The Balkan Economies C.1800–1914

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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58051-9 - The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development Michael Palairet Index More information

Index

aba ammonia-soda, 221 Bulgarian, 55,70,74,188,193 anarchy output, 71,192 Bosnia, 164 character, 70 Macedonia, 342,343,356 demand, 72 Anastasijevic, Misa, 87,166 Macedonia, 347 Anatolia prices, 194 cotton supply, 354 Salonica, 76 industries, 53 Thrace, 349 woollen demand, 196,242 abadzhijas. See tailoring Anesti, Bogo, 347 Abdulhamit, Sultan, 356 Anicic, merchant, 104 Abdurahman Pasha, 132 aniline industry, 220 Accrington, 350 animals, draft, 134 acetone, 221 annexation acorns, 92,99,101,103,104,106,119 Bosnia, 204,227 agriculture. See cultivation Macedonia, 343 extension services, 111, 204,209 Montenegro, 212 technique arable, wrecked, 182 Bosnia, 206 Arnaudov,M.,201 Bulgaria, 58-9,60,180,182,183 Arnautluk, 129 E.Rumelia, 184 Aromunes, 61 Serbia, 92-3,101-2,118-19, AsbothJ.de, 138,206 318-19 Asenovo, Bulgaria, woollens, 83 Akarli,E.,7 Ashworth,W.,313 Akbal,R,5,6 Association of Serbian Industrialists, 338 Albania Astardzhiev, Ivan & Co., 251 and Montenegro, 214 Au Printemps, 267 communications, 346 Austria textile demand, 74 Balkan trade, 50 Albanians trade relations with Serbia, 98,115,211 in Macedonia, 342,343,345 Austria-Hungary in Montenegro, 31,148,212 and Balkan railways, 329 Aleko Pasha, 176 finance ministry, 202,225 Aleksand'r woollen mill, 246,250 trade Aleksinac, 126 relations with Serbia, 303-5 Alexandria, 162 with Balkans, 327 AliBegofPirot,262 with Bosnia, 164,210 AlibegofTr'n,37-8 Austrian skilled labour, 126,294 Ali Pasha Tepeleni, 37,40 ayans,36-9,44,50,84 Alicic,A., 132,138,139 Bosnia, 132-3,138 Ambelakia,37,41,50 Azbukovac district, Serbia, 113

395

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-58051-9 - The Balkan Economies c. 1800-1914: Evolution Without Development Michael Palairet Index More information

396 Index

B'dashtnost company, 251 weaving workshop, 275 B'lgarija company, 248 woollen mills, 259-60,266,269 bacija, 144-5 woollen warehouse, 269 Bairoch, P., 325 Belica district, Serbia, 93 BaliEffendi,81 Berend, I.T. and Ranki, Gy., 325 Balkan wars, 214,343,354 Berkovsko, 47,158 Balkapanhan, 75 Berov and Horenik, 251 Banac, I., 234 Berov, L., 40,43,64-5,326 Banat,lll Bicanic,R., 147 banditry Bichkinja, 245,283 Bulgaria, 38,40,178 Bihac Macedonia, 77 coalmines, 155 Montenegro, 142,148-50,214 metalwares, 154 Ottoman Europe, 37 Bitola. See Monastir Banja Luka blankets ironworks, 155 Bosnian, 127,153,231 metalwares, 154 (iuprija, 167 bank assets, Balkans, 228 military, 266 bankers Topcider, 126 Cairo, 162 Bosnjastvo, 234,237 Galata, 162 Boas and Eser, 274,276,293 banks Bobchev, Hristo, 246 Andrejevic, 333 Bojadzhiev, Stevan, 263 Austrian Landerbank, 333 Bonchev, Tihol & Co., 247 Bosnia, 228 Bor copper mine, 337 Bulgaria, 327 Bore, E., 6,9-10 Commerciale Italiana, 240 Bosanska krajina Franco-serbe, 333 province, 140 Hungarian Kommercialbank, 333 uprisings, 207 Italo-Serbian, 333 Boue,A.,28,148,155 Leipziger, 220 Brcko, 140 Montenegro, 240-1 Braila, 188 Nis savings bank, 272 Brakalov firm, 47 Ottoman of Paris, 333 brandy, 60 Paribas, 335 Brasov, 72 Raffaisen type, 228 brewing Ruse commercial, 247 Montenegro, 241 Srpska kreditna, 333 Serbia, 327 Union general, 329 British Uverena banka, Prague, 334 fitters, 291 Viennese, 218,225 managers, 293,350 Bar, 212,240 Brno, 258,292 barrel staves, 92,219,226 Brusa, 56,73 Bazias, 104 Busa cattle, 215 beglik land, 205 Budapest, 117 Begovic, B., 210,220,235 buffaloes, 61 Belgrade builders, 68,122,148 commercial interests, 330 Bulajic,2.,215 cotton mills, 274-7,339 Bulgarian food supply, 109 atrocities, 173 High School, 166 skilled labour in Serbia, 288 innkeepers, 345 Burgas region, 47,61,181 meat packing, 330,337 Burian, Istvan, 225-7 merchants, 124 pasaluk, 84 calicos, 69 sugar mill, 333 candlemaking, 190 textile mills, 289,355 capitalism, development of, Bulgaria, 326-7

Index 397

Caprivi, 305 Ottoman, 54,78-82,256,282,347-8 caravans, 75 Serbia, 127,259,266-7,274-6 carbide, 221,227 clothing. See tailoring carding machines, 80,83,262,280, demand 348 Anatolia, 196 carpenters, 78,148 Constantinople, 74-75 carpets industry, Bosnia, 229 Bulgaria, 188,200 Montenegro, 146 Chiprovtsi, 192,195,293 ready-made, 230,244,255 Knjazevac, 166 coal. See mining Kotel,284 cobblers, 126 Pirot, 83,261-2 coffee, import to Bosnia, 140 Salonica, 55 colonial goods, 140,188 Smyrna, 55 colonization Zenica, 153 Italian in Montenegro, 240 carts, peasant, construction, 178 upward, 144 cattle companies breeds, 184 free-standing, 336 export promotion, Uzice, 273 Bosnia, 142,211 comparative advantage, 165,188,352 Bulgaria, 188 concessions Serbia, 94,106 Bosnia, 218,225 numbers, 318 matches, 226 cereals. See grain mining, 155 Cetinje, 25,240 textiles, 231 Chakalov,A.,342 timber, 156,219,227 charcoal Bulgaria burning, 101 laws, 335 smelting, 154,220 railways, 335 charks, 72,263,348 sugar, 320 Chaumette des Fosses, 7,28 textiles, 272,339 chemicals, Bosnia, 218,220-1,228 Ottoman railways, 329 Chepelare, 182 Serbia chifliks cottons, 271,274-7 Bosnia, 133-7,206-7 laws, 332-3 Bulgaria, 37-8,42-3,46,158,175, meat packing, 337-9 180-1,225-6,311 railways, 330 Macedonia, 36-7,42,342-3 sugar, 320 Ottoman, 35-7,40 woollens, 127,259-60,263,288 Serbia, 87 Constantinople Thrace, 36 arsenal, 78 Chiprovtsi, 261-2,293 Bulgarian schools, 161 carpets, 192,195 carpets, 192 privileges, 38 clothing, 74-5 chorbadzhijas, 61,67,182 foodstuffs, 39 chrysanthemum, 217 oxen, 61 cifcijas, 342 sheep, 61,67,94,182 cifliks. See chifliks woollens, 257 citluk sahibijas. See landlords, Bosnia industry, 75 citluks. See chifliks market gardens, 60 cizye. See taxation, Ottoman rentiers, 177,354 Clark, G., 112 tailors, 74 clearings, Serbia, 109 Constitutional Defenders, 88 cloth, military corruption, 336 Bosnia, 153-4 Bulgaria, 339 Bulgaria, 250-1,254 Ottoman Bosnia, 155 Montenegro, 241 Serbia, 276,334

398 Index

corvee, 87,89 Crompton and Zivkovic. See Crompton, A. cottage industries and A. Bosnia, 153,231-2 Crompton, A. and A., 272,274-7,293, Bulgaria, 200,242^1 339 cottons, 200 crop yields woollens, 69,188-90,192-6, Bosnia, 210 198-200,282 Bulgaria, 183,186 E. Rumelia, woollens, 193 wheat, 64, 319 Macedonia, 76-7,354 Macedonia, 343 cottons, 77,352 Montenegro, 215 woollens, 346-8,353 Ottoman Bulgaria Montenegro, 148 wheat, 59,64 Nispasaluk, 260-1 Serbia, 93,107 woollens, 84 wheat, 59,318 Ottoman Bulgaria, 34,37,52,66-9,73, cultivation 84,159-60 area cottons, 69,73 Bosnia, 210 woollens, 56,69-73,78-9,82. See Bulgaria, 317 tailoring Macedonia, 344 Ottoman cotton spinning, 53 Montenegro, 214 Ottoman Europe, 50-1 Serbia, 91-2,96,301,317 Rhodope, woollens, 348-9,353 Vidin region, 38 Serbia, 91 Eastern Rumelia, 184 cottons, 127,273,275 expansion, Bulgaria, 182 rope making, 287-8 mechanized woollens, 258,261-3 Bulgaria, 180 Thessaly, cotton dyeing, 37, 50 Macedonia, 343 cotton Ottoman Bulgaria, 59 dyeing, 50 Montenegro, 147 export, 36 Nispasaluk, 354 growing Ottoman Bulgaria, 65 Bosnia, 136 per household Macedonia, 343,354 Montenegro, 142 import, 271 Serbia, 301 prices, 354 Cuprija, 167 printing, 69,73,188 coal mine, 330 wadding, 53,352,354 sugar mill, 321,334 cotton cloth factories weaving, 167,275 Bulgaria, 272-3 CvijicJ., 112 Macedonia, 352 Czech Serbia, 270-1,273-7 labour, 288,293 cotton mills specialists, 291,294 Bulgaria, 271,339 textiles, 196,230 Greece, 352,356 Macedonia, 55,77,349-51,354,356 dacija, 15. See taxation, Montenegro Serbia, 272 dairy products, 61-2,67,70,144-5 cottons dairying. See bacija import dairymen, 346 Balkans, 270 Dalmatia Bosnia, 140 food demand, 140 Ottoman, 69 livestock demand, 210 output, Macedonia, 351,354 Danilo I, ruler of Montenegro, 142 crafts. See urban crafts and craftsmen Danilovgrad woollen mill, 241 Crafts, N.F.R., 233 Danube vilayet, reforms, 45 credit, Serbia, 124 de Serre, Auguste, 335 Croatia-Slavonia, 226 Debar Albanians, 345

Index 399

debasement, 39 Eastern Rumelia, administration, 174 debt Edhessa agrarian cottons, 76,349 Bulgaria, 176,180-1 ropeworks, 352 Serbia, 88,114-15,118-19,121,309 silk, 77 default, 334-5 Edip Aga, dyan of Kjustendil, 37 peonage, 44,158 Edirne deforestation grazing, 60,66 Bosnia, 210,227 migration to, 161 Bulgaria, 68,182-3 silk-raising, 185 Montenegro, 215 vilayet, 353 Serbia, 92,127,306 wool price, 349 de-industrialization, 171,199 education dependency theory, 1, 52 Bosnia, 139,165,235-6 depopulation, 4,29,38 Bulgaria, 160-2,199,315 Dermendere estate, 80 Macedonia, 168 Despinic firm, 90,104 Montenegro, 316 de-urbanization Serbia, 166,168,314-5 Bosnia, 31 eggs, export, 62 Bulgaria, 198 Egyptian market, 75,154 Montenegro, 29,212 Eisler and Ortlieb, 220 Serbia, 28-9 Ekaterinoslav, 79 Devna cotton weavery, 272 electricity, power stations, 228 diet electro-chemicals, 221 Montenegro, 145 Elena, 159,371 Serbia, 108 employment. See labour Dimitrov, S., 42,65 enclosures, Serbia, 100-3,108-9 Diovo, 347 engineers woollen mill, 355 Belgian, 291 distaff, 72 British, 293 dividends, 271,274 self-taught, 292 Divljanovic, D., 98 enterprise, immigrant, in Serbia, Djordjevic, D., 166 327 Djordjevic, Tihomir, 29 Erzerum, 79 Djordjevic, Trajko, 263 ethnography, 112,129,312,345 Dobrljin,219 exchange rates, 187-8 Dobrudzha explosives industry, 220 division, 173 exports flocks, 61,182 Bosnia, 139-40,227,233 draft animals, 307,318-19 British, 41,196 Draganova, S., 64^5,158 Bulgaria, 188 drapers, 197,256 Eastern Rumelia, 185 dressmaking, 255 Ottoman, 41-2,63 Drobnjakovic, B., 99 Serbia, 116 drought licences, 88 and soil erosion, 215 through Silistra, 188 and transhumance, 143 expropriation of the peasantry, Bulgaria, in Montenegro, 146 180 Drvar,219 Ducic,N.,146 factor endowments, Bulgaria and Serbia, duallism, 237 329-31 Dubravica, 104,330 factory legislation, Bulgaria, 290 Dubrovnik, 149-50 fairs Durham, M.E., 214 Balkan, 68,75 dyers, 292 Bulgaria, 73,190 dyeworks,159,348,350 Serbia, 124,310

400 Index

fallows ironwork, 50,190 Bulgaria, 58-9,61,183,318 labour, 283 Serbia, 93,101 reapers, 177 famine skilled textile labour, 292 Montenegro, 146,150 wages, 194,286 Serbia, 24 woollen mills, 245-7,281-2,291-2 farm woollens, 56,76,195,289 equipment, 319 gajtan income, Bosnia, 209 displaces cottons, 69,73 monetization, Serbia, 308-9 export output Bulgaria, 188,196 Balkan states, 366 Serbia, 259,269 Bosnia, 140,208-10,234 Gabrovo, 245-6 Bulgaria, 58,186-7,340 Leskovac, 260-1,263-5,288 Montenegro, 216,242 linen, 68 Ottoman Bulgaria, 61-5 Macedonia, 347-8 Serbia, 92,123,302-3,340 Ottoman Bulgaria, 70,73,82 technology, 313-14 output Ferdinand I woollen mill, 246 E.Rumelia, 192-3 finance, industrial, 246,334 Ottoman Bulgaria, 71 First Royal Servian Privileged Weaving Co. Paracin, 264 Ltd., 275 technology, 55,281-82 fishing, lake Skadar, 143 Trjavna, 67-8 flax, 270 Galatz, 188 Foca, 153-4 Gandev,H., 160 Fojnica, ironworking, 154-5 Georgiev, Evlogi, 251 food-processing, Bosnia, 229 German foremen, 293 forestry Germany Bosnia, 154 demand, 343 conservation, 227,235 trade policy, 304 laws, 209-10 Gerschenkron, A., 221,232,238,325,335, Serbia, 101 340 forests Gewerkschaft Bosnia, 218 Bosnia Giannitsa, 352 oak, 219 Gipsies, 16,148 state, 207,221 Gjumjushgerdan firm, 78,80-2 Bulgaria, 317 glassworks, 333 state, 183 Gnjilane, 289 Serbia, 98-100 goats area, 306-7 holdings, 143 oak, 22,101,165 milking, 144 private, 102,119 numbers, 181 state, 89,100,102,306 raising, 92 freight gold costs, 40,55 inflow, Bulgaria, 190 policies, 330 reserves, Bulgaria, 176 tariffs, 186,330 Gonsalves, P., 209-10,236 volume, 228,327 Good, D., 234 fruit growing. See plums Gornji Milanovac, 124 fulling mills, 72,291 GornjiVakuf, 154 gospodarl% 43,46 Gabrovo government. See public sector, public cottage industry, 197 finance, Ottoman crafts, 55 and infrastructure investment, 331 education, 162 Bosnia gajtan, 73,82-3 assistance to industry, 225,231

Index 401

finance, 225 Hambarya, 74,79 revenue demands, 164 Hattersley, George and sons, 275 Bulgaria Hatt-i-Humayun, 135 assistance to industry, 185,254 Hauptmann, K, 218 employment, 199 hay and transhumance, 143-4 finance for peasants, 176 hemp processing, 270,287 Montenegro, emigration policy, 152 Hercegovina, demonstrations, 135 Ottoman Heuschling,X.,6,9 and industry, 78 holdings assistance to industry, 79 Ottoman Bulgaria, 44,52,69 assistance to peasants, 52 Serbia, 23 contracts, 54,79 size intervention, 34,77 Bosnia, 206 orders, 55,77-9 Montenegro, 142 Serbia Ottoman Bulgaria, 42, 58 and food supply, 24 Serbia, 108-9,302 assistance to industry, 126-7,273 homestead laws, 88-9,309 peasant policy, 309-11 Homolje district, Serbia, 122 Gradascevic, Husein Kapetan, 132 honey, 61,94 Gradets woollen trade, 200 horses Grahovo, battle, 142,149 pack, 66,345 grain wild, 22 consumption, Serbia, 96 horseshoes, 154 export hosiery Bosnia, 140 Bulgaria, 67,75,188 Ottoman Bulgaria, 62,188 Macedonia, 77,349,352 Ottoman Europe, 36,39,41 Serbia, 264,290 Serbia, 94,300-1,318 housing, Montenegro, 146 import Houyet et Feston, Venders, 282 Montenegro, 146 Hr'stovich, 176 Serbia, 109 Hrelja,K.,219,234 market Hristov,H.,43,158 Ottoman, 39 Hungary Serbia, 109-11,117,128,300 commercial policy towards Bosnia, granaries, communal, 24,88 226-8 Graz, 154 grain market, 116 grazing. See pasture landowner interest, 304 rights, 142 hydroelectricity, 228 struggles, 345 Grdelica woollen mill, 264-5 Ignjic,S., 114,127 growth ikon painting, 68 economic, 324-7,342 Ilic Mumdzija, Kosta, 264 industrial, 327 Ilic, Kosta and sons, 260,271,274,276, Grozev, Ivan, 83,292 294 guilds. See urban crafts and craftsmen Iliev, Manuilo, 264 Ottoman, 51,54 iltizam, 46 Serbia, 125 import Gulhane, rescript of, 44,133 prices Guran,T.,46,59 Bulgaria, 188 Gyor, 104-5 Serbia, 120 trade Hadzi Mustafa Pasha, 84,86,151 Montenegro, 147,239 Hadzhi Nencho, 162 Ottoman, 42 Hadzhi-Berov and Momerin weavery, Serbia, 120-2 247 income. See national income hak,206 distribution, Serbia, 112-14,120

402 Index

industrial output Jevtic, Mika, 338 Bosnia, 221-6,237 jewellery, 189 Bulgaria and Serbia, 222,325 Jews industrial revolution, Bulgaria, 327 Bulgaria, 200 inflation Salonica, 54-5,350 Bulgaria, 187,193,324-5 joinery, 220 Macedonia, 353 Jovanovic, Gligorije, 263 investment, foreign direct Jovanovic, Josip, 264-5 Bosnia, 228 Jovanovic, Vladimir, 96 British, 271,336 jute mill, Salonica, 352 Czech. See Paracin woollen mill German, 337 k'rdzhalyas, 36-8,40, 50, 55, 67,344 chemicals, 220 Kacika, Kosta, 272 cottons, 274 Kalchev's weavery, Plovdiv, 272 in Balkans, 332 Kallay, Benjamin, 225-6,234 in Bosnia, 155 Kalofer,159 in Bulgaria, 327 commerce, 50 in Serbia, 333 gajtan factory, 280 Swiss, pulp mill, 220 privileges, 37 invisible earnings, 239 tailoring, 74,76 iron woollens, 72,195-6 export Kalpazanov, Ivan, 83,245-6,280-1,283, Bosnia, 140,154 291-2 Bulgaria, 188 Kanitz,F.,81,167 price, 154 kapetans, 132-3 rolling, Zenica, 218 Kara Mahmud Pasha, 132 smelting Karaburma, 260 Bosnia, 155,223,226 Karadjordje, 86 Samokov, 157 Karadjordjevic, Aleksandar, Prince of working Serbia, 88,100 Bosnia, 154 Karafeiz of Tr'n, 37 Bulgaria, 50,68,190 Karlovo, 73 ishljem, 246-7,250 cotton weaving, 69 Issawi, C, 53 gajtan, 244 Istanbul. See Constantinople Grozev's mill, 292 Italy and Montenegro, 240 skilled textile labour, 292 Ivanjica, 120 tanning, 190 woollen mill, 83,251 Jacic, priest, 337 woollens, 72 Jackson, M. R., 325 Karpat,K., 4^-7,11,13 Jagodina karst, 144-6 crafts, 166 Kaser,K., 129 meat packing, 338 Kat'r chair, 179 Jajce, electrochemicals, 221 katuns, 144-5,215 Jaksic, Vladimir, 7,91-7,112,139 Katunska nahija, Montenegro, 144—5 Jambol cotton weavery, 272,339 Kavalla, 343 Janissaries, 35-6,39, 51 Kazanl'k and Serbia, 84,86 gajtan, 82 Bosnia, 132 land price, 45 suppression of, 40,132 re-agrarianization, 199 Jankovic, Dusan, merchant, 338 rose oil, 58 Jankovic, Mihailo, 264,281 woollen mill, 196,250,252 Jasenica district, Serbia, 99 Keppel,G., 157 Jecmenica, M., 355 Kinglake,A.,22 Jelaludin Pasha, 132 Kjustendil,251 Jeltets nr. Trjavna, 68 Kleefisch and Scheuss, Jagodina, 338

Index 403

Klisura Macedonia, 353-4 de-industrialization, 199 Serbia, 276,289 tailoring, 75 factory, 80-1 woollens, 75 convict, 81 kmets, 133-4 See land tenure, Bosnia forced, 81 numbers, 136 orphan, 81 tax burden, 138 Ottoman, 80 knitting, 76 skilled, 126,281,286-7,289, knives, 154,166 293-4 Knjazevac female carpets, 166 Bulgaria, 68,70,75,160,195,200, shajak, 258 278,282,284,290 Kolasin,212 gipsies, 81,284 sawmill, 241 Macedonia, 77,342,347-8 Kolarac, Ilija M., 166 Montenegro, 147,151 Kolberg and Weber, 337 Muslim, 81,185,195 Koprivshtitsa, 66-7,159,161-2 Serbia, 113-14,263,273,293 land endowment, 69 widows, 284 migration, 200 force privileges, 37 Bosnia, 219 sheep raising, 67 Samokov, 287 tailoring, 74-6 Sliven, 284 tithe farmers, 161 woollens, 193,198,200 woollens, 67,193 from Dalmatia, 136 Kosovo vilayet,343 hired, 43,206 Kostic,C, 313-4 militance, 289,294,339,354 Kotel productivity, 194 carpets, 200,262 weaving, 287 de-industrialization, 199 seasonal, 50,151 flocks, 61,182 services land endowment, 69 Bosnia, 133-5,137-8 privileges, 37 Bulgaria, 44-5 prosperity, 159 Macedonia, 342 tailoring, 74-5 Montenegro, 212 woollens, 70,73,284 Ottoman Europe, 35-6,40 Kotor, 143,145 shortage, Macedonia, 343 Kovin,90,104 strike-breaking, 285,288 Kozari woollen mills, 264 supply Kragujevac arsenal, 89,102,330 cities, 289-90 Kraljevo agricultural school, 315 key workers, 291-4 Kreka,218,220 Varna, 290-1 Krsmanovic-Paranos firm, 117 urban, 199 Krusevac lace-making, 190 crafts, 126 Lampe, J. R. and Jackson, M. R., 45 district, 151 Lampe, J. R., 294,325-26,333,370 Krusevo, woollens, 77,353 land Kuci, Montenegro, 149 endowment, 49,58,165 fragmentation, 102,180 labour. See outwork grants building, 345-6,349 Montenegro, 238 cheap, 32,288-9 Serbia, 22 clerical, 294 hunger convict, 126 Bulgaria, 182 disputes Montenegro, 214 Bosnia, 207 leasers, Bulgaria, 59 Bulgaria, 181,195,285,290,339 market

404 Index

land {COM.) Litochoron, woollens, 76 Bulgaria,45,175,181 livadia, 76,352,356 E.Rumelia, 175 livestock Macedonia, 343,354 export prices, 175,180 Bosnia, 140 seizures, 175 Ottoman Bulgaria, 61 state, settlement of, 45,175 Serbia, 84,94,106-8,120 tenure fattening, 125 Bosnia, 133-9,204-8 health E.Rumelia, 176 Bosnia, 211 Macedonia, 342-3 Bulgaria, 182 Ottoman Bulgaria, 42-8,159,175 C. Europe, 304 Ottoman Europe, 34-5,40 Serbia, 98 Ottoman Montenegro, 212 marketing, 110,113-14 Serbia, 86-8,101 numbers, 97,209 value, Ottoman Europe, 42 output Landesregierung, 205,209,217-19,223, Bosnia, 139,210 225,231,234,332 Montenegro, 143,215-16 landlords prices, 187 Bosnia, 133-8,152,205-8 raising, 23 Bulgaria, 177 Bulgaria, 181-4 Macedonia, 342-3 Ottoman Bulgaria, 37, 59,61 Ottoman Bulgaria, 45,47 Serbia, 97,102 Ottoman Europe, 42 sales, 22 laurel leaves, 217 Ljaskovets, 60 laws looms Bosnia, 135,137,205 fly-shuttle, 80,249,280,291 Montenegro, 149 hand, 126,167 Ottoman, inheritance, 45 Northrop, 277 Serbia, inheritance, 313-14 peasant, 70,275 laziness, 111-13,147,164,178,312 power, 270 leather, Morocco, 50 Karlovo,251 leeches, 92,94 Kazanl'k, 250 leisure, 178,312 Nis, 274 Lemoine firm, Venders, 282 Paracin, 259 Leskovac Salonica, 348 cottage industries, 287 Samokov, 287 cotton weavery, 274 Sliven,249 gajtan, 264,271,281,288 Uzice, 274 industrialists, 261 power vs fly-shuttle, 286-7 labour force, 288 treadle, 275 rope-making, 260 Lovech, 185 textiles, 32 Lukavac,221 wages, 286,288 Lukovit pastures, 61 weaving workshop, 275 woollen mills, 264,281,294 Macva district, Serbia, 99 woollens, export, 269 machinery liege, 282 Belgian, 79,281-2 linen British, 281 Veles, 348 Czech, 81 Veroia, 76 German, 245,281 yarn, 270 second-hand, 350 literacy Mackenzie, G. G. M. and Irby, A., 168 Bosnia, 235 Magarevo Bulgaria, 162,200,236,316 cottage industries, 347 Serbia, 167,168,236,314 woollen mill, 355

Index 405

Mahmud II, Sultan, 39 harvest, 49,342 maize to Bulgaria, 177 cultivation Montenegro, 238 Macedonia, 354 market gardening, 151 Serbia, 92-3,101,103 to Constantinople, 152,238 fodder demand, 104,114,119 Serbia, 290 rotation, 59 to Serbia, 122 Majadag, 347 migration Majdanpek, 102 Austria to Bosnia, 206 Majdans, 154-5 Bosnia to Serbia, 207 Malcolm, N., 130 Bulgaria Malisori tribe, Albania, 214 rural-urban, 161 manufacturing. See cottage industries, to Egypt, 162 urban crafts and craftsmen to Romania, 52,60 manure, 61,118,183 Circassians, 9 market gardening, 60,316,343 Dinaric to Serbia, 86 Markovic, Svetozar, 122 from Macedonia, 353 Marseille, 70 from Montenegro, 150-2 Marshall, Alfred, promoter, 337 from Ottoman Serbia, 16 matches, 221,226 from Serbia, 294 Matuz,J., 52 Hungary to Bulgaria, 175,312 McGowan, B., 4^5,7,11,16 internal, 38 meadows Bulgaria, 68,199 Bulgaria, 59 Serbia, 32 Montenegro, 142,215 Macedonia Serbia, 93,97,101,318 rural-urban, 345 meat to Bulgaria, 175,345 export, Montenegro, 143 Montenegro packing, Serbia, 327,337-9 to Bulgaria, 238 Meininger, T., 162 to Hercegovina, 144 Mendels,F.,83 to Serbia, 151-2,238 Menshevics, 284 to USA, 238-9 merchants Muslims Balkan, 50 Bosnia to Macedonia, 346 Bulgarian in Egypt, 162 from Bosnia, 31,130 consortia, 197 from Bulgaria, 182,185,189,190, foreign in Ottoman Empire, 51 192,195 from Hungary, 123 from Nis pasaluk to Macedonia, Galatz, 188 346 Macedonia, 346 from Serbia, 31 putters-out, 70,194,201,347 to Monastir, 345 Sarajevo, 164 to Salonica, 345 Serbia, 118,124 Serbia to Bosnia, 130 metal chasing, 232 Tatars, 9,185 methyl alcohol, 220 Thrace to Bulgaria, 175 Michel, Eugen, 259-60,266,269 to Montenegro, 148 Michelsen, E., 6,10 to Serbia, 9,16,22,88 Midhat Pasha, 45 Milic,D.,87 migrant labour Milicevic, M. Dj., 110,119-20 Bulgaria, 49,161,200,284 milk output harvest, 38,49 Montenegro, 143 market gardening, 60 Serbia, 61 to Bessarabia, 177 milling to Romania, 45,177 Bosnia, 226 Hercegovina, 148 Bulgaria, 181 Macedonia, 77,345-6 Serbia, 327

406 Index

Milosevic, S.Dj., 98 national income mining Bosnia, 233-4 Bosnia, 218 Bulgaria, 323-5 coal, 218,227 Montenegro, 242 iron, 155,218,223,226 Serbia, 322-3,325 salt, 155 nationalization, 218 Bulgaria, coal, 327,335 Nis, 32 Serbia cotton mill, 272 coal, 327 cotton weavery, 274 copper, 337 enterprise culture, 261 dredging, 336 gajtan warehouse, 347 mirieh, 44,209 meat packing, 337 Mirkovici, 146 pasaluk, 125,173 Mishajkov, D., 285 prices, 187 Mokans, 61 savings bank, 272 Momchilovtsi, 196 wages, 192 Monastir Niksic,212 gajtan, 348 breweries, 241 tailors, 259 sawmill, 241 woollens, 77,354-5 Nikola, Prince, later, King, of Montenegro, monopolies, Serbia, 331,333 142,148,212,214,238,240 Montenegrin culture, 147 Nikolic, Atanasije, 126 Montenegro Nizam, 39,74 diplomacy, 133 Novi Sad, 166-7 expansion, 214 territory, 212 Obradovic, Aleksa, 274 More,RJ.,32,48 Obrenovic dynasty, 96 Morpurgo and Parente firm, 219 Obrenovic, Mihailo, Prince of Serbia, 89, Mostar,218 167 muhadzirs. See migration, Muslims Obrenovic, Milos, Prince of Serbia, 16,24, 86-9,121,151,167 Munch, S., industrialist. See Paracin, Odessa, 50,184 woollen mill officials. See corruption munitions, 327 Bosnia, 31 Muslims Bulgaria, 198-9 Bosnia, 129-32,135,141,164 Ottoman, 78 culture, 229 Serbia, 315,329 education, 165 oil refining, 221 Bulgaria, 158 olive oil, 241,352 displacement, 185 olives, 217 harassment of, 184 Omer Pasha Latas, 133,135,138-9,142, land abandonment, 182 155,163 land rights, 158-9,174-5,177,185 opium, 343,355 land sales, 180 orphans estates, Serbia, 95 urban, 184,189,198 Ottoman Montenegro, 29,148 city industries, 53 expropriation, 212 debasement, 54 harassment of, 29 de-industrialization, 52-4 Uzice, 29 government, 34-6,39,164 Mustafa Pasha Bairaktar, 39 institutions, 342,356 market, 196,257 Nachov,N.,75 pensions, 40 Naousa, textile mills, 77,348-9 property rights, 40 Napred'k company, 248-9,292 reforms, 39-40,78,163 National Cotton Spinning Company of in Bosnia, 131,133-5,138-9 Bulgaria Ltd, 271 in Bulgaria, 44-5

Index 407

in Macedonia, 349 Catholic, 129 revenue, 39 collectives, 343 Bulgaria, 47,177 culture, 313 Danube vilayet, 47 demand, 189 Plovdiv sanjak, 47 enserfinent, 40 road building, 346,356 free, Bosnia, 134 statistics, 209 government policy, Serbia, 309-11 trade Orthodox, 129 deficit, 41 poverty, 312 policy, 39 resettlement, 45 with Britain, 41 Serbia, tutelage, 89,309-11 outwork textile demand, 73 Gabrovo, 283 welfare, 95,157 spinning, 263 women, 122 weaving, 77,200 pebrine, 185 Bulgaria, 280 pedlars, 310 Serbia, 275 Pejovic,Dj., 152 overwintering, 60,150-1,182,215 Petrovic, Gligorije, 264 oxen, export, 62 phylloxera, 186 pigs Pcinja, landownership, 45 export, 94 Pamuk,S.,41,52 Bosnia, 140-1,210-11,305 Panagjurishte, 162,173,201 Hungarian restrictions, 304,337 carpets, 200,262 Serbia, 103-7,303-6 privileges, 37 fattening, 92,306-7 sheep trade, 182 merchants, 123 tailoring, 73 numbers woollen mill, 83 Bosnia, 141,211 woollens, 70,75 Serbia, 303,307 Papazoglu, D. and B., 250 output, Serbia, 307 paper mill, Bosnia, 226 raising, Serbia, 92,98-101,103,127, Paracin 303,305-7 glassworks, 333 Piraeus, 352 wool market, 259 Pirdop woollen mill, 127,245,258-60,264, carpets, 200 266-9,281,293-4 gajtan.%2,160 Paris fashions, 255,267 landownership, 199 pastoral society, 149,312 towels, 56,69,73 pasture wages, 194 area, Ottoman Bulgaria, 59 woollens, 195 communal, 59,143,182-3 Pirot open carpets, 260. See carpets, Pirot Bosnia, 206 fairs, 261 Serbia, 91,92 region, 312 state state carpet factory, 262 E.Rumelia, 179 woollen mill, 83 Montenegro, 143 woollens, 261-3,278 Ottoman, 61 pitch, 101 Pasvanoglu, 37,40,84 Pjesivci district, Montenegro, 144 patriarchal society, 112,164,232 plague, Salonica, 55 pecalbars, 77,345. See migrant labour Pleven, pastures, 61 peasants ploughs, 118,319 affluence, 178 Plovdiv, 272 and markets, 116,119 building boom, 178 and taxation, 46 cotton weavery, 272 as self-exploiters, 312 district, 42,46, 58-9

408 Index

Plovdiv (cont.) Silistra elayet, 5 migration to, 161 Skopje, 28 province, 179,185 Sofia, 32 sanjak,48,61,70,173,181 StaraZagora, 198 woollen mill, 80-1 Svishtov, 198 woollens, 55,71,73,78,190,192 Thessaly, 17 plums Turks in Serbia, 16 distilling, 111,118,315 Uzice, 29 drying, 117 urban, 198. See de-urbanization export, 117,140,300 Balkans, 32-3 growing, 92,119 Bosnia-Hercegovina, 26 jam export, 117 Bulgaria, 26,32-3,198 Pozarevac Eastern Rumelia, 25-6,32 railway project, 330 Greece, 25-6 region, Serbia, 122 Macedonia, 25,345 Podgorica, 29,212 Montenegro, 25-6,239 Popov, K., 63-5,278,287,324-5 Nispasaluk,25 Popovic, Antonije, 263,265 Ottoman Europe, 27,28 Popovic, Stefan, industrialist, 126 Salonica vilayet, 26 Popovic, Stojan, 273 Serbia, 26,31,91,125 population Valjevo, 29 Aegean islands, 5 population density Balkans, 20-1 Balkans, 21-3,37 Bar, 29,31 Bosnia, 136 Belgrade, 28 Bulgaria, 60 Belgrade pasaluk, 16 Serbia, 22-4,94 Bosnia, 7,12,19,28,130,139 population growth Bulgaria, 20 Balkans, 21-4 Cetinje,31 Bosnia, 7 Constantinople, 9 Bulgaria, 7 Danube vilayet, 7,12 Montenegro, 144 Dobrudzha, 5 Ottoman Europe, 7,12,14 Eastern Rumelia, 20,49 Serbia, 16,24,33,94,96,306 Edirne vilayet, 9,12 population parameters gipsies, 12 infant mortality Greece, 12,17-18 Bosnia, 236 Ionia, 18 Montenegro, 146 Kalofer,198,200 life expectation, Serbia, 94 Klisura, 200 sex-ratios, 5,10,11 Koprivshtitsa, 67,200 Posavina region, Bosnia, 134,136,140,206 Kosovo vilayet, 14 postal statistics, 233 Lovech, 198 potatoes, 145 Montenegro, 14-16,20,31 poultry, 143 Nis, Muslims, 31 poverty, Montenegro, 145-6 NovaZagora, 198 Pranchov Bros., 162 Ottoman Europe, 6,12-13,20 Preshlenova, R. 325,327 Panagjurishte, 199 priests, 336 Pleven, 198 Prijedor, orefield, 155,223,226,228 Plovdiv, 32,198 Prilep Podgorica, 31 fair, 69,77 Prilep, 346 migrant workers, 346 Rumeli, 5-6 Prince Boris coal mine, 335 Salonica, 28 Prince Boris cotton mill, 271 Salonica vilayet, 13 Prizren,214 Sarajevo, 31 profits Serbia, 16-17,20 agricultural, Macedonia, 343

Index 409

expatriated, 48 Ram, 104 proto-industrial Ravenstein, E. G., 11 community, 160 reaping machines, 180 transition, 197,283,295,352 reaya, 78,132 proto-industrialization, 23,49-50,67,83, remittances, 200,239,284 126,171,231,279. See de- renaissance industrialization Bosnia, 164 proto-industries. See cottage industries Bulgaria, 50,53,158,160,162-3,315 Prozor, 153 Serbia, 119,165-6 public rentiers, 198 finance resin, 101 Bulgaria, 176 Rhodope Montenegro, 240 flocks, 182-3 Serbia, 333-4 woollens, 70,76,78-80 health, Bosnia, 236 rice sector E. Rumelia, 58,185 Bosnia, 218 import, Bosnia, 140 Bulgaria, 327,331 Macedonia, 343,355 Ottoman, 81 Rijecka mz/w/a, 148 Serbia, 327,331 Rijeka,142,218 works Rijeka Crnojevica, batde, 142 Bosnia, 227 Ristic, Mita, 274 Montenegro, 241 roads Serbia, 333 Bosnia, 138 pyrethrum, 143 Bulgaria, 55,68,178,312,329 Macedonia, 346 Quataert,D.,52,163,353 Montenegro, 241 quilt making, 68,125 Serbia, 23,89-90,116 Romania Raca district, Serbia, 120 latifundia, 87 railways livestock trade, 304 Austrian Sudbahn, 139 rope-making, 287 Balkan branch networks, 329-33 ropeworks, Edhessa, 352 Banja luka-Novi, 139 rose oil, 50,58,186,199 Bar-Virpazar, 240 Rozova dolina woollen mill, 250 Bosnia, 217-18,220,225,227-8,233, Rwnanki, 111 328 Ruse, 158,271 Budapest-Constantinople, 304 Russia, 195 Bulgaria, 186,233,327,329-31 and Serbian uprising, 86 Bulgarian State, 329 industrialization, 232-3 Dalmatia, 227 Danube-Adriatic, 240,331 S. A. Vervietoise pour la construction des Hungarian Staatsbahn, 104 machines, 282 investment in, 327 Sabac, 110 Jambol-Burgas, 330 saddlers, 126 Macedonia, 348 Safer law. See laws, Bosnia nationalization, 329 St Claire, S. G. B. and Brophy, C. A., 48, Ottoman, 329 58-9 Ruse-Varna, 329 sajak (Serbia). Seeshajak Serbia, 90,233,300-1,327,329-31 Salaheddin Bey, 10 Serbian State, 335 Salonica Sofia-Tatar Pazardzhik, 329 banking, 347 strategic, 331 carpets, 55 Trans-Balkan, 32,331 cotton mills, 77,349-50 Trjavna mining, 335 cottons, 55,76 Velika Plana-Smederevo, 330 output, 351

410 Index

Salonica (com.) Macedonia, 347 industry, 352 Pirot, 263 jute mill, 352 Plovdiv, 73 labour disputes, 353 prices, 194 textile region, 347 Serbia, 267 trade, 355 export, 269 wadding mill, 354 Thrace, output, 349 wages, 350 sharecropping woollen mill, 348 Bosnia, 133-35,137,205-6 woollens, 53-5,76,78 Macedonia, 342 salt Montenegro, 212 extraction, Bosnia, 221,223,227 Shaw, S., 13 trade, 87,147,166,345 shawls, 274 Samokov sheep. See transhumance Company, 251 breeds, 184 crafts, 190 export, 61 gajtan, 347 Bulgaria, 182,188 iron industry, 157 Serbia, 94 labour force, 287 Karnobat, 184 tailors, 74 Koprivshtitsa, 66 woollen mill, 251 milking, 144 woollens, 55,70,82,159,196,244,287 Montenegro, 143 sandal-makers, 126 numbers Sar'ivanov factory, Sliven, 285 Bulgaria, 181 Sarajevo E. Rumelia, 181 assassination, 236-7 Macedonia, 355 assembly, 207,227 Serbia, 106,278 match factory, 221,226 raising, 61,70,106,182,184,278,344-5 merchants, 164 traders, 162 riots, 237 sheepskins, 62 tobacco factory, 218 shepherds, 67,182 woollen mill, 153,231 shirt making, Veroia, 76 woollen warehouse, 259 Shkoder,214 Sarajevski Cvjetnik, newspaper, 164 textiles, 53 scarves, 274 shoddy, 196 Schmidt, A., E. Rumelia Director of shopkeeping, Montenegro, 148 Finances, 248 shops schools Pirdop, 199 agricultural, 326-7 urban, 121,125 textiles, 273,292-3 village, 110,117,121-2,128,178, seamstresses, 290 310-11 self-government, upland Bulgaria, 60 Shumen region, 158 Selimin,Sultan,39,84 Silistra Seres exports, 188 cotton, 37,349 kaza, 64 textile mill, 348 region, 65,158 Serif, H., 141 silk servants, 283 export, 41 sesame, 343 raising, 118,185 shajak reeling, 55-6,67-8,77,159 British, 196 weaving, 190 Bulgaria, 246 Simone, Camille, 252 export, 188,257 Skadar lake, 143 output, 71,192 Skopje character, 70 gajtan, 348 demand, 72 province, 343,355 Klisura, 75 woollen warehouse, 259

Index 411

Slade, Harry, 329 spirits, 145 slippers, 67 Sredna Gora, 70,73,162,195 Sliven towns, 66 labour, 81,284,292 Sremska Mitrovica, 104-5 outwork weaving, 249,256 Stajnov brothers, 250 privileges, 37 Stanchev, Bjanov firm, 73,82 property, 199 Staneff,S.,81,285 sanjak,70,173,181 Stara Planina, 56 state factory, 79-80,247,252,282,285, towns, 66-7 292,348. See Napred'k company, Stara Zagora B'lgarija company district, 190 tailors, 248 province, 175-6,183-4,187-8 textile school, 249 wages, 177,192 wages, 286 Stavrianos, L. S., 4,41 woollen mills, 247-50,252,280,284, Steinbeis, Otto, firm, 219-20 291-3,349 Steinbruck, livestock market, 104-5,305 technology, 249 Sternberg, F. and Co., 274 woollens, 70-1,78,83,192,196-7,230, Stoianovich, T., 4 256 strikes. See labour disputes export, 256-8 Strojkovac woollen mill, 263,288 Slivnitsa, batde, 174 subase, 342 sljivovic, 145 subsistence Slovenia, farming, 313-14 animal products, 188 Smederevo, pig trade, 104-6 economy, 202 smuggling, 244 farming, 2,22,34,37,165,184,308, Smyrna, 196 311 soap-works, 221,352 industry, 53,349-50 Societe d'exploitations minieres du Serbie, reversion to, 188,198,201 336 sector, 171 soda, 221 textiles, 277-9 Sofia wool, 184 candle-making, 190 sugar, 120 pastures, 61 beet sacked, 38 Balkan States, 332-3 weaving, 81,83 Bosnia, 320 woollen mill, 251,255,289 output, 321 soil erosion, 183 import, 140 Solvay group, 320 mills Sopot Belgrade, 320,333 cottage industries, 52 Bosnia, 226 cotton printing, 69,73 Cuprija,321,334 gajtan, 244 Sofia, 320 labour unrest, 195 Sugar, P., 160,225,231,234 Sotirja, 284 sukno, 263,267 sowing density, Bulgaria, 64 sumach, 92,143,217 spahijas. See spahiluks Sumadija, 101 spahiluks, 34-7,39 Sundhaussen, H., 314 Bosnia, 132-3,135-6 suvats3143-4 Bulgaria, 37,40,43-4 Swiss skilled labour, 294 Serbia, 87 Syria, 347 suppression of, 40 Syros,352 Spencer, E., 163,167 Szeged, 276 spicers, 124 spindles T'rnovo region, Bulgaria, 60,316 mule, 80,272 Tahir Pasha, 133-6 number, Macedonia, 351 tailoring ring, 272 apprentices, 75

412 Index

tailoring (com.) per capita, 306 Belgrade co-operative, 269 tax holidays, 22 Bosnia, 74 teachers, 162,199 Bulgaria, 188,196,255 immigrant, 167 Edirne, 349 technology French, 255 agricultural machines, 181 Momchilovtsi, 196 change, textiles, 279-82 Monastir, 77 diffusion, 292 Ottoman Bulgaria, 67-8,73-6,159, gajtan, 280 161 intermediate, 275,291 Ottoman military, 74,79 Paracin woollen mill, 269 Serbia, 125-6,264 smuggling, 281 Tatar Pazardzhik, 200 spinning wheels, 72 Tamnava district, Serbia, 113 transfer, 72,280-2 tanning, 68,190 transitional, 280 Tanzimat, 44,48,133-5,139,342,356 Teokarevic, Mita, 263 tapestry, 232 terms of trade, Serbia, 120 tariffs Teslic, 220-1 Austria-Hungary, 304 Tetovo, woollens, 348,355 Bosnia, 196,230,244 textiles. See woollens, cottons, cloth Bulgaria, 252,254,256 Theodoric Company, 240 E.Rumelia, 193 Thessaloniki. See Salonica Germany, 227 Thessaly, 37 Ottoman, 51,196,244,256,347,355 agriculture, 38 Serbia, 244,267,269,273 beet growing, 320 Tatar Pazardzhik, 58 cottage industry, 50 cottons, 200 Thommel, G., 135,209 flocks, 182 Thrace, 161 woollens, 76,192 timber. See forestry Tatars, 159,185 barrel staves, 155 Tausanovic, Kosta, 337 cartel, 227 taverns, 111,121,178-9 export tax Bosnia, 140,155-6,226 piastre, 88 Montenegro, 241 registers for charcoal, Bosnia, 220-1 Bulgaria, 158 industries, Bosnia, 219-21,227,235 Serbia, 108,124 pulp mill, Bosnia, 220 tax farming, Ottoman, 46 sawmilling taxation Bosnia, 155,219-20,226-7 Bosnia, 138,141,154,202,206,225-6 Bulgaria, 181 incidence, 134 Montenegro, 241 Bulgaria, 176,180 Tirnavos, 37,50,53 cadastral, 180,183 tithes, Ottoman, 34,36-7,40,44 double, 182 Bosnia, 132-5,137,202 E.Rumelia, 176,180 Bulgaria, 45-8,52,62,64,67,161,180 Montenegro, 142 E.Rumelia, 176-7 dacija, 142 Macedonia, 343 on emigrants, 152 Montenegro, 212 Ottoman. See tithes, Ottoman Serbia, 96 cizye, 5-7,12,21,80-1 tobacco hearth, 4 export privileges, 37 Bosnia, 140 specific, 39 Macedonia, 343,354,356 Tanzimat, 44 Ottoman Europe, 36 Serbia, 2,86-9,114,116,165,315 factories capitation, 96 Bosnia, 218,229

Index 413

Montenegro, 240 migrants, 68 growing woollen mills, 197,247,252,292 Bulgaria, 58,185 woollens, 56,70 Hercegovina, 140 Trnovo, Macedonia, 347 Macedonia, 343,353 Trojan, 70 Montenegro, 217,240 Tsokev, P., 245 monopoly tuberculosis, 146 Bosnia, 218 Turkey red, 76 Montenegro, 217,240 Turks output, Macedonia, 355 as farmers, 184 Todorova, C, 326,342 in Macedonia, 342-3 Todorova, M., 11 Turn und Taxis group, 320 Topcider woollen mill, 126,153 Tuzla, saltworks, 155,221,223 Topal Osman Pasha, 138-9,164 towels, 55-6,69,73,76 Ubicini,A.,6,9-10,53 export, 188 Ulcinj, 212,240-1 towns. See population:urban, de- Ungarische Textil Industrie A.G., 276 urbanization uprisings Bosnia, 140 Bosnia, 135,139,142,212 Bulgaria, 159,199 Bulgaria, 158,173,201 Macedonia, 345-6 Macedonia, 356 Montenegro, 212,239 Serbia, 16 Serbia, 116,123-6,166 urban. See towns Tr'n,38 urban crafts and craftsmen trade Bosnia, 154,228-32 barriers, Ottoman, 196 guilds, 152 internal Bulgaria, 190,199,201 Ottoman, 40,50 guilds, 80 Serbia, 113 Montenegro, 148 Trajkovic,D.,261,288 Serbia, 121-2,12^5,310 transactions costs, 178,188 rope-making, 288 transhumance, 60-1,143^1,159,182-3, Urquhart,D., 157 215,343-5. See overwintering Uspeh company, 246 transport. See railways Uzicanin, Muhamed Aga, 231 difficulties, 90,104,125,155,178,312, Uzice 348 cattle trade, 120 horse, 327 cotton industry, 273-4 Ottoman Europe, 40 crafts, 126-7,166 treaties railway, 331 Adrianople, 88 region, 114,119-20 Baltaliman, 41 woollen mill, 126-7,153,273 Berlin, 173,175,202,212 Uzundzhovo fair, 72 Bucharest, 86 Convention of Scutari, 142 vak% 44-5 SanStefano, 173 Valjevo, merchants, 330 Svishtov, 84 Vardar valley, 343 Trebjesa brewery, 241 Vares, 220 tribute iron smelting, 155 Bulgarian, 177 ironworks, 155,218,220 Egyptian, 42 ore-fields, 226 Serbian, 86 Vareser Eisenindustrie A. G., 218 Trieste, 140 Varna Trjavna, 67-68,159 cotton mill, 271,290-1,339 carpets, 200 district, 179 coal mine, 335 labour market, 290 land endowment, 69 sanjak, 42

414 Index

Varna (com.) War Ministry, Serbia, 276,339 trade, 62,188 water power, 68,80,126-7,291 Vasseur,M.,338 watermills, 259,263 Vazovgrad. See Sopot wax, 94 Veles wheat cottons, 348 cultivation, Serbia, 93 gajtan, 348 export schools, 168 Bosnia, 140 Veli, son of Ali Pasha, 37 Ottoman, 41 Velika Plana, 330 Serbia, 93 VelikoGradiste,104 home market, Serbia, 93 Veliko T'rnovo, weaving, 56 prices, Bulgaria, 180,187 Venice, 240 soil erosion, Bulgaria, 183 Veroia, textiles, 76,349,354 Wilhelmy,H.,61 Venders, 80,282 wine veterinary control, 211,304-5 export Vidin, 104 Bulgaria, 60,186 region, 38,185 Serbia, 118 sanjak, 62 growing silk, 190 Bulgaria, 58,186 under Pasvanoglu, 37 Montenegro, 142-3,217 Vienna Serbia,92, 111 Balkan business, 162 price, 179,186-7 demand, 50 Wolf, Karl, 260 fashions, 255,267 wool Virpazar, 240 consumption, Bulgaria, 70-1,192 Visoko, 153-5 Dobrudzha, 61 Vlachs,130,347 Eastern Rumelia, 184 Vladaja, textiles, 83 export Volpi, Giuseppe, 240 Bulgaria, 70 Vracar district, Serbia, 102 Ottoman, 54 Vranje,260,287 import, Bulgaria, 184 Vrattsa, cattle, 184 knitting, 264 Vucje woollen mill, 263-4,281,288 output Vuco,N., 100 Bulgaria, 184 Vukosavljevic,S.,314 Macedonia, 355 pre-emption right, Salonica, 54 wages prices, 51,187,192,265 agricultural, Bulgaria, 177,194 quality deterioration, 184 Belgrade, 289 self-consumption, 189 Bosnia, 231 sorting machines, 83 Bulgaria and Serbia, 236,286 supply industry, Bosnia, 236 Bulgaria, 193 Leskovac, 288 Serbia, 259 Macedonia, 353-4 tariff, E. Rumelia, 193 real woolcombing, 262 builders, 324 woollen mills Bulgaria, 192 Bosnia, 153-4,231 rope-making, 287 Bulgaria, 197,200,245-8,281-7,291-3 Samokov, 287 labour force, 282-7 textile Macedonia, 347-8,354-5 Bulgaria, 199,290 Ottoman Bulgaria, 79-81,83-4 Ottoman Bulgaria, 81,159 labour supply, 81 Serbia, 259,294 Serbia, 126-7,258-61,263-70,281, women, Uzice, 273 288-9,293-5,355 Wallerstein, I., 52 labour force, 287-9

Index 415

woollens dyeing, 76 consumption, Bulgaria, 278 import, 270 demand peasant demand, 270 Bosnia, 74,196,230 price, 270 Ottoman Bulgaria, 72-3 red dyed, 41 export woollen Bulgaria, 230,256-8 adulteration, 195 Macedonia, 347 Belgian, 255 Serbia, 230,259,269 carded, 70 Hercegovina, 153 combed, 246,269-70 import, 189,196 homespun, 263 Bosnia, 230 import, 255 Bulgaria, 255 shortage, 194,197,263^1 Serbia, 267 yaylaks, 61 output Yeni Kule cotton mill, 350 Bulgaria, 71,192-3,197,266,295 yields. See crop yields E. Rumelia, 70,192 Young Bosnia, 237 Ottoman Bulgaria, 72 Young Turks, 214 Serbia, 265-6 Yugoslav historiography, 225,234-5 prices, 194 Yuriiks,61 sales, Serbia, 269 value added, 194 zadrugas, 168 worsteds Zemun, 268 Bosnia, 153-4 Zenica Serbia, 263,267,269 carpets, 153 rolling mill, 218-220 Xanthi,343 Zheljazkov, Dobri, 79-81,281 xenophobia, 276,333-40 Zheravna cultivation, 69 yamahsy 36,37 privileges, 37 yarn woollens, 284 cotton Zihni,352 British, 270-2,349 Zivkovic, Bozidar, 275-6 coarse-count, 270-2,349-50 Zlataritsa, 283 Crompton, 274 Zlatitsa district, Bulgaria, 177,183-5