Zwischen Stand Und Geschlecht Frauen Schaffen Sich Freiräume Mit Einer Geschichtsdidaktischen Aufarbeitung

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Zwischen Stand Und Geschlecht Frauen Schaffen Sich Freiräume Mit Einer Geschichtsdidaktischen Aufarbeitung Zwischen Stand und Geschlecht Frauen schaffen sich Freiräume mit einer geschichtsdidaktischen Aufarbeitung. Diplomarbeit zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Magistra im Lehramtsstudium Geschichte & Deutsch eingereicht bei Ao. Univ.-Prof. Mag. Dr. Margret Friedrich Institut für Geschichtswissenschaften und Europäische Ethnologie Philosophisch-Historische Fakultät der Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck Unter Mitwirkung von Mag. Mag. Dr. Claus Oberhauser eingereicht von: Alena Judith Hackl Matrikelnummer 01316025 Imst, Juni 2018 Für meinen geliebten Opa Willi Seite 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis Teil I – Fachwissenschaftlicher Teil der Diplomarbeit ........................ 8 1. Einleitung ......................................................................................... 8 2. Elisabeth von Österreich .............................................................. 11 2.1. Elisabeth – eine kurze Biographie ............................................................... 11 2.2. Situation am Hof – Kritik – Widerstand ........................................................ 14 2.2.1. Situation am Hof ..............................................................................................14 2.2.1.1. Höfische Etikette .................................................................................................... 16 2.2.1.2. Repräsentation des Kaiserhauses – Erwartungen an Kaiserin Elisabeth ............. 17 2.2.1.3. Elisabeth und Franz Joseph .................................................................................. 18 2.2.1.4. Erziehung der nächsten Generation ...................................................................... 21 2.2.1.5. Elisabeth und ihre Schwiegermutter Erzherzogin Sophie ..................................... 22 2.2.2. Kritik ................................................................................................................25 2.2.2.1. Kritik am Hofleben ................................................................................................. 25 2.2.2.2. Elisabeth – Gegnerin der Monarchie? ................................................................... 28 2.2.3. Widerstand ......................................................................................................29 2.2.3.1. Rückzug – eine Flucht vor der Öffentlichkeit und dem Hofleben .......................... 29 2.2.3.1.1. Introversion und ‚Kränkeleien‘? ......................................................................... 29 2.2.3.1.2. Erholungsreise nach Madeira ........................................................................... 31 2.2.3.1.3. Erholungsreise nach Korfu ................................................................................ 33 2.2.3.2. Verweigerung ......................................................................................................... 35 2.2.3.2.1. Missachtung der Verpflichtungen ...................................................................... 35 2.2.3.2.2. Verweigerung bei Queen Victoria ..................................................................... 36 2.2.3.3. Elisabeths Machtkampf um die Entscheidungsfreiheit für ihre Kinder .................. 37 2.2.3.3.1. Das Ultimatum – die Erziehung von Kronprinz Rudolf ...................................... 38 2.2.3.3.2. Verheiratung von Elisabeths Kindern................................................................ 40 2.3. Politische Einflussnahme Elisabeths ........................................................... 42 2.3.1. Elisabeths Handeln gegen das Konkordat .......................................................42 2.3.2. Politisches Desaster – Elisabeths Einsatz gegen Antisemitismus? ..................43 2.3.3. Irlandreisen und politische Probleme ...............................................................44 2.3.4. Präsenzstärkung des Kaisers ..........................................................................46 2.3.4.1. Beginn der Repräsentationsverpflichtungen.......................................................... 46 Seite 3 2.3.4.2. Verpflichtende Reisen nach Italien und Ungarn .................................................... 48 2.3.4.2.1. Reise nach Italien .............................................................................................. 48 2.3.4.2.2. Reise nach Ungarn ........................................................................................... 51 2.3.4.3. Krieg gegen Preußen und Elisabeths Einsatz ....................................................... 52 2.3.5. Die Kaiserin und ihr Wirken im österreichisch-ungarischen Ausgleich .............54 2.3.5.1. Elisabeth und ihre Beziehung zu Ungarn .............................................................. 54 2.3.5.2. Elisabeths politisches Engagement für Ungarn ..................................................... 55 2.3.5.3. Elisabeths Einsatz für den österreichisch-ungarischen Ausgleich ........................ 57 2.4. Elisabeths Verhältnis zur Frauenbewegung ................................................ 61 2.4.1. Handeln im Sinne der Wohltätigkeit .................................................................61 2.4.2. Elisabeths Frauenbild ......................................................................................63 2.5. Elisabeth schafft sich ihre eigene Welt ........................................................ 66 2.5.1. „Schwalbe, leih‘ mir deine Flügel“ – Elisabeths Wanderleben und ihr damit verbundener Ausbruch aus dem Hofleben ......................................................67 2.5.1.1. Ungarn – Schloss Gödöllö ..................................................................................... 68 2.5.1.2. Österreich und Deutschland .................................................................................. 70 2.5.1.3. Weitere Reisetätigkeiten ........................................................................................ 70 2.5.2. „Die Kunst ist nur die Schöpfung unserer Sehnsucht nach der Existenz“ – Elisabeth und die Dichtung ..............................................................................71 2.5.3. Griechenlandbegeisterung ..............................................................................73 2.5.4. Schönheit – Kampf um die ewige Jugend ........................................................77 2.5.5. Die sportliche Kaiserin .....................................................................................79 2.5.6. Beste Reiterin der Welt? .................................................................................80 2.6. Eine Legende lebt! – Präsenz in der Nachwelt und der ‚Sisi-Mythos‘ .......... 81 3. Victoria von Preußen ..................................................................... 85 3.1. Victoria – eine kurze Biographie .................................................................. 85 3.2. Politische Zielvorstellungen von Victoria ..................................................... 87 3.2.1. Einfluss und Prägung durch das Elternhaus ....................................................87 3.2.2. Die Stellung Preußens in Europa ....................................................................89 3.2.3. Probleme am preußischen Hof ........................................................................90 3.2.4. Victoria und Friedrich ......................................................................................96 Seite 4 3.2.5. Victoria und Bismarck ......................................................................................98 3.3. Das sozialreformerische Engagement und die Förderung der deutschen Frauenbewegung durch Victoria ................................................................ 100 3.3.1. Die Frauenbewegung in Preußen .................................................................. 100 3.3.2. Die soziale Fürsorge im Gesundheitswesen .................................................. 103 3.3.3. Die Volkserziehung und die Frauenbildung in Preußen ................................. 105 3.4. Victorias Tätigkeiten im künstlerischen Bereich ........................................ 107 3.4.1. Die Malerin Victoria ....................................................................................... 107 3.4.2. Die Sammlerin und die Mäzenin Victoria ....................................................... 110 3.5. Victoria – ein kurzes Resümee .................................................................. 114 4. Frauen schaffen sich Freiräume – die Frauenbewegung im 19. Jahrhundert.................................................................................. 118 4.1. Die Stellung und die Rolle der Frau unter Berücksichtigung des sozialen Milieus ....................................................................................................... 118 4.1.1. Die Rolle der Frau in der Gesellschaft ........................................................... 118 4.1.2. Probleme in der Gesellschaftsordnung .......................................................... 119 4.2. Erste Proteste – Frauen während der Revolution von 1848 ...................... 122 4.3. Nach der Revolution – Frauen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts 126 4.3.1. Vereinsbildung zur Stärkung der Emanzipation ............................................. 127 4.4. Bildung als Grundvoraussetzung für den sozialen Aufstieg ....................... 133 5. Ein Vergleich: Elisabeth von Österreich-Ungarn und Victoria von Preußen ........................................................................................ 137 5.1. Herkunft und standesgemäße Erziehung .................................................
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