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"STRANGER THAN FICTION": ANGLO-AMERICAN-GERMAN RELATIONS AND RIVALRIES THROUGH INVASION LITERATURE: 1890-1914 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF HISTORY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES BY MICHAEL D. STEWART, B.A.A.S., M.A. DENTON, TEXAS DECEMBER 2012 l'KXAS WO.MAN'S UNIVERSITYU�RARY TEXAS WOMAN'S UNIVERSITY DENTON)' TEXAS July 12, 2012 To the Dean of the Graduate School: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Michael D. Stewart entitled "Stranger than Fiction: Anglo-American-German Relations and Rivalries through Invasion Literature: 1890-1914." I have examined this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with a major in American History. ' We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Department Chair Copyright© Michael D. Stewart, 2013 all rights reserved. 111 DEDICATION To Elizabeth, who helped me to see a better future. lV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS No work ofliterature happens in a vacuum, and this work is certainly no exception. First I'd like to thank my thesis advisor Dr. Paul Travis for his critiques, suggestions, and general shepherding of this paper to its proper conclusions. From one (almost) scholar of German history to another, I give my gratitude. Thanks must also go to the staff of the library of the University of North Texas for their assistance in obtaining some of the more obscure texts referenced herein. Their patience and diligence cannot be thanked enough. Next, I must thank Dr. Laura Stem for her assistance in navigating the treacherous seas of overall graduate work and research. Its safe to say that without her intervention this work would never have seen publication. Also, the pioneering work of I.F. Clarke must also be mentioned. If this work is considered of any scholarly benefit, it is because I stand on the shoulders of this research giant. Additional thanks must be presented to the staff and volunteers of the Internet Archive (www.archive.org) for their efforts to provide public domain books (no matter how arcane) to the public as free downloads on their web pages. Thanks to your effort, there are now more books available to more people than perhaps ever in history. Perhaps the result of providing electronic access for scholars was not intentional, but I appreciate the results nonetheless. V Furthermore I must thank my family whose support and faith have kept me going when things seemed most bleak. My father and in-laws in particular have never stopped believing that something worthwhile might come out of my odd fascination with wars that never were. Finally, I must thank my wife Elizabeth for her unwavering solidarity, criticism, and general poking to move me towards this emphasis and scholarship. It's trite, but I truly believe that without her love and support I would never have even begun this journey of study and research. Thanks, hon. Vl ABSTRACT MIKE STEWART "STRANGER THAN FICTION": ANGLO-AMERICAN-GERMAN RELATIONS AND RIVALRIES THROUGH INVASION LITERATURE: 1890-1914 DECEMBER 2012 The speculative literature of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries are usually considered escapist fiction and not germane to historical study. This paper proposes that by studying the sub-genre of literature called "Invasion Literature. This paper postulates that one can understand the mindset of a nation's people during the time period the story is written in. Such stories not only influenced public mood but in turn were influenced by this mood, as their popularity during this time period reveals. This paper considers the Invasion Literature of three nations; the United States, Great Britain, and Germany. All three nations were under increasing pressure to either maintain their world power (in the case of Great Britain) or in the case of the United States and Germany, to increase their national power. This competition would result first in a naval arms race and eventually the First World War. Vll TABLE OF CONTENTS Page COPYRIGHT .............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION ............................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................... V ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... vii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................... ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 1 II. VOXPOPULI AND SETTING THE STAGE ...................................................... 14 III. GREAT BRITAIN, "RULE BRITTANIA" AND PERFIDIOUS ALBION ....................................... ............................................... 38 IV. "DEUTSCHLAND UBERALLES" (GERMANY OVER ALL) ........................ 55 V. THE UNITED STATES, AMERICAN COUSINS, AND MANIFEST DESTINY ........................................................................................ 66 VI. CONCLUSIONS AND THE FACTS OF FICTION .......................................... 85 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................................... 99 ENDNOTES ............................................................................................................ 105 vm LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Output of Iron Ore ................................................................................................... 6 2. Merchant Shipping ................................................................................................... 6 lX CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The story of history is a tableau of change. Nationalities rise to preeminence and decline into obscurity. Empires rise and fall, and renowned leaders have their moments of greatness only to be replaced by others in the tapestry of human events. So it is little wonder that the nineteenth century saw the page of history being turned once again and a new world order being forged. Added to this turbulent but expected changing of the guard was the Industrial Revolution; an event unmatched in human experience since the dawning of the Iron Age. This seminal event brought nations to the fore and into conflict with each other faster and with potentially more danger than in any prior century. i International rivalries are hardly new, but the nineteenth century was unique in that it held a significant population in industrial nations that were literate. Not only educated, but interested in international events and relations and their homeland's place within them. These interests were both driven by and drove leaders into policies that set the criteria for relations to the present day. This paper will investigate the novels of three nations; the United States of America, the United Kingdom, and the German Empire of Kaiser Wilhelm II. These novels, written for mass public consumption, created a genre of writing called alternately "Invasion Literature" and "Future War" stories. What these stories portray in their pages is tangible evidence of how public perceptions shaped the foreign policy of their respective nations until the onset of the First World War of 1914. 1 The closing decades of this century of change were expressed in rapid advancement in scientific theory, technology and culture. New theories, new devices and original ways of viewing the world and man's unique role within it were being exchanged among populations in ever greater and greater numbers. The old concepts of theology, monarchy, and mercantilism were giving way to new beliefs and methods of governance. The world in general, but the European and North American nations in particular, were at the crux of most of these changes. ii As often with such events, the older nation-states that were viewed as "Great Powers" were being supplanted by new ones; the latter demanding their share of the world's riches while the former strove to retain their preferred positions. The traditional 'Great Powers' of Europe had been France and Russia as land powers, Austria as the pivotal state within Central Europe, and Britain as a wealthy but predominantly maritime nation, iii but the nineteenth century found France's Bonapartist Empire overthrown in 1815, and Paris's authority veering from republic to empire to republic yet again. The French army's poor showing in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 was a shock to many military analysts of the time and it was said to presage French military decline. After the 1870s, French arms could only claim victories against African and Oriental potentates; not against a European foe. iv The old empire of Austria, the remnants of the Medieval Holy Roman Empire, found itself defeated repeatedly by Napoleon's Grand Armee. Only the naval battle of Lyssa against the Kingdom of Italy in 1866 broke an otherwise long string of defeats suffered by Austrian forces throughout the century.v The Emperor in Vienna found 2 troubles within the boundaries of the empire as well. After 1867 the Hapsburg monarch was forced to create a dual state to assuage the nationalistic demands of the Magyars of Hungary. This new state, called the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy,
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