LIVELIHOODS ZONING “PLUS” ACTIVITY IN

A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM NETWORK (FEWS NET)

January 2011

LIVELIHOODS ZONING “PLUS” ACTIVITY IN LIBERIA

A SPECIAL REPORT BY THE FAMINE EARLY WARNING SYSTEM NETWORK (FEWS NET)

January 2011

This publication was prepared by Julius Holt of FEG Consulting, Rachel Cipryk, Salif Sow and Laouali Ibrahim for the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET), in collaboration with the Liberian Ministry of Agriculture, the Liberian Institute for Statistics and Geo‐information Services, USAID Liberia, WFP, FAO and partner NGOs. The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government.

Page 2 of 47

Contents

Acknowledgements ...... 3 Introduction ...... 4 Methodology ...... 6 National Livelihoods Zone Map...... 7 National Seasonal Calendar ...... 8

Livelihood Zone 1: North‐East Rice Intercropped with Cowpeas and Groundnuts and Palm Oil...... 9 Livelihood Zone 2: North/Central Rice with Cassava and Market Gardening...... 11 Livelihood Zone 3: South‐East Rice with Cassava ...... 13 Livelihood Zone 4: Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and River Fishing...... 15 Livelihood Zone 5: Coastal Fishing and Cassava ...... 17 Livelihood Zone 6: Rice Intercropped and Forest Hunting...... 19 Livelihood Zone 7: Plantain Cash Crop with Food Crops ...... 21 Livelihood Zone 8 ‐ Rubber and Charcoal with Food Crops...... 2 Livelihood Zone 9 ‐ Peri‐Urban: Petty Trade, Market Gardening and Casual Employment ...... 4

Annex I – List of clans per livelihood zone ...... 6 Annex II: Livelihood Zoning Workshop Participants...... 25

Acknowledgements

This work was done by Famine Early Warning Systems Network in collaboration with its partners Government of Liberia including the Ministry of Agriculture, the Liberia Institute of Statistics & Geo‐Information Services, CILSS and the World Food Programme.

Page 3 of 47

Introduction

The two geographically prominent kinds of livelihood zone – rice dominant and cassava dominant – reflect a fundamental ecological divide in the country. This is between the coastal plain and the elevation of the interior up to the borders with and . Apart from a couple of high ridges, the elevation is mostly below 500 meters above sea level, but it is enough to tip Liberia into a general slope across which the major drainage of the country runs, many of the major rivers originating in the highlands of southern Guinea and finally issuing into the Atlantic at points along the Liberian coast. Cassava is grown in greatest volume on the coastal plain, whilst rice (virtually all rain‐fed or in swampland rather than irrigated) dominates the higher hinterland. However between the north‐west, centre and the south‐east there are sufficient differences in the crop production scene to warrant a division of the main rice areas into three zones. But it has to be said that in comparison to the dramatic ecological differences within other countries, e.g. the high mountain to low rangeland of Kenya and Ethiopia, or the Sahara sands to savannah/guinean vegetation in Sahel countries, Liberia has only moderate variation in ecology, rainfall patterns and hazards. If we have settled on nine zones (including the periphery of Monrovia itself) it is by emphasizing certain special features of areas which nevertheless all sit squarely on the base economy of rice‐with‐cassava or cassava‐with‐rice. On the other hand that difference in the base economy is strong enough for it not to be masked by the fact that Liberia is a heavy net importer of staple rice, and the consumption of imported rice, so far from being confined essentially to an urban population, is part of the diet of rural people across the country.

Apart from climatic or ecological differences, a major element in distinguishing economic areas is their relative access to the Monrovia market, which inter alia encourages local rice sales in the northern half of the country. That market, for farm produce, fish, goods and even labor, represents the demand of as much as one‐third of the national population. No County town comes close to competing economically, and so Monrovia’s influence penetrates deep into the county, even as far as the little plantain‐based livelihood zone (LZ 7) on the north‐west border of with Guinea. The Rubber and Charcoal LZ 8 exists precisely because a) rubber plantations were situated on land not too far from the port and b) the nearby city demand for charcoal particularly favors the road‐oriented population who have access to abandoned rubber trees. At the other end of the country, the South‐East Rice (LZ 3) is largely defined by its isolation from Monrovia and the resulting absence of marketing opportunities. There is no paved road towards the capital along which goods can easily be moved, and indeed local villages are cut off even from local centres during the rains.

Given that some combination of rice and cassava cultivation is ubiquitous, it is sometimes secondary products that distinguish a livelihood zone. In the hunting zone (LZ 6) the people are actually essentially farmers by vocation, even often nearly self‐sufficient in food. But the income from bush‐meat is considered important enough and distinctive enough to justify making this a separate zone, and once again Monrovia is an important market for this product at least in dried form. If we do not have an inland fishing zone on the same basis, it is not because fishing is insignificant but because it is widespread across the rivers and creeks of the

Page 4 of 47

entire coastal plain and beyond. There is no particular area of any size with an intensive inland fishing economy. Hunting is also widespread around the country, but in the four areas which are combined as the hunting zone, the resource and its profits are far above average. By the same token, sea‐fish earnings by people on and near the coast are far more fundamental to the livelihoods of coastal villages than inland fishing is to the villages of the cassava belt (LZ 4), and so the coastal fishing zone (LZ 5) has been distinguished.

But it is not always an easy matter to decide whether a certain form of production or income should generate a separate zone. There is some temptation to compromise by creating sub‐ zones, although that was avoided by the participants in the workshop who together created the draft livelihoods map. This is fortunate, because sub‐zones can easily become a step along the road to recognizing numerous localized differences, so that a quite unwieldy map of thirty or forty ‘zones’ would replace the map of nine. In this instance the original draft had both the plantain zone mentioned above and a charcoal zone separate from the rubber zone. After field verification and discussion it has been proposed to keep the plantain zone but to merge the charcoal zone with the rubber zone, on the basis that the intensive charcoal element represents a limited, road‐oriented population within the rubber‐dominated area. But one could reasonably make the argument for a plantain and a charcoal sub‐zone.

In this respect it is perhaps mining that is most problematic. Surface gold mining, and to a lesser extent diamond mining, are found in many localities across the country. But there are certain areas of concentration, and two large areas were proposed in the workshop to be combined as a mining‐plus‐food‐crops livelihood zone separate from the rice‐dominant zones. Field verification has frankly brought mixed information as to the importance of mining to ordinary rural households as opposed to a minority who may invest most of their available labour to mining work, joining numerous in‐migrants at mining camps. Our proposal for the present is to accept that mining brings important income in these areas but does not dominate the rural economy: we recognize it as an element , but do not make mining a separate livelihood zone. This means that these mining areas are subsumed in the wider rice‐dominant zones LZ 2 and LZ 3, although gold mining is not equally spread around those zones. It is a compromise until further field information can tell us quite how mining and the rural economy are linked. As was properly stated in the opening address to the workshop: “This is a work in progress”.

Page 5 of 47

Methodology

This Livelihoods Zoning “Plus” product has been carried out using a rapid livelihoods assessment approach that aims to identify and describe trends and patterns in livelihoods that can be used as a starting point for early warning analysis. It is based on the Household Economy Analysis (HEA) methodology that FEWS NET uses as a foundation for its livelihoods activities.

The methodology for a Livelihoods Zoning ‘Plus’ product consists of three steps:

Step One: Representatives from each region come together in a national‐level workshop to delineate the national map into livelihood zones, which are areas with similar livelihoods activities, agro‐ecology, and access to markets.

Step Two: Descriptions of each livelihood zone are drafted at the national workshop, identifying the key characteristics of livelihoods found in each zone, as well as the Seasonal Calendar.

Step Three: A short field verification is conducted in which local administration and key informants are consulted to help verify and adjust the information for the zones that was compiled at the national workshop.

For more details on the Household Economy Analysis and principles, please visit the livelihoods section on www.fews.net or download the paper ‘Application of the Livelihood Zone Maps and Profiles for Food Security Analysis and Early Warning’.

Page 6 of 47

National Livelihoods Zone Map

Livelihoods Highlights

 Risk of food insecurity in a normal year is low in most zones in Liberia, largely due to an annual rainfall average of between 2500 and 5000 mm, which supports sustained agricultural production.

 The South‐Eastern area of the country including Zone 3 and parts of Zones 4 and 6, is at slightly higher risk of food insecurity due to a number of factors including: rainfall in this area can be erratic, households are highly dependent on their own production for food, and markets are less well integrated into national marketing system as access to the Southeast is very difficult during the rainy season.

 Almost every livelihood zone is dependent on some combination of rice and cassava production for food and/or income, plus some additional activity such as vegetable production, hunting or fishing for consumption and sale.

 Shocks that typically impact livelihoods include staple food price spikes, erratic rainfall, excessive rainfall and crop pests such as grasshoppers and groundhogs.

Page 7 of 47

National Seasonal Calendar

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Majority lean season South‐East lean season

Key livelihood activities Majority Rice lp pl we h South‐East Rice lp pl we h lp pl Cassava h Cowpeas lp pl h Vegetables lp pl we h lp Agricultural labor Hunting/trapping Charcoal/Rubber

Shocks and Hazards Grasshoppers Erratic rains Flooding Food price spikes Malaria Legend lp land prep. pl Planting we weeding h harvest

Seasonal Calendar Key Points

 The lean season occurs in most livelihood zones in Liberia from July through September, in advance of the mid‐October rice harvest; the exception is in the southeast of the country, from April through July, in advance of the August rice harvest.

 Periods of peak rainfall, from June through October, are of concern because of the risk of flooding. This period of higher risk also coincides with the lean season and its corresponding risk of staple food price rises, as well as the peak malaria period.

Page 8 of 47

Livelihood Zone 1: North‐East Rice Intercropped with Cowpeas and Groundnuts and Palm Oil

Key Livelihoods Activities Poorand Better‐off This is the northern‐most livelihood zone, encompassing Lofa Rice production County and a good part of and extending a little into Cowpea production . It contains some of the highest elevations of the Groundnut production country in the Wologizi and Wonegizi Ranges, which are a southern Tuber spur of the Guinea highlands in which also originate the Lofa, Lawa and St. Paul rivers that run through the zone. As with most of the Staple Foods and Sources country north of the coastal plain, this zone has in general rainfall Poor volumes which are high by region standards at 1500‐ Rice: majority purchase 2500 mm per annum, but distinctly lower than for the Liberian Cowpeas: majority own production coastal areas. Cassava and other tubers Better‐off Rice is sown broadcast on rain‐fed fields. It is the major staple, but Rice: majority own production is backed up by cassava as the second staple. Although larger Cowpeas: majority own production farmers are able to market rice in response especially to the Cassava and other tubers Monrovia demand, this is not a major surplus area (there is Key Income Sources currently no such area in the country) and the lesser farmers

Poor Better‐off commonly run out of rice stocks long before the next harvest and

Rice Rice then buy (mostly imported) rice on the market. During the ‘hunger’ period between July and September the less‐preferred cassava, dug Cowpeas Groundnuts up as required, becomes particularly important. Groundnuts Cowpeas

Palm oil Palm oil Before the war in this area cocoa and some coffee were widely Main Markets grown as cash crops (as they are today just across the border in Sierra Leone). But there has been little reinvestment after the Zorzor wholesale loss of trees during the years of conflict (trees take 5‐7 years to mature). People trust far more in annual crops, of which Shocks and Hazards rice, cowpeas and groundnuts are the most important. Cowpeas Rodent, bird and grasshopper damage to are particularly marketed at Voinjama and Zorzor. Cultivated palm crops trees are rare, and the marketed palm oil comes essentially from Erratic rain at sowing/planting time wild trees, which are particularly important around the border between Lofa and Bong Counties. Vegetables also emerge as an important source of income particularly in the border area of Lofa Key Early Warning Indicators and Bong counties, where bitterball and chilies with some okra are Erratic rains April‐June during planting grown. Early vegetable harvest sales are important to bolster the Excessive rain in June‐October expenditure on the Christmas festival and the school fee payments Staple food price spikes in January.

Page 9 of 47

Livelihood Zone 1: North‐East Rice Intercropped with Cowpeas and Groundnuts and Palm Oil Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season

Key livelihood activities Rice lp pl we h Cowpeas lp pl h Vegetables lp pl we h lp Groundnuts lp pl h Palm oil h

Other opportunities On‐farm work cash Off‐farm work in‐kind lp pl Cassava h

Shocks and Hazards Grasshoppers Erratic rains Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 10 of 47

Livelihood Zone 2: North/Central Rice with Cassava and Market Gardening

Key Livelihoods Activities Poor Better‐off This zone stretches from the Cestos and Nipoue rivers along its Vegetables Rice production southern/eastern border to near the border of Bong with Lofa. It is production Vegetables crossed by the St. John river which is a particularly important source of Cassava production water for small‐scale irrigation as well as the origin of fertile loam production Cassava soils. This zone is perhaps the county’s best producer of rice, which is Rice production production rain‐fed and sown broadcast. Although rice is traded, it is far from Staple Foods and Sources clear that this is a surplus area. Even wealthier farmers tend to begin buying rice on the market around June, well before the harvest from Poor November. Poorer farmers are buying already by March, and rely Rice: majority purchase increasingly on cassava in the ensuing months, whilst in October they Cassava: all own production also consume ‘green’ rice, i.e. just‐matured but still moist grain which Other tubers: majority own production they parboil, dry and then pound for threshing. ‘Lowland’ rice, i.e. paddy rice in swampland, is cultivated in scattered areas, but this Better‐off intensified, high‐yield system of nurseries and transplanting, promoted Rice: about ¾ purchase by the government and development partners, is still in its infancy, as Cassava: all own crops it requires considerably more investment of labor than the broadcast, Other tubers: majority own rain‐fed practices. production

Key Income Sources As the central of the three rice‐dominant livelihood zones identified, Poor Better‐off like Zone 1 to the north and unlike Zone 3 to the south‐east, Zone 2 is Vegetables Vegetables a source of marketed rice. Trade in this zone is intensified by the Cassava Rice paved road from Ganta through to Monrovia, and this Palm oil sales Cassava opportunity particularly favors the perishable vegetables‐ especially On‐farm work bitterball and fresh chilies but also potatoes and okra‐ which are the first source of income for wealthier and poorer farmers alike. Apart Main Markets from vegetables, chiefly wealthier farmers sell rice, notably at the Ganta Gbarnga market, whilst poorer farmers sell cassava. Towards the Gbarnga south‐east Saclepie and Tappita are also important markets. Pulses Saclepie and groundnuts are not significant here, but poorer people do sell oil Monrovia (target market) from wild palms. Seasonal collection of snails adds protein to the diet. Shocks and Hazards Ground hog, bird and grasshopper In the north‐western (Gbarpolu/Bomi) piece of this zone, dry‐season damage to crops gold mining work by young men brings them significant earnings; they Erratic rain at sowing/planting time join many in‐migrant workers. There is also diamond mining; but mining is not such a key resource in the rest of this zone. Key Early Warning Indicators

Staple food price spikes Erratic rains April‐June during planting Excessive rain in June‐October

Page 11 of 47

Livelihood Zone 2: North/Central Rice with Cassava and Market Gardening Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season

Key livelihood activities Rice lp pl we h Vegetables lp pl we h lp lp pl Cassava h

Other opportunities On‐farm work cash Palm oil h

Shocks and Hazards Grasshoppers Erratic rains Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 12 of 47

Livelihood Zone 3: South‐East Rice with Cassava

Key Livelihoods Activities Poor Better‐off This zone, in good part at lower elevations than Zones 1 and 2, is Rice Rice production bound by the Cestos River that divides Nimba and Grand Gedde production Cassava Counties, and runs from the Northern border with Ivory Coast straight Cassava production south to the Atlantic Coast at River Cess city. It is again primarily a rice production Vegetables producer for home consumption, but cassava is more prominent than On‐farm work production in the other two major rice‐growing zones. Cassava is in fact the most Vegetables important crop sold today. By comparison with the north of the production country, rice production here suffers from a tendency for rainfall to be Staple Foods and Sources erratic, especially early in the season when the timing of land clearing, Poor and Better off preparation and sowing is critical. Rice: majority own production Cassava: all own production But there is also lack of incentive for surplus rice production: the zone Vegetable: majority own production is isolated by distance and a very poor road network from the main Key Income Sources commercial demand of Monrovia and the more northerly motor routes that lead to it. The market isolation also discourages vegetable Poor Better‐off cultivation for more than home consumption. On the other hand, palm Cassava sales Cassava sales oil, palm nuts and coconuts are marketed, inland and coastal fishing On‐farm work Rice sales contribute both to diets and incomes, and widespread relatively

Local rice sales forested areas also offer hunting and timber resources. Poorer people Main Markets make an important part of their cash income from paid agricultural laboring or casual off‐farm work. Tappita Saclepie Shocks and Hazards Erratic rain at sowing/planting time Rodent and grasshopper damage to crops Key Early Warning Indicators Erratic rains April‐June during planting Excessive rain in June‐October Grasshopper infestations in April and Sept‐Oct Staple food price spikes

Page 13 of 47

Livelihood Zone 3: South‐East Rice with Cassava Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season

Key livelihood activities Rice lp pl we h lp pl we lp pl Cassava h Vegetables lp pl we h lp On‐farm work

Other opportunities Hunting/trapping Off‐farm work Concession work

Shocks and Hazards Erratic rains Groundhogs Grasshoppers Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 14 of 47

Livelihood Zone 4: Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and River Fishing

Key Livelihoods Activities Poor and Better‐off This extensive zone represents the typical livelihoods situation of the Cassava production coastal plain, which runs the length of the country between Sierra Leone Rice production and Ivory Coast. Just as cassava is an important second staple in the Charcoal sales dominant rice cultivation zones, so here it is rice which is the important second staple after cassava. It is a question of the emphasis on one or Staple Foods and Sources other staple induced by two general ecologies: the coastal plain is lower‐ Poor and Better‐off lying and receives more rainfall than the hinterland. High rainfall also Rice adds to the drainage network through smaller rivers and streams which Cassava: all own production complement or join the main, cross‐country rivers. Irrigation other than Key Income Sources for vegetable patches is uncommon; on the other hand inland fishing is a Poor Better‐off significant dietary and cash resource, although rarely a primary Cassava sales Cassava sales – occupation. – fresh and fresh and processed processed Cassava is both an annual and a perennial crop, in that it can be Charcoal sales Charcoal sales harvested a few months after planting or it can be left in the ground for Vegetable Vegetable sales one or more years. Tubers can be dug up at any time to be boiled and sales pounded for fufu as the staple for domestic consumption, or to be sold. Main Markets It can be sold in its raw, fresh state, or considerable value can be added Monrovia to the price by one or other form of processing, including gari or dipa. Buchanan Whole cassava sales rise in the peak rains of July to September, processed cassava sales from January through March. But processing Barclayville requires considerable labor unless people have the capital for Harper mechanized equipment, and this is a limiting factor in the profitability of Robertsport cassava. Shocks and Hazards Excessive rain leading to water‐ A homestead in this zone is most likely to grow both cassava and some logging or flooding rice; but a great variety of other planted or wild items will typically be Rodent, caterpillar and found on a micro‐scale, including citrus, kola nut, cocoa, coffee or rubber grasshopper damage to crops trees , and eddoes, sweet potatoes and coco yams, and garden vegetables. Palm oil is commonly got from wild palms on a modest scale Key Early Warning Indicators and collected bush‐yams are another resource. Charcoal is widely made Staple food price spikes and sold from wood from land brushing or from forest. In addition, Excessive rain in June‐October households may maintain ‘hunger farms’ – a piece of land devoted to short‐maturing rice or cassava that helps bridge the hunger season before the main harvest.

Page 15 of 47

Livelihood Zone 4: Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and River Fishing Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season

Key livelihood activities pl we Cassava H Rice Vegetables lp pl we h lp Charcoal sales

Other opportunities On‐ and off‐farm work Concession work Palm oil h H Hunting Cocoa lp pl H

Shocks and Hazards Malaria Groundhogs Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 16 of 47

Livelihood Zone 5: Coastal Fishing and Cassava

Key Livelihoods Activities Poor Better‐off This zone comprises the strip of land all along the Liberian coast Fish sales and paid Fish sales behind the beach or the mangroves, from some half‐a‐kilometer to fishing work Petty trade five kilometers inland. Villages show all the economic elements Cassava production Cassava noted for the wider cassava‐dominated area (Zone 4), except that and processing production land tends to be less fertile and unsuitable for vegetables. However, for sale for most households, especially poorer ones, farming of food crops is Charcoal sales secondary to fishing activities. Most households still manage to Staple Foods and Sources consume their own cassava (and may sell some fresh and Poor and Better‐off processed), but they buy most of the rice they consume from the Rice: majority market purchase market. Much, if not most, household work‐time, capital and cash Cassava: majority own crops earnings are involved with sea‐fishing. This activity occurs year‐ Fish: all own catch round, but reduces somewhat in the rainy season, and especially in Vegetables: all market purchase the peak rains of August and September due to the danger of high winds and storms. Key Income Sources

Poor Better‐off Poorer households may get about half of their cash income from Fishing work and Fish sales fishing, a third from cassava sales and a fifth from petty trade and fish sales Petty trade other activities. Wealthier people get around three quarters of Cassava sales income from fish and the rest from trading, whilst still farming for Charcoal sales home consumption. Amongst the very wealthiest are boat owners Main Markets who do not farm at all, but sell and trade fish. Poorer fishers own Monrovia lines, hooks and small hand‐held nets, but very few own a paddle‐ Robertsport canoe. Wealthier households own these items but also canoes, Harbel sometimes with motors, large casting nets and fish‐smoking drums if Buchanan not full smoking houses. As a result, poorer men tend to work Cesstos City extensively for wealthier boat‐owners, whilst still doing some minor Greenville fishing on their own account. Barclayville Harper Payment of fishing workers is usually in fish. For instance, of three Shocks and Hazards bags of fish caught, the boat owner may take one as compensation Rough seas in the rainy season leading for providing and maintaining the boat, and one for providing the to capcized boats, low catches, lost nets; the third bag is then split between all boat personnel, including nets the boat owner. Otherwise, possibly with a bigger boat and more Flooding of fields workers, the catch may be split 40% for the boat and net owner and 60% for the workers. Fish smoking is important in allowing fish to be Key Early Warning Indicators preserved to reach a wide market, whether urban or far into the Staple food price spikes hinterland. Drying fish also allows catches to earn cash even if they Cassava commodity price drops during are not sold fresh the day they are caught, though the value of dried peak selling months fish is significantly lower than of fresh.

Page 17 of 47

Livelihood Zone 5: Coastal Fishing and Cassava Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season

Key livelihood activities Fishing/fish sales less pl we Cassava h Cassava processing Charcoal sales Petty trade

Other opportunities Drying fish less

Shocks and Hazards Rough seas Flooding of fields Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 18 of 47

Livelihood Zone 6: Rice Intercropped and Forest Hunting

Key Livelihoods Activities Poor Hunting for bush meat Residents of this sparsely‐populated but quite large zone Rice production (combining four areas around the country) are primarily farmers of Vegetable and cassava production upland rice, cassava and vegetables, sharing many of the features On‐farm work of the neighboring rice‐dominant zones. However the factor that distinguishes this zone is that the greater part of household cash Better‐off income comes from traded bush‐meat from the exceptional Hunting for bush meat hunting resources in their environment. This is true of wealthier Rice production and poorer households alike; and both also sell vegetables Vegetable production harvested especially from February to June. Cassava production

Staple Foods and Sources Wealthier households tend to be more or less self‐sufficient in rice, Poor but poorer households fall far short of this. It is therefore only Rice: about ¾ own production wealthier farmers who tend to sell rice, whilst poorer farmers Cassava: all own production depend on paid work, on and off‐farm, partly to pay for the rice Bush meat: own catch they must buy. Better‐off Rice: vast majority own production The forests also offer timber resources. There is also gold in parts of Cassava: all own production this zone, as there is in neighboring zones. A minority of poor Vegetables: all own production households makes significant cash from working in mining, but Bush meat: own catch most people in the gold camps are in fact migrants from elsewhere in Liberia or from beyond its borders. Key Income Sources

Poor Better‐off Bush meat sales Bush meat sales Vegetable sales Vegetable sales On‐farm work Rice sales Main Markets Saclepie Tappita Zwedru Shocks and Hazards Wind/storms Food price spikes Key Early Warning Indicators Staple food price spikes Flooding from June ‐ September Grasshopper infestation in May

Page 19 of 47

Livelihood Zone 6: Rice Intercropped and Forest Hunting Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season

Key livelihood activities Hunting less Rice lp pl we h Vegetables lp pl we h lp lp pl Cassava h

Other opportunities Mining

Shocks and Hazards Grasshoppers Erratic rains Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 20 of 47

Livelihood Zone 7: Plantain Cash Crop with Food Crops

Key Livelihoods Activities Poor and Better‐off Perched on the eastern edge of Nimba County, and bordering Ivory Plantain production Coast, this small zone has the distinction of a dominant cash crop. Cassava production Plantains are grown by households all over the country, but the Rice production fertility of soils here – rich in potash and phosphorus – is conducive to Vegetable production this intensive cultivation. Intercropped rice and cassava and vegetables are important to households too, but plantains are the Staple Foods and Sources prime target of activities and the prime cash‐earner for poor and Poor and Better‐off better‐off households alike. Rice: majority own production Cassava: majority own production This zone is dominated small‐holders and not associated with Vegetables: majority own commercial schemes. The only comparable situation is in some parts production of the rice‐dominant zones where vegetable sales are the biggest Key Income Sources source of cash. Most of the plantains go straight to distant Monrovia Poor and Better‐off for sale. The local road network is very poor, and much of the Plantain sales population is frequently cut off in the peak rains of July to October. Cassava sales But beyond this most of the distance to the capital is served by the Vegetable sales paved highway from Ganta south – and imported rice comes up this Main Markets road as a main staple for this zone for much of the year. Cassava and Ganta vegetables are also marketed, although more within the County. Tapitta There are mineral resources, not only gold and some diamonds but Shocks and Hazards also iron ore right on the border with Ivory Coast – although this Cut off from market transport remains to be developed. Currently the majority of poorer households Crop pests are not heavily implicated in mining work, making money both from Key Early Warning Indicators selling their own produce and working on‐farm for wealthier Grasshopper infestation in May neighbors – who also make most money from selling produce but also Fuel price spikes engage in trading.

Page 21 of 47

Livelihood Zone 7: Plantain Cash Crop with Food Crops Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season Key livelihood activities lp pl we Plantains H Rice lp pl we h Vegetables lp pl we h lp lp pl Cassava h Other opportunities Mining

Shocks and Hazards Grasshoppers Erratic rains Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Livelihood Zone 8 ‐ Rubber and Charcoal with Food Crops Rubber‐dependent populations Key Livelihoods Activities

Poor Better‐off Rubber is the main theme of this zone, and has been here since

Rubber tapping Rubber sales introduction by the Firestone company in the 1920s. Today there

Vegetable sales Petty trade are two other big commercial ‘concessions’. The rural population is

Petty trade Vegetable sales heavily involved with the big rubber plantations. Most monthly‐

Charcoal hire contract workers live in small ‘towns’ (essentially villages) within the concessions, where a minority (mainly women) run Staple Foods and Sources cook‐shops or engage in petty trade. But small, private plantation Poor and Better‐off owners and smallholders grow rubber independently and sell the Rice: majority purchase latex to the companies. Rubber is tapped across the year, and Cassava and other tubers: majority purchase private planters employ local people to work on this. Thus rubber Vegetables: majority purchase is by far the most important income source in this zone. Both Cowpeas: majority purchase cassava and rice are grown largely for home consumption, but the Key Income Sources vast majority of staple food is purchased. A few better‐off farmers Poor Better‐off have small shops giving credit to concession workers, whilst more Monthly/daily hire for Rubber sales generally the private / smallholder rubber producers make further rubber tapping Petty trade cash by selling vegetables and charcoal: this zone is near to the Vegetable sales Vegetable sales Monrovia conurbation and linked to it by a good road network. Petty trade

Charcoal

Charcoal‐dependent population Key Livelihoods Activities Charcoal is made far and wide in Liberia for home use and sale, Poor Better‐off using wood gathered from field brushing as well as forest wood. Charcoal sales Charcoal sales But in this zone there is a particular combination of the Monrovia Vegetables production Commerce and trade market and old, abandoned rubber trees that is at the root of what Cassava production Cassava and other tuber might be called a sub‐zone or minority population whose economy production is based on charcoal. This road‐oriented population put the greater Staple Foods and Sources part of their labor into charcoal, whether on their own production Poor or working for better‐off neighbors. A bag of charcoal may sell for Rice: majority purchase the equivalent of US$3, a good daily wage in rural areas. Like Cassava: all own production smallholders who grow rubber in this zone, charcoal producers are Other tubers: all own production also smallholders and farm in a reduced way, growing cassava, Vegetables: 50/50 own production and purchase vegetables, beans and enough rice for at least a few months’ Fish: majority purchase consumption before going to the market for imported rice. Better‐off Rice: 50/50 own production and purchase Cassava: all own production Other tubers: majority purchase Vegetables: all purchase Fish: all purchase Key Income Sources Poor Better‐off Charcoal sales Charcoal Vegetable sales Commerce and trade Cassava and other tubers Daily hire

Page 2 of 47

Main Markets Kakata Monrovia Central Red Light Shocks and Hazards Crop pests and rodents Food price spikes Key Early Warning Indicators Staple food price spikes Grasshopper infestation in May Flooding in Jun‐Oct Fuel price spikes

Livelihood Zone 8: Rubber and Charcoal with Food Crops Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season Key livelihood activities Rubber tapping/sale Charcoal production Rice lp pl we h Vegetables lp pl we h lp lp pl Cassava h

Other opportunities Petty trade Shocks and Hazards Grasshoppers Groundhogs Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 3 of 47

Livelihood Zone 9 ‐ Monrovia Peri‐Urban: Petty Trade, Market Gardening and Casual Employment

Key Livelihoods Activities Poor Better‐off This zone comprises a sizeable population who are within the Backyard gardening Backyard Monrovia urban district but outside the city proper. They are not Petty trade gardening simply spread in a neat and measurable radius around the city Casual work Trading hinterland, because their residence is particularly extended along Government jobs and near main roads. They are semi‐rural in that they have land on which they produce at least vegetables if not also a little cassava, and they commonly keep poultry. But their economy is more or less Staple Foods and Sources completely defined by the city: the sell vegetables and chickens to it, Poor and Better‐off they perform casual employment in it, and they are part of the chain Rice: vast majority market purchase of petty trade in farm/garden produce, fish, charcoal and many Cassava: majority own production other items. Above all, by far the greater part of the staples they eat, Other tubers: majority market purchase especially rice, are purchased. Key Income Sources Poor Better‐off Residents are particularly highly constrained from keeping bigger Petty trade (food Trading livestock than poultry because of the frequency of thefts around the and non‐food) Government work city – also suffered by people who bring in livestock from far away Casual work Backyard gardens and keep them temporarily in this vicinity. Backyard gardens The population in question is distinct from a minority of rich Main Markets neighbors who have considerable houses built for one reason or Monrovia Central another outside the city but whose earnings are from salaried work Red Light or commerce or plantations – and who may be their employers as

Shocks and Hazards domestic staff. Food price hikes Garden pests Livestock theft Floods Key Early Warning Indicators Staple food price spikes Grasshopper infestation in May Fuel price spikes

Page 4 of 47

Livelihood Zone 9: Monrovia Peri‐Urban: Petty Trade, Market Gardening and Casual Employment Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Seasons Peak rains Dry season Lean season Key livelihood activities Petty trade Casual Employment Vegetables lp pl we h lp lp pl Cassava h Shocks and Hazards Grasshoppers Groundhogs Food price spikes Legend lp land prep. pl planting we weeding h harvest

Page 5 of 47

Annex I – List of clans per livelihood zone

Livelihood Zone 1: North‐East Rice Intercropped with Cowpeas and Groundnuts and Palm Oil Clan District County Zulo Fuamah Bong Yarbayon Fuamah Bong Lorla Fuamah Bong Wrunah Panta Bong Nyaforquellie Salala Bong Kpartolee Salala Bong Konoyea Salala Bong Konowolola Salala Bong Walahuan Sanoyeah Bong Sanoyea Sanoyeah Bong Nyallie Sanoyeah Bong Menquelleh Sanoyeah Bong Dingmah Sanoyeah Bong Boyermah Sanoyeah Bong Bonkomu Sanoyeah Bong Kporyorquelleh Suakoko Bong Kpatawee Suakoko Bong Zeansue Yeallequelleh Bong Garyea Yeallequelleh Bong Zota Zota Bong Upper Kpaiquelleh Zota Bong Lower Kpaiquelleh Zota Bong Gwilapolu Zota Bong Boisville Township Zota Bong Lobarsu Belleh Gbarpolu Bade Belleh Gbarpolu Waum Foya Lofa Tengia Foya Lofa Luankollie Foya Lofa Wolukoha Kolahun Lofa Wanwoma Kolahun Lofa Tahamba Kolahun Lofa Lukasu Kolahun Lofa Hembeh Kolahun Lofa Hassala Kolahun Lofa

Page 6 of 47

Quardu Quardu Boundi Lofa Vavala Salayea Lofa Palama Salayea Lofa Gbarlin Salayea Lofa Upper Guma Vahun Lofa Lower Guma Vahun Lofa Central Guma Vahun Lofa Upper Workor Voinjama Lofa Lower Workor Voinjama Lofa Bondi Voinjama Lofa Zeayeama Zorzor Lofa Gizima Zorzor Lofa Buluyeama Zorzor Lofa

Livelihood Zone 2: North/Central Rice with Cassava and Market Gardening Clan District County Upper Togay Senjeh Bomi Manoah Senjeh Bomi LowerTogay Senjeh Bomi Senwein Boinsen Bong Boinwein Boinsen Bong Sheansue Jorquelleh Bong Jorquelleh Jorquelleh Bong Jorpolu Jorquelleh Bong Gbanshay Jorquelleh Bong Behquelleh Jorquelleh Bong Sawrah Kokoyah Bong Quikon Kokoyah Bong Wolota Kpaai Bong Waytuah Kpaai Bong Panta Panta Bong Gahnmue Panta Bong Suakoko Suakoko Bong Vehn Tukpahblee Bong Soel Tukpahblee Bong Yeanawoun Yeallequelleh Bong Tongbeyah Yeallequelleh Bong Gongbayah Bopolu Gbarpolu Bondi Mandingo Bopolu Gbarpolu Yangaya Gbarma Gbarpolu Gbarma Gbarma Gbarpolu Marblee District # 2 Grand Bassa

Page 7 of 47

Karblee District # 2 Grand Bassa Jungle District # 2 Grand Bassa Gogowein District # 2 Grand Bassa Gbor District # 2 Grand Bassa Chan District # 2 Grand Bassa Boeglayn District # 2 Grand Bassa Zeewein‐B District # 3 Grand Bassa Wodorgbah District # 3 Grand Bassa Pay‐U‐Way District # 3 Grand Bassa # 3 Grand Bassa Jeuwein District # 3 Grand Bassa Gbayah District # 3 Grand Bassa Gbaniee District # 3 Grand Bassa Gaye Peter District # 3 Grand Bassa Faitro District # 3 Grand Bassa Dohnwein District # 3 Grand Bassa Deegba District # 3 Grand Bassa Kpogblen District # 4 Grand Bassa Mana Golakonneh Grand Cape Mount Laar Golakonneh Grand Cape Mount Darblo Golakonneh Grand Cape Mount Sokpo Porkpa Grand Cape Mount Kposo Porkpa Grand Cape Mount Gborkorkor Gibi Margibi Quella Boe & Quilla Nimba Gosenter Boe & Quilla Nimba Wea Buu‐Yao Nimba Vanwea Buu‐Yao Nimba Sehzuplay Doe Nimba Gbon‐Weiplay Doe Nimba Gblor Doe Nimba Gbear Doe Nimba Gbear Doe Nimba Garr Garr‐Bain Nimba Bleingbain Garr‐Bain Nimba Bain Garr‐Bain Nimba Zor Gbehlay‐Geh Nimba Sango‐Zao Gbehlay‐Geh Nimba Lan‐Kao Gbehlay‐Geh Nimba Gbehlay Gbehlay‐Geh Nimba Telbawein Gbi & Doru Nimba Nyenvor Gbi & Doru Nimba Neezonycin Gbi & Doru Nimba Duo Gbi & Doru Nimba Zor‐2 Gbor Nimba Kerbaye Gbor Nimba

Page 8 of 47

Gborh Gbor Nimba Duobehyee Gbor Nimba Yarpea Leewehpea‐Mahn Nimba Siateh Leewehpea‐Mahn Nimba Sephein Leewehpea‐Mahn Nimba Leepea Leewehpea‐Mahn Nimba Zehyee Meinpea‐Mahn Nimba Zahn Meinpea‐Mahn Nimba Slappa Meinpea‐Mahn Nimba Meinboyee Meinpea‐Mahn Nimba Gbotein Meinpea‐Mahn Nimba Sehyi Mahn Nimba Gboa Sanniquellie Mahn Nimba Wealay Twan River Nimba Upper‐Gbei Twan River Nimba Srohlay Twan River Nimba Soelay Twan River Nimba Lower‐Gbei Twan River Nimba Loe‐Gbao Twan River Nimba Gborplay Twan River Nimba Ylan Wee‐Gbehyi‐Mahn Nimba Wee Wee‐Gbehyi‐Mahn Nimba Lowee Wee‐Gbehyi‐Mahn Nimba Borpea Wee‐Gbehyi‐Mahn Nimba Vayee Yarmein Nimba Gbeyi Yarmein Nimba Gbeleyee Yarmein Nimba Gbar Yarmein Nimba Kpayee Yarpea Mahn Nimba Gbein Yarpea Mahn Nimba Gbayee Yarpea Mahn Nimba Duo‐ah Yarpea Mahn Nimba Duo Yarpea Mahn Nimba Zehnla Yarwein Mehnsonnoh Nimba Mehnsonnoh Yarwein Mehnsonnoh Nimba Blinlon Yarwein Mehnsonnoh Nimba Zoe Zoe‐Gbao Nimba Zean Zoe‐Gbao Nimba Whepea Zoe‐Gbao Nimba Lonpea Zoe‐Gbao Nimba Gbao Zoe‐Gbao Nimba Zarkue Doedain Rivercess Duahn Doedain Rivercess Central Morweh Doedain Rivercess Bahr Doedain Rivercess Sawpue Jo River Rivercess

Page 9 of 47

Jo‐Wein Jo River Rivercess Gono Tarr Jo River Rivercess Bour Tarr Jo River Rivercess

Livelihood Zone 3: South‐East Rice with Cassava Clan District County Niao Cavala Grand Gedeh Gorbo Cavala Grand Gedeh Gborbo Cavala Grand Gedeh Blawo Cavala Grand Gedeh Wromel Gbao Grand Gedeh Neezonnie #1 Gbao Grand Gedeh Marbo #2 Gbao Grand Gedeh Jaladaye Gbao Grand Gedeh Neezonnie Gboe‐Ploe Grand Gedeh Zeenonblogbo Putu Grand Gedeh Upper Jebebo Putu Grand Gedeh Lower Jebebo Putu Grand Gedeh Bio Wiah Putu Grand Gedeh Tchien Menyea Tchien Grand Gedeh Tarleh Tchien Grand Gedeh Kannah Tchien Grand Gedeh Gwenee Tchien Grand Gedeh Neataken Chedepo River Gee Mt. Seagboken Chedepo River Gee Krosoken Chedepo River Gee Jedliken Chedepo River Gee Walkerken Gbeapo River Gee Geeken Gbeapo River Gee Duwalaken Gbeapo River Gee Woloken Karforh River Gee Kanweaken Karforh River Gee Jaytoken Karforh River Gee Nyantuken Nyenawliken River Gee Martuken Nyenawliken River Gee Jargboken Nyenawliken River Gee Kayken Potupo River Gee Upper Dweoh Bodae Sinoe Wlufueh Jeadepo Sinoe Surwoloh Jeadepo Sinoe

Page 10 of 47

Seamannah Jeadepo Sinoe Ponnuh Jeadepo Sinoe Jehdubu Jeadepo Sinoe Cheeseman Jeadepo Sinoe Chealoatorch Jeadepo Sinoe Bio Sockkan Jeadepo Sinoe Korjahyee Pynes Town Sinoe Kabadah Pynes Town Sinoe Gbliyee Pynes Town Sinoe Gbalawein Pynes Town Sinoe Voogbadee Seekon Sinoe Tweedee Seekon Sinoe Dagbah Seekon Sinoe Motor Road Wedjah Sinoe

Livelihood Zone 4: Coastal Plain Cassava with Rice and River Fishing Clan District County Moifeh Dowein Bomi Deygbo Dowein Bomi Gorblah Klay Bomi Upper Buchanan Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Tinway Town Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Sugar Cane Farm Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Sayepue Hill Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Preston/Roberts Streets Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Otis Shop Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Old Field Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Mittal Steel Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Korkorwein/Old Barrack Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Gorzohn Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Fair Ground Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Corn Farm Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Central Buchanan Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Buchanan Port Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Worrwein District # 1 Grand Bassa Whenzohn District # 1 Grand Bassa Sonniewein District # 1 Grand Bassa Sayewein District # 1 Grand Bassa Nyonniwein District # 1 Grand Bassa Mehwein District # 1 Grand Bassa Lloydsville District # 1 Grand Bassa Gowingbo District # 1 Grand Bassa

Page 11 of 47

Doe District # 1 Grand Bassa Zuzohn District # 2 Grand Bassa Marlord District # 2 Grand Bassa Geeblee District # 2 Grand Bassa Bla‐lar District # 2 Grand Bassa Zeewein‐A District # 3 Grand Bassa L A C Plantation District # 3 Grand Bassa Glow District # 3 Grand Bassa Neetorn District # 4 Grand Bassa Neepue District # 4 Grand Bassa Little Kola District # 4 Grand Bassa Kpowien District # 4 Grand Bassa Jogbahn District # 4 Grand Bassa Grand Kola District # 4 Grand Bassa Gianah District # 4 Grand Bassa Doegbahn District # 4 Grand Bassa Water Tower Neekreen Grand Bassa Watco Neekreen Grand Bassa Tubmanville Neekreen Grand Bassa Tarrbarr Neekreen Grand Bassa Own Your Own Neekreen Grand Bassa Neekreen Neekreen Grand Bassa Kpanada Neekreen Grand Bassa Harmonville Neekreen Grand Bassa Harlardsville Neekreen Grand Bassa Gonnigar Neekreen Grand Bassa Blaynee (Portion of Dist. Neekreen Grand Bassa Yeannah Owensgrove Grand Bassa Giahr Owensgrove Grand Bassa Doewein Owensgrove Grand Bassa Vombo St. John River City Grand Bassa Tarrwureh St. John River City Grand Bassa Marlor St. John River City Grand Bassa Hoegbahn St. John River City Grand Bassa Hartford Ward St. John River City Grand Bassa Goingbo St. John River City Grand Bassa Fortsville Ward St. John River City Grand Bassa Famazette Ward St. John River City Grand Bassa Bexley Ward St. John River City Grand Bassa Beulor Ward St. John River City Grand Bassa Upper Tombey Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Tallah Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Robertsport Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Lower Tombey Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Zogbou Garwula Grand Cape Mount Zodua Garwula Grand Cape Mount

Page 12 of 47

Manobalah Garwula Grand Cape Mount Kiazolu 1C Garwula Grand Cape Mount Kiazolu Garwula Grand Cape Mount Kaihon Garwula Grand Cape Mount Kaidii Garwula Grand Cape Mount Gion Garwula Grand Cape Mount Seimavula Porkpa Grand Cape Mount Sambola Tewor Grand Cape Mount Passawe Tewor Grand Cape Mount Fahnbulleh Tewor Grand Cape Mount Wakpeken Seator Barclayville Grand Kru Topoc‐Suchn Barclayville Grand Kru Kpoh Barclayville Grand Kru Klipo Barclayville Grand Kru Gballakpo Barclayville Grand Kru Saywonken Bleebo Grand Kru Karwalaken Bleebo Grand Kru Warsweh Bolloh Grand Kru Karlakpo Bolloh Grand Kru Wulugha Buah Grand Kru Planplanken Buah Grand Kru Nyantu Buah Grand Kru Putiah Dorbor Grand Kru Kartorborh Dorbor Grand Kru Gballeh Dorbor Grand Kru Fubo Dorbor Grand Kru Chanbeti Dorbor Grand Kru Saywoken Dweh Grand Kru Nuwean Dweh Grand Kru Jekwi Felo‐Jekwi Grand Kru Felor Felo‐Jekwi Grand Kru Dayokpo Felo‐Jekwi Grand Kru Flenwleh Fenetoe Grand Kru Barmeneh Fenetoe Grand Kru Meneh Forpoh Grand Kru Cheneken Forpoh Grand Kru Bugbab Forpoh Grand Kru Upper Nimiah Garraway Grand Kru Upper Garraway Garraway Grand Kru Po‐River Middle Town Garraway Grand Kru Po‐River Big Town Garraway Grand Kru Piddy Nyanbo Garraway Grand Kru Lower Nimiah Garraway Grand Kru Lower Garrway Garraway Grand Kru Genoyah Garraway Grand Kru Tarken Gee Grand Kru

Page 13 of 47

Gissaken Gee Grand Kru Zoloken Grand Cess Wedabo Grand Kru New Cess Grand Cess Wedabo Grand Kru Grand Cess Grand Cess Wedabo Grand Kru Gbanken Grand Cess Wedabo Grand Kru Wehteken Kpi Grand Kru Togbaken Kpi Grand Kru Tarwroken/Taybu Kpi Grand Kru Jlatuken Kpi Grand Kru Dartuken Kpi Grand Kru Arnaken Kpi Grand Kru Wolo Lower Jloh Grand Kru Weagba Lower Jloh Grand Kru Wappor Lower Jloh Grand Kru Niplaihkpo Lower Jloh Grand Kru Weslow Nrokwia‐Wesldow Grand Kru Nrokwia Nrokwia‐Wesldow Grand Kru Sonoken Trenbo Grand Kru Nyuanobo Trenbo Grand Kru Newaken Trenbo Grand Kru Gbankeen Trenbo Grand Kru Dougbo Trenbo Grand Kru Behwan Trenbo Grand Kru Niforh Upper Jloh Grand Kru Gbatu Upper Jloh Grand Kru Bluni Upper Jloh Grand Kru Phunoh Wlogba Grand Kru Gballah Wlogba Grand Kru Wantoken Gwelekpoken Maryland Sikliken Gwelekpoken Maryland Gbalaken Gwelekpoken Maryland Datiaken Gwelekpoken Maryland Whole Graway Harper Maryland Rock Town Harper Maryland Harper City Harper Maryland Half Graway Harper Maryland Fish Town Harper Maryland Cavalla Harper Maryland Big Town Harper Maryland Nearobo Karluway#1 Maryland Gedebo Karluway#1 Maryland Gbea‐ou Karluway#1 Maryland Dorrobo Karluway#1 Maryland Yederobo Karluway#2 Maryland Wlebo Karluway#2 Maryland Nyewraken Karluway#2 Maryland

Page 14 of 47

Kanbo Karluway#2 Maryland Dediabo Karluway#2 Maryland Benwen Karluway#2 Maryland Newenken Nyorken Maryland Koyo Nyorken Maryland Gbitofla‐fla Nyorken Maryland Farjah Nyorken Maryland Twansiebo Pleebo/Sodoken Maryland Pleebo/Gbolorbo Pleebo/Sodoken Maryland Klebo Pleebo/Sodoken Maryland Gedetarbo Pleebo/Sodoken Maryland Gborlorbo Pleebo/Sodoken Maryland Wuah Whojah Maryland Ganijah Whojah Maryland Fulu Whojah Maryland Dufu Whojah Maryland Saykliken Gbeapo River Gee Wrejah Nanee River Gee Pumanaken Nanee River Gee Meyan Nanee River Gee Gbleken Nanee River Gee Gedeken Nyenawliken River Gee Hewoken Nyenebo River Gee Gbetujah Nyenebo River Gee Gbulujah Tuobo River Gee Gbolojah Tuobo River Gee Zialu Central Rivercess Rivercess Teekpeh Central Rivercess Rivercess Siahn Central Rivercess Rivercess Dowein Central Rivercess Rivercess Borbor Central Rivercess Rivercess Vor Fen River Rivercess Guah Naway Fen River Rivercess Garyea Zohn Fen River Rivercess Banama Fen River Rivercess Wheasayn Norwein Rivercess Kayah Norwein Rivercess Kan Whea Norwein Rivercess Gbarsaw Norwein Rivercess Kebeh/Hwolozohn Zarflahn Rivercess Boewein Toba Zarflahn Rivercess Toe Wion Bodae Sinoe Gmagmakpo Bodae Sinoe Doe Sieh Bodae Sinoe Sawboklee Bokon Sinoe Lower Bokon Bokon Sinoe

Page 15 of 47

Gbarta Bokon Sinoe Upper Kao Butaw Sinoe Memwah Butaw Sinoe Kaytu Butaw Sinoe Kartue Butaw Sinoe Ceedor Butaw Sinoe Twah Dugbe River Sinoe Tuon Dugbe River Sinoe Subue Dugbe River Sinoe Seyoh Dugbe River Sinoe Setta Kru Dugbe River Sinoe Seehun Dugbe River Sinoe Paylue Dugbe River Sinoe Nyanpoh Dugbe River Sinoe Nuon Point Dugbe River Sinoe Nana Kru Dugbe River Sinoe Menieh Dugbe River Sinoe Kwiatouh Dugbe River Sinoe Kunwiah Dugbe River Sinoe King William Dugbe River Sinoe Gmakenkpo Dugbe River Sinoe Fish Town Dugbe River Sinoe Draoh Dugbe River Sinoe Beh Dugbe River Sinoe Murrayville Township Greenville Sinoe Loisiana Township Greenville Sinoe Lexington Township Greenville Sinoe Greenville Greenville Sinoe Biuntsville Township Greenville Sinoe Lower Dweoh Jaedae Sinoe Dweoh Jaedae Sinoe Butouh Jaedae Sinoe Barsue Jaedae Sinoe Seawlah Jeadepo Sinoe Sarpo Jeadepo Sinoe Seon Juarzon Sinoe Krajlahson Juarzon Sinoe Kalaboe Juarzon Sinoe Clahngbadi Juarzon Sinoe Worter Kpayan Sinoe Whynee Kpayan Sinoe Upper Tarweh Kpayan Sinoe Upper Jeepo Kpayan Sinoe Upper Drepoh Kpayan Sinoe Tobo Kpayan Sinoe Pertu Kpayan Sinoe

Page 16 of 47

Nyannue Kpayan Sinoe Mama Creek Kpayan Sinoe Lower Tartweh Kpayan Sinoe Lower Jeepo Kpayan Sinoe Lower Drepoh Kpayan Sinoe Kpoyan Kpayan Sinoe Klaniedae Kpayan Sinoe Kabada Kpayan Sinoe Geebian Kpayan Sinoe Gbardichae Kpayan Sinoe Fafin Kpayan Sinoe Central Tartweh Kpayan Sinoe Central Drepoh Kpayan Sinoe Blue Barrel Kpayan Sinoe Upper Plahn Plahn Nyarn Sinoe Twinboe Wedjah Sinoe Sorgbeyee Wedjah Sinoe Central Wedjah Wedjah Sinoe

Livelihood Zone 5: Coastal Fishing and Cassava Clan District County Moifeh Dowein Bomi Deygbo Dowein Bomi Upper Buchanan Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Tinway Town Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Sugar Cane Farm Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Sayepue Hill Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Preston/Roberts Streets Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Otis Shop Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Old Field Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Mittal Steel Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Korkorwein/Old Barrack Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Gorzohn Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Fair Ground Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Corn Farm Community Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Central Buchanan Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Buchanan Port Commonwealth2 Grand Bassa Whenzohn District # 1 Grand Bassa Sonniewein District # 1 Grand Bassa Gowingbo District # 1 Grand Bassa Neetorn District # 4 Grand Bassa Little Kola District # 4 Grand Bassa Kpowien District # 4 Grand Bassa

Page 17 of 47

Grand Kola District # 4 Grand Bassa Harmonville Neekreen Grand Bassa Doewein Owensgrove Grand Bassa Upper Tombey Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Tallah Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Robertsport Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Lower Tombey Commonwealth Grand Cape Mount Zogbou Garwula Grand Cape Mount Kiazolu 1C Garwula Grand Cape Mount Kiazolu Garwula Grand Cape Mount Sambola Tewor Grand Cape Mount Kpoh Barclayville Grand Kru Klipo Barclayville Grand Kru Jekwi Felo‐Jekwi Grand Kru Felor Felo‐Jekwi Grand Kru Po‐River Middle Town Garraway Grand Kru Po‐River Big Town Garraway Grand Kru Lower Nimiah Garraway Grand Kru Lower Garrway Garraway Grand Kru New Cess Grand Cess Wedabo Grand Kru Grand Cess Grand Cess Wedabo Grand Kru Gbanken Grand Cess Wedabo Grand Kru Wolo Lower Jloh Grand Kru Weagba Lower Jloh Grand Kru Wappor Lower Jloh Grand Kru Niforh Upper Jloh Grand Kru Gbatu Upper Jloh Grand Kru Whole Graway Harper Maryland Rock Town Harper Maryland Harper City Harper Maryland Half Graway Harper Maryland Fish Town Harper Maryland Cavalla Harper Maryland Big Town Harper Maryland Guah Naway Fen River Rivercess Garyea Zohn Fen River Rivercess Boewein Toba Zarflahn Rivercess Memwah Butaw Sinoe Kartue Butaw Sinoe Setta Kru Dugbe River Sinoe Nyanpoh Dugbe River Sinoe Nuon Point Dugbe River Sinoe Nana Kru Dugbe River Sinoe King William Dugbe River Sinoe Fish Town Dugbe River Sinoe Murrayville Township Greenville Sinoe

Page 18 of 47

Greenville Greenville Sinoe Worter Kpayan Sinoe Pertu Kpayan Sinoe Geebian Kpayan Sinoe Blue Barrel Kpayan Sinoe Neegba/Bar Sam Gbalor Rivercess Blonee/Negba Sam Gbalor Rivercess Lower Kao Butaw Sinoe Gbannoh Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Clan 2 Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Clan 1 Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Jaquiakpo Sanquin Dist#2 Sinoe Scheiffelin Township Mambah Kaba Margibi Marshall City Mambah Kaba Margibi Royesville St. Paul River Montserrado Kpey St. Paul River Montserrado Kpalla St. Paul River Montserrado Kai St. Paul River Montserrado Z1100 S.D Copper Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 King Gray‐Elwa Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Kende‐jah Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1000 Congo Town Old Rd Greater Monrovia Montserrado

Livelihood Zone 6: Rice Intercropped and Forest Hunting Clan District County Upper Bokomu Bokomu Gbarpolu Lower Bokomu Bokomu Gbarpolu Koninga Bopolu Gbarpolu Nwolaila Gounwolaila Gbarpolu Gou Gounwolaila Gbarpolu Zuie Kongba Gbarpolu Jawajeh Kongba Gbarpolu Tian‐Duogee B'hai Grand Gedeh Marbo #1 B'hai Grand Gedeh Duowoe B'hai Grand Gedeh B'Hai‐Nicko B'hai Grand Gedeh Joezon Gboe‐Ploe Grand Gedeh Douangboyee/Neezonee Gboe‐Ploe Grand Gedeh Bloquiah Gboe‐Ploe Grand Gedeh Nenebo Glio‐Twarbo Grand Gedeh Gboawon Glio‐Twarbo Grand Gedeh

Page 19 of 47

Dugbehbo Glio‐Twarbo Grand Gedeh Chattan Glio‐Twarbo Grand Gedeh Upper Gbillibo Konobo Grand Gedeh Upper Gbardru Konobo Grand Gedeh Lower Gbillibo Konobo Grand Gedeh Lower Gbardru Konobo Grand Gedeh Wropaken Chedepo River Gee Mt. Pennah Chedepo River Gee Youbor Glaro River Gee Salla Glaro River Gee Sackor Glaro River Gee Gbarlahn Glaro River Gee Kaytoken Nyenebo River Gee Gbokoken Nyenebo River Gee Dougboken Nyenebo River Gee Mimmoken Potupo River Gee Matu Potupo River Gee Katorken Potupo River Gee Cheboken Potupo River Gee Saykleken Sarbo River Gee Nepule Sarbo River Gee Karyellibo Sarbo River Gee Gbugbley Sarbo River Gee Nyentiabo Tuobo River Gee Jargbo Tuobo River Gee Getu Tuobo River Gee Depepo Tuobo River Gee Weh Beawor Rivercess Kpaqueh Gor Beawor Rivercess Bour Beawor Rivercess Neegba/Bar Sam Gbalor Rivercess Blonee/Negba Sam Gbalor Rivercess Lower Kao Butaw Sinoe Klajadazon Butaw Sinoe Belleyalla Butaw Sinoe Upper Kulu Kulu Shaw Boe Sinoe Shaw Kulu Shaw Boe Sinoe Lower Kulu Kulu Shaw Boe Sinoe Boe Kulu Shaw Boe Sinoe Nyarn Plahn Nyarn Sinoe Lower Plahn Plahn Nyarn Sinoe

Page 20 of 47

Trody Sanquin Dist# 1 Sinoe Neequiah Sanquin Dist# 1 Sinoe Lower Sanquin Sanquin Dist# 1 Sinoe Upper Duo Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Tuo Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Sueh Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Lower Duo Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Gbannoh Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Clan 2 Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Clan 1 Sanquin Dist# 3 Sinoe Upper Tarsue Sanquin Dist#2 Sinoe Jaquiakpo Sanquin Dist#2 Sinoe Central Tarsue Sanquin Dist#2 Sinoe Zanwonjah Seekon Sinoe

Livelihood Zone 7: Plantain Cash Crop with Food Crops Clan District County Sarlay Boe & Quilla Nimba Boe Boe & Quilla Nimba Yao‐Kwahkerlah Buu‐Yao Nimba Nyor‐Diabarlor Buu‐Yao Nimba Nyor Buu‐Yao Nimba Ninkwea Buu‐Yao Nimba Frolay Buu‐Yao Nimba Gayea Kparblee Nimba Dubuzon Kparblee Nimba Bentuo Kparblee Nimba Behwah Kparblee Nimba

Livelihood Zone 8: Rubber and Charcoal with Food Crops Clan District County Gbavon Dowein Bomi Upper Zoh Dowein Bomi Kpatiah Dowein Bomi Lower Zoh Dowein Bomi Tehr Klay Bomi Kpo Klay Bomi Manna Klay Bomi Zerpeh Senjeh Bomi

Page 21 of 47

Upper Mecca Suehn Mecca Bomi Lower Mecca Suehn Mecca Bomi Gborr Suehn Mecca Bomi Gbojay Suehn Mecca Bomi Zaweakomu Fuamah Bong Dobli Fuamah Bong Gozohn District # 1 Grand Bassa Harbel Firestone Margibi Firestone Firestone Margibi Cotton Tree Firestone Margibi Gbarfen Gibi Margibi Wiah Kakata Margibi Waymaquelleh Kakata Margibi Konoquelleh Kakata Margibi Golorhama Kakata Margibi Giamusu Kakata Margibi Dinnita Kakata Margibi Benda Kakata Margibi Zoeduah Mambah Kaba Margibi Scheiffelin Township Mambah Kaba Margibi Marshall City Mambah Kaba Margibi Loongaye Mambah Kaba Margibi Kpaye Mambah Kaba Margibi Kiaffarh Mambah Kaba Margibi Giah Mambah Kaba Margibi Gahneo Mambah Kaba Margibi Charsville Mambah Kaba Margibi White Plains Township Careysburg Montserrado Kingsville Township Careysburg Montserrado Harrisburg Careysburg Montserrado Crozierville Township Careysburg Montserrado Careyburg City Careysburg Montserrado Bensonville City Careysburg Montserrado Lousana Township Commonwealth1 Montserrado Zolu St. Paul River Montserrado Vonzon St. Paul River Montserrado Sundufu St. Paul River Montserrado Royesville St. Paul River Montserrado Neekon St. Paul River Montserrado Moiwah St. Paul River Montserrado

Page 22 of 47

Millsburg St. Paul River Montserrado Memeh St. Paul River Montserrado Mango St. Paul River Montserrado Luneh St. Paul River Montserrado Lower Brewerville St. Paul River Montserrado Kpor St. Paul River Montserrado Kpey St. Paul River Montserrado Kpalla St. Paul River Montserrado Kaivah St. Paul River Montserrado Kaikpu St. Paul River Montserrado Kai St. Paul River Montserrado Jahfah St. Paul River Montserrado Geyway St. Paul River Montserrado Gbondoi St. Paul River Montserrado Gbarveah St. Paul River Montserrado Gbarteah St. Paul River Montserrado Dillon St. Paul River Montserrado Bondodee St. Paul River Montserrado Bassa Tribal St. Paul River Montserrado Barcon St. Paul River Montserrado Arthing ton St. Paul River Montserrado Pleemu Todee Montserrado Nyehn Todee Montserrado Mount Coffee Township Todee Montserrado Mehn Todee Montserrado Marquoi Todee Montserrado Kpoo Todee Montserrado Fahn‐Seh Todee Montserrado Ding Todee Montserrado

Livelihood Zone 9: Monrovia Peri‐Urban: Petty Trade, Market Gardening and Casual Employment Clan District County Johnsonville Township Commonwealth1 Montserrado Z1600 Upper Caldwell Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 Samukai Town Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 New Georgia Road Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 Dixville Water Side Greater Monrovia Montserrado

Page 23 of 47

Z1600 Dixville B Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 Dixville A Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 Central Caldwell Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 Cassava Hill Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 Caldwell Market Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1600 Caldwell Community Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1400 Old Field South Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1400 Kaba Town Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1400 Johnsonville Road B Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1400 Johnsonville Road A Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1400 Duan Town Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1400 Dabwe Town Dabwe Town Da Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1400 Behwein Community Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1200 Grass Field Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1200 Day Break Mouth Open Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1200 Barnersville Road Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Wood Camp Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Town Hall Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Soul Clinic Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 S.D Copper Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Rehab/Borbor Town Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Pipeline B Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Pipe LineA Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Paynesville Joe Bar Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Morris Farm Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Kpelle Town Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 King Gray‐Elwa Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Kende‐jah Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Kemah Town/Omega Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 GSA Road Rockville Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Duport Road South Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Duport Road North Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Duport Road N. East Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 City View Greater Monrovia Montserrado Z1100 Barnard Farm Greater Monrovia Montserrado

Page 24 of 47

Annex II: Livelihood Zoning Workshop Participants

Livelihood Zoning in Liberia Workshop Monrovia, 27‐30 September 2010

Name Organization County Represented N Samuel Kehleay MOA Nimba County Amos G.E. Leon MOA Christopher D Momo, Sr MOA Willie F. Cooper MOA Kakata county Sensee L. Sirleaf HDF Monrovia Thomas Davis LISGIS Monrovia James Kekula LISGIS Monrovia Kamal Bhattacharyya CRS Monrovia Cheik O Syllah CRS Monrovia Alexander B Kingston German Agro Action Monrovia Momah B Kamer Jr. LISGIS Bensonville City John M White LISGIS Grant Cape Mount county Mohamed Kabba LISGIS Marylandcounty Samuel Stubblefield LISGIS Bomi county Monica K Honore MOA Bong County Mulba Bryant MOA Montgomery County Paul K Jallah MOA Monrovia Andre Stelder GAA Monrovia Sean Gallagher CRS Monrovia Boima HM Sonii LISGIS Monrovia Francis F Wreh LISGIS Monrovia Benjamin Flomor WFP Monrovia Bernard Owadi WFP VAM Officer Monrovia Tarnue D Koiwou MOA Monrovia Nathan Freeman FAO Monrovia Sizi Z Subah MOA Monrovia Peter W Kun Jr. LISGIS Grand Bassa County Nathaniel Kokoi LISGIS Loft County Mamadou D Fakubulleh MOA Cape Mount Josiah D. Davis MOS Gbarpolu county Joe‐Hoover Gbadyu USAID/FFP/EG Monrovia Kathryn Schein USAID/Food Security Officer/EG Monrovia Michael Boyd Economic Growth Monrovia Harry Wonyene MOA Monrovia

Page 25 of 47

Lawrence Massaquoi MOA Monrovia Salif Sow FEWS NET Burkina Faso Julius Holt FEWS NET England Laouali Ibrahim FEWS NET Niger Rachel Cipryk FEWS NET USA

Page 26 of 47