DOCSLIB.ORG

The White Book: Losses Inflicted on the Estonian Nation By

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The White Book: Losses Inflicted on the Estonian Nation By White_title.FH9 Fri Apr 15 12:23:06 2005 Page 2 Composite This work has been completed as a result of the work of the Estonian State Commission on Examination of the Policies of Repression and with the support of the Riigikogu, the Government of the Republic of Estonia and Ministry of Justice. Authors JAAK KANGILASKI, PhD (Arts), Vice-Rector of the University of Tartu VIRVE KASK, PhD (Med.), former Lecturer of the University of Tartu KALEV KUKK, PhD (Econ.), former Member of the Riigikogu JAAN LAAS, PhD (Econ.), Lecturer of Eurouniversity HEINO NOOR, Consultant of the Estonian Medical and Legal Aid Centre of Victims of Repression AIGI RAHI-TAMM, Dr. Sc. (Hist.), Lecturer of the University of Tartu REIN RATAS, PhD (Biol.), Development Director of Tallmac Ltd ANTO RAUKAS, Dr. Sc. (Geol.), Member of Estonian Academy of Sciences, Professor of the Estonian Maritime Academy ENN SARV, Member of the Board of the Association of Former Political Prisoners PEEP VARJU, Deputy Chairman of the Estonian State Commission on Examination on the Policies of Repression Editors Vello Salo, Dr. Sc. (Theol.), Editor-in-Chief Ülo Ennuste, Dr. Sc. (Econ.), Managing Director of the Estonian Institute of Economics of the Tallinn Technical University Erast Parmasto, Dr. Sc. (Biol.), Member of Estonian Academy of Sciences, Senior Researcher of the Institute of Zoology and Botany of the Estonian Agricultural Academy Enn Tarvel, Dr. Sc. (Hist.), former Lecturer of the University of Stockholm Peep Varju, Deputy Chairman of the Estonian State Commission on Examination on Policies of Repression Translators Mari Ets, Tiina Koitla, Mart Paberit, Mari Vihuri Editor: Tiina Koitla Designer: Riina Uisk Layout: Margit Plink © Republic of Estonia, 2005 All rights reserved. ISBN 9985-70-195-X Printed in Estonia by Multiprint Ldt CONTENTS Survey of Occupation Regimes (Enn Sarv, Peep Varju) 9 POPULATION Human Losses (Aigi Rahi-Tamm) 25 Health Care (Virve Kask) 47 Permanent Health Damages (Heino Noor) 58 CULTURE Higher Education and Research Work (Jaan Laas) 74 Fine Arts (Jaak Kangilaski) 113 ENVIRONMENT Environmental Damage (Rein Ratas) 126 Enormous Environmental Damage Caused by Occupation Army (Anto Raukas) 133 ECONOMY Economic Damage (Kalev Kukk) 141 FOREWORD In 1992, the Riigikogu of the Republic of Estonia established the Estonian State Commission on Examination of the Policies of Repression (ESCEPR) and set it „the fi nal goal to publish a scientifi c investigation into all the losses and damages suffered by the Estonian nation during the occupation regimes”.1 Only now, after twelve years of investigation work, the ESCEPR is able to publish a survey, which sums up the present state of our knowledge, in the form of eight original papers dedicated to the following fi elds: population, cultural life, environment and economy. The papers are based on archival materials preserved in Estonia, because till the present day it has not been possible to use the materials in the archives of occupation regimes. However, in the present analysis all published source materials have been taken into account.2 Therefore, the following papers contain data of two types: 1) Scientifi cally documented losses and damages; 2) Estimates based on the latter. The papers in The White Book are similar in structure: they start with a short summary that is followed by the text, in which a more detailed overview of the losses, of their signifi cance and investigation is given. Details can be found in references; sources and monographs are given in the bibliography section. The Commission wants to thank everybody who has contributed to the compilation of this survey. Vello Salo Chairman of the Commission 1 Riigi Teataja no. 40/1993, art. 591; see § 20. 2 The ESCEPR has published 20 scientifi c papers in 1994—2002. Because of that, only estimates of the number of citizens of the Republic of Estonia who died while fi ghting in the army of the Soviet Union can be given now. 7 I SURVEY OF OCCUPATION REGIMES Enn Sarv and Peep Varju In 1939 the heavy pressure of great powers preparing for the world war and direct aggression and occupation followed struck the inde- pendent and neutral state of Estonia. Three consecutive occupation regimes lasted for more than 50 years. The Republic of Estonia had signed non-aggression pacts with both the Soviet Union and Germany. The Soviet Union, like Estonia, had joined international legal acts banning aggression. These agree- ments, together with the Tartu Peace Treaty, formed a system that regulated all mutual relations of the two countries1. On 17 September 1939 when the Soviet Union attacked Poland which was on the brink of collapsing under the blows of the German army, it became clear that with the Stalin-Hitler agreement signed on 23 August 1939 (known as Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact) the two great powers had divided Eastern Europe between themselves into their spheres of influence. Soon the Soviet Union presented ultimatums to the three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. About a month and a half later, Finland received a similar ultimatum, which was then followed by the Winter War. Accompanied by direct threats, the Soviet Union demanded establishing of military bases for the Red Army on the territory of Estonia and signing of a so-called mutual aid agreement for legalising this military operation. The signing of the agreement was preceded by brutal demonstrations of power: the Red Navy blocked the sea border of Estonia, Soviet aeroplanes violated its air space, large divisions of the Red Army were concentrated on the Estonian border and a Soviet submarine sunk, for provocation purposes, the Soviet ship Metallist in Narva Bay. The Republic of Estonia declared its neutrality in World War II, which had broken out on 1 September 1939, but this step did not hinder the Soviet Union from submitting aggressive demands. Estonia remained in isolation. None of the neighbouring states wished to be the first to offer 9 any support to Estonia, which had fallen victim to aggression. In this situation the Government and the Parliament (Riigikogu) of Estonia were forced to accept the treaty on military bases to avoid bloodshed and extermination of the people of Estonia. The treaty was signed in Moscow on 28 September 1939 and foreign troops, which exceeded the regular forces of the Republic of Estonia several times, were brought to the bases in October 1939. After the arrival of the Red Army to the bases and of the military fleet to the ports of Paldiski and Tallinn, Estonia was no longer THE WHITE BOOK an independent state. Trying to avoid any conflicts and misunderstandings between the two parties to the treaty, the Government of Estonia fastidiously observed all obligations arising from the treaty. On 12 October 1939 a new Govern- ment was formed, headed by the Prime Minister Jüri Uluots. Even some limitation of the fundamental civil rights was applied to avoid possible cases of provocation. At the same time the Soviet Union had no intention to respect the treaty and they provoked a number of conflicts. Russian military personnel working in joint committees submitted new demands, which did not meet the conditions of the signed treaty, tried to enlarge the number of armed personnel arriving at the bases (the Soviet Union actually did this on a unilateral basis) and demanded additional territories for their troops. During the Winter War with Finland, the Red Army bombers set off from the airports of neutral Estonia to bomb Finnish towns. This was a gross violation of the treaty, the text of which solemnly declared respect for the sovereignty of Estonia. The war that the Soviet Union had started against the Republic of Finland was justly condemned by the League of Nations as an act of aggression. On 14 December 1939 the Soviet Union was expelled from that international organisation. The Soviet aircraft that took part in the Winter War operations cast bombs also on the Estonian territory, attacked an Estonian aircraft flying above Tallinn and committed other crimes, like sinking the Estonian merchant ship Kassari on the Baltic Sea on 10 December 1939, which should have provoked an immediate counter-attack from the defence forces of a sovereign state. Nothing of the sort happened and our defence forces showed their discipline and infinite patience by obeying the orders of the commander-in-chief. At the same time the Soviet General Staff were working out a secret military operation for occupying the Baltic states. With the directive No 02622 of 9 June 1940 the plan was put into action 2. While Paris fell to the German troops on 14 June 1940, the Soviet Union started to carry out the plan of occupying the Baltic states. Estonia was blocked from all directions — land, sea and air. The Estonian aeroplane Kalev that made regular flights between Tallinn and Helsinki was shot down, without warning, over the Gulf of Finland on 15 June 1940 and all merchant ships of Estonia were seized. 10 On 14 June 1940 the Soviet Union presented an ultimatum to the REGIMES SURVEY OF OCCUPATION Republic of Lithuania and the occupation forces invaded the country, cutting through the last land connection of Estonia and Latvia with the West. On 16 June at 15.20 a similar ultimatum with an 8-hour deadline was presented to the Republic of Estonia, accusing it of violating the mutual aid pact, demanding the permission to enter the country for the Red Army troops waiting at the Estonian border, consisting of about 100,000 men, ostensibly sent to protect the troops in the military bases from the alleged danger, and requesting the formation of a new Govern- ment of the Republic under the dictate of Moscow.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Minorities and Majorities in Estonia: Problems of Integration at the Threshold of the Eu
    MINORITIES AND MAJORITIES IN ESTONIA: PROBLEMS OF INTEGRATION AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE EU FLENSBURG, GERMANY AND AABENRAA DENMARK 22 to 25 MAY 1998 ECMI Report #2 March 1999 Contents Preface 3 The Map of Estonia 4 Ethnic Composition of the Estonian Population as of 1 January 1998 4 Note on Terminology 5 Background 6 The Introduction of the Seminar 10 The Estonian government's integration strategy 11 The role of the educational system 16 The role of the media 19 Politics of integration 22 International standards and decision-making on the EU 28 Final Remarks by the General Rapporteur 32 Appendix 36 List of Participants 37 The Integration of Non-Estonians into Estonian Society 39 Table 1. Ethnic Composition of the Estonian Population 43 Table 2. Estonian Population by Ethnic Origin and Ethnic Language as Mother Tongue and Second Language (according to 1989 census) 44 Table 3. The Education of Teachers of Estonian Language Working in Russian Language Schools of Estonia 47 Table 4 (A;B). Teaching in the Estonian Language of Other Subjects at Russian Language Schools in 1996/97 48 Table 5. Language Used at Home of the First Grade Pupils of the Estonian Language Schools (school year of 1996/97) 51 Table 6. Number of Persons Passing the Language Proficiency Examination Required for Employment, as of 01 August 1997 52 Table 7. Number of Persons Taking the Estonian Language Examination for Citizenship Applicants under the New Citizenship Law (enacted 01 April 1995) as of 01 April 1997 53 2 Preface In 1997, ECMI initiated several series of regional seminars dealing with areas where inter-ethnic tension was a matter of international concern or where ethnopolitical conflicts had broken out.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Prime Ministers of Estonia
    SNo Name Took office Left office Political party 1 Konstantin Päts 24-02 1918 26-11 1918 Rural League 2 Konstantin Päts 26-11 1918 08-05 1919 Rural League 3 Otto August Strandman 08-05 1919 18-11 1919 Estonian Labour Party 4 Jaan Tõnisson 18-11 1919 28-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 5 Ado Birk 28-07 1920 30-07 1920 Estonian People's Party 6 Jaan Tõnisson 30-07 1920 26-10 1920 Estonian People's Party 7 Ants Piip 26-10 1920 25-01 1921 Estonian Labour Party 8 Konstantin Päts 25-01 1921 21-11 1922 Farmers' Assemblies 9 Juhan Kukk 21-11 1922 02-08 1923 Estonian Labour Party 10 Konstantin Päts 02-08 1923 26-03 1924 Farmers' Assemblies 11 Friedrich Karl Akel 26-03 1924 16-12 1924 Christian People's Party 12 Jüri Jaakson 16-12 1924 15-12 1925 Estonian People's Party 13 Jaan Teemant 15-12 1925 23-07 1926 Farmers' Assemblies 14 Jaan Teemant 23-07 1926 04-03 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 15 Jaan Teemant 04-03 1927 09-12 1927 Farmers' Assemblies 16 Jaan Tõnisson 09-12 1927 04-121928 Estonian People's Party 17 August Rei 04-121928 09-07 1929 Estonian Socialist Workers' Party 18 Otto August Strandman 09-07 1929 12-02 1931 Estonian Labour Party 19 Konstantin Päts 12-02 1931 19-02 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 20 Jaan Teemant 19-02 1932 19-07 1932 Farmers' Assemblies 21 Karl August Einbund 19-07 1932 01-11 1932 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 22 Konstantin Päts 01-11 1932 18-05 1933 Union of Settlers and Smallholders 23 Jaan Tõnisson 18-05 1933 21-10 1933 National Centre Party 24 Konstantin Päts 21-10 1933 24-01 1934 Non-party 25 Konstantin Päts 24-01 1934
    [Show full text]
  • Alteration in the Awareness of Estonian City Space From
    PP Periodica Polytechnica Alteration in the Awareness Architecture of Estonian City Space from Independence to Stalinism 47(1), pp. 49-55, 2016 DOI: 10.3311/PPar.9557 Creative Commons Attribution b Siim Sultson1* research article Received 03 June 2016; accepted 18 September 2016 Abstract 1 Introduction The presented research focuses on the alteration of Estonian Similarly, to interwar Italy and Germany, Soviet Stalinist town city space awareness within the period of the mid-1940s and planning seemed anachronistic but paradoxically embodying har- 1950s. Soviet occupation changed Estonian city space as the mony, functionality and effectiveness. While strict and radiant materialisation of ideology. Paradoxically, regardless of the urban gridlines most strongly appeared in the states mentioned war’s destruction and occupying Soviet regime, Stalinist town above, the new trend was quite similar both in authoritarian and planning principles generally matched with Estonian archi- democratic countries. Strictly organised, axial town planning, tects´ city visions. Some existing towns (for instance Tallinn, well known since Roman times via Renaissance and Classicism, Pärnu, Narva) gained new centres due to the damage from in the 20th century is a rather functional approach to organising the war and for ideological reasons. Meanwhile, new indus- a town gridline. It was supposed to make the state more effective trial towns, as examples of Stalinist utopia, were built in East- and enterprising. According to City Beautiful movement, a stately Estonia during 1940s-1950s by the Soviet regime to exploit urban ensemble has always been supposed to embody dignity, local mineral resources. While the Tallinn, Pärnu, Tartu new power, a harmonious society, and to monumentalize the latter Stalinist centres were designed by local architects, the new one.
    [Show full text]
  • Alevist Vallamajani from Borough to Community House
    Eesti Vabaõhumuuseumi Toimetised 2 Alevist vallamajani Artikleid maaehitistest ja -kultuurist From borough to community house Articles on rural architecture and culture Tallinn 2010 Raamatu väljaandmist on toetanud Eesti Kultuurkapital. Toimetanud/ Edited by: Heiki Pärdi, Elo Lutsepp, Maris Jõks Tõlge inglise keelde/ English translation: Tiina Mällo Kujundus ja makett/ Graphic design: Irina Tammis Trükitud/ Printed by: AS Aktaprint ISBN 978-9985-9819-3-1 ISSN-L 1736-8979 ISSN 1736-8979 Sisukord / Contents Eessõna 7 Foreword 9 Hanno Talving Hanno Talving Ülevaade Eesti vallamajadest 11 Survey of Estonian community houses 45 Heiki Pärdi Heiki Pärdi Maa ja linna vahepeal I 51 Between country and town I 80 Marju Kõivupuu Marju Kõivupuu Omad ja võõrad koduaias 83 Indigenous and alien in home garden 113 Elvi Nassar Elvi Nassar Setu küla kontrolljoone taga – Lõkova Lykova – Setu village behind the 115 control line 149 Elo Lutsepp Elo Lutsepp Asustuse kujunemine ja Evolution of settlement and persisting ehitustraditsioonide püsimine building traditions in Peipsiääre Peipsiääre vallas. Varnja küla 153 commune. Varnja village 179 Kadi Karine Kadi Karine Miljööväärtuslike Virumaa Milieu-valuable costal villages of rannakülade Eisma ja Andi väärtuste Virumaa – Eisma and Andi: definition määratlemine ja kaitse 183 of values and protection 194 Joosep Metslang Joosep Metslang Palkarhitektuuri taastamisest 2008. Methods for the preservation of log aasta uuringute põhjal 197 architecture based on the studies of 2008 222 7 Eessõna Eesti Vabaõhumuuseumi toimetiste teine köide sisaldab 2008. aasta teaduspäeva ettekannete põhjal kirjutatud üpris eriilmelisi kirjutisi. Omavahel ühendab neid ainult kaks põhiteemat: • maaehitised ja maakultuur. Hanno Talvingu artikkel annab rohkele arhiivimaterjalile ja välitööaine- sele toetuva esmase ülevaate meie valdade ja vallamajade kujunemisest alates 1860.
    [Show full text]
  • Framing Nature.Indd
    The European Association for the Study of Literature, Culture, and the Environment (EASLCE) Biennial Conference Nordic Network for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies (NIES) IX Conference Hosted by the Department of Semiotics at the University of Tartu FRAMING NATURE: SIGNS, STORIES, AND ECOLOGIES OF MEANING ABSTRACTS April 29–MAY 3, 2014 TARTU, ESTONIA ORGANISERS European Association for the Study of Literature, Culture, and the Environment (EASLCE) Nordic Network for Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies (NIES) HOST Department of Semiotics at the University of Tartu COOPERATIVES Department of Literature and Theatre Research at the University of Tartu, Estonian Semiotics Association Centre for Environmental History (KAJAK) SUPPORTERS European Union European Regional Development Fund (CECT, EU/Estonia) Institute of Philosophy and Semiotics at the University of Tartu Norway Financial Mechanism 2009-2014 (project contract no EMP151) The Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society (RCC) European Society for Environmental History Gambling Tax Council ADVISORY BOARD Hannes Bergthaller Maunu Häyrynen Serenella Iovino Ulrike Plath Timo Maran ORGANISING TEAM Timo Maran Nelly Mäekivi Kadri Tüür Silver Rattasepp Riin Magnus EDITING Silver Rattasepp COVER DESIGN Pärt Ojamaa, Katre Pärn LAYOUT DESIGN Mehmet Emir Uslu PRINT University of Tartu Press ISBN 978-9949-32-570-2 (PDF) CONTENTS PLENARY LECTURES W. WHEELER E. W. B. HESS-LÜTTICH S. HARTMAN & T. MCGOVERN PRESENTATIONS W. ABBERLEY D. JørgeNSeN u. plAth A. BEARDSWORTH K. KacZMARCZYK, M. SaLVONI R. POTTER B. AĞIN DÖNmez Y. K. KAISINger J. prIeBe F. AYKANat W. KALAGA S. RattaSEPP J. BEEVER D. Kass Y. reDDIcK F. BELLARSI R. KERRIDGE T. REMM T. BENNETT m. KleStIl m. reYNolDS H. BERGTHALLER A.
    [Show full text]
  • V-M Infoleht 2015 Veebruar Color.Indd
    Väike-Maarja Valla Infoleht VÄIKE-MAARJA VALLA internetis www.v-maarja.ee Väike-Maarja uudised ka http:// INFOLEHT eestielu.delfi .ee Nr 2 (248) VEEBRUAR 2015 TASUTA Ole koos meiega: Valla Aasta Tegija 2014 on Kadri Kopso 24. veebruaril Väike-Maarja vallavolikogu kinnitas 29. Kotli ja tema looming jälle nähtavaks! ja avas hulganisti Alar Kotli uskumatult jaanuari istungil valla Aasta Tegijaks Väike-Maarjas sündinud, Rakveres rikka isiksuse erinevaid tahke – andis 2014 Kadri Kopso kui Eesti sümbolite ja Tartus õppinud ning Danzigi Teh- põhjaliku ülevaate tema elust ja laial- Eesti Vabariigi 97. aastapäeva arhitekti Alar Kotli loo jutustaja. nikaülikoolist arhitektikutse saanud dasest tööst ning seda rikastas rohke tähistamine kell 12.00 Kadri Kopso oli tänavu ainuke kan- tipparhitekti Alar Kotli loomingusse väljapanek arhitekti kavandatud mööb- didaat valla aasta tegija nimetusele. kuuluvad enam kui saja tema projekti- list, pisiskulptuuridest, tekstiilidest, mälestushetked Väike-Maarja Vabadussamba Tema esitajaid oli aga koguni kolm: de järgi Eestisse ehitatud hoone kõrval joonistustest ja isiklikest esemetest. Eesti Arhitektide Liidu seenioride sekt- niisugused Eesti sümbolehitised nagu Väike-Maarjast rändasid näituse- juures kell 12.30 sioon, Väike-Maarja Põllumeeste Selts Tallinna Lauluväljak ja Presidendikant- tahvlid väljapanekule Rakverre, Tallin- kontsert-aktus Väike-Maarja seltsimajas ja Tantsuselts Tarapita. selei ning ta on Estonia teatri taasta- nasse ja edasi teistesse Eestimaa pai- Statuudi järgi antakse valla Aasta misprojekti looja. kadesse. Tegija nimetus tunnustusena üksikisi- Kadri otsis kontakti Kotli perega, Lisaks Alar Kotli teemale oli ette- Anname kätte valla aasta tegija tunnistuse. kule, kelle töö, tegevus ja isiklik ees- tegi Pandivere giidide koolituse lõpu- panekutes eriliselt esile toodud Kaarli Tunnustame spordiaasta paremaid. kuju majanduse-, kultuuri-, hariduse-, töö kohalikust suurkujust – Alar Kotlist talu perenaise Kadri Kopso kiindumust Esinevad: Väike-Maarja gümnaasiumi ja muusikakooli õpilased Tänavune F.
    [Show full text]
  • UAL-110 the Estonian Straits
    UAL-110 The Estonian Straits Exceptions to the Strait Regime ofInnocent or Transit Passage By Alexander Lott BRILL NIJHOFF LEIDEN I BOSTON UAL-110 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lott, Alexander, author. Title: The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage / by Alexander Lott. Description: Leiden; Boston : Koninklijke Brill NV, 2018. I Series: International Straits of the World; Volwne 17 I Based on author's thesis ( doctoral - Tartu Olikool, 2017) issued under title: The Estonian Straits: Exceptions to the Strait Regime of Innocent or Transit Passage. I Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018001850 (print) I LCCN 201800201s (ebook) I ISBN 9789004365049 (e-book) I ISBN 9789004363861 (hardback: alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Straits-Baltic Sea, I Straits--Finland, Gulf of. I Straits--Riga, Gulf of (Latvia and Estonia), I Straits- Estonia, I Straits, I Innocent passage (Law of the sea) I Finland, Gulf of--Intemational status. I Riga, Gulf of (Latvia and Estonia)--Intemational status. Classification: LCC KZ3810 (ehook) I LCC KZ38IO .L68 2018 (print) I DOC 34I.4/48--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018001850 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: "Brill". See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISSN 0924-4867 ISBN 978-90-04-36386-l (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-36504-9 ( e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher.
    [Show full text]
  • Republic of Estonia (Banking and Cürbency Befobm) 7 % Loan, 1927
    [Distributed to the Council and C. 186. M. 60. 1928. ii the Members of the League.] (F. 514.) Geneva, August 3rd, 1928. LEAGUE OF NATIONS REPUBLIC OF ESTONIA (BANKING AND CÜRBENCY BEFOBM) 7 % LOAN, 1927 FIRST ANNUAL REPORT BY THE TRUSTEE covering the period from June 15lh, 1927, to June 30th, 1928. I ntroduction . In conformity with the decision of the Council of September 15th, 1927. I have the honour to submit to the Council of the League of Nations my first annual report as Trustee for the " Republic of Estonia (Banking and Currency Reform) 7 % Loan. 1927 ”, it may be useful to give in this first report a somewhat detailed description of the execution of the scheme and of the duties of the Trustee. The essential features of the Estonian banking and currency reform, on which the Estonian Government and the financial experts of the League had already been working for some time, are contained in the Protocol signed at Geneva on December 10th. 1926. by the Estonian Minister of Finance, and approved by the Council on the same day. As provided for in this Protocol, the following laws were passed by the Estonian Parliament early in May 1927. viz., (1) the Eesti Pank Statutes Law, (2) the Monetary Law of Estonia, (3) the Law to terminate the Issue of Treasury and " Change ” Notes, and (4) the Foreign Loan Law 1. Thereupon, it was permissible to open negotiations for the loan which was to be issued under the auspices of the League and which was to produce an effective net yield of £1.350,000.
    [Show full text]
  • In Words and Images
    IN WORDS AND IMAGES 2017 Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 The Academy Is the Academy 50 Estonia as a Source of Inspiration Is the Academy... 5 Its Ponderous Birth 52 Other Bits About Us 6 Its Framework 7 Two Pictures from the Past 52 Top of the World 55 Member Ene Ergma Received a Lifetime Achievement Award for Science 12 About the fragility of truth Communication in the dialogue of science 56 Academy Member Maarja Kruusmaa, Friend and society of Science Journalists and Owl Prize Winner 57 Friend of the Press Award 57 Six small steps 14 The Routine 15 The Annual General Assembly of 19 April 2017 60 Odds and Ends 15 The Academy’s Image is Changing 60 Science Mornings and Afternoons 17 Cornelius Hasselblatt: Kalevipoja sõnum 61 Academy Members at the Postimees Meet-up 20 General Assembly Meeting, 6 December 2017 and at the Nature Cafe 20 Fresh Blood at the Academy 61 Academic Columns at Postimees 21 A Year of Accomplishments 62 New Associated Societies 22 National Research Awards 62 Stately Paintings for the Academy Halls 25 An Inseparable Part of the National Day 63 Varia 27 International Relations 64 Navigating the Minefield of Advising the 29 Researcher Exchange and Science Diplomacy State 30 The Journey to the Lindau Nobel Laureate 65 Europe “Mining” Advice from Academies Meetings of Science 31 Across the Globe 66 Big Initiatives Can Be Controversial 33 Ethics and Good Practices 34 Research Professorship 37 Estonian Academy of Sciences Foundation 38 New Beginnings 38 Endel Lippmaa Memorial Lecture and Memorial Medal 40 Estonian Young Academy of Sciences 44 Three-minute Science 46 For Women in Science 46 Appreciation of Student Research Efforts 48 Student Research Papers’ π-prizes Introduction ife in the Academy has many faces.
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Lessons from the Crisis - the Professionals Saved the Estonian Economy
    American International Journal of Contemporary Research Vol. 3 No. 5; May 2013 Economic Lessons from the Crisis - The Professionals Saved the Estonian Economy Dr. Lembo Tanning University of Applied Sciences Pärnu Road 62, 10135 Tallinn Estonia MSc. Toivo Tanning Tallinn University of Technology Akadeemia Street 3 12618 Tallinn Estonia. Abstract The aim of this article is to analyse the lessons learned during the economic crisis in Estonia, a successful small country. The main emphasis of the analysis is on the professions that primarily define economic results - managers and top specialists. On the other hand, Estonia can be used to make generalisations about other countries, especially in a situation, where in 2012, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the euro zone as a whole was negative and South European countries are experiencing great financial difficulties. The Estonia can be viewed as a small economic model that not only allows making generalizations about the new European Union (EU) Member States in Eastern European, but also for other states. The development of the Estonian economy before and after the crisis was one of the fastest in the EU. Yet, the crisis led to a very deep recession. The current government has followed sound fiscal policies that have resulted in balanced budgets and low public debt. Analysis concentrates mainly on professions (workforce) in relation to the economic crisis. What are the lessons learned? Keywords: economic crisis, lessons, Estonia, top specialists or professionals, managers. 1. Introduction Estonia forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940 - an action never recognized by the US - it regained its freedom in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
    [Show full text]
  • Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) Act – Riigi Teataja
    Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) Act – Riigi Teataja https://www.riigiteataja.ee/en/eli/513042015009/consolide Issuer: Riigikogu Type: act In force from: 29.03.2015 In force until: In force Translation published: 13.04.2015 Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) Act Passed 18.05.1993 RT I 1993, 28, 498 Entry into force 18.06.1993 Chapter 1 General Provisions § 1. Legal foundations of the Bank of Estonia(Eesti Pank) (1) The Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) - hereinafter, ‘the Bank of Estonia’ - is the central bank of the Republic of Estonia and a member of the European System of Central Banks. The Bank of Estonia is the legal successor to the Bank of Estonia which was established as the central bank of the Republic of Estonia in 1919. [RT I 2006, 29, 219 - entry into force 08.07.2006] (2) The Bank of Estonia is a legal person with its own Statute, seal, coat of arms and other insignia permitted by the law. (3) The Bank of Estonia operates pursuant to the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia, the Constitution of the Republic of Estonia Amendment Act, the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank, legislation of the European Central Bank, this Act, other Acts and its Statute. [RT I 2010, 22, 108 - entry into force 01.01.2011] (4) The legal status of the Bank of Estonia may only be changed by the passage of a Bank of Estonia Act Amendment Act.
    [Show full text]
  • London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government
    London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government Historical Culture, Conflicting Memories and Identities in post-Soviet Estonia Meike Wulf Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of London London 2005 UMI Number: U213073 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U213073 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ih c s e s . r. 3 5 o ^ . Library British Library of Political and Economic Science Abstract This study investigates the interplay of collective memories and national identity in Estonia, and uses life story interviews with members of the intellectual elite as the primary source. I view collective memory not as a monolithic homogenous unit, but as subdivided into various group memories that can be conflicting. The conflict line between ‘Estonian victims’ and ‘Russian perpetrators* figures prominently in the historical culture of post-Soviet Estonia. However, by setting an ethnic Estonian memory against a ‘Soviet Russian’ memory, the official historical narrative fails to account for the complexity of the various counter-histories and newly emerging identities activated in times of socio-political ‘transition’.
    [Show full text]