramatize the dialogues. I À: Åõñuse må. Is this the way to George Washington University? Â: Yes. Gî straight ahead for two blocks and then turn right. You can’t miss it. À: Òhànk you very much. Â: Never mind. I À: Åõñuse må, ñàn óîu tell må the way to Dupont Circle? Â: I’m sorry. I’m afraid I can’t help óîu. I’m new here myself. À: Thank óîu, anyway. III Policemaï: Just a minute, sir. Didn’t you see that signal? Nick: Yes, I did, officer. Ð: Òhen why did you cross the street? Í: There weren’t ànó cars coming, and I thought it was safe. Ð: That doesn’t make ànó difference. «Don’t walk» means «Don’t walk.» Even if there’s nî traffic coming. Í: You’re absolutely right, officer. I know that.

— 134 — Ð: Well, don’t let it happen again. If you do, you might be fined for jaywalking. Í: I won’t, officer. You can be sure of that. IV À: Excuse må. Does this bus go to the Library of Congress? Â: No, this bus won’t take you there. You’ll have to ñhangå at Dupont Circle. Âó the way, you ñàn get there by subway. There’s a subway station over there. À: Thank you. Ex. 2. What would you say if you took part in the following dialogues? Act them out. 1. A: Excuse me. Is this the way to Red Square? B: ...... A: Thank you very much. 2. A: Excuse me, can you tell me the best way to Moscow University? B: ...... A: Can I get there by subway? B: ...... A: Thank you. 3. A: Is there a bus from here to the Lenin Library? B: ...... A: All right. I take bus 19 to Peace Avenue and then change for subway train. B: ...... A: So I’ll have to change again at the next stop. What did you call it? B: ...... A: Thank you. 4. A: Excuse me. How far is it to the nearest supermarket? B: ...... A: Which bus goes there? B: ...... A: At what stop should I get off? B: ...... A: Thank you. 5. A: Can you tell me where the University bookstore is?

— 135 — B: ...... A: O.K. Thank you, anyway. 6. A: Excuse me, officer, can you tell me how to get to the post office? P: ...... A: Will you say it again, officer? I’m new here. P: ...... A: Thank you very much. 7. P: Just a minute, sir. Didn’t you see that signal? A: ...... P: Then why did you cross the street? A: ...... P: That doesn’t make any difference. You shouldn’t cross the street even if there’s no traffic coming. A: ...... P: Well, don’t let it happen again. You might be fined for jaywalking. A: ...... Ex. 3. Make up your own dialogues explaining how to get • from your home to the University • from the suburbs to the centre of your town • to the central library • from the railway station to the central hotel • to the stadium • to the airport Make use of the following expressions. Questions Excuse me, how to get to can you tell me the way to Red Square? which bus goes to how far it is to if this is the right way to Is this the way to...? Can you direct me to...? Am I right for...? Am I on the right bus for...? Will this bus take me right to...?

— 136 — Will this street take me to...? Is there a bus stop near here? How much is it to...? Responses Go straight ahead for three blocks. Take bus 3/take a number 3 (bus, tram, etc.)/take the metro to Novogireevo station. This bus will (won’t) take you to... Walk (go) along the street until you see... Go as far as... It’s about a three-minute walk from here. It’s three blocks from here. It’s on the right hand side. You can’t miss it. I’m afraid I can’t help you. I’m new (a stranger) here myself. I’m going this way myself./Come with me if you like. II. Sightseeing Ex. 1. Answer the questions. A. 1. What is the best way to see the sights in a strange city? 2. What should one do to know more about a strange city? 3. What is it advisable to have not to lose one’s way in a strange city? 4. What is the best way of sightseeing in Volgograd? 5. Are there any places of interest nearby? 6. How can they be reached? 7. How long will it take a visitor to make a tour of Volgograd? Will you recommend to make a guided tour of the city? B: Imagine that you are on a guided bus tour in Edinburgh. Listen and put the correct number beside each description. Then fill in the missing information. ______Abbey: built in.... by King David of Scotland ______Heart of Midlothian is a heart-shaped design... in the...... ______Edinburgh Castle: part of this, Queen Margaret’s chapel is the.... building in Edinburgh. ______John Knox House: now a... ______The Palace of Holyrood.... ______St Giles’s Cathedral: where.... preached.

— 137 — The three roads together between these two points are called......

— 138 — Ex. 2. Translate into English. Эдинбург — Афины Севера Ýäèíáóðã íåïîõîæ íà äðóãèå áðèòàíñêèå ãîðîäà. Åãî àðõè- òåêòóðà äàëà Ýäèíáóðãó âòîðîå èìÿ: «Àôèíû Ñåâåðà».  öåíòðå íàä ãëàâíûì áóëüâàðîì ãîðîäà, Ïðèíöèç-Ñòðèò, âîçâûøàåòñÿ çàì- êîâàÿ ñêàëà. Êðåïîñòü, ñòîÿùàÿ íà íåé, áûëà çàëîæåíà â VI âåêå.  Ýäèíáóðãå áîëåå 2500 äîìîâ, ïàìÿòíèêîâ, çàëîâ è öåðê- âåé îõðàíÿþòñÿ ãîñóäàðñòâîì. Òîëüêî â Ëîíäîíå, êîòîðûé ïðå- âûøàåò Ýäèíáóðã ïî âåëè÷èíå â 10 ðàç, òàêèõ ïàìÿòíèêîâ áîëü- øå. Ñîõðàíåíèå è ðåñòàâðàöèÿ èñòîðè÷åñêèõ çäàíèé — ýòî ãëàâ- íàÿ çàäà÷à ãîðîäà. Ãëàâíàÿ ìàãèñòðàëü ãîðîäà, Ðîéÿë-Ìàéë, òÿíåòñÿ îò çàìêà ïî äâîðöó Õîëèðóäàóñ. Ïî îáåèì ñòîðîíàì åå — âûñîêèå ìíîãî- êâàðòèðíûå äîìà, ìíîãèì èç êîòîðûõ — äî 500 ëåò. Ñ ýòîé óëèöû ìîæíî ñâåðàíóòü â ìíîãî÷èñëåííûå ïåðåóëêè, àëëåè è äâîðöû.  Ñòàðîì ãîðîäå íåìàëî äîñòîïðèìå÷àòåëüíîñòåé. Ïîìèìî çàìêà è Õîëèðóäõàóñà ñòîèò ïîñìîòðåòü ñîáîð ñâÿòîãî Äæàéë- çà, ïîñòðîåííûé â XV âåêå. Òàì íàõîäÿòñÿ ïàìÿòíèêè ìíîãèì çíàìåíèòûì øîòëàíäöàì, íîâûé ìóçåé âèñêè, ìóçåé âîñêîâûõ ôèãóð, ìóçåé äåòñòâà è ìíîãîå äðóãîå. Íà ìàëåíüêèõ óëèöàõ ìíîãî ðåñòîðàíîâ è çàìàí÷èâûõ ìàãàçèíîâ.  ñåðåäèíå XVIII âåêà, ê ñåâåðó îò Ñòàðîãî ãîðîäà, âîç- äâèãëè Íîâûé ãîðîä. Çäåñü âûðîñëè ýëåãàíòíûå çäàíèÿ, óñà- æåííûå äåðåâüÿìè ïëîùàäè è âåëèêîëåïíûå ñàäû.  îòëè÷èå îò Ñòàðîãî ãîðîäà, ó íîâîãî ãîðîäà — îòêðûòàÿ ïëàíèðîâêà, îí ïðîñòîðåí è ôîðìàëåí. Íîâûé ãîðîä — ýòî äåëîâîé öåíòð è îäíîâðåìåííî êðóï- íåéøèé æèëîé ðàéîí, òàê ÷òî ìíîãèå æèòåëè ýòîãî ïîëóìèë- ëèîííîãî ãîðîäà òðàòÿò íà äîðîãó îò äîìà äî ðàáîòû âñåãî ëèøü íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò. Êîðîëåâñêàÿ ñåìüÿ ïî-ïðåæíåìó â èþíå êàæäîãî ãîäà íà- íîñèò âèçèò â Ýäèíáóðã è îñòàíàâëèâàåòñÿ â îôèöèàëüíîé ðå- çèäåíöèè êîðîëåâû, âî äâîðöå Õîëèðóäõàóñ. Ýäèíáóðã — âòîðîé ïîñëå Ëîíäîíà ôèíàíñîâûé öåíòð Áðèòàíèè.  Ýäèíáóðãå äâà óíèâåðñèòåòà — Ýäèíáóðãñêèé è Õåðèîò-Óîò — îáà îíè ïåðåäîâûå íàó÷íûå öåíòðû.

— 139 — Ex. 3. Read the text about one of the famous sights in London. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Tower of London Nine centuries have passed since its erection, but time _____ to destroy the enormous thickness of its walls or shake the solidity of its construction. In spite of constant alterations and _____ during the ages of its existence the Tower has retained _____ of its former character and _____ appearance. Looking at the Tower you feel its close connection to the historical past of England with its constant and cruel fighting for power. Since the time of its erection the Tower of London has served many _____: first a King’s palace, then a fortress and a political prison. Now it is a museum. Several kings of England found _____ within its walls both against foreign enemies and their own people fighting for their liberties and privileges. The White Tower was the royal residence, all the Kings of England spending the first days of their reign there _____ the ancient tradition. From the White Tower Kings went to their coronation and some of them came down to the scaffold _____ in the outer court, _____ to surrender their power to the new pretenders. Among the numerous prisoners were kings, scientists and public leaders. Shakespeare mentioned many of their names _____ their tragic fate in his historical plays. Describing, forcing, forced, fate, much, lying, failed, according to, reasons, purposes, many, repairs, described, original, protection. Ex. 4. Find information about one of the sights of London, Washington, Moscow, etc. and prepare a presentation of it. (Illustrate it with pictures/diagrams/photos/videos/etc.) Ex. 5. Speak on the topic «How I went sightseeing in a strange town». III Transport Ex. 1. Discuss in groups the following question. A: 1. Does your family own a car? 2. Have you ever had an accident? 3. What happened? 4. Who was injured in the accident? 5. Was your car damaged? 6. Did it need repairing?

— 140 — 7. Who did the repairing? B: 1. What should one do not to get injured in a road accident? 2. How should pedestrians behave? 3. What are the rules for drivers? 4. What may drivers be fined for? C: 1. Does traffic in England keep right or left? 2. Where else does traffic keep left? 3. Why do you think the English don’t change their traffic system? 4. What would they have to do if they decided to make traffic in their country keep right? D: 1. What does one have to do to be allowed to drive a car? 2. Is it difficult or easy to pass a driver’s test in this country? 3. What questions may one be asked when taking a driver’s test? Ex. 2. An accident 1. Read the article. Then look at the two maps and choose the map which corresponds to the article. Smash girl in a tizzy Motorist Lesley Aston doesn’t remember much about her trip home from work. But villagers at Studley, Warwicks, will never forget it. First, her Austin 1300 rammed the back of another car waiting at the junction. She drove off without stopping, overtook cars waiting at a pedestrian crossing and swung into a roundabout on the wrong side. Then 20-year-old Lesley crashed head-on into a second car, swerved into a third and careered into a brick wall before coming to rest on a garage forecourt. She later told the police that she had only vague memories of what had happened. Lesley was fined $ 150 for reckless driving and failing to stop after an accident or report it.

— 141 — — 142 — 2. Look at your map, mark the following and explain the meaning of these words: a roundabout a pedestrian crossing a junction 3. Read the article again and find the words which correspond to these definitions: 1. to catch up with 2. to strike and push heavily 3. to move in a curve 4. to change direction suddenly 5. to take money from smb as a punishment for breaking a rule 6. not clear to distinct 7. not thinking or caring about effects 4. Discuss in pairs «What could have been done to avoid the accident? «Be ready to report your ideas to the class. 5. Think of a car accident that you read about/witnessed. Tell your partner about the accident while he/she draws it. Let the partner report to the class. Ex. 3. Public transport in Great Britain Fill in the blanks with the words from the list: sliding doors, double-decker, destination, single-decker, escalator, platform, bus stop, inspector, taxi-rank, conductor, rush-hour, subway, driver, fare, tube, hail, coach, crew, metro, check, meter, cab, lift, tip, rack. A taxi, sometimes called ..., is the most comfortable way to travel. You simply ... the taxi in the street or go to a ..., where there are several taxis waiting, for example at a station. At the end of your journey, you can see how much the ... is by looking at the .... You add a ... to this, and that’s it. Very simple. But expensive! What about taking a bus? If it has two floors, it is called a ... and you can get a good views from the top. If it has only one floor, it is called a .... Most busses have a two-person ...: the ..., who drives, of course, and the ..., who takes your money. Keep your ticket because an ... might want to ... it. You catch a bus by waiting at a .... But try to avoid the.... Quicker than the bus is the underground (called the ... in London, the ... in New York and the ... in Paris and many other cities). You buy your ticket at the ticket-office. Go down to the ... on

— 143 — the ... or in the .... The train comes. The ... open. You get on. You look at the map of the underground system. Very simple. For longer distances take a train or a long distance bus, usually called a ..., which is slower but cheaper. The train is very fast. Put your luggage on the ... and sit and wait till you arrive. Ex. 4. Traveling in the USA (1) Read the following text. There are three ways to get from city to city without a car. In some places, you can take Amtrak, the national passenger rail service. Or you can take a bus. Greyhound and Trailways are the largest long distance coach companies, and both of them offer monthly passes. And, of course, you can fly. There are dozens of airlines, both regional and national. Prices are not regulated, so airlines can make special offers that are sometimes cheaper than the train. There are also shuttle and commuter flights between some major cities that are close to each other. Getting around a city on public transportation is generally not as easy as it is in most other countries, but it is possible. Only a few cities have subways, but most towns of 50,000 or more have some kind of city bus service. If you can’t get where you want to by bus or subway, you can always take a cab. In many cities it is almost impossible to stop a cab on the street. It’s easier to call a taxi company listed in the Yellow Pages and ask them to send a cab to your door. The meter will show the amount you have to pay. The driver will usually expect a tip of at least 10%. In New York, cabs are everywhere on the streets, and cabbies expect a tip of 15%. (2) Ask 8 questions about the text. Ex. 4. Speak on travelling in Great Britain and the USA. (Use the information from exercises 2 and 3)

HOME READING Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. City life is simple What conveniences do we city rats have? Well, to begin, hot- dog vendors and mailboxes on nearly every corner, Korean delis

— 144 — where you can pick up anything from bananas to salsa to Listerine, and 24-hour news-stands with magazines and newspapers. It’s easy to get a dose of culture in the city — just how many small towns can boast first-class museums and theaters? — and big-time sports are there for the taking, too. You can get anything you want in the city delivered to your door: dry cleaning, drug prescriptions, groceries, videotapes and prepared foods of every imaginable variety. In my neighborhood alone, you have your pick of half a dozen Chinese restaurants, four Mexican restaurants, four delicatessens and five pizza joints. Nature and the vagaries of the weather need never complicate your life in the metropolis. No snow shoveling, no weeding, no raking leaves, no moving the lawn. In the city, you don’t have to worry about equipping your car with antifreeze or snow tires, because there are convoys of taxis and buses waiting to whisk you away. Most cities are impervious to natural disasters. Hurricanes aren’t much of a problem in places like New York, Detroit or Seattle, nor are blizzards, tsunamis, avalanches or plagues of locusts. In the event that something bad does happen, hospitals, medical specialists and shrinks are within easy reach — something that can’t be said for picturesque little villages. You say you still miss nature? Most cities have public parks where you can frolic about on your Rollerblades completely free of charge — parks that tend to have thing that your backyard would never dream of, like botanical gardens with rare flowers, boating ponds and gazebos, and zoos with lions and tigers and bears. As for your nature-impoverished apartment, there are roses and tulips to be had for a few bucks at your corner deli. Living in the country is simple not because it’s easy, but because it keeps the connections visible. In spring you plant the seeds; in summer the vegetables come. You increase your chances of good and healthy crop by providing fertile soil and plenty of moisture. Once upon a time, most people lived this way. Now most people live an urban life, and cause and effect are kept apart by layers of bureaucracy. Stores assume you’re honest and don’t demand that you dump a dozen pieces of identification on the counter before they’ll accept your check.

— 145 — There are no traffic jams — though it doesn’t mean that there are no traffic problems. Someone recently ran an ad offering to sell a Subaru. It did have a dented hood, admitted the seller, occasioned by a collision with a highway-hogging moose. And if we leave the lights on in our car or a window open during a storm, if the sheep get out of the meadow or the cows get in the corn, there is always a neighbour to set things right. In the close confines of the city, where the need for privacy teaches people to ignore what goes on next door, this would be an intrusion. In the country, with space to protect our privacy, such concern is a kindness. We’ll never see a Degas exhibit at the local museum. The distances that give us privacy deprive us of other things. There is one Chinese restaurant, not 100. And only one movie theatre. You either like that kind of thing or you don’t, and if you belong to the part of the world that relishes looking in the windows of the 15 new restaurants that have sprung up over night trying to decide where to eat, life in a rural region will seem stark and stale. «What do you do?» the urban visitor asks, looking across the meadow at the pine forest, seeing a curtain of green that shuts out the world. «We walk through that curtain of green and into the forest,» we answer. There, in late spring, there will be lady’s slippers in bloom, and then the wild rhododendron and lily-of-the-valley and little starlike flowers called bunchberry, and then on the barrens the tiny rose-tinged flowers of the blueberry. We are about to continue the rhapsody, singing simple songs of picking raspberries and blackberries, following cross-country ski trails through silent woods, taking the canoe out to the islands for lunch, but the visitor has found a four-day-old New York Times folded on the table. The world is blowing up all over the front page, and the visitor is happy at last, comforted by the knowledge that somewhere something is going on. Ex. 2. Answer the questions using the text. 1. Where can you have a meal in a city/in the country? 2. How do nature and the weather complicate your life in a city/in the country? 3. Who suffers more from natural disasters: city or country dwellers? 4. What traffic problems are there in a city/in the country?

— 146 — 5. Would you enjoy more privacy living in a city or in the country? 6. Where do people show more concern to each other: in a city or in the country? 7. How close to nature are people in a city or in the country? Ex. 3. Find in the text words and word combinations, which correspond in meaning to the following definitions: 1. to choose from 2. pizzeria 3. to drive smb away quickly 4. psychoanalyst 5. to play and jump about happily 6. to be robbed with violence 7. the cinema 8. a seller of small articles that can be carried about or pushed in a cart 9. a shop that sells unusual and often expensive foods, especially foods that are cooked and ready to eat 10. a table or stall esp. on a street or in a station where newspapers, magazines, books are sold 11. to take away from, to prevent from using or having 12. a chief city or the capital city of a country Ex. 4. Comment on the following (explain or paraphrase). 1. You can get pretty much anything you want in the city delivered to your door: dry cleaning, ... 2. In my neighborhood alone, you have your pick of half a dozen Chinese restaurants, ... 3. ... there are convoys of taxis and buses waiting to whisk you away 4. As for your nature-impoverished apartments, there are roses and tulips to be had for a few bucks at your corner deli. 5. ... if you belong to the part of the world that relishes looking in the windows of the 15 new restaurants that have sprung overnight. Ex. 5. Name up to 3 things that attract you most in: 1) urban life 2) rural life. Ex. 6. Make up lists of: A: things that a city life/the country life offers to:

— 147 — • young children • teenagers • business people • aged people B: disadvantages of a city life/the country life. In class discuss your lists in groups. Ex. 7. Choose one of the following topics and write a 250-300- word essay. 1. Some people prefer to live in a small town. Others prefer to live in a big city. Which place would you prefer to live in? Use specific reasons and details to support your answer. 2. It is better for children to grow up in the countryside than in a big city. Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to develop your essay. 3. City-dwellers often boast about the advantages of urban living, while the inhabitants of small town think their way of life has more to offer. Summarize the advantages of these two life styles and say which you think is more suitable for someone your age. Explain the reasons for your opinion. NOTE: • Plan your essay before starting to write. • Provide effective supporting points for the ideas it puts forward. • Be sure there is a clear relationship between all the points and the whole essay.

HOME LISTENING Ex. 1. Find English equivalents to the words and word combinations. Òðàíñïîðòíàÿ ñèñòåìà, áûòü î÷åíü ðàçäðàæåííûì, ïëî- õîé ñåðâèñ/îáñëóæèâàíèå, ïëîùàäêà ïîñåðåäèíå, ìåòðî â Ëîí- äîíå, êðàñíûå äâóõýòàæíûå àâòîáóñû, çàïðûãèâàòü â è âûï- ðûãèâàòü èç àâòîáóñ(à), ÷åðíîå òàêñè, áþðî ïåðåâîäîâ, «êðû- ñèíàÿ ãîíêà», èìåòü ïðàâî íà ÷òî-òî ïî çàêîíó, çàáðîøåííîå ëåòíîå ïîëå.

— 148 — Ex. 2. Translate the text from Russian into English using the tape. Âñÿêèé ðàç, êîãäà ÿ ïðèåçæàþ â Ëîíäîí, ÿ æàëóþñü íà òðàíñïîðò. Îäíàæäû ÿ åçäèëà ñî ñâîåé ïîäðóãîé èç Âåíãðèè è îíà, êàæåòñÿ, áûëà î÷åíü ðàçäðàæåíà òàêèì îòâðàòèòåëüíîì ñåðâèñîì.  Âåíãðèè ÿ íàáëþäàëà ñîâñåì èíóþ êàðòèíó. Íà îá- ùåñòâåííîì òðàíñïîðòå ìîæíî äîáðàòüñÿ äî ëþáîé òî÷êè ãî- ðîäà, òàê êàê îíè ñòûêóþòñÿ ñ òðàìâàéíûìè ïóòÿìè è ëèíèÿ- ìè ìåòðî. Îñîáåííî ìíå íðàâèòñÿ ñòàðûå àâòîáóñû ñ ïðîñòîð- íûìè ïëîùàäêàìè ïîñåðåäèíå.  Ëîíäîíå ìåòðî ãðÿçíîå, îïàñíîå è ãëóáîêîå. Âîçìîæ- íî, îíî áûñòðåå äðóãèõ âèäîâ òðàíñïîðòà, íî èíîãäà ìîæíî ïðîæäàòü ïîåçäà íà ñòàíöèè î÷åíü äîëãî èëè çàñòðÿòü â òóí- íåëå. Ëîíäîíñêîå ìåòðî ïëîõî îðãàíèçîâàíî è íå ðàöèîíàëü- íî. Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ êðàñíûå äâóõýòàæíûå àâòîáóñû. Ðàíüøå ó íèõ áûëà îòêðûòàÿ çàäíÿÿ ÷àñòü, è âû ìîãëè çàïðûãèâàòü è âûïðûãèâàòü, êîãäà âàì íåîáõîäèìî. Òåïåðü â òàêèõ àâòîáó- ñàõ ñäåëàëè äâåðè. Ìíå íîâûå àâòîáóñû íå ïî âêóñó. Ê ñîæà- ëåíèþ, â Ëîíäîíå íåò òðàìâàåâ, õîòÿ îíè íå çàãðÿçíÿþò âîç- äóõ, òàê êàê åçäÿò íà ýëåêòðè÷åñòâå. Ìíå êàæåòñÿ, äëÿ Ëîí- äîíà áûëî áû îòëè÷íî óáðàòü íåêîòîðîå êîëè÷åñòâî ìàøèí ñ óëèö è ïðîëîæèòü òðàìâàéíûå ïóòè. Ìîé ëþáèìûé âèä òðàíñïîðòà — òðîëëåéáóñ. Ìíå íðàâèòñÿ åõàòü â òðîëëåéáóñå âî âðåìÿ ãðîçû. ß çàâèäóþ òåì ëþäÿì, êîòîðûå ìîãóò õîäèòü íà ðàáîòó ïåøêîì. Ìíå êàæåòñÿ ýòî òàêàÿ ïðèÿòíàÿ ïðîãóëêà, îñî- áåííî ïåðåä ðàáî÷èì äíåì. Êîãäà ïðèõîäèòñÿ åçäèòü îáùå- ñòâåííûì òðàíñïîðòîì â ÷àñ ïèê, òî ÷óâñòâóåøü ñåáÿ ÷àñ- òüþ âñåîáùåé «êðûñèíîé ãîíêè». Ëþäè íàáèâàþòñÿ â âàãîí ìåòðî èëè â àâòîáóñû êàê ëåììèíãè âî âðåìÿ ìèãðàöèè. Ñòà- íîâèòñÿ óæàñíî òåñíî, è ëþäè ñòàíîâÿòñÿ àãðåññèâíû è ðàç- äðàæèòåëüíû. Ìàøèíó ÿ íàó÷èëàñü âîäèòü â ñåìíàäöàòü ëåò, êàê òîëüêî ýòî ñòàëî âîçìîæíî ïî âîçðàñòó. Ïåðâûå óðîêè ìíå äàëà ìàìà. Ìû åçäèëè íà ñòàðîå çàáðîøåííîå ëåòíîå ïîëå, è òàì ÿ åçäèëà ïî êðóãó è ïîòîì ïî äåðåâåíñêèì äîðîãàì, ãäå áûëî î÷åíü ìàëî øàíñîâ ñáèòü êàêóþ-íèáóäü ñòàðóøêó. Ïîòîì ó ìåíÿ áûëî ÷å- òûðå óðîêà ñ ïðîôåññèîíàëüíûì èíñòðóêòîðîì. Îí ïîäãîòî- âèë ìåíÿ ê ýêçàìåíàì.

— 149 — Ex. 3. Answer the questions. 1. Is public transport in your city/country good and well organized? 2. What kinds of transport can be found in your town? Is it safe? 3. What is the quickest and most comfortable means of transport in your city? 4. How do you get to the University? 5. How does your parents/sister/brother get to work/school? 6. Can you drive? Where did you learn to drive? Who taught you? Was it difficult to pass your driving test? CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS

TEXT Ex. 1. Read and translate the text. Keeping Up Traditions Customs and traditions take a very important place in everyday life. Traditions mean integration. People create their own customs and rituals in their strong drive to build community around themselves, such as celebrating certain occasions, cooking definite dishes for some holidays, wearing certain clothes on different occasions, setting up fan clubs, organizing sports sections, etc. Customs and traditions provide assurance and an answer to the question «What am I going to do on that occasion?» They provide a framework, a set of signs and symbols, rules and roles, and appropriate dress. The greatest events in the passage of life-birth and death, christening and wedding — all have their traditional customs. Following them means respect for our predecessors who passed them over to us. However, the rapid scientific-technological development in the 19th and especially 20th century greatly contributed to the transition from a predominantly rural-agricultural to an urban-industrial, even post-industrial, society. This has resulted in a loss of the initial meaning of many customs and traditions that went without saying still couple of centuries ago. Nowadays there is a dangerous tendency that if they are even maintained in the folklore, less and less people will remember the true meaning and importance such customs and traditions had in earlier times. Especially people of the younger generation tend to estrange themselves from their age-old traditional heritage and its true meaning. This happens often because of the association with the term «tradition» that bears a connotation of something fossilized and obsolete, and the tendency of customs and traditions over time to turn into meaningless and rigid prescriptions. This is not necessarily bad. Why, it is a natural process when many customs get given up as no longer relevant, and are only referred to in history. After all, there must also be room for cultural renewal and the uprise of new customs and traditions that correspond to the hopes and joys of today’s world.

— 151 — From time immemorial each folk holiday in Russia had its own, peculiar ceremonies, traditions, songs. The origin of many holidays doesn’t often relate to the Christian holidays, as far as the source of most ancient ceremonies lies in the remote times of the past, the times of paganism. Christianity had finished with the religious ceremonies of paganism. However, many traditions were preserved by the people in the forms of merry entertainment and festive occasions, some of them were even adapted to the Christian ceremonies and traditions. Ex. 2. Ask 10 questions about the text. Ex. 3. Retell the text. DIALOGUE Ex. 1. Read and translate the dialogue. A: Look! What an interesting article in today’s paper! It’s about New Year celebrations in different countries. B:Yes, I’ve read it too. It was interesting to see how different people see the New Year in. I remember in Cuba they store water beforehand and pour it into the street at midnight on New Year’s Eve. This symbolizes their wish for the New Year to be as clear, fresh and sparkling as the water they pour. A: And in Burma and India they put on their national costumes and go into the streets carrying flowers, toys and jars full of water — they pour water over each other. On a very hot night it can even be a pleasure to walk about in soaking clothes. And in India they traditionally fly bright kites on New Year’s Eve. B:So do the Japanese. Young and old enjoy it alike. In Japan 108 strokes of the bell announce the beginning of the New Year over the radio. Then everyone goes to bed to get up again at dawn so as not to miss the sunrise. They believe that if you miss the sunrise you’ll have bad luck in the new year. A: There’s something interesting about Panama, too. There at midnight they make as much noise as they can with bells, car horns, factory hooters and sirens. In this way they «please» the new Year.

— 152 — B:And in Italy they follow a very old tradition — in the last minutes of the old year they throw all the old things they don’t need — old furniture, pots and pans, old shoes, etc. — out of the windows. A: And look, in Scotland Hogmanay (as they call new Year’s Eve there) is a very merry holiday. If they see the New Year in at home they make a bright fire — for the brighter the fire, the better the luck. And at midnight the head of the house usually throws the front door wide open to let the Old Year out and the New Year in. And in the early hours of New Year’s morning the first visitors — «first-footers» — appear. tradition says the first-footer must be a dark-haired man — he will bring good luck to you. B:But do they ever celebrate it out-of-doors? A: Yes. Then they gather in some central square and wait for the clock to strike 12. Then, crossing arms, everyone links hands for the traditional song, «Auld Lang Syne». B:Oh, we forgot about England! I know that in England many people ignore the New Year and go to bed at their usual hour. Young people may go to a New Year party or dance. Young Londoners usually gather in Trafalgar Square or Piccadilly Circus to sing and dance and cheer the New Year in. The Englishmen celebrate Christmas instead. A: What a lot of interesting facts we’ve found out! Really, every country has its customs. Ex. 2. Reproduce the dialogue.

PHONETIC EXERCISES Ex. 1. Transcribe, translate and learn the following words. A. ritual, predecessor, folklore, heritage, association, uprise, ceremony, occasion, monarch, compliance, transition, siren, hooter, to create, to contribute, to maintain, to bear, appropriate, fossilized, obsolete, Christian, outstanding. B.Hogmanay, Christmas, Cuba, Burma, India, Japan, Japanese, Panama, Italy, Scotland, Trafalgar Square, Piccadilly Circus.

— 153 — Ex.2 Mark the stress and learn the following words. A. to celebrate, to organize, to congratulate. B.connotation, entertainment, Christianity, integration, generation, technological, necessarily, immemorial, to correspond, to introduce.

VOCABULARY Translate and learn the following words/word combinations I. custom — îáû÷àé; îáûêíîâåíèå, ïðèâû÷êà to establish; to cherish, to observe, to practice, to preserve, to pass over to sb, to give up a custom a local, ancient, old, pagan, relevant, fossilized, obsolete custom e.g. It’s a custom to do sth./that sb. do sth. customary e.g. It’s customary to do sth — Ïðèíÿòî... II. tradition — òðàäèöèÿ to establish, to start, to cherish, to maintain, to preserve, to stick to, a tradition to keep up, to carry on, to pass over to sb (= to hand down to sb), to give up new, old, an ancient, cherished, deep-rooted, established, a (an) family, popular, religious, historical, tradition peculiar, Christian, obsolete by (popular tradition), according to (ancient tradition) traditional e.g. It’s traditional to do sth III. holiday — ïðàçäíèê, äåíü îòäûõà. to be proclaimed by the government to celebrate a holiday on the first Monday in April to celebrate a holiday in compliance with certain traditionc eremonies to observe a holiday a bank (BE), legal (AE), public, national; major/minor; religious, folk; commemorative in nature and origin holiday

— 154 — IV. ceremony — öåðåìîíèÿ, òîðæåñòâî; îáðÿä, ðèòóàë. to hold, to conduct, to perform a ceremony a religious, Christian; solemn, wreath-laying, flag-rising; formal; funeral, marriage, wedding; opening ceremony V. festival — ïðàçäíåñòâî, ïðàçäíèê; ôåñòèâàëü, ïîêàç to hold, to keep a festival a religious, folk; merry; dance, drama, music, film, harvest festival. festive — ïðàçäíè÷íûé, âåñåëûé. a festive evening to gather round the festive board — ñîáðàòüñÿ çà ïðàçäíè÷íûì ñòîëîì to be in a festive mood — áûòü â ïðàçäíè÷íîì, ïðèïîäíÿòîì íàñòðîåíèè festivities — ïðàçäíåñòâà, òîðæåñòâà Christmas festivities. festivity — âåñåëüå, ïðàçäíè÷íîñòü VI. celebration — ïðàçäíîâàíèå, òîðæåñòâà to hold a celebration a formal, joyous, noisy, quiet, solemn; official, public, religious celebration e.g. It calls for a celebration! to celebrate formally, joyously, noisily, quietly, officially, privately, publicly, to celebrate sth with a party/by going to a restaurant VII. Some useful expressions. to have a day off from work to remember sb/sth on (a certain day) to pay tribute/respect to sb to congratulate sb. on sth to decorate sth with sth to introduce changes to the life of people to maintain in the folklore to commemorate an event/day the younger/older generation(s) the source of the ceremony lies in... the historical background of the holiday

— 155 — the uprise of new customs and traditions this custom dates back to... from time immemorial a symbol of sth a firework display a greeting card

VOCABULARY EXERCISES Ex. 1. Translate the sentences from English into Russian. Be ready for their back translation. 1. Different people who came to the U.S. from China, Africa, South America, South Asia, and every European country brought to their new land a wonderful mixture of customs and traditions. 2. Social customs vary greatly from country to country. 3. Most of Christmas customs are variations of traditions brought to America by European emmigrants. 4. It’s a custom here to shake hands with a man you’re being introduced to. 5. Going home for Christmas is a most cherished tradition of the holiday season. 6. Because they do not want their old traditions to die, Native Americans hold festivals called «pow-wows» in different parts of the U.S. 7. «Square dancing» is the most traditional American dance that comes from English folk dancing. 8. Visitors watch the Hopi Indians carry on their strong tradition of rain dancing, a combination of dancing and prayer, to invoke rain in hot, dry August. 9. In the U.S. there are only 5 national holidays that are celebrated in every state. 10. Americans display a flag on Flag Day (June 14th), but it’s not a major holiday and businesses stay open. 11. Easter is a Christian holiday, which celebrates the day when Jesus Christ came back from the dead. 12. On Christmas Day, there are other religious ceremonies at churches which families attend before they make their rounds to visit friends and relatives.

— 156 — 13. In addition to solemn ceremonies Memorial Day is often marked by other more joyful ones: colourful parades, sports competitions. 14. Cities all around the U.S. hold their own ceremonies on the last Monday in May to pay respect to the men and women, who have died in wars or in the service of their country. 15. Two picteresque New Year’s Day festivals receive widespread coverage by mass media: the Mummer’s Parade and the Tournament of Roses. 16. Don’t stay in here on your own; come next door and join the festivities. 17. Christmas is one of the festivals of the Christian Church. 18. At New Year’s Eve parties are held across the country on December 31, many guests watch television as part of the festivities. 19. Some of the customs of Halloween come from a Roman festival in honour of Pomona, goddess of gardens and orchards. 20. Out of pride for their native son, the Italian population of New York City organized the first celebration of the discovery of America on October 12, 1866. 21. In following years, many of the original colonists celebrated the autumn harvest with a feast of thanks. 22. Since Thanksgiving falls on the fourth Thursday of November, a different date every year, the President must proclaim that day as the official celebration. 23. Some days commemorate events which may be personally significant for the older generations but have lost their relevance for the younger ones. 24. The costal town of Santa Barbara, California pays tribute to the early settlers who came from Spain, by performing historical plays during the Old Spanish Days in August. 25. The ship U.S.S. John F. Kennedy comes in full sail to Boston Harbour in Massachusetts on the 4th of July, and more than 150,000 people watch fireworks burst over the water.

— 157 — Ex. 2. Fill in the missing prepositions or adverbs. Translate the sentences. 1. They might ban the advertising of beer on TV _____ their drive to reduce alcohol consumption. 2. They used to cook Easter cakes _____ Easter in every Russian household. 3. I’m not used to wearing a tie; I have to do it, though, _____ special occasions. 4. The local council is going to set _____ a special committee to look into the matter. 5. If they had any respect _____ human life they wouldn’t do such terrible things. 6. The tradition of painting Easter eggs was passed ______us by our predecessors. 7. This advertising campaign has contributed significantly _____ the success of the new car. 8. The car accident resulted _____ the death of two passengers. 9. If you take a job as a journalist it goes _____ saying that sometimes you’ll have to work _____ weekends. 10. People used to find a lot of fun _____ feast fighting _____ earlier times. 11. Repeated arguments tend to estrange children _____ their parents. 12. The word «armchair» bears connotations _____ comfort and relaxation. 13. I’m sure that what you now call «tragedy» _____ time will turn _____ nothing but a vaguely unpleasant memory. 14. His work isn’t bad but there’s still plenty of room _____ improvement. 15. The contents of the box must correspond _____ the description on the label. 16. In the holiday called Ivan Kupalo everything relates _____ water. 17. The invention of the radio introduced great changes _____ man’s life. 18. The factory operates ____ compliance _____ government safety regulations.

— 158 — 19. That disagreement resulted _____ a complete break between the partners. 20. I’m afraid the facts leave little room _____ doubt as to her guilt. Ex. 3. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Ñóùåñòâóåò ðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé îáû÷àé — 31 äåêàáðÿ äàâàòü îáåùàíèÿ íà Íîâûé ãîä. 2. Èíîñòðàíöåâ, ïðèåçæàþùèõ â Àíãëèþ, ïîðàæàåò äî- âîëüíî áîëüøîå êîëè÷åñòâî îáû÷àåâ è îñîáåííîñòåé àíãëè÷àí. 3. Àíãëè÷àíå ãîðäÿòñÿ ñâîèìè òðàäèöèÿìè è áåðåæíî èõ ñîõðàíÿþò. 4. Äåíü áëàãîäàðåíèÿ — ýòî ñåìåéíûé ïðàçäíèê, ïîýòîìó ïðèíÿòî âñåì ÷ëåíàì ñåìüè ñîáèðàòüñÿ â äîìå ðîäèòåëåé. 5. Èñòîêè ìíîãèõ ðàçíîîáðàçíûõ îáû÷àåâ, êîòîðûå ñî- áëþäàþò â Ïàñõàëüíîå Âîñêðåñåíüå, ëåæàò â äîõðèñ- òèàíñêèõ ðåëèãèÿõ è Õðèñòèàíñòâå. 6. Àìåðèêàíöû çàèíòåðåñîâàíû â ñîõðàíåíèè òðàäèöèé, íî îíè ñïîñîáíû è ïîëîæèòü íà÷àëî íîâûì òðàäèöèÿì. 7. Ñåãîäíÿ òðàäèöèîííàÿ åäà íà äåíü Áëàãîäàðåíèÿ âêëþ- ÷àåò èíäåéêó, ñëàäêèé êàðòîôåëü, êóêóðóçó è òûêâåí- íûé ïèðîã. 8. Õîòÿ ñëîâî «holiday» áóêâàëüíî îçíà÷àåò «ñâÿòîé äåíü», áîëüøèíñòâî àìåðèêàíñêèõ ïðàçäíèêîâ ïî õàðàêòåðó è ïðîèñõîæäåíèþ íå ðåëèãèîçíûå, à ïàìÿòíûå. 9. Øêîëû è ïðåäïðèÿòèÿ çàêðûâàþòñÿ íà ãëàâíûå ïðàçä- íèêè, òàêèå êàê Ðîæäåñòâî è Íîâûé ãîä. 10. Îôèöèàëüíûå ôåäåðàëüíûå ïðàçäíèêè îòìå÷àþòñÿ â ñîîòâåòñòâèè ñ çàêîíîäàòåëüñòâîì îòäåëüíûõ øòàòîâ. 11. Ïëåìåíà êîðåííûõ àìåðèêàíöåâ ïðîâîäÿò ñïåöèàëü- íûå öåðåìîíèè ñ òàíöàìè è ìóçûêîé äëÿ òàêèõ ñîáû- òèé êàê îõîòà, ñâàäüáà, ñðàæåíèÿ. 12. Íåêîòîðûå àíãëèéñêèå öåðåìîíèè äîâîëüíî îôèöè- àëüíûå, òàêèå êàê ñìåíà êàðàóëà ó Áóêèíãåìñêîãî äâîð- öà èëè Ãîñóäàðñòâåííîå îòêðûòèå Ïàðëàìåíòà. 13.  Äåíü ïîáåäû Ïðåçèäåíò âûñòóïàåò ñ ðå÷üþ è ïðèíè- ìàåò ó÷àñòèå â öåðåìîíèè âîçëîæåíèÿ âåíêà íà Ìîãè- ëó Íåèçâåñòíîãî ñîëäàòà.

— 159 — 14. Íîâîãîäíèå òîðæåñòâà ÷àñòî ïðîäîëæàþòñÿ äî äâóõ èëè òðåõ ÷àñîâ óòðà. 15. Õîòÿ Õýëëîóèí ïîëó÷èë ñâîå íàçâàíèå îò Õðèñòèàíñ- êîãî ïðàçäíèêà, åãî îáû÷àè èìåþò ÿçû÷åñêîå ïðîèñ- õîæäåíèå. 16. Äîì áûë ïîëîí ðîäñòâåííèêîâ, êîòîðûå ïðèåõàëè íà Ðîæäåñòâî, è âñå ïðèíÿëè ó÷àñòèå â ïîäãîòîâêå ê ïðàç- äíèêó. 17.  êàíóí Íîâîãî ãîäà ëþäè îòìå÷àþò îêîí÷àíèå ñòàðî- ãî ãîäà è íà÷àëî íîâîãî. 18. Ìíîãèå èäóò íà ÷àñòíûå íîâîãîäíèå âå÷åðèíêè, íî íåêîòîðûå ïðåäïî÷èòàþò áîëüøèå îáùåñòâåííûå ïðàç- äíîâàíèÿ. 19. Ìû îòìåòèëè äåíü ðîæäåíèÿ íàøåãî íà÷àëüíèêà ïî- õîäîì â ðåñòîðàí. 20. Áåòòè âûèãðàëà ïåðâûé ïðèç â ñîðåâíîâàíèè: ýòî ñòî- èò îòìåòèòü! 21. Ïî÷òè â êàæäîé êóëüòóðå ìèðà ïðîâîäÿòñÿ ïðàçäíèêè áëàãîäàðíîñòè çà îáèëüíûé óðîæàé. 22. Ãîðàçäî ïîçæå, êîãäà Õðèñòèàíñòâî ðàñïðîñòðàíèëîñü ïî âñåé Èðëàíäèè, è äåíü 31-å Îêòÿáðÿ óæå áîëüøå íå áûë ïîñëåäíèì äíåì ãîäà, Õýëëîóèí ñòàë ïðàçäíèêîì â îñíîâíîì äëÿ äåòåé. 23.  Äåíü Íåçàâèñèìîñòè, ïðè íàñòóïëåíèè ñóìåðåê, ëþäè ñîáèðàþòñÿ ïîñìîòðåòü íà ôåéåðâåðê. 24. Ìîëîäûå ïîêîëåíèÿ ñåãîäíÿøíåãî äíÿ âîçìîæíî çíà- þò î êàêîì-òî ñîáûòèè òîëüêî èç ó÷åáíèêîâ èñòîðèè. 25. Âñêîðå ïîñëå Äíÿ Áëàãîäàðåíèÿ àìåðèêàíöû íà÷èíà- þò ïîñûëàòü Ðîæäåñòâåíñêèå îòêðûòêè è óêðàøàòü ñâîè äîìà åëêàìè. 26. Ñ íåçàïàìÿòíûõ âðåìåí ëþäè ïðèõîäèëè íà ýòó ãîðó, ÷òîáû ïðîâîäèòü ñâîè öåðåìîíèè è îñîáûå ðèòóàëû.

VOCABULARY EXTENSION I. Historic/historical — èñòîðè÷åñêèé historic means: important in history; having an influence on history. - a historic event/day/moment/occasion/meeting/speech/ battle/victory

— 160 — historical means: 1. belonging to history; in contrast to legend or fiction; real, not imaginary - a historical event/figure (= person)/novel/play 2. connected with history as a study - historical approach (= ïîäõîä)/development/study/ research/records/process/evidence Either historic or historical can be used with one and the same word. Thus, the Battle of Stalingrad was a historical event (it really happened) and also a historic event (it had an influence on Russian history) NOTE: In some cases neither historic nor historical is used, but history as an attribute: - the History faculty/department - a history book (= textbook)/lesson, class, lecture, exam, student, teacher. II. To congratulate – ïîçäðàâèòü, ïîçäðàâëÿòü To congratulate means: 1. to tell smb. that you are pleased about smth. happy or fortunate that has happened to them. - to congratulate smb. on smth. 2. to have pleasure and pride in oneself for smth successfully done; to consider oneself fortunate. E.g. She congratulated herself on having thought of such a good idea. To congratulate in English is much narrower in meaning than the Russian «ïîçäðàâèòü» and is used in reference to a personal achievement or an importance event in private life, for example: - to congratulate smb on graduating from an institute/getting a medal, prize/smb’s marriage, promotion, engagement/ passing the exam/winning the competition/the birth of smb’s son, etc. In colloquial speech use the word congratulation: E.g. Congratulations on passing your exams! your marriage! your coming-of-age!

— 161 — The English for: a) (Ïîçäðàâëÿþ òåáÿ)ñ äíåì ðîæäåíèÿ! Happy birthday Ann! Many happy returns of the day! b) (Ïîçäðàâëÿþ) ñ ïðàçäíèêîì! Ñ íîâûì ãîäîì! è ò.ï. A happy holiday! (A) Happy New Year! (A) Happy/Merry Christmas! (A) Happy Easter! These greetings are used in sentences as follows: - He wished her a happy birthday/many happy returns of the day. - He wished them all a happy New Year. In writing, for example, on birthday cards and on greeting cards, we also find the word greetings. - Birthday/Christmas/Easter greetings There is no general greeting which can be used for any festival (like the Russian «Ñ ïðàçäíèêîì!»). For festivals that are not observed in Britain use the word wishes, as follows: (My/Very) Best wishes for Women’s Day/Victory Day/ Constitution Day In sentences we can use the verb give: - The students gave the teacher their best wishes for Women’s Day. The word greetings may be used in writing for some festivals: - May Day/Victory Day greetings The verb send occurs with greetings. - We send May Day greetings to all our readers III. Present (N), to present a present — a gift - an anniversary/birthday/Christmas/wedding present - to wrap/to unwrap a present - to make smb a present of smth = ïîäàðèòü ÷òî-ëèáî êîìó-ëèáî to present — means: 1) to give away, esp. at a ceremonial occasion - to present smb with smth - to present sth to smb

— 162 — 2) to be the course of - to present no problem to sb 3) to show, to reveal - The poor fellow presented a wretched appearance 4). to happen - if an opportunity/chance (to do smth) presents itself... 5) to introduce a programme on TV or radio - to present a show (noun: a presenter = âåäóùèé ïðîãðàììû) IV. Occasion occasion means: 1) a time when smth happens (=ñëó÷àé) - on occasion = ïðè ñëó÷àå, èíîãäà, âðåìÿ îò âðåìåíè - except on occasions = çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àåâ - on the occasion of — ïî ñëó÷àþ, ïî ïîâîäó - to have/take on occasion to do sth 2) a suitable or favourable time - on occasion for... — âîçìîæíîñòü, áëàãîïðèÿòíûé ñëó÷àé - if the occasion arises — åñëè ïðåäñòàâèòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü - to do sth on the first possible occasion — ñäåëàòü ïðè ïåðâîé æå âîçìîæíîñòè 3) a special event or ceremony - a great occasion — áîëüøîå ñîáûòèå - quite an occasion — öåëîå ñîáûòèå - a festive occasion — ïðàçäíèê - a happy/joyful/memorable/unforgettable/official/special occasion - to celebrate the occasion — îòïðàçäíîâàòü/îòìåòèòü ñîáûòèå

VOCABULARY EXTENSION EXERCISES Ex. 1. Translate into Russian. Be ready for back translation. 1. My warmest congratulations on your promotion! 2. This volume contains President Lincoln’s historic speech. 3. You should congratulate yourself on your appearance. 4. I haven’t had an occasion to attend to it yet. 5. They made the other team a present of a goal by careless play (infml).

— 163 — 6. Did you wish your teacher a happy New Year? -Yes, we did, I he said «The same to you» (and he wished us the same). 7. Her clothes presented a strange appearance. 8. Y. Gagarin’s flight was of historic importance for the space exploration programme. 9. All her colleagues congratulated her heartily on the birth of her daughter. 10. A good opportunity has presented itself for doing what you suggested. 11. I only wear this suit on special occasions. 12. Going sightseeing in Kiev we were shown many hist orical monuments. 13. The relatives came to the Browns’ to congratulate James on having come first in the exams 14. You should go there if the occasion arises. 15. And here to present the show tonight is Bob Hope. 16. I met him on the occasion of my sister’s marriage. 17. She was showered with birthday presenters and flowers. 18. The mentioning of this event cannot be found in historical records. 19. I congratulated myself on having escaped unhurt. 20. I’ve had no occasion to visit him recently. Ex. 2. Fill in the blanks with historic, historical or history. 1. There is a... explanation for this. 2. All... monuments are now preserved by the state. 3. At the age of 43 Walter Scott began work on his first... novel. 4. This is one of the... oaks in which King Charles is supposed to have hidden. 5. The meeting between the two leaders was a... occasion. 6. How can your opinion be of any value if you know nothing about the... background to the problem? 7.... evidence does not bear out the theory that the ancient Britons were a primitive people. 8. The Battle of Trafalgar was a... victory for the British navy. 9. Mr Jones teaches in the... Department. 10. He spoke about the... development of the trade union movement. Ex. 3. Greet one of your fellow students (referred to as X) in an appropriate way. 1. X has just passed an exam. 2. It’s Christmas Day. 3. It’s X’s birthday. 4. It’s Women’s Day. 5. X has just been promoted at work. 6. X has won a skiing competition. 7. It’s New Year’s Day. 8. X has just got

— 164 — married. 9. X has just had a baby. 10. It’s Victory Day. 11. X has just had an article published. 12. X has just got a job he/she wanted very much. Ex. 4. Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Îí ïîçäðàâèë ðîäèòåëåé ñ Íîâûì ãîäîì. 2. -Ïîçäðàâëÿþ ñî ñäà÷åé ýêçàìåíà. 3. -Ñ äíåì ðîæäåíèÿ! 4. Äðóçüÿ ìåíÿ ïîçäðà- âèëè ñ äíåì ðîæäåíèÿ. 5. -Ïîçäðàâëÿþ ñ ãîäîâùèíîé ñâàäüáû (wedding anniversary). 6. Ãîñòè åãî ïîçäðàâèëè ñ ñîâåðøåííîëåòè- åì. 7. -ß õî÷ó âàñ ïîçäðàâèòü ñ Ìåæäóíàðîäíûì æåíñêèì äíåì. 8. Ïðîôåññîð ïîçäðàâèë ñâîåãî ìîëîäîãî êîëëåãó ñ âûõîäîì â ñâåò åãî ïåðâîé êíèãè. 9. -Ó ìåíÿ ðîäèëñÿ ñûí. -Ïîçäðàâëÿþ. 10. Ïðåä- ñåäàòåëü ïîçäðàâèë âåòåðàíîâ ñ ïðàçäíèêîì Ïîáåäû. 11. -Ïðè- ìèòå ìîè ïîçäðàâëåíèÿ ïî ïîâîäó âàøåãî íàçíà÷åíèÿ (appointment) íà ñòîëü âûñîêèé ïîñò. 12. Äèðåêòîð ïîçäðàâèë ñîòðóäíèêîâ (the staff) ñ Íîâûì ãîäîì. 13. Äðóçüÿ ïî êîìàíäå ñåðäå÷íî ïîçäðàâèëè íîâîãî ÷åìïèîíà. 14. Ìû ïîçäðàâèëè çàâå- äóþùåãî êàôåäðîé ñ ïîëó÷åíèåì íàãðàäû (the award). (Note that there is no need to translate «ïîëó÷åíèå» here) 15. Ìîëîäàÿ ïåâèöà ñêðîìíî ïðèíèìàëà ïîçäðàâëåíèÿ ñ ïîáåäîé íà êîíêóðñå. Ex. 5. Translate into English 1. Îòêðûòèå íîâîé øêîëû — ýòî âñåãäà áîëüøîå ñîáûòèå. 2. Ìíå íå íóæíû âñå ýòè ñòàðûå êíèãè; ÿ âàì èõ ïîäàðþ. 3.Âñå ïîçäðàâèëè Ðîáåðòà ñ óñïåøíîé çàùèòîé äèññåðòàöèè. 4. «Âîéíà è ìèð» — ýòî èñòîðè÷åñêèé ðîìàí Ë.Í. Òîëñòîãî, îïèñûâàþùèé ñîáûòèÿ 1812 ãîäà. 5. Ïîæàëóéñòà, ïåðåäàéòå åé ìîè ïîçäðàâëåíèÿ ñî ñâàäüáîé, êîãäà óâèäèòå åå. 6. Îáåùàþ ïîãîâîðèòü ñ íèì, êàê òîëüêî ïðåäñòàâèòñÿ âîçìîæíîñòü. 7.  òî âðåìÿ ìåíÿ íå áûëî äîìà. 8. Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ âñòðå÷à äâóõ ëèäåðîâ ïîëîæèëà êîíåö âîéíå. 9. Îíà ïîõâàëèëà ñåáÿ çà òî, ÷òî ñîõðàíèëà ïðèñóòñòâèå äóõà â òîé ñèòóàöèè. 10. Áåäíÿãà ïðåäñòàâëÿë èç ñåáÿ æàëêîå çðåëèùå. 11. Åäâà ëè ýòî ïîäõîäÿùåå âðåìÿ äëÿ ñåìåéíîé ññîðû. 12. Äîêòîð Ãðèíáàóì — ýòî èñòîðè÷åñêèé ïåðñîíàæ, îí æèë â 18-ì âåêå â Ëîíäîíå.

— 165 — 13. Îí ïîçäðàâèë åå ñ ïîñòóïëåíèåì â Óíèâåðñèòåò. 14. Ñ÷àñòëèâûå äåòè ñèäåëè íà ïîëó, ðàçâîðà÷èâàÿ ðîæäåñòâåíñêèå ïîäàðêè 15. Ó ìåíÿ ìàëî âîçìîæíîñòåé ãîâîðèòü ïî-ôðàíöóçñêè, ïîýòîìó ìíå íå õâàòàåò áåãëîñòè â ÿçûêå. 16.  øêîëå ÿ íåíàâèäåë óðîêè èñòîðèè: ó ìåíÿ ïëîõàÿ ïàìÿòü íà äàòû. 17. Âåäóùèå ïîïóëÿðíûõ ïðîãðàìì — ëþäè èçâåñòíûå, ó íèõ ÷àñòî áåðóò èíòåðâüþ äëÿ ãàçåò èëè æóðíàëîâ. 18. Âñå äðóçüÿ Äæåéí ïðèøëè ïîçäðàâèòü åå ñ äíåì ðîæäåíèÿ. 19. Áûëà âûáðàíà êîðîëåâà êðàñîòû, ÷òîáû íàãðàäèòü ïðèçàìè ïîáåäèòåëåé íà åæåãîäíîé âûñòàâêå öâåòîâ. 20. ß îáåùàþ ñäåëàòü ýòî ïðè ïåðâîé æå âîçìîæíîñòè. 21. Áîëüøèíñòâî èñòîðè÷åñêèõ çäàíèé â öåíòðå ãîðîäà ñåé÷àñ ðåñòàâðèðóþòñÿ. 22. Ïîçäðàâëÿþ, Òîìàñ, ÿ òîëüêî ÷òî óçíàë, ÷òî òû îêîí÷èë øêîëó. 23. Êîãäà ìèñòåð Áðàóí óõîäèë íà ïåíñèþ, äèðåêòîð ôèðìû âðó÷èë åìó çîëîòûå ÷àñû. 24. Çà èñêëþ÷åíèåì ðåäêèõ ñëó÷àåâ, çèìà â íàøèõ ìåñòàõ î÷åíü õîëîäíàÿ. 25. Îí õîðîøî ðàçáèðàåòñÿ â êîìïüþòåðàõ, îíè íå ïðåäñòàâëÿþò äëÿ íåãî íèêàêèõ òðóäíîñòåé Ex. 6. Make up a story/situation using the words from the Vocabulary and Vocabulary Extension.

CLASS READING Ex. 1. Look at the title of the article. Do you think the article will be serious or light-hearted? Why? Read the text. A World Guide to Good Manners How not to behave badly abroad by Norman Ramshaw Travelling to all corners of the world gets easier and easier. We live in a global village, but how well do we know and understand each other? Here is a simple test. Imagine you have arranged a meeting

— 166 — at four o’clock. What time should you expect your foreign business colleagues to arrive? If they’re German, they’ll be bang on time. If they’re American, they’ll probably be 15 minutes early. If they’re British, they’ll be 15 minutes late, and you should allow up to an hour for the Italians. When the European Community began to increase in size, several guidebooks appeared giving advice on international etiquette. At first many people thought this was a joke, especially the British, who seemed to assume that the widespread understanding of their language meant a corresponding understanding of English customs. Very soon they had to change their ideas, as they realized that they had a lot to learn about how to behave with their foreign business friends. FOR EXAMPLE: The British are happy to have a business lunch and discuss business matters with a drink during the meal; the Japanese prefer not to work while eating. Lunch is a time to relax and get to know one another, and they rarely drink at lunchtime. The Germans like to talk business before dinner, the French like to eat first and talk afterwards. They have to be well fed and watered before they discuss anything. Taking off your jacket and rolling up your sleeves is a sign of getting down to work in Britain and Holland, but in Germany people regard it as taking it easy. American executives sometimes signal their feelings of ease and importance in their offices by putting their feet on the desk whilst on the telephone. In Japan, people would be shocked. Showing the soles of your feet is the height of bad manners. It is a social insult only exceeded be blowing your nose in public. The Japanese have perhaps the strictest rules of social and business behaviour. Seniority is very important, and a younger man should never be sent to complete a business deal with an older Japanese man. The Japanese business card almost needs a rulebook of its own. You must exchange business cards immediately on meeting because it is essential to establish everyone’s status and position. When it is handed to a person in a superior position, it must be given and received with both hands, and you must take time to read it carefully, and not just put it in your pocket! Also the bow is a very important part of greeting someone. You should not expect the

— 167 — Japanese to shake hands. Bowing the head is a mark of respect and the first bow of the day should be lower than when you meet thereafter. The Americans sometimes find it difficult to accept the more formal Japanese manners. They prefer to be casual and more informal, as illustrated by the universal «Have a nice day!» American waiters have a one-word imperative «Enjoy!» The British, of course, are cool and reserved. The great topic of conversation between strangers in Britain is the weather — unemotional and impersonal. In America, the main topic between strangers is the search to find a geographical link. «Oh, really? You live in Ohio? I had an uncle who once worked there.» ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do.’ Here are some final tips for travellers. • In France you shouldn’t sit down in a cafe until you’ve shaken hands with everyone you know. • In Afghanistan you should spend at least five minutes saying hello. • In Pakistan you mustn’t wink. It is offensive. • In the Middle East you must never use the left hand for greeting, eating, drinking, or smoking. Also, you should take care not to admire anything in your hosts’ home. They will feel that they have to give it to you. • In Russia you must match your hosts drink for drink or they will think you are unfriendly. • In Thailand you should clasp your hands together and lower your head and your eyes when you greet someone. • In America you should eat your hamburger with both hand and as quickly as possible. You shouldn’t try to have a conversation until it is eaten. Ex. 2. Comprehension check Read the article again and answer the questions. Discuss the questions in pairs. 1. Which nationalities are the most and least punctual? 2. Why did the British think that everyone understood their customs? 3. Which nationalities do not like to eat and do business at the same time? 4. ‘They (the French) have to be well fed and watered.’ What or who do you normally have to feed and water?

— 168 — 5. An American friend of yours is going to work in Japan. Give some advice about how he/she should and shouldn’t behave. 6. Imagine you are at a party in (a) England (b) America. How could you begin a conversation with a stranger? Continue the conversations with your partner. 7. Which nationalities have rules of behaviour about hands? What are the rules? 8. Why is it not a good idea to...... say that you absolutely love your Egyptian friend’s vase. ... go to Russia if you don’t drink alcohol. ... say ‘Hi! See you later!’ when you’re introduced to someone in Afghanistan. ... discuss politics with your American friend in a McDonald’s. Ex. 3. Discuss in groups the following questions. 1. Do you agree with the saying ‘When in Rome, do as the Romans do’? Do you have a similar saying in your language? 2. What are the ‘rules’ about greeting people in your country? When do you shake hands? When do you kiss? What about when you say goodbye? 3. Think of one or two examples of bad manners. For example, in Britain it is considered impolite to ask people how much they earn. Prepare a report on the following: What advice would you give somebody coming to live and work in your country?

CLASS LISTENING Festival Ex. 1. You will hear someone talking about the origin of the Chinese Dragon Boat Festival. A. What does the speaker say about: - Chow Yen? - drums? - boats? - dumplings? B. Now listen to her describing what happens in the Festival. What do people do with boats, drums and dumplings now?

— 169 — Ex. 2. Work in groups. Choose a festival in your own country. What do you know about it? What aren’t you sure of? Write 10 questions about the festival to ask other students. Prepare a short report about the festival and be ready to speak about it in the class.

SPEAKING Ex. 1. Here are some texts containing tips for visitors to five different parts of the world. A. Which text do you think is about - Britain? - Thailand? - Spain? - West Africa? - Singapore? I • Don’t the surprised if people you don’t know well ask you how much you earn or how much your car cost. This is quite normal. • If you are invited for a meal, people will always offer you a second helping. You should always say ‘No’, so as not to appear greedy. This will be understood, and your host will give you more anyway. If you really don’t want any more, cover your plate with your hand. • It is polite to leave some food on your plate at the end of a meal — if you eat everything, it’s a sign that you want more. • Don’t drop litter — even cigarette ends. It will be noticed, and you’ll be fined. You can also be fined if you fail to flush the toilet in a restaurant or other public place. • In general, it is considered insulting to give tips, and many places have signs saying ‘No tipping’. I • Greetings can go on for some time — ‘How are you? How is the day? How’s business? How’s the family?’... Your answer should always be ‘Fine’, even if you’re not. If there’s a gap in the conversation, this is usually filed with more greetings.

— 170 — • Holding hands is common, even between strangers. Don’t be surprised if someone showing you the way down the street leads you by the hand. • In general, the left hand is used for ‘unclean’ activities, so use the right hand for giving things to people, handing food, etc. • People younger than you will avoid looking you straight in the eye. This is not rude — on the contrary, it is a sign of respect. • Hissing is a common way of attracting a person’s attention, and is not rude. It’s quite normal to hiss to call a waiter to your table. III • People regard their homes as very private places, so if you’re asked out to a meal it’ll probably be to a restaurant rather than to the person’s house or flat. • It’s common to see young children eating in restaurants with their parents, even quite late at night. • Evening activity starts late. Restaurants start to fill up around 10 o’clock, and nightlife can carry on till four or five in the morning — or even later. • Kissing (on both cheeks) is a common form of greeting between women, and between women and men. It is unusual between men, except when greeting a member of the family or a close friend. • If it’s your birthday, you’re expected to invite friends or colleagues for a drink or a meal. You’re the host, so you’re expected to pay. IV • Kissing is not common as a form of greeting unless you know someone well. It is especially unusual between men, who usually shake hands or just say ‘Hello’ without touching. People usually kiss on one cheek only. • Unless you know someone well, it’s impolite to ask them how much they earn, or how much they paid for something. • In shops and at bus stops, go to the back of the queue and wait. If you ‘jump the queue’, other people will angrily tell you to wait your turn. • Punctuality is important. If you arrange to meet someone, try not to be more than a few minutes late.

— 171 — • On trains, especially underground trains, people tend to sit in silence and read. If you try to start a conversation with the person next to you, don’t be surprised if you don’t get much of a response. V • The head is considered the most spiritual part of the body, and the feet the dirtiest part, and it is very impolite to point your foot at someone, especially at their head. So don’t sit with one leg crossed over the other, and never put your feet up on a chair or a desk. • It is also rude to point at people with your finger. If you must point at someone, do it by nodding your head. If you want to call a waiter, do it with your palm down, moving your fingers towards you. • It’s quite normal to visit people at home without being invited. If you do, take a small gift with you. • If you give someone a gift, they will usually thank you for it and put it aside without opening it. Don’t be offended — it’s bad manners to open a present in front of the person who has given it. B. According to the texts, where is it either polite or impolite to a. leave food on your plate? b. visit someone without an invitation? c. touch food with your left hand? d. ask someone how much they earn? e. look your boss straight in the eye? f. open a present immediately? g. arrive on time? C. Imagine yourself in one of the five places. Which customs would you find it - easy to get used to? - difficult to get used to? D. Imagine that someone from one of the five places is coming to visit you. What tips would you give them about your own country?

— 172 — Ex. 2. This information is taken from an Internet tourists guide. Look through the text and tell if the given information is true or false. It`’’’’s common with the Russians: • to wake up early in the morning and to go to bed late at night; • when visiting somebody, the Russians always carry a kind of souvenir or a bottle of light wine, or a carton of chocolates. A hostess should be given flowers and children — sweets or toys; • it’s the custom with the Russians to treat guests to Shchi (vegetable soup); bliny (pancakes) with butter or caviar; meat and mushrooms; potatoes (chips or mashed potatoes); salted fish, vodka and pickled cucumbers; • the odd number of flowers can be presented, only; • it’s a usual thing to let women, elder people and children seat in public transport. Think of four other traditions/customs typical for modern Russia. Discuss them in pairs or small groups. Be ready to report them to the class. Ex. 3. Render the text into English. Как осчастливить англичан: некоторые полезные советы Âî âñåõ ñòðàíàõ åñòü íåïèñàíûå ïðàâèëà ïîâåäåíèÿ â îá- ùåñòâå. Çà ïîñëåäíèå 30 ëåò àíãëè÷àíå ñòàëè êóäà áîëåå åñòå- ñòâåííåå, ÷åì ìîæíî âîîáðàçèòü, ÷èòàÿ ó÷åáíèêè. Ìíîãèå èç ðèòóàëîâ, ðàñïèñàííûå òàì, êàíóëè â Ëåòó. Òåì íå ìåíåå, ÷òî ëþäè äîëæíû âåñòè ñåáÿ îïðåäåëåííûì îáðàçîì â òîé èëè èíîé ñèòóàöèè. Ïóíêòóàëüíîñòü Åñëè âû äîãîâàðèâàåòåñü î âñòðå÷å â 10 ÷àñîâ, àíãëè÷àíå ïðèõîäÿò ðîâíî â 10. Íî åñëè ðå÷ü èäåò î ïðèãëàøåíèè â ãîñòè, òî îíè ïîñòàðàþòñÿ ïðèéòè íà íåñêîëüêî ìèíóò ïîçæå. Ó äåëî- âûõ ëþäåé âñåãäà ïåðåãðóæåííîå ðàñïèñàíèå. Åñëè âû ïðèãëà- øåíû íà âñòðå÷ó ñ 10.30 äî 11.00 ÷àñîâ, âû îáÿçàíû óëîæèòüñÿ â îòâåäåííûå ïîë÷àñà.

— 173 — Êàê åñòü è ïèòü Âñÿêàÿ ëè÷íîñòü è êàæäûé äîì íàñòîëüêî íåïîâòîðèìû, ÷òî òðóäíî ïðåäñêàçûâàòü, ÷òî âàñ æäåò. Îäíàêî, ó àíãëèéñêîãî ãîñòåïðèèìñòâà åñòü ñâîè îñîáåííîñòè. Åñëè âàñ ïðèãëàñèëè âå÷åðîì â ãîñòè, òî âàñ òàì îáÿçàòåëüíî íàêîðìÿò, íî åäà íå áóäåò ñòîÿòü íà ñòîëå ê ìîìåíòó âàøåãî ïðèõîäà. Ñíà÷àëà ëþäè áåñåäóþò, çíàêîìÿòñÿ, ïîòÿãèâàÿ êàêîé-íèáóäü íàïèòîê. Íàçûâàéòå ëþäåé èìåíàìè, ïîä êàêèìè èõ âàì ïðåäñòàâèëè. Åñëè âû íå çíàåòå êàê ÷òî åñòü, êàêèì ïðèáîðîì âîñïîëüçîâàòüñÿ, òî íå áîéòåñü ñäåëàòü îøèáêó è íå ñòåñíÿéòåñü ñïðîñèòü. Òðàïåçà íàâåðíÿêà áóäåò ñîñòîÿòü èç äâóõ áëþä. Õîçÿåâà ñëåäÿò çà òåì, ÷òîáû âñåì äîñòàëîñü ïîðîâíó ÿñòâ è ÷àñòî ñàìè óãîùàþò ãîñòåé. Åñëè âû íåãîëîäíû, ïîïðîñèòå íåáîëüøóþ ïîðöèþ. Çà ñòîëîì âàì ïðåäëîæàò ïèâà èëè âèíà. Íå ïîäëèâàéòå ñåáå íè ïèâà, íè âèíà ñàìîñòîÿòåëüíî. Ïîñëå åäû ãîñòè ðàññìàòðèâàþò êàðòèíû, ìóçèöèðóþò, ïðîñòî áåñåäóþò. Àíãëè÷àíå íèêîãäà íå ñêàæóò âàì, ÷òî ïîðà óõîäèòü, íî åñëè âàøè õîçÿåâà íå áëèçêèå äðóçüÿ, ëó÷øå íå çàñèæèâàòüñÿ ïîñëå 11 âå÷åðà. Ïîäàðêè Àíãëè÷àíå äàðÿò ïîäàðêè ðîäñòâåííèêàì è áëèçêèì äðóçüÿì ïî ñëó÷àþ äíÿ ðîæäåíèÿ è íà ðîæäåñòâî. Ìîæíî ïðèíåñòè ïîäàðîê ÷åëîâåêó, ïðèãëàñèâøåìó âàñ â ãîñòè, íî ýòî íåîáÿçàòåëüíî.  Àíãëèè íå ïðèíÿòî îäàðèâàòü òåõ, ñ êåì íàì áûëî ïðèÿòíî ïðîâåñòè âðåìÿ.  Íåáîëüøàÿ îòêðûòêà ñ áëàãîäàðíîñòüþ è ïîæåëàíèÿìè öåíèòñÿ íå ìåíüøå, ÷åì ïîäàðîê. Ex. 4. Holidays in the USA. A: Can you answer the following questions? 1. What American holidays do you know? 2. Do you know any public ceremonies or common customs observed on these days? 3. Do businesses close on Independence Day or Christmas Day? What about Mother’s Day or Flag Day? 4. What is the difference between major holidays and minor holidays? 5. Are public (legal) holidays celebrated by all states? B: Read the following text and find answers to the questions in part A.

— 174 — Happy New Year! April Fool! Trick or Treat! Merry Christmas! People in every culture celebrate holidays. Although the word «holiday» literally means «holy day», most American holidays are not religious, but commemorative in nature and origin. Because the nation is blessed with rich ethnic heritage it is possible to trace some of the American holidays to diverse cultural sauces and traditions, but all holidays have taken on a distinctively American flavour. In the United States, the word «holiday» is synonymous with «celebration»! In the strict sense, there are no national holidays in the United States. Each of the 50 states has jurisdiction over its holidays. Federal legal holidays are observed according to the legislation of individual states. There are «legal» or «public» holidays which are observed at the state or local level. Whether citizens have the day off from work or not depends on local decisions. Federal government offices, including the post office, are always closed on all federal legal holidays. Schools and businesses close on major holidays like Independence Day or Christmas but may not always be closed, for example, on Mother’s Day or Veterans’ Day. You can thumb through an ordinary calendar and discover many special days i.e. «minor holidays» which are observed by a relatively small number of people or by a particular interest group. For example, «Girl Scouts’ Birthday» or «United Nations Day» would have limited observance. Events involving famous Americans, living or dead, have a wider appeal. Many Americans may have forgotten the exact date when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated, but they remember exactly where they were and what they were doing when they first learned about his tragic death. Other days commemorate events which can be personally significant for one generation but have lost relevance for another. The younger generation of today may know of the even from their history book only. Other holidays such as «Groundhog’s Day» (February 2) are whimsically observed, at least in the media. The day is associated with folklore which has grown up in rural America. It is believed, by someone, if the groundhog comes out of its hole in the ground and sees its shadow on that day it will become frightened and jump back in. This means there will be at least six more weeks of winter. If it doesn’t see its shadow, it will not be afraid and spring will begin shortly.

— 175 — C: Find in the text words which correspond the meaning to the following definitions: 1. to observe a holiday, special day or event 2. in honour of a person or event (adj.) 3. having to do with people and their nationalities and customs (adj.) 4. tradition, background 5. varied, different (adj.) 6. noticeably different (adv.) 7. to remember a special day 8. a group of laws 9. to kill (used with famous people or leaders) 10. humorously and lightly (adv.) 11. traditional beliefs, legends. D: Choose an American holiday and prepare a presentation. Use the information from the texts that your teacher will give you. Find any other information about traditions, customs observed on this holiday.

HOME READING Ex. 1. Read and translate the texts. Orthodox Christmas Peter the Great, an outstanding Russian monarch, introduced many changes to the life of Russia and the Russian calendar. For example, Christmas, while remaining one of the main Christian holidays in Russia, is celebrated on the 7th of January, in compliance with the Russian calendar, but not on the 25th of December. The festive and merry days of Christmas are called Yule-tide in Russia. There is no any other holiday celebrated in compliance with so many specific traditions, ceremonies, etc. One of the ceremonies is called Kolyadki. The ceremony includes wishing of wealth and happiness for everybody. During the ceremony a snow-lady is made with a carrot nose, eyes of prunes and teeth of green beans. Lady Kolyada comes to the holiday to congratulate people and enjoy merry games and fun. Lady Kolyada is accompanied by some people bearing stars. They sing and dance in a ring on the snow with fired torches and push the festive Wheel.

— 176 — Shrovetide (Maslyanitsa) By the end of winter, a Pancake week comes right before Lent, it is also called a «cheese week». The Christian historians say that those were really «mad» days in the past. People wore funny masks and costumes, sometimes, men wore women clothing and vice a versa. Such masquerade gave start to merry festival, when nice food and a lot of wine was consumed. A big man of straw was burned as the final act of saying goodbye to the already passed winter. The feast fighting was one more great fun which helped to warm up on cold winter days. Tsars and Grand Princes used to find a lot of fun in feast fighting. At present special performances are held on Pancake week. Through the whole week people cook pancakes served with honey, caviar, fresh cream and butter. In Russian Pancake week is called Shrovetide, this word means «butter» in English. It means that many different food, including butter, may be eaten before the time when Lent comes. On the whole, the pancake week may be segmented into three parts, i.e. meeting of Shrovetide on Monday, broad Shrovetide, or the peak of festive occasion, on Thursday, and the last day, the good-bye day, which comes on Sunday morning. The Easter Like in all Christian countries the Easter Holiday is also celebrated in Russia. Special round-shaped sweet bread (Easter cakes) is cooked. On the Easter’s Eve the Easter cakes are on sale in nearly all bakeries. Moreover, Paskha (rich mixture of sweetened curds, butter and raisins) is also prepared on Easter and eggs are painted in different bright colours. The red egg is considered a symbol of Easter. The Easter egg has many specific purposes, it is a traditional Easter present given to friends and relatives as an Easter salutation. There is a proverb saying that once you wash your face in the water with the Easter egg in it, you will always be healthy and beautiful; the fire will die, if the Easter egg is thrown into it, etc. On Easter people usually visit their relatives. The traditional greeting, if translated from Russian, says: «Christ is alive», the answer is «Christ is truly alive...». Red Hill The first Sunday, which comes right after Easter, is called the Red Hill holiday. This day is considered the best for wedding ceremonies. In the past people welcomed spring during this holiday,

— 177 — as if «inviting» it to their lands. The first green leaves on the trees were usually met by singing and dancing in round. Spas August, the last month of the summer season, when the harvest is sown, is usually celebrated by three holidays called «Spas» in Russia. The first «Spas» is called Honey Spas (August 14); The second «Spas» is called Apple Spas (August 19); The third one is called Nut Spas (August 29). Spas brings cold dew to lands and meadows. After the first Spas honey is collected, the second Spas brings fresh fruit and the third one, nuts. Ex. 2. Explain the meaning of the following words. Yule-tide, Kolyadki, Lady Kolayda, Pancake week, Red Hill, spas. Think of the traditions and customs connected with these events. Prepare a 3-4 minute talk about them. (Illustrate your answer with examples such as songs, games, etc.) Ex. 3. Sum up the given above information and find some more interesting facts, examples, holidays. Be ready to speak on the topics: 1. Religious holidays and festivals in Russia. 2. Public holidays in Russia. 3. Customs and traditions of celebrating some of the holidays in Russia. 4. My favourite Russian holiday.

HOME LISTENING Ex. 1. Listen to Vivien and Thomas talking about holidays in Great Britain and in Hungary. Find English equivalents of the following words. Õîäèòü â öåðêîâü, íà ñâàäüáó èëè ïîõîðîíû, öåðêîâíàÿ ñëóæáà, ïèðîã ñ ìàêîì, ðóëåò ñ ãðåöêèì îðåõîì è ìåäîì, Äåä Ìîðîç, õîëîäíûå çàêóñêè, øàðàäà, âíîñèòü ïèðîã ãîðÿùèì â êîìíàòó, ñûòûé, óðîæàé, äåíü âåñåííåãî/çèìíåãî ðàâíîäåí- ñòâèÿ, ïëîäîðîäèå, âîññòàíèå, ïîðîõ, âûïóñêàòü âîçäóõ èç êî- ëåñ ìàøèíû, ïðîöâåòàíèå.

— 178 — Ex. 2. Find Russian equivalents of the following words. Hiccups, a service, to see a different side of smth, to have a toast, to chink glasses, walnut, to dip in, quiche, to hang around, to set fire on, to benefit from, to shine out from the grey, to fulfill a function, Maytree, hawthorn, a pole, to fall on, fireworks, to light in, to leave out a glass of Sherry, Easter Bunny, The Tor, egg-rolling competition, «Trick or Treat», to land on. Ex. 3. Write out the sentences with the words from exercises 1 and 2. Translate them into Russian. Ex. 4. A. Fill in the chart. Date Traditions History Holiday/ Festival of and Food of the celebration customs holiday 1. Christmas Eve 2. New Year 3. Easter 4. Good Friday 5. Birthday 6. Name day 7. The last day at school before holidays 8. May 1st 9. Celtic festivals 10. Solstices and Equinoxes 11. Bank holidays 12. July 4th in America 13. November 7th in Russia 14. Guy Fawkes night in England

— 179 — 15. Mikulas Day in Hungary 16. Samhain 17. Halloween B. Find Russian equivalents to the names of the holidays in the chart. Ex. 5. Sum up the information and speak on the holidays and festivals abroad. Ex. 6. Find some information on the history and traditions of a holiday/festival that hasn’t been mentioned on the tape. Be ready to tell about it in the class. A LIST OF BOOKS 1. Àðáåêîâà Ò.È., Âëàñîâà Í.Í., Ìàêàðîâà Ã.À. ß õî÷ó è áóäó çíàòü àíãëèéñêèé. Ì.: ÈíÊÀ-ÒÅËÅÐ, 1993. 2. Áèíêñ À., Ãðýíõýì Â., Âóäâàðä Ò., Õýâè Í., Ïàâëåíêî À. Æèâîé àíãëèéñêèé. Ì.: «Ãëîññà», 1999. 3. Âëàñîâà Å.Ë., Êîñòåíêî Ñ.Ì., Focus in the USA. Ñ-Ï.: «Íàóêà», 1992. 4. Ãèíäëèíà È.Ì., Ïèìåíîâà Ò.Ì. Óïðàæíåíèÿ, ãðàììàòè÷åñêèå çàäàíèÿ è óñòíûå òåìû ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó äëÿ ñòàðøèõ øêîëüíèêîâ è ïîñòóïàþùèõ â âóçû: Ó÷åáíîå ïîñîáèå. Ì.: «Èçäàòåëüñòâî Àñòðåëü», «Èçäàòåëüñòâî ÀÑÒ», 2000. 5. Çàíèíà Å.Ë. 95 óñòíûõ òåì ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó. 2-å èçä. èñï. Ì.: Ðîëüô, 2000. 6. Ìàòþøêèíà-Ãåðêå Ò.Í., Áàëàøîâà Ñ.Ï., Áðîññå Í.Í., Èâàíîâà Ë.Ë., Êóçüìè÷åâà Ò.Í., ×àõîÿí Ë.Ï. A Course of English/First Year. Ì.: «Âûñøàÿ øêîëà», 1990. 7. Ïàðîÿòíèêîâà À.Ä., Ïîëåâàÿ Ì.Þ. Àíãëèéñêèé ÿçûê. Ì.: «Âûñøàÿ øêîëà», 1990. 8. Ïîñîáèå ïî àíãëèéñêîìó ÿçûêó äëÿ ïîñòóïàþùèõ â Ðîññèéñêóþ ýêîíîìè÷åñêóþ àêàäåìèþ èì. Ã.Â. Ïëåõàíîâà. Ì., 2000. 9. Ðàçóìîâñêàÿ Ð.Í., Ôàëüêîâè÷ Ì.Ì., Ãåðøåâè÷ Í.Ë., Ëåáåäèíñêàÿ Å.Ì. Common Difficulties for Stidents of English. Ì.: «Âûñøàÿ øêîëà», 1976. 10. Øàõ-Íàçàðîâà Â.Ñ. Ïðàêòè÷åñêèé êóðñ àíãëèéñêîãî ÿçûêà. Àìåðèêàíñêèé âàðèàíò: Ó÷åá. ïîñîáèå. Ì.: «Ñâåòîòîí», 1994. 11. Alexander L.G. Right Word, Wrong Word. Longman Group UK Limited, 1994. 12. Almazova L.A. A Bridge to Spoken English. M.: «Âûñøàÿ øêîëà», 1989. 13. Arbekova T.I. Correct English for Everyday Use. M.: «Âûñøàÿ øêîëà», 1990. 14. Doff Adrian, Jones Christopher. Language in Use. Intermediate. Cambridge University Press, 1995.

— 181 — 15. Carthy Michael Mc, O’Dell Felicity. English Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge University Press, 1996. 16. Hewitt Karen. Understanding Britain. Perspective Publications. Oxford, 1996. 17. Johnston O., Farrel M. Ideas and Issues. «Chancerel», «Òèòóë», 1998. 18. Modern English. Volk u. Wissen Volkseigener Verlag. Berlin, 1998. 19. Moss Anne, Williams Janet. Americans at school. Longman, 1991. 20. O’Neill Terry, Snow Peter. Look ahead. Âèäåîêóðñ. Ïðîãðàììû 1-15. Ì: Èçäàòåëüñêèé äîì «ÈÍÔÐÀ-Ì», BBC Worldwide Limited, 1998. 21. Plant Patrick M. Everyday English. Leipzig VEB Verlag Enzyklopadie, 1973. 22. Povey Jane. Get It Right. M.: «Âûñøàÿ øêîëà», 1984. 23. Povey Jane. English at Leisure. Moscow: Higher School Publishing House, 1978. 24. Soars Liz and John. Headway. English Course. Upper Intermediate. Oxford University Press, 1998. 25. Soars Liz and John. Headway. English Course. Intermediate. Oxford University Press, 1996. 26. Soars Liz and John. New Headway. English Course. Intermediate. Oxford University Press, 1998. 27. Tomscha Terry. American customs and traditions. Longman, 1993. СОДЕРЖАНИЕ

EDUCATION ...... 3

HEALTH...... 40 MEALS ...... 77 TOWN ...... 114 CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS ...... 151 A LIST OF BOOKS ...... 181 Ó÷åáíîå èçäàíèå

Ì.Ã. ÂÎÐÎÁÜÅÂÀ, Ò.Í. ÕÀÐÈÒÎÍÎÂÀ

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ЧАСТЬ II

Ãëàâíûé ðåäàêòîð À.Â. Øåñòàêîâà Òåõíè÷åñêèé ðåäàêòîð Å.À. Ìàëü÷åíêî Õóäîæíèê Í.Í. Çàõàðîâà

Ïîäïèñàíî â ïå÷àòü 16.02.04. Ôîðìàò 60½84/16. Áóìàãà îôñåòíàÿ. Ãàðíèòóðà Òàéìñ. Óñë. ïå÷. ë. 10,7. Ó÷.-èçä. ë. 11,5. Òèðàæ 100 ýêç. Çàêàç . «Ñ» 17.

Èçäàòåëüñòâî Âîëãîãðàäñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâåííîãî óíèâåðñèòåòà. 400062, Âîëãîãðàä, óë. 2-ÿ Ïðîäîëüíàÿ, 30.