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European Air Law Association 23Rd Annual Conference Palazzo Spada Piazza Capo Di Ferro 13, Rome
European Air Law Association 23rd Annual Conference Palazzo Spada Piazza Capo di Ferro 13, Rome “Airline bankruptcy, focus on passenger rights” Laura Pierallini Studio Legale Pierallini e Associati, Rome LUISS University of Rome, Rome Rome, 4th November 2011 Airline bankruptcy, focus on passenger rights Laura Pierallini Air transport and insolvencies of air carriers: an introduction According to a Study carried out in 2011 by Steer Davies Gleave for the European Commission (entitled Impact assessment of passenger protection in the event of airline insolvency), between 2000 and 2010 there were 96 insolvencies of European airlines operating scheduled services. Of these insolvencies, some were of small airlines, but some were of larger scheduled airlines and caused significant issues for passengers (Air Madrid, SkyEurope and Sterling). Airline bankruptcy, focus on passenger rights Laura Pierallini The Italian market This trend has significantly affected the Italian market, where over the last eight years, a number of domestic air carriers have experienced insolvencies: ¾Minerva Airlines ¾Gandalf Airlines ¾Alpi Eagles ¾Volare Airlines ¾Air Europe ¾Alitalia ¾Myair ¾Livingston An overall, since 2003 the Italian air transport market has witnessed one insolvency per year. Airline bankruptcy, focus on passenger rights Laura Pierallini The Italian Air Transport sector and the Italian bankruptcy legal framework. ¾A remedy like Chapter 11 in force in the US legal system does not exist in Italy, where since 1979 special bankruptcy procedures (Amministrazione Straordinaria) have been introduced to face the insolvency of large enterprises (Law. No. 95/1979, s.c. Prodi Law, Legislative Decree No. 270/1999, s.c. Prodi-bis, Law Decree No. 347/2003 enacted into Law No. -
Prof. Paul Stephen Dempsey
AIRLINE ALLIANCES by Paul Stephen Dempsey Director, Institute of Air & Space Law McGill University Copyright © 2008 by Paul Stephen Dempsey Before Alliances, there was Pan American World Airways . and Trans World Airlines. Before the mega- Alliances, there was interlining, facilitated by IATA Like dogs marking territory, airlines around the world are sniffing each other's tail fins looking for partners." Daniel Riordan “The hardest thing in working on an alliance is to coordinate the activities of people who have different instincts and a different language, and maybe worship slightly different travel gods, to get them to work together in a culture that allows them to respect each other’s habits and convictions, and yet work productively together in an environment in which you can’t specify everything in advance.” Michael E. Levine “Beware a pact with the devil.” Martin Shugrue Airline Motivations For Alliances • the desire to achieve greater economies of scale, scope, and density; • the desire to reduce costs by consolidating redundant operations; • the need to improve revenue by reducing the level of competition wherever possible as markets are liberalized; and • the desire to skirt around the nationality rules which prohibit multinational ownership and cabotage. Intercarrier Agreements · Ticketing-and-Baggage Agreements · Joint-Fare Agreements · Reciprocal Airport Agreements · Blocked Space Relationships · Computer Reservations Systems Joint Ventures · Joint Sales Offices and Telephone Centers · E-Commerce Joint Ventures · Frequent Flyer Program Alliances · Pooling Traffic & Revenue · Code-Sharing Code Sharing The term "code" refers to the identifier used in flight schedule, generally the 2-character IATA carrier designator code and flight number. Thus, XX123, flight 123 operated by the airline XX, might also be sold by airline YY as YY456 and by ZZ as ZZ9876. -
Airline Alliances
AIRLINE ALLIANCES by Paul Stephen Dempsey Director, Institute of Air & Space Law McGill University Copyright © 2011 by Paul Stephen Dempsey Open Skies • 1992 - the United States concluded the first second generation “open skies” agreement with the Netherlands. It allowed KLM and any other Dutch carrier to fly to any point in the United States, and allowed U.S. carriers to fly to any point in the Netherlands, a country about the size of West Virginia. The U.S. was ideologically wedded to open markets, so the imbalance in traffic rights was of no concern. Moreover, opening up the Netherlands would allow KLM to drain traffic from surrounding airline networks, which would eventually encourage the surrounding airlines to ask their governments to sign “open skies” bilateral with the United States. • 1993 - the U.S. conferred antitrust immunity on the Wings Alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. The encirclement policy began to corrode resistance to liberalization as the sixth freedom traffic drain began to grow; soon Lufthansa, then Air France, were asking their governments to sign liberal bilaterals. • 1996 - Germany fell, followed by the Czech Republic, Italy, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Malta, Poland. • 2001- the United States had concluded bilateral open skies agreements with 52 nations and concluded its first multilateral open skies agreement with Brunei, Chile, New Zealand and Singapore. • 2002 – France fell. • 2007 - The U.S. and E.U. concluded a multilateral “open skies” traffic agreement that liberalized everything but foreign ownership and cabotage. • 2011 – cumulatively, the U.S. had signed “open skies” bilaterals with more than100 States. Multilateral and Bilateral Air Transport Agreements • Section 5 of the Transit Agreement, and Section 6 of the Transport Agreement, provide: “Each contracting State reserves the right to withhold or revoke a certificate or permit to an air transport enterprise of another State in any case where it is not satisfied that substantial ownership and effective control are vested in nationals of a contracting State . -
Check-In Am Bahnhof Und Fly Rail Baggage
1/8 Check-in am Bahnhof via Zürich und Genève Check-in à la gare via Zürich et Genève Check-in alla stazione via Zürich e Genève Check-in at the railstation via Zürich and Genève Version: 26. Januar 2011 Legend HA = Handlingagent SP = Swissport, DN = Dnata Switzerland AG, AS = Airline Assistance Switzerland AG, EH = Own Handling R = Reason T = Technical, S = Security, O = Other reason WT = Weight Tolerance Y = Economy-Class, C = Business-Class, F = First-Class * = Agent Informations Infoportal/Airlines Check-in ok Restrictions Airline, Code Check-in Einschränkungen/Restrictions WT HA R Y = 2 Adria Airways JP ok SP C = 3 Aegean Airlines A3 ok 2 SP Aer Lingus EI no SP O Aeroflot Russian Airlines SU no SP S Aerolineas Argentinas AR ok 2 SP African Safari Airways ASA ok 2 DN Afriqiyah Airways 8U no DN O Air Algérie* AH ok No boardingpass 0 SP Air Baltic BT no SP T Not for USA, Canada, Pristina, Russia, Air Berlin* AB ok Cyprus; 0 DN not possible for groups 11+ Air Cairo MSC ok 2 SP AC 6821 / 6822 / 6826 / 6829 / 6832 / Air Canada AC no SP T =ok Air Dolomiti EN ok 2 SP Air Europa AEA / UX ok 2 DN Not from Zürich; not for USA, Canada, AF ok* 2 SP T Air France* Mexico; no boardingpass Air India AI ok 2 SP Air Italy I9 ok 2 DN Air Mali XG no SP O Air Malta KM ok 3 SP Y = 7 Air Mauritius MK ok Not from Zurich SP C = 10 Air Mediteranée BIE ok 2 DN Air New Zealand NZ ok 2 SP Air One AP ok 2 SP Air Seychelles HM ok Not from Zurich 3 SP Air Transat TS ok 2 SP Alitalia AZ no SP/DN T American Airlines AA no SP T ANA All Nippon Airways NH ok 2 SP Armavia -
Airlines Codes
Airlines codes Sorted by Airlines Sorted by Code Airline Code Airline Code Aces VX Deutsche Bahn AG 2A Action Airlines XQ Aerocondor Trans Aereos 2B Acvilla Air WZ Denim Air 2D ADA Air ZY Ireland Airways 2E Adria Airways JP Frontier Flying Service 2F Aea International Pte 7X Debonair Airways 2G AER Lingus Limited EI European Airlines 2H Aero Asia International E4 Air Burkina 2J Aero California JR Kitty Hawk Airlines Inc 2K Aero Continente N6 Karlog Air 2L Aero Costa Rica Acori ML Moldavian Airlines 2M Aero Lineas Sosa P4 Haiti Aviation 2N Aero Lloyd Flugreisen YP Air Philippines Corp 2P Aero Service 5R Millenium Air Corp 2Q Aero Services Executive W4 Island Express 2S Aero Zambia Z9 Canada Three Thousand 2T Aerocaribe QA Western Pacific Air 2U Aerocondor Trans Aereos 2B Amtrak 2V Aeroejecutivo SA de CV SX Pacific Midland Airlines 2W Aeroflot Russian SU Helenair Corporation Ltd 2Y Aeroleasing SA FP Changan Airlines 2Z Aeroline Gmbh 7E Mafira Air 3A Aerolineas Argentinas AR Avior 3B Aerolineas Dominicanas YU Corporate Express Airline 3C Aerolineas Internacional N2 Palair Macedonian Air 3D Aerolineas Paraguayas A8 Northwestern Air Lease 3E Aerolineas Santo Domingo EX Air Inuit Ltd 3H Aeromar Airlines VW Air Alliance 3J Aeromexico AM Tatonduk Flying Service 3K Aeromexpress QO Gulfstream International 3M Aeronautica de Cancun RE Air Urga 3N Aeroperlas WL Georgian Airlines 3P Aeroperu PL China Yunnan Airlines 3Q Aeropostal Alas VH Avia Air Nv 3R Aerorepublica P5 Shuswap Air 3S Aerosanta Airlines UJ Turan Air Airline Company 3T Aeroservicios -
Tenth Session of the Statistics Division
STA/10-WP/6 International Civil Aviation Organization 2/10/09 WORKING PAPER TENTH SESSION OF THE STATISTICS DIVISION Montréal, 23 to 27 November 2009 Agenda Item 1: Civil aviation statistics — ICAO classification and definition REVIEW OF DEFINITIONS OF DOMESTIC AND CABOTAGE AIR SERVICES (Presented by the Secretariat) SUMMARY Currently, ICAO uses two different definitions to identify the traffic of domestic flight sectors of international flights; one used by the Statistics Programme, based on the nature of a flight stage, and the other, used for the economic studies on air transport, based on the origin and final destination of a flight (with one or more flight stages). Both definitions have their shortcomings and may affect traffic forecasts produced by ICAO for domestic operations. A similar situation arises with the current inclusion of cabotage services under international operations. After reviewing these issues, the Fourteenth Meeting of the Statistics Panel (STAP/14) agreed to recommend that no changes be made to the current definitions and instructions. Action by the division is in paragraph 5. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 In its activities in the field of air transport economics and statistics, ICAO is currently using two different definitions to identify the domestic services of an air carrier. The first one used by the Statistics Programme has been reaffirmed and clarified during Ninth Meeting of the Statistics Division (STA/9) and it is the one currently shown in the Air Transport Reporting Forms. The second one is being used by the Secretariat in the studies on international airline operating economics which have been carried out since 1976 and in pursuance of Assembly Resolution A36-15, Appendix G (reproduced in Appendix A). -
Table 10.7 : AIR TRANSPORT MOVEMENTS at MALE
Table 10.7 : AIR TRANSPORT MOVEMENTS AT MALE' INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT BY AIRLINE, CROSS0CLASSIFIED BY PASSENGER, CARGO AND MAIL,1987 - 2015 1987 Passengers Cargo (kg) Mail (kg) Airline In Out Total In Out Total In Out Total 144,254 134,639 3,067,489 2,959,761 107,728 48,726 21,215 27,511 International Scheduled 87,018 78,107 2,875,293 2,775,552 99,741 48,266 21,088 27,178 Air lanka 36,602 35,630 1,672,128 1,624,418 47,710 21,670 18,221 3,449 P.I.A 2,496 2,508 64,482 62,614 1,868 590 568 22 Royal Nepal Airlines 81 30 210 210 0 2 2 0 Singapore Airlines 35,282 35,289 327,655 286546 41,109 6,326 1,304 5,022 Emirates 2,955 2,924 324,448 321,647 2,801 25 22 3 Indian Airlines 9,602 1,726 486,370 480,117 6,253 19,653 971 18,682 International Charter 54,358 53,720 185,535 180,679 4,856 0 0 0 Alitalia 6,962 6,995 74,923 74,923 0 0 0 0 Austrian Airline 677 509 0 0 0 0 0 0 Balair 11,545 11,376 5,738 5,738 0 0 0 0 Condor 16,394 16,458 93,867 89,011 4,856 0 0 0 Lauda Air 380 234 0 0 0 0 0 0 L.T.U 16,230 16,715 10,472 10,472 0 0 0 0 Monarch Airlines 193 0 185 185 0 0 0 0 Sterling Airways 1,977 1,433 350 350 0 0 0 0 Other international 789 795 1,910 1,910 0 0 0 0 Domestic 2,089 2,017 4,750 1,619 3,131 460 127 333 Air Maldives 2,089 2,017 4,750 1619 3,131 460 127 333 1988 Total 172,264 171,554 3,822,270 3,651,068 171,202 38,943 21,757 17,186 International Scheduled 101,683 101,133 3,663,225 3,497,582 165,643 38,506 21,657 16,849 Air lanka 41,480 39,934 2,068,394 1,972,638 95,756 20,203 17,677 2,526 Emirates 5,338 5,753 405,963 387,809 18,154 12 5 7 Indian -
Base Abandonments by Low-Cost Carriers
Journal of Air Transport Management 55 (2016) 234e244 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Air Transport Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jairtraman Base abandonments by low-cost carriers * Paolo Malighetti, Stefano Paleari, Renato Redondi Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Viale Pasubio 7/b, Dalmine 24044, Italy article info abstract Article history: This paper is the first attempt to systematically investigate the phenomenon of base abandonments by Received 8 February 2016 low-cost carriers (LCCs) in the world, from 1997 to 2014. Our results identify 109 cases where the LCCs Received in revised form decreased their presence in airports by at least 50 per cent in terms of offered seats. In 28 cases, the LCCs 8 April 2016 completely abandoned the airports. The incidence of downsizing is significantly reduced for important Accepted 11 June 2016 base airports. The abandonment by LCCs can be reversed, even though this is not very likely; in only 7.3 per cent of cases the same LCCs recovered full capacity. The impact on airports of LCC abandonments depends on the carrier level of dominance. The presence of middle size alternative airports increases the Keywords: Low-cost carriers likelihood of downsizings. © Base abandonment 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Based aircrafts Airport-airline relationship 1. Introduction power in switching is markedly on the LCC side. Indeed, some LCCs are famous for their occasionally aggressive A recent study on airport competition, the report commissioned approaches to obtain favourable deals with airports and other by ACI Europe to Copenhagen Economics (2012), discussed airline suppliers, and often we read newspaper reports about LCCs switching, that is the ability of an airline to relocate its services, as a threatening to abandon airports. -
Air Transport: Annual Report 2005
ANALYSIS OF THE EU AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY Final Report 2005 Contract no: TREN/05/MD/S07.52077 by Cranfield University Department of Air Transport Analysis of the EU Air Transport Industry, 2005 1 CONTENTS 1 AIR TRANSPORT INDUSTRY OVERVIEW......................................................................................11 2 REGULATORY DEVELOPMENTS.....................................................................................................19 3 CAPACITY ............................................................................................................................................25 4. AIR TRAFFIC........................................................................................................................................36 5. AIRLINE FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE............................................................................................54 6. AIRPORTS.............................................................................................................................................85 7 AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL ..................................................................................................................102 8. THE ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................................................110 9 CONSUMER ISSUES..........................................................................................................................117 10 AIRLINE ALLIANCES .......................................................................................................................124 -
Impact of Airline Consolidation on Consumer Choice
Impact of Airline Consolidation on Consumer Choice The role of indirect distribution channels in ensuring price transparency and promoting competition Supported by: Prepared by: 11 Octob er 2017 Impact of Airline Consolidation on the Indirect Distribution Channel 2 Contents 1 — Executive Summary 3 2 — Recommendations 8 3 — Evolution of the Airline Industry and Implications for Policy 9 // US DOT and Europe’s DG-COMP perspective on airline competition 9 // European market liberalization and transformation of business models 13 // Airline liberalization and consumer benefits 20 // Economics literature regarding airline consolidation 22 // Evidence from the more consolidated U.S. market 46 // Conclusions 48 // Implications for DG-COMP and DG-MOVE policy going forward 49 4 — References 52 5 — List of Exhibits // Exhibit 1: EU Competition Review Process 11 // Exhibit 2: Consolidation of the Full Service Carriers 15 // Exhibit 3: ICAO Listing of European LLC’s 17 // Exhibit 4: Market Shares of Seats and HHI in the Intra-EU Market 19 // Exhibit 5: Foreclosing a Spoke City 23 // Exhibit 6: Case Study of LH-OS Slot Divestitures 24 // Exhibit 7: ATI /JV Alliances Potentially Affect Competition on All Routes at a Hub 25 // Exhibit 8: The Negative Impact of Market Structure on Fares in Connecting Markets 26 // Exhibit 9: U.S. Carrier Transatlantic Operating Margin vs. HHI 31 // Exhibit 10: U.S. Carrier Domestic Operating Margin and Seat Growth 33 // Exhibit 11: Normal Google Results 40 // Exhibit 12: Google Results with Google Flights (GFS) 40 // Exhibit 13: Effectiveness of Slot Remedies in EU Short Haul Markets 50 Impact of Airline Consolidation on the Indirect Distribution Channel 3 1 — Executive Summary 1. -
The Continuing Development of Airport Competition in Europe
The continuing development of airport competition in Europe Prepared for ACI EUROPE 15 September 2017 www.oxera.com The continuing development of airport competition in Europe Oxera Oxera Consulting LLP is a limited liability partnership registered in England and Wales No. OC392464, registered office: Park Central, 40/41 Park End Street, Oxford, OX1 1JD, UK. The Brussels office, trading as Oxera Brussels, is registered in Belgium, SETR Oxera Consulting LLP 0651 990 151, registered office: Avenue Louise 81, Box 11, 1050 Brussels, Belgium. Oxera Consulting GmbH is registered in Germany, no. HRB 148781 B (Local Court of Charlottenburg), registered office: Rahel-Hirsch-Straße 10, Berlin 10557, Germany. Although every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the material and the integrity of the analysis presented herein, Oxera accepts no liability for any actions taken on the basis of its contents. No Oxera entity is either authorised or regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority or the Prudential Regulation Authority. Anyone considering a specific investment should consult their own broker or other investment adviser. Oxera accepts no liability for any specific investment decision, which must be at the investor’s own risk. © Oxera 2017. All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism or review, no part may be used or reproduced without permission. The continuing development of airport competition in Europe Oxera Contents Foreword by Dr Harry Bush CB 1 Glossary 3 Executive summary 7 1 -
List of EU Air Carriers Holding an Active Operating Licence
Active Licenses Operating licences granted Member State: Austria Decision Name of air carrier Address of air carrier Permitted to carry Category (1) effective since ABC Bedarfsflug GmbH 6020 Innsbruck - Fürstenweg 176, Tyrolean Center passengers, cargo, mail B 16/04/2003 AFS Alpine Flightservice GmbH Wallenmahd 23, 6850 Dornbirn passengers, cargo, mail B 20/08/2015 Air Independence GmbH 5020 Salzburg, Airport, Innsbrucker Bundesstraße 95 passengers, cargo, mail A 22/01/2009 Airlink Luftverkehrsgesellschaft m.b.H. 5035 Salzburg-Flughafen - Innsbrucker Bundesstraße 95 passengers, cargo, mail A 31/03/2005 Alpenflug Gesellschaft m.b.H.& Co.KG. 5700 Zell am See passengers, cargo, mail B 14/08/2008 Altenrhein Luftfahrt GmbH Office Park 3, Top 312, 1300 Wien-Flughafen passengers, cargo, mail A 24/03/2011 Amira Air GmbH Wipplingerstraße 35/5. OG, 1010 Wien passengers, cargo, mail A 12/09/2019 Anisec Luftfahrt GmbH Office Park 1, Top B04, 1300 Wien Flughafen passengers, cargo, mail A 09/07/2018 ARA Flugrettung gemeinnützige GmbH 9020 Klagenfurt - Grete-Bittner-Straße 9 passengers, cargo, mail A 03/11/2005 ART Aviation Flugbetriebs GmbH Porzellangasse 7/Top 2, 1090 Wien passengers, cargo, mail A 14/11/2012 Austrian Airlines AG 1300 Wien-Flughafen - Office Park 2 passengers, cargo, mail A 10/09/2007 Disclaimer: The table reflects the data available in ACOL-database on 16/10/2020. The data is provided by the Member States. The Commission does not guarantee the accuracy or the completeness of the data included in this document nor does it accept responsibility for any use made thereof. 1 Active Licenses Decision Name of air carrier Address of air carrier Permitted to carry Category (1) effective since 5020 Salzburg-Flughafen - Innsbrucker Bundesstraße AVAG AIR GmbH für Luftfahrt passengers, cargo, mail B 02/11/2006 111 Avcon Jet AG Wohllebengasse 12-14, 1040 Wien passengers, cargo, mail A 03/04/2008 B.A.C.H.