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MCB Combined Inclusive Design Report PART 1 of 6 Inclusive Design of Workplaces for People who are Low Vision or Blind Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Current State of the Art of Pertinent Research Part 3: Global Overview of Pertinent Standards and Guidelines Part 4: Current State of the Art of Inclusive Wayfinding Part 5: Six Case Studies Part 6: Summaries of User/Expert and VR Staff Interviews September 2020 Massachusetts Commission for the Blind: Inclusive Design of Workplaces for People who are Low Vision or Blind Introduction Table of Contents Part 1: Introduction Overview 3 Part 2: Current State of the Art of Pertinent Research Overview 6 Part 3: Global Overview of Pertinent Standards and Guidelines Overview 8 Part 4: Current State of the Art of Inclusive Wayfinding Overview 9 Part 5: Six Case Studies Overview 10 Part 6: Summaries of User/Expert and VR Staff Interviews Overview 11 Project Team 11 Prepared by the Institute for Human Centered Design, www.IHCDesign.org page 2 Massachusetts Commission for the Blind: Inclusive Design of Workplaces for People who are Low Vision or Blind Introduction Part I: Introduction Overview The fully accessible project report is organized as a set of distinct parts, each of which can be read as a self-contained report. The sections are: Part 1: Introduction Part 2: Current State-of-the-Art of Pertinent Research Part 3: Global Overview of Pertinent Standards and Guidelines Part 4: Current State of the Art of Inclusive Wayfinding Part 5: Six Case Studies Part 6: Summaries of User/Expert and VR Staff Interviews The Institute for Human Centered Design (IHCD) responded to a call for proposals from the Massachusetts Commission for the Blind (MCB) in May of 2020. The original RFP title was “The Impact Inclusive Design Principles of Workplaces has on VR Outcomes.” At this point in time, the prevalence of inclusive design in workplaces is still too rare and too vulnerable to unwarranted claims to be able to do a simple crosswalk of environmental impact. IHCD proposed an alternative response for a project that informs MCB of the current state-of- the-art of both practice and research relative to inclusive workplace design with an emphasis on supporting people with vision limitations. The IHCD diverse and multi-disciplinary team offers this report to: • illuminate the state-of-the-art today • identify promising areas for replication of proven methods • and identify needs for new research and ways to address dissemination challenges. It is important to note that the relationship between rehabilitation and inclusive design have fundamentally different starting places. Rehabilitation seeks to empower people with disabilities to function effectively in the world as it is. Inclusive design seeks not only to remove barriers to full integration but also to create facilitators for participation and well-being in the environment. Addressing this dichotomy is an important by-product of the project. Prepared by the Institute for Human Centered Design, www.IHCDesign.org page 3 Massachusetts Commission for the Blind: Inclusive Design of Workplaces for People who are Low Vision or Blind Introduction IHCD’s Set of Topical Deliverables Set the stage - provide a general overview of inclusive design as a clear design framework that builds upon a floor of accessibility. What is inclusive design…universal design…design-for-all? …a framework for the design of places, things, information, communication and policy that focuses on the user, on the widest range of people operating in the widest range of situations without special or separate design. Universal Design Principles Equitable Use: The design does not disadvantage or stigmatize any group of users. Flexibility in Use: The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities. Simple, Intuitive Use: Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level. Perceptible Information: The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities. Tolerance for Error: The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions. Low Physical Effort: The design can be used efficiently and comfortably, and with a minimum of fatigue. Size and Space for Approach & Use: Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use, regardless of the user’s body size, posture, or mobility. [Developed by a group of US designers and design educators from five organizations in 1997. Principles are copyrighted to the Center for Universal Design, School of Design, State University of North Carolina at Raleigh. The Principles are in use internationally.] Relationship between Legally Mandated Accessibility & Inclusive Design Legally mandated requirements for accessible design, within a civil or human rights context, provide a vital basis for autonomy and equal opportunity for people with disabilities. To be effective, legal mandates require an infrastructure of information and enforcement in order to ensure meaningful compliance. Inevitably, the legal mandates establish a set of minimum standards for some built, information and communication environments and address the needs of people with some types of functional limitations. Too often those minimum standards are understood as maximums. Prepared by the Institute for Human Centered Design, www.IHCDesign.org page 4 Massachusetts Commission for the Blind: Inclusive Design of Workplaces for People who are Low Vision or Blind Introduction Accessibility is focused on people with disabilities, especially those who are ‘qualified’ as defined in the law. The design standards for accessible design focus primarily on accommodating the needs of wheelchair users and, to a lesser extent, people who are blind and read braille. Wheelchair users are a small number of people but their wheeled devices make very clear demands on the built environment and design features that make it possible to wheelchair users to participate benefit the much larger number of people with difficulty walking. Additional requirements for “effective communication” also require taking at least minimum steps to provide for alternative means of communication through auxiliary aids and services. Accessibility laws and codes on accessibility are a limited indicator of the potential of design to facilitate independence, participation and wellbeing for a growing proportion of people. In a country in which 26% of all adults have a disability, most of us will experience at least periods of functional limitation in the course of our lives. It is not about “special” anymore. And it’s critically important to anticipate the broadest spectrum of physical, sensory and/or brain-based functional limitations when designing. Inclusive (Universal) Design starts with accessible design and calls for a more creative and imaginative engagement of designers to design places, products, services and technology that will work seamlessly for the widest possible group of potential users. The goal is to eliminate disabling environments (physical, information, communication, social and policy environments) in favor of enabling ones for everyone. World Health Organization contextual definition of disability – the Global Gold Standard The World Health Organization International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (WHO ICF) and its contextual definition in 2001 offered a framework for thinking about impairment as part of a continuum of health that happened within a context of personal and environmental factors. Most importantly, the goal was clear that people with functional limitations should be able to become fully engaged members of society. In the WHO ICF, it was no longer about cause of the limitation but about its impact. It was a radical shift to an emphasis on health at both the personal and the population levels. The model summoned attention to creative intervention. Redesign the context and you minimize the limitation. The WHO ICF focuses on the context, on the dynamic interaction of a person with a functional limitation and physical, digital and social environments. That interaction is the point at which disability is amplified or minimized. The model invites awareness that environments are not fixed but mutable and inevitably powerful either negatively or positively. The contextual definition offers a tool for dramatically modifying the impact of a functional limitation if we choose to use it. If we take the opportunity to focus on creating environments - including policies and attitudes - that minimize limitations and support people to live the lives they choose, we minimize negative impacts. This bio-psycho-social model became the global Prepared by the Institute for Human Centered Design, www.IHCDesign.org page 5 Massachusetts Commission for the Blind: Inclusive Design of Workplaces for People who are Low Vision or Blind Introduction gold standard for understanding and measuring disability at the population level. The WHO recommended Inclusive Design in 2001 as the most promising framework for creating facilitating environments that would go well beyond the narrow concepts of barrier removal. Recommendation We recommend that MCB consider Inclusive Design as, at minimum, an agency advocacy position whenever possible. It may always be necessary to help clients to function effectively in the world as it is but a focus on the power of the environment to change the impact of a blindness and
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