Celtic Folk Soul.Pdf

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Celtic Folk Soul.Pdf C ELTIC FOLK SOUL A RT, M YTH & S YMBOL W ritten & I llustrated by J EN D ELYTH FOLK soul For all poetry is in a sense memory: all art, indeed is a mnemonic gathering of the innumerable and lost into the found and unique. Fiona Macleod “From the Hills of Dream” 1901 introduction Through the abstract patternings and enigmatic of the Celtic world—Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Cornwall, F riddles of ancient metal-smiths and medieval monk scribes, Brittany and beyond. we glimpse the intricate complexity of the Celts, whose Like the complex patterns of Celtic Art themselves, FOLK soul connection with the elemental power and wisdom of na- in the telling of the tales and traditions we encounter O ture speaks to us still. repeating motifs and figures, which reflect the circular rhythms and cadences that pulse through the Celtic cul- L Celtic artwork is rhythm and it is this rhythm of life ture. In this book there are core characters and elements that we first feel when interacting with the ancient pat- that appear often, representing major archetypes on terns—the cadence and language of the Earth. behalf of the many more who are not illuminated, or who K The sacred Spiral and her triple manifestation sym- are hidden from us by the veil of history. bolize the ancient Goddess and her seasonal cycles. The In Celtic mythology, a well-known figure can Labyrinth, or key-knot patterns, speak of the ancient jour- appear with differences of name, attributes and lore in s This is a book about the beauty, power and spirit of Each of the nine main chapters contains original il- ney to the center and out again. The Tree of Life celebrates Irish, Welsh and Scottish variations. Welsh Lleu Llaw Gyffes nature expressed through the ancient language of Celtic lustrations and explanations of the symbolism found within the verdant force of nature, the fruitful vines of growth and is connected to the Irish Lugh, and both have their own o Art and symbol: the voice of the Folk-Soul. them, with poetry and text giving background to the theme sustenance, and the sacred animals are totemic archetypes stories to tell. However, both are connected with solar of each section. Chapters are represented by elemental representing their qualities of strength, fertility and intel- symbolism, and are skilled warriors. They are both prob- The Celtic Folk-Soul dances at the heart of a living tra- symbols paired intuitively with metaphorical core concepts ligence. ably related to a far older deity of the sun—a mighty force u dition, representing the vitality of her people, their stories, that occur throughout the Celtic tradition: Stone—myster- The patterns reflect the beat of the earth, the of light and strength in the cosmos.. their land and their memories, from the early tribes through ies, Wind—journey, Seed—fire. movement of the moon across the sky that draws the sap l to us today. An ancient thread weaves back through art, I have chosen these organic themes to evoke col- of the plants—the growth and waning of our lives, and Language of Symbols can be understood and recog- ors, textures and responses together with art and poetry, to myth and poetry connecting us to a complex mysticism that of the seed to the sapling to the tall tree and all back nized on many different levels: visual, contextual, mythic express Celtic archetypes and symbols that resonate for us that expresses the interconnection and balance of all living to the earth again in a great circle. and philosophic. Although many of the core Mystery tradi- today. Each element within the book opens a window into Celtic artwork describes this rhythm at the heart things. tions were kept hidden by the priestly class of Druids, the the Celtic Folk-Soul—the door is our own imagination and of things. The elements within the designs are rooted in a artists and the bards wove mystical elements within their creative experience. far more ancient culture, where the language of the artists Celtic Art speaks to us through an intricacy of symbol words and images. and form that enchants while it mystifies, and yet is some- was directly connected with the Earth Mysteries. Sacred how the perfect way to talk about that which is abstract, The Voice of the Folk-Soul is articulated through patterns within the Gavrinis chambered cairn in Brittany sometimes invisible, and yet so essential. the language of artists, poets and storytellers: it is they who (dating back to 3500 – 4000 BC) and the megalithic pas- I have been a sow, I have been a buck, Throughout the many challenges and migrations of channel the knowledge of our ancestors. The old memory sage tomb at Newgrange, Ireland (3200 BC) are good I have been a sage, I have been a snout, the Celtic people, the Folk-Soul sings of the beauty of life, is kindled through the songs and prayers of the fishermen examples of this. and farmers, mothers and weavers, the priests and poets. I have been a horn, I have been a wild sow, even within the darkness—perhaps particularly then. This I have been a shout in battle. This rich, symbolic language contains the seeds of The Characters of myth and memory spiral, is the language, the poetic key to the Mysteries, that is the I have been a torrent on the slope, articulation from the early first peoples, and continues to meander and weave through time, which echoes with their source of my inspiration and journey as an artist. I have been a wave on the shore. evolve into our time. Exploring the roots of mythic art- riddles and contradictions. To know them, we must accept forms gives us insight into the heart of the culture from I have been the light sprinkling of rain, and concepts form the foundation some of what we do not always understand, and allow the Organic Elements which they are drawn. I have been a cat with a speckled head on three trees. of the chapters in this book, each of which evokes pivotal mysterious to speak in its own enigmatic way, feeling our I have been a circumference, I have been a head. Intricate spiral and interlacing patterns express the Celtic themes and the symbols and archetypes that repre- way to the center—to the still heart of the turning triskele. A goat on an elder-tree. oneness of life within all forms, the visible and the invisible. sent them. My intention is for Celtic Folk-Soul to be enjoyed At times we may lose our orientation of time and I have been a well filled crane, a sight to behold. Through myth and symbol the deeper truths are illumi- primarily on a visual level, with the text accompanying the place, travel between this world and the Otherworld, this nated, leading us intuitively into the otherworldly realms of artwork rather than the designs illustrating the written moment and one long past. As we follow the Folk-Soul Song of the Horses, from The Book of Taliesin - our psyche. word. back through the ages, we will visit many places, some Translated in The Four Ancient Books of Wales, by W. F. Skene, 1858 with curious and strange-sounding names, in every corner AOIS DANA The source of the Boyne, named after the Goddess Boann, is described as: “. a shining fountain, with five streams flowing out of it . Nine hazels grew over the well. The purple hazels dropped their nuts into the fountain, and five salmon severed them and sent their husks floating down stream. The five streams of the senses are these, through which knowledge is obtained. No-one will have knowledge who drinks not a draught out of the fountain itself, and out of the streams.” The folk of many arts are those who drink them both. These are the Aois Dana, the inspired poets. —T.P. Cross and C.H. Slover, Ancient Irish Tales Well-crafted images communicate better than sense that all is multi-dimensional and interconnected, and words the organic mystery that is life, spirit within form. that there is a mystical and colorful spiritual world beyond Authentic symbols can be perceived on both conscious and the hardships of everyday life. unconscious levels, through intuitive as well as intellectual This is an art form that embraces creative interpre- understanding. To understand more deeply, one must learn tation, has affinity for ambiguity and profundity. It always But let us chime in the heather blue the language. But more importantly, symbols are to be felt intrigues, suggesting something of that which we cannot Of their two handed harpers. with the heart and experienced through the soul. always see, but can often feel within the complexities of the Spiraling from red and silver wires This opens the communication of ideas on a non- world—the Mystery of a world that is alive, from which we Tones of the faces that speak from verbal level to all people, young or old, and to the majority come, and to where we return. Jurassic rock with eyes like leaves. of people throughout history who could not read or write A winding music keening and exultant but who could relate to and draw from this wisdom tradi- Creativity and insight are the gifts of the Aois Dana, Through the green drum of the hills tion. The symbol may be complex, yet there is a conceptual the Poets who guard the fountain of knowledge, which is s The white briar rose and the long dance vocabulary at the foundation.
Recommended publications
  • The Celtic Encyclopedia, Volume II
    7+( &(/7,& (1&<&/23(',$ 92/80( ,, . T H E C E L T I C E N C Y C L O P E D I A © HARRY MOUNTAIN VOLUME II UPUBLISH.COM 1998 Parkland, Florida, USA The Celtic Encyclopedia © 1997 Harry Mountain Individuals are encouraged to use the information in this book for discussion and scholarly research. The contents may be stored electronically or in hardcopy. However, the contents of this book may not be republished or redistributed in any form or format without the prior written permission of Harry Mountain. This is version 1.0 (1998) It is advisable to keep proof of purchase for future use. Harry Mountain can be reached via e-mail: [email protected] postal: Harry Mountain Apartado 2021, 3810 Aveiro, PORTUGAL Internet: http://www.CeltSite.com UPUBLISH.COM 1998 UPUBLISH.COM is a division of Dissertation.com ISBN: 1-58112-889-4 (set) ISBN: 1-58112-890-8 (vol. I) ISBN: 1-58112-891-6 (vol. II) ISBN: 1-58112-892-4 (vol. III) ISBN: 1-58112-893-2 (vol. IV) ISBN: 1-58112-894-0 (vol. V) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mountain, Harry, 1947– The Celtic encyclopedia / Harry Mountain. – Version 1.0 p. 1392 cm. Includes bibliographical references ISBN 1-58112-889-4 (set). -– ISBN 1-58112-890-8 (v. 1). -- ISBN 1-58112-891-6 (v. 2). –- ISBN 1-58112-892-4 (v. 3). –- ISBN 1-58112-893-2 (v. 4). –- ISBN 1-58112-894-0 (v. 5). Celts—Encyclopedias. I. Title. D70.M67 1998-06-28 909’.04916—dc21 98-20788 CIP The Celtic Encyclopedia is dedicated to Rosemary who made all things possible .
    [Show full text]
  • Irish Children's Literature and the Poetics of Memory, 1892-2016
    Irish Children’s Literature and the Poetics of Memory, 1892-2016 A Thesis submitted to the School of English at the University of Dublin, Trinity College, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. February 2019 Rebecca Ann Long I declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or any other university and it is entirely my own work. I agree to deposit this thesis in the University’s open access institutional repository or allow the Library to do so on my behalf, subject to Irish Copyright Legislation and Trinity College Library conditions of use and acknowledgement. _________________________________ Rebecca Long February 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………..i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………....iii INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………....4 CHAPTER ONE: RETRIEVING……………………………………………………………………………29 CHAPTER TWO: RE- TELLING……………………………………………………………………………...…64 CHAPTER THREE: REMEMBERING……………………………………………………………………....106 CHAPTER FOUR: RE- IMAGINING………………………………………………………………………........158 CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..……..210 WORKS CITED………………………….…………………………………………………….....226 Summary This thesis explores the recurring patterns of Irish mythological narratives that influence literature produced for children in Ireland following the Celtic Revival and into the twenty- first century. A selection of children’s books published between 1892 and 2016 are discussed with the aim of demonstrating the development of a pattern of retrieving, re-telling, remembering and re-imagining myths
    [Show full text]
  • (1913). Tome II
    Notes du mont Royal www.notesdumontroyal.com 쐰 Cette œuvre est hébergée sur « No- tes du mont Royal » dans le cadre d’un exposé gratuit sur la littérature. SOURCE DES IMAGES Canadiana LES MABINOGION LES Mabinogion du Livre Rouge de HERGEST avec les variantes du Livre Blanc de RHYDDERCH Traduits du gallois avec une introduction, un commentaire explicatif et des notes critiques FA R J. LOTH PROFESSEUR Ali COLLÈGE DE FRANCE ÉDITION ENTIÈREMENT REVUE, CORRXGÉE ET AUGMENTÉE FONTEMOING ET Cie, ÉDITEURS PARIS4, RUE LE son, 4 1913 . x 294-? i3 G 02; f! LES MABINOGION OWEIN (1’ ET LUNET i2) ou la Dame de la Fontaine L’empereur Arthur se trouvait à Kaer Llion (3)sur W’ysc. Or un jour il était assis dans sa chambre en. (1) Owen ab Urycn est un des trois gingndqyrn (rois bénis) de l’île (Triades Mab., p. 300, 7). Son barde, Degynelw, est un des trois gwaewrudd ou hommes à la lance rouge (Ibid., p. 306, 8 ; d’autres triades appellent ce barde Tristvardd (Skene. Il, p. 458). Son cheval, Carnavlawc, est un des trois anreilhvarch ou che- vaux de butin (Livre Noir, Skene,ll, p. 10, 2). Sa tombe est à Llan Morvael (Ibid., p. 29, 25 ; cf. ibid, p. 26, 6 ; 49, 29, 23). Suivant Taliesin, Owein aurait tué Ida Flamddwyn ou Ida Porte-brandon, qui paraît être le roi de Northumbrie, dont la chronique anglo- saxonne fixe la mort à l’année 560(Petrie, Mon. hist. brit., Taliesin, Skene, Il, p. 199, XLIV). Son père, Uryen, est encore plus célè- bre.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic Solar Goddesses: from Goddess of the Sun to Queen of Heaven
    CELTIC SOLAR GODDESSES: FROM GODDESS OF THE SUN TO QUEEN OF HEAVEN by Hayley J. Arrington A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Women’s Spirituality Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Palo Alto, California June 8, 2012 I certify that I have read and approved the content and presentation of this thesis: ________________________________________________ __________________ Judy Grahn, Ph.D., Committee Chairperson Date ________________________________________________ __________________ Marguerite Rigoglioso, Ph.D., Committee Member Date Copyright © Hayley Jane Arrington 2012 All Rights Reserved Formatted according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th Edition ii Abstract Celtic Solar Goddesses: From Goddess of the Sun to Queen of Heaven by Hayley J. Arrington Utilizing a feminist hermeneutical inquiry, my research through three Celtic goddesses—Aine, Grian, and Brigit—shows that the sun was revered as feminine in Celtic tradition. Additionally, I argue that through the introduction and assimilation of Christianity into the British Isles, the Virgin Mary assumed the same characteristics as the earlier Celtic solar deities. The lands generally referred to as Celtic lands include Cornwall in Britain, Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and Brittany in France; however, I will be limiting my research to the British Isles. I am examining these three goddesses in particular, in relation to their status as solar deities, using the etymologies of their names to link them to the sun and its manifestation on earth: fire. Given that they share the same attributes, I illustrate how solar goddesses can be equated with goddesses of sovereignty. Furthermore, I examine the figure of St.
    [Show full text]
  • Pilgrimage Stories: the Farmer Fairy's Stone
    PILGRIMAGE STORIES: THE FARMER FAIRY’S STONE By Betty Lou Chaika One of the primary intentions of our recent six-week pilgrimage, first to Scotland and then to Ireland, was to visit EarthSpirit sanctuaries in these ensouled landscapes. We hoped to find portals to the Otherworld in order to contact renewing, healing, transformative energies for us all, and especially for some friends with cancer. I wanted to learn how to enter the field of divinity, the aliveness of the EarthSpirit world’s interpenetrating energies, with awareness and respect. Interested in both geology and in our ancestors’ spiritual relationship with Rock, I knew this quest would involve a deeper meeting with rock beings in their many forms. When we arrived at a stone circle in southwest Ireland (whose Gaelic name means Edges of the Field) we were moved by the familiar experience of seeing that the circle overlooks a vast, beautiful landscape. Most stone circles seem to be in places of expansive power, part of a whole sacred landscape. To the north were the lovely Paps of Anu, the pair of breast-shaped hills, both over 2,000 feet high, named after Anu/Aine, the primary local fertility goddess of the region, or after Anu/Danu, ancient mother goddess of the supernatural beings, the Tuatha De Danann. The summits of both hills have Neolithic cairns, which look exactly like erect nipples. This c. 1500 BC stone circle would have drawn upon the power of the still-pervasive earlier mythology of the land as the Mother’s body. But today the tops of the hills were veiled in low, milky clouds, and we could only long for them to be revealed.
    [Show full text]
  • Date Night a King Arthurs Short Story by K. M. Shea
    Date Night A King Arthurs Short Story by K. M. Shea Britt didn’t know what to expect when Merlin said he would pick her up for their date that night—their first date ever, really. It had crossed her mind that he could arrive in a horse- drawn carriage, a Mercedes-Benz, or anything in between. So she was somewhat surprised when he pulled up on the street in front of her apartment complex in a silver Toyota SUV. It was a nice car. It still sported the new car smell, and it had a leather interior and heated seats. But it was surprisingly...practical. “So you really have a driver’s license?” Britt asked as she buckled her seatbelt. “Indeed,” Merlin said. He waited until she was situated before shifting the car into drive. “All of us are certified citizens of the United States. We all pay taxes, and we all have our driver’s license. Well, excluding Morgan, that is. She keeps failing her driver’s test, but that’s because she drives like a maniac.” “How did you manage to get IDs?” Britt asked. “The Lady of the Lake,” Merlin said. “A number of her handmaidens work for the US government. “I don’t know if that’s reassuring or terrifying,” Britt said. Merlin made a turn, navigating through the maze of city streets. “Oh, the US is not the only pie she has her thumb in. Most of her power lays in her real estate holdings and in the great number of favors the various faerie royalty throughout the world owe her.” “I’m starting to think she would’ve made a wonderful High King of Britain,” Britt said.
    [Show full text]
  • The Theosophical Path
    THE THEOSOPHICAL PATH KATHERINE TINGLEY, EDITOR VOL. XXXV, NO. 2 AUGUST 1928 "BY combining science with religion, the existence of God and immortality of man's spirit may be demonstrated like a problem of Euclid."- H. P. BLAVATSKY THEOSOPHY AND MODERN SCIENCE G. v. PUR1JCKER, M. A., D. LITT. (Stenographic report of the twelfth of a series of Lectures on the above subject. These were delivered at the request of Katherine Tingley the Theosophical Leader and Teach­ er, in the Temple of Peace, International Theosophical Headquarters, Point Loma, California, at the regular Sunday afternoon services. Others will be printed in THE THEOSOPHICAL PATH in due course. The following was delivered on September 11, 1927, and broadcast, by remote control, through station KFSD San Diego-680-440.9) ��RIQ� ENDS: During the But now, this afternoon, we are ,,,,,,,� course of our series of going to take up the purely Theo­ W� � lectures, entitled 'Theo- sophical line of thought, turning to ' ��l sophy and Modern Sci­ higher and nobler themes than those ence,' we promised on a number of with which we have been dealing. occasions more specifically to bring We have chosen, of course, those out certain Theosophical teachings, Theosophical doctrines which are explanations of the scientific facts, explanatory of what we have been rather, which we have been dealing speaking about to you on the Sun­ with up to the present; and on each days preceding today. occasion, on each Sunday, when we We promised first to explain to attempted to bring out these Theo­ you what the Theosophist believes sophical explanations, we found so as regards the origin of the Primates, many side-issues of thought neces­ that is, the apes and the monkeys, sary to consider, and each one im­ from which creatures, as you know, portant in its way, that we were in the orthodox scientist derives the consequence impelled to deal with human stock in rectilinear descent, these side-issues before the others.
    [Show full text]
  • Il Processo Di Cristianizzazione Dell'aldilà Celtico E Delle Divinità
    Il processo di cristianizzazione dell’aldilà celtico e delle divinità marine irlandesi nella Navigatio sancti Brendani Fausto IANNELLO Università degli Studi di Messina (Dipartamento di Studi Tardoantichi, Mediavali e Umanistici) [email protected] RIASSUNTO Questo contributo considera e analizza specifici elementi pagani celtici nella Navigatio sancti Bren- dani, soprattutto attraverso la comparazione con il genere epico tradizionale degli immrama e delle echtrai. Il proposito è quello di dimostrare la continuità di alcuni tradizionali concetti religiosi ir- landesi sull’escatologia e la visione dell’aldilà in questi testi, particolarmente nell’ambito delle fun- zioni religiose espresse nelle figure di Brendano, di Barinto e degli dèi irlandesi del mare Manannán e Mongán. Attraverso le osservazioni svolte, si può stabilire che questa continuità funzionale non è basata su un passivo lavoro di ricezione, ma è generata da un autentico sforzo di comprensione de- gli elementi cruciali che hanno determinato l’originalità e la sostanza della struttura escatologica del- la Navigatio. Parole-chiave: Cristianesimo Irlandese altomedievale, Navigatio sancti Brendani, Immrama, Echtrai, Brendano di Clonfert, Barinto, Isole dei Beati, Aldilà celtico, divinità marine irlandesi, Manannán, Mon- gán, escatologia cristiana. The Christianization Process of the Celtic Otherworld and Irish Sea-Gods in the Navigatio Sancti Brendani ABSTRACT This paper considers and analyzes specific Celtic pagan elements in the Navigatio sancti Brendani, above all through the comparison with the traditional epic genre of the immrama and the echtrai. The purpose is to demonstrate the continuity of some Irish traditional religious concepts on escha- tology and otherworldly visions in those texts, particularly in the religious functions expressed in saint Brendan, saint Barinthus and Celtic sea gods Manannán and Mongán.
    [Show full text]
  • Celtic Egyptians: Isis Priests of the Lineage of Scota
    Celtic Egyptians: Isis Priests of the Lineage of Scota Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers – the primary creative genius behind the famous British occult group, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn – and his wife Moina Mathers established a mystery religion of Isis in fin-de-siècle Paris. Lawrence Durdin-Robertson, his wife Pamela, and his sister Olivia created the Fellowship of Isis in Ireland in the early 1970s. Although separated by over half a century, and not directly associated with each other, both groups have several characteristics in common. Each combined their worship of an ancient Egyptian goddess with an interest in the Celtic Revival; both claimed that their priestly lineages derived directly from the Egyptian queen Scota, mythical foundress of Ireland and Scotland; and both groups used dramatic ritual and theatrical events as avenues for the promulgation of their Isis cults. The Parisian Isis movement and the Fellowship of Isis were (and are) historically-inaccurate syncretic constructions that utilised the tradition of an Egyptian origin of the peoples of Scotland and Ireland to legitimise their founders’ claims of lineal descent from an ancient Egyptian priesthood. To explore this contention, this chapter begins with brief overviews of Isis in antiquity, her later appeal for Enlightenment Freemasons, and her subsequent adoption by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. It then explores the Parisian cult of Isis, its relationship to the Celtic Revival, the myth of the Egyptian queen Scota, and examines the establishment of the Fellowship of Isis. The Parisian mysteries of Isis and the Fellowship of Isis have largely been overlooked by critical scholarship to date; the use of the medieval myth of Scota by the founders of these groups has hitherto been left unexplored.
    [Show full text]
  • Aengus Mac Og and Aine
    An offering is made for the Outdwellers and is laid beyond the perimeter of the ritual space prior to claiming and hallowing. Claiming and Hallowing Beltaine Solitary Ritual Outdwellers Dark Dwellers beyond the fire’s light. Bringers of primal chaos; those who will never know peace. You who harmonize not with our songs & praise; Those who’s whispers are but cries and screams. You may have held this place in the past. You may hold this place in the future. But for now, take what has been laid beyond the fire’s light And trouble me not this night! Spirits of the Land From this crossroads between Earth and Sky Among those that dwell in this plane, I call out to the spirits of this land. To you, who whisper and watch, as I have erected my Nemeton before you. This night I call to you spirits of this land and ask for the use of this place for my worship. Deities of past and present peoples; Guardians and protectors of this ground; May 2005 Those of you in tune with my purpose; I invite you to share in my celebration. An offering is made to the Spirits of the Land. 2 Spirits of this land, accept my offering! At the Bile, saying: 3 X 3 the bell tolls or drum beats, saying: May these words be heard: As a child of the Earth Mother and Sky Father, In the forest, glen and glade I come before my hearth to be one with the Kindred. By fur, fin and feather That I may worship according to the ways of old.
    [Show full text]
  • The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed Cenydd Morus (Kenneth Morris) Illustrations by Reginald Machell
    Theosophical University Press Online Edition The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed Cenydd Morus (Kenneth Morris) Illustrations by Reginald Machell Copyright © 1914 by Katherine Tingley; originally published at Point Loma, California. Electronic edition 2000 by Theosophical University Press ISBN 1- 55700-157-x. This edition may be downloaded for off-line viewing without charge. For ease of searching, no diacritical marks appear in the electronic version of the text. To Katherine Tingley: Leader and Official Head of the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society, whose whole life has been devoted to the cause of Peace and Universal Brotherhood, this book is respectfully dedicated Contents Preface The Three Branches of the Bringing-in of it, namely: The Sovereignty of Annwn I. The Council of the Immortals II. The Hunt in Glyn Cuch III. The Slaying of Hafgan The Story of Pwyll and Rhianon, or The Book of the Three Trials The First Branch of it, called: The Coming of Rhianon Ren Ferch Hefeydd I. The Making-known of Gorsedd Arberth, and the Wonderful Riding of Rhianon II. The First of the Wedding-Feasts at the Court of Hefeydd, and the Coming of Gwawl ab Clud The Second Branch of it, namely: The Basket of Gwaeddfyd Newynog, and Gwaeddfyd Newynog Himself I. The Anger of Pendaran Dyfed, and the Putting of Firing in the Basket II. The Over-Eagerness of Ceredig Cwmteifi after Knowledge, and the Putting of Bulrush-Heads in the Basket III. The Circumspection of Pwyll Pen Annwn, and the Filling of the Basket at Last The First Branch of it again: III.
    [Show full text]
  • The Early Arthur: History and Myth
    1 RONALD HUTTON The early Arthur: history and myth For anybody concerned with the origins of the Arthurian legend, one literary work should represent the point of embarkation: the Historia Brittonum or History of the British . It is both the earliest clearly dated text to refer to Arthur, and the one upon which most efforts to locate and identify a histor- ical fi gure behind the name have been based. From it, three different routes of enquiry proceed, which may be characterised as the textual, the folkloric and the archaeological, and each of these will now be followed in turn. The Arthur of literature Any pursuit of Arthur through written texts needs to begin with the Historia itself; and thanks primarily to the researches of David Dumville and Nicholas Higham, we now know more or less exactly when and why it was produced in its present form. It was completed in Gwynedd, the north-western king- dom of Wales, at the behest of its monarch, Merfyn, during the year 830. Merfyn was no ordinary Welsh ruler of the age, but an able and ruthless newcomer, an adventurer who had just planted himself and his dynasty on the throne of Gwynedd, and had ambitions to lead all the Welsh. As such, he sponsored something that nobody had apparently written before: a com- plete history of the Welsh people. To suit Merfyn’s ambitions for them, and for himself, it represented the Welsh as the natural and rightful owners of all Britain: pious, warlike and gallant folk who had lost control of most of their land to the invading English, because of a mixture of treachery and overwhelming numbers on the part of the invaders.
    [Show full text]