DRAFT Rwamagana, Conceptual Master Plan

Prepared for the Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure

By the Master Plan Team: OZ Architecture EDAW Tetra Tech ERA Engineers without Borders-USA

MAY 2007

0.0 INTRODUCTION

TABLE OF CONTENTS EXHIBITS PREFACE BACKGROUND RWAMAGANA LONG RANGE VISION EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.0 RWAMAGANA CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN PROCESS 1

1.1 What is a Conceptual Master Plan? 1

1.2 Use of the Rwamagana Conceptual Master Plan for Implementation and Revision 2 1.3 Participatory Planning Process 1.3.1 Meetings with Rwamagana City, District, and Sector officials 5 1.3.2 Summary of Participation Concerns and Issues 6

1.4 Goals and Objectives of the Rwamagana Conceptual Master Plan 9 1.4.1. Goals and Objectives 10

2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS/OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS 13

2.1 Regional Context 13

2.2 Historic Growth and Existing Land Development 17 2.2.1 Rwamagana History 17 2.2.2 Current Rwamagana Land Development

2.3 Land Reform and Natural Features 18 2.3.1 Topography 22 2.3.2 Geology and Soils 22 2.3.3 Forests 30 2.3.4 Hydrology 31 2.3.5 Watersheds 34

2.4 Social and Economic Development 36 2.4.1 Demographic Analysis 36 2.4.2 Economic Development Conditions 43 2.4.3 Social Development 51 2.4.4 Socio Economic Opportunities and Constraints 57

2.5 Social Services 59 2.5.1 Educational Facilities 59 2.5.2 Healthcare Facilities 67

2.6 Agriculture 71 2.6.1 Agricultural Productivity in Rwanda 72 2.6.2 Opportunities and Constraints: Agricultural Productivity in Rwamagana 73

ii 2.6.3 Integrating Master Planning in Rwamagana with the Strategic Plan for Agriculture in Rwanda 91

2.7 Infrastructure 94 2.7.1 Transportation 94 2.7.2 Water Supply and Potable Water 97 2.7.3 Energy 104 2.7.4 Waste Management 108 2.7.5 Wastewater 114 2.7.6 Telecommunications 118

2.8 Planning Administrative and Institutional Framework 121 2.8.1 Administrative Structure 121 2.8.2 Administrative Subdivisions 121 2.8.3 District Level Plans 124

3.0 SUSTAINABLE SCENARIOS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 126

3.1 Guiding Principles of Design 126

3.2 Regional and District Development Strategies 128 3.2.1 Development Typologies 128

3.3 Sustainable Scenarios/Recommendations: Infrastructure 135 3.3.1 Transportation Sustainable Scenarios 135 3.3.2 Water Supply and Potable Water Sustainable Scenarios 138 3.3.3 Energy Sustainable Scenarios 141 3.3.4 Solid Waste Sustainable Scenarios 145 3.3.5 Waste Water Sustainable Scenarios 148 3.3.6 Telecom Sustainable Scenarios 151 3.3.7 Urban Development and Land Use 152 3.3.8 Social Services 154 3.3.9 Economic Development 154 3.3.10 Sustainable Scenarios for Rwamagana Agriculture 155

4.0 RWAMAGANA TOWN PLAN 157

4.1 Existing Conditions 157 4.1.1 Existing Conditions 157 4.1.2 Opportunities and Constraints 172

4.2 The Rwamagana Town/City Master Plan 177

5.0 RUBONA DISTRICT INNOVATION CENTER 191

5.1 Innovation Center Concept 194

5.2 Existing Conditions/ Opportunities and Constraints 194 5.2.1 Existing Conditions 194 5.2.2 Opportunities and Constraints 196

5.3 Rubona Innovation Center Program and Master Plan 198 5.3.1 Program 198 5.3.2 Rubona Innovation Center Master Plan 198

iii

5.4 Recommendations and Implementation 203 5.4.1. Marketing and Production Innovation Center 203 5.4.2. Dairy and Livestock Product Marketing 204 5.4.3. Pisciculture Innovation Center 205

6.0 RWAMAGANA LAKES PLANS 207

6.1 Existing Conditions/Opportunities and Constraints 207 6.1.2 Guiding Principles 208 6.1.3 Lake Muhazi Resort Master Plans 209 6.1.4 Lake Mugesera Eco-lodge Resort 223 6.1.5 Lake Area Development Implementation Recommendations and Strategies 228

7.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 230

7.1 Comprehensive Master Planning and District Planning 230 7.2 Management and Institutional Capacity 230 7.3 Environment and Natural Resource Regulations 231 7.4 Urban Finance and Economy 233 7.5 Land Tenure Formalization 234 7.6 Infrastructure 235 7.7 Transportation networks 239

8.0 APPENDICES

9.0 REFERENCES

iv EXHIBITS

MAPS and EXHIBITS

1.0 RWAMAGANA CONCEPTUAL MASTER PLAN PROCESS

Exhibit: Planning Process Outline

2.0 EXISTING CONDITIONS/OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS

Map: National Basemap Map: Eastern Province Basemap Map: Land Cover Map Map: Rwamagana District Constraints Map Map: Rwamagana District Population Map Map: Rwamagana District Density Map Map: Rwamagana Primary School Map Map: Rwamagana Secondary School Map Map: Rwamagana Health Center Map Map: Rwamagana Actual Agricultural Suitability Aggregate Map Map: Rwamagana Actual Agricultural Suitability Composite Map Map: Rwamagana Potential Agricultural Suitability Aggregate Map Exhibit: Rwamagana Potential Agricultural Suitability Composite Map Exhibit: Rwamagana Suitability for Soy Production Exhibit: Rwamagana Suitability for Sorghum Production Exhibit: Rwamagana Suitability for Bean Production Exhibit: Rwamagana Suitability for Ground Nut Production Exhibit: Rwamagana Suitability for Maize Production Exhibit: Rwamagana Suitability for Cassava Production

3.0 SUSTAINABLE SCENARIOS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Map: Rwamagana District Land Use Map Map: Rwamagana District Key Map Exhibit: Rwamagana District Development Typologies Map: Regional Context Map

4.0 RWAMAGANA TOWN PLAN

Map: Town of Rwamagana Constraints Map Exhibit: Rwamagana Town Improvements Exhibit: Rwamagana Town Existing Land Use Typology Exhibit: Rwamagana Town Proposed Road Sections Exhibit: Rwamagana Existing Exhibit: Rwamagana Northwest Quadrant Existing Conditions Exhibit: Rwamagana Northeast Quadrant Existing Conditions Exhibit: Rwamagana Southeast Quadrant Existing Conditions Exhibit: Rwamagana Southwest Quadrant Existing Conditions Exhibit: Rwamagana Existing Conditions Photos (5) Exhibit: Rwamagana Existing Land Use Exhibit: Rwamagana Proposed Land Use

v Exhibit: Rwamagana Regional Transit Exhibit: Rwamagana Conceptual Future Downtown Exhibit: Rwamagana Conceptual Future Downtown Birdseye Exhibit: Rwamagana Conceptual Right-of-Way Exhibit: Rwamagana Street Cross Sections Exhibit: Rwamagana Cluster Residential

5.0 RUBONA DISTRICT INNOVATION CENTER

Map: Rubona Existing Conditions Map Exhibit: Rubona Innovation Center Exhibit: Rubona Innovation Center

6.0 RWAMAGANA LAKES PLANS

Map: Lake Mugesera Constraints Map Map: Lake Muhazi Constraints Map Map: Lake Muhazi Conceptual Master Plan Exhibit: Ngoma Local Development Plan Exhibit: Muhazi Local Development Plan Exhibit: Kayonza Local Development Plan Exhibit: Gatsibo Local Development Plan Exhibit: Drive Time ?

vi

TABLES AND FIGURES

Table 2.3.2.1 Seismic Risk Factors Table 2.3.2.2 Summary of Geotechnical Zones Figure Eastern Province Population Table 2.3.3.1 Forest Ownership in Rwamagana District Table 2.3.4.1 Characteristics of Lakes in Rwamagana Figure 2.4.1.1 Eastern Province Population Table 2.4.1.2 Rwamagana District Population Projections Figure 2.4.1.2 Rwamagana Population Table 2.4.1.3 Assumptions for Population Projections Table 2.4.2.1 Poverty Headcounts for Rwanda Disaggregated by Location Table 2.4.2.2 Consumption Growth Rates an Inequality 2000/01 to 2005/06 Table 2.4.2.3 Food Security Livelihood Profiles Figure 2.4.2.1 Geographical Distribution of Livelihoods in Rwanda Table 2.4.2.4 Geographic Distribution of Population by Quintile Group Table Eastern Province Households by Type of Housing and District Table 2.4.2.6 Eastern Province Households by Housing Construction Material Table 2.4.2.6 Easter Province Households by Title/Type of Housing Table 2.4.3.1 Summary of Vulnerable Groups in Rwamagana District Table 2.4.3.2 Household by Gender of Head in Eastern Province by District Table 2.43.3 Easter Province Orphans by District Table 2.4.3.4 Eastern Province Children Headed Households by District Table 2.4.3.5 Rwamagana and Eastern Province Handicapped Table 2.4.3. 6 Eastern Province Population Over 60 Years Old by District and Sex Table 2.4.3.7 Population over 60 in Rwamagana District by Sex and Sector Figure 2.5.1 Education for Technology Access for Rural Rwanda Table 2.5.1.1 Children in Nursery School Rwamagana District Table 2.5.1.2 Existing Primary Schools Rwamagana District Table 2.5.1.3 Current Rwamgana District Primary School Needs by Sector Table 2.5.1.3 Existing Secondary Schools in Rwamagana District by Sector Table 2.5.1.4 Rwamagana District Secondary School Needs and Locations Table 2.5.1.5 Existing and Projected School Enrollment, Rwamagana District Table 2.5.1.6 Rwamagana District Literacy Rates Figure 2.6.2.1 Households with Access to Animals Table 2.6.2.1 Livestock Distribution in Rwanda Figure 2.6.2.2 Projected Cattle Population Table 2.6.2.2 Growth Trends for Animal Production Table 2.6.2.3 Farmer’s Choice for New Commodity Chains Table 2.7.1.1 Condition of Road Network and Bridges in Rwamagana Table 2.7.1.2 Taxis Serving Rwamagana Table 2.7.2.1 Eastern Province Households by Principal Source of Water and Districts Table 2.7.2.2 Criteria Pollutant Concentrations for Raw and Treated Water and Grishari WTP Table 2.7.2.3 Criteria Pollutant Concentrations for Raw and Treated Water at Karenge WTP Table 2.7.2.4 Category of Groundwater Development Potential Table 2.7.2.5 Distribution Criteria for Rural Water Suppy Table 2.7.2.6 Number of Public Tap in Each District Table. 2.7.3.1 Easter Province Households by Principal Source of Electrical Energy and District Table 2.7.4.1 Eastern Province Households by Method of Household Waste Disposal Figure 2.7.4.1 Approximate Reduction in Solid Waste due to Recycling Table 2.7.5.1 Eastern Province Households by Type of Toliet Table 2.7.5.2 Eastern Province Households by Type of Telephone Table 2.8.1.1 Administrative Subdivision of Rwamagana District

vii Table 2.8.2.2 Old Districts and Sectors, District of Rwamagana Table 2.8.2.3 Rwamagana District Staffing 2005 Table 2.8.3.1 Funds Allocated for Rwamagana District in 2006 Table 3.2.1.1. Future Population for Rwamagana District at Build out by Land Use Category

viii LETTERS OF INTRODUCTION FROM GOVERNOR, MAYOR AND OTHER OFFICIALS (to be inserted in Final Draft)

PREFACE AND BACKGROUND

As part of the rebuilding of Rwanda, its leaders have adopted Vision 2020: a strong image of the country they wish to see in 2020 and beyond. They envision Rwanda as a “hub” of Africa and a catalytic leader in African development: a regional center of transportation and economic vitality, which will leapfrog into the mid 21st century through technological innovation, and which will be a model for social harmony and environmental sustainability.

Rwanda’s legislative and policy vision for its future has been building over the last decade in the form of policies that will implement Vision 2020, including the Land Reform Law, the Strategic Plan of Agricultural Transformation, the NICI-2010 Plan and other instruments that seek to promote innovative, just, and sustainable policies for future development. These policies have set the stage on which the national, regional and local governments of Rwanda and a wide variety of development partners are working to achieve their goals.

Beginning in June 2004, the OZ team of consultants began working with President Paul Kagame, then Kigali Mayor Theoneste Mutsindashyaka, the City of Kigali and the Rwanda Ministry of Infrastructure to address several specific architectural and planning projects in Rwanda, including the new Bugesera International Airport and the King Faisal Hospital expansion. Subsequently the OZ team was asked to undertake a conceptual master plan for the City of Kigali under the leadership of current Mayor Aisa Kirabo Kacyra.

In July 2006, the Rwamagana Conceptual Master Plan was commissioned to expand the overall regional vision of the greater Kigali metropolitan area to include specific projects in the Rwamagana District; and the consultant team began working on several planning studies there. These include a Conceptual Master Plan for the District of Rwamagana and Rwamagana Town; a series of resort designs for Lake Muhazi and Lake Mugesera; and a plan for a new Rubona Innovation Center in the southern part of the district, as indicated on Exhibit: Rwamagana District Key Map. Together, they undertake important first steps towards the next stages of planning in Rwamagana District, which include a Detailed District Plan and a Comprehensive Plan.

ix RWAMAGANA LONG RANGE VISION

The Rwamagana Conceptual Master Plan outlines a preliminary long range vision for Rwamagana District and Rwamagana Town that will

• position the District and City as key economic and administrative elements of the Eastern Province and greater Kigali metroplex; • intensify current densities and allow for considerable population growth; • support the economic and social development of the District; • maximize preservation of the rural character, and honor and enhance the agricultural/pastoral heritage of the district; and • promote sustainable tourism through strategic development of Lake Muhazi and Mugesera

In essence, this plan envisions the creation of a compact and livable urban center in the future City of Rwamagana that serves as an economic complement and satellite to Kigali, and which maintains a green and human-scale feel with a high quality of life. Likewise, Rwamagana District will contain several densely clustered and well planned towns and villages, and this clustering will allow for the maintenance and visual experience of open, green and agricultural space throughout the district. In undertaking long term planning with a vision of what the district and city will be like in 30 to 50 years, it becomes possible to make effective and efficient choices that move it towards that vision, which includes the following:

• Rwamagana District long term vision would respond to its regional positioning in the Eastern Plateau, between the urban vitality of Kigali and the rural economies of the Eastern Savannah bioregion of the Eastern Province. In a sense, the best of these two distinct geographical zones would be woven together in Rwamagana District, which would become the kind of place where people would love to live: the “best of both worlds.”

• Rwamagana District would evolve in its functional capacity into the administrative, political, and economic heart of the livestock and pastoral economy of the Eastern Province, operating at a high administrative level to support ever more expanding urban activities in major provincial towns such as Nyagatare and Kibungo. Rwamagana would take on the new business and economic, administrative and educational functions that would emerge. It would be the seat of urbanity in the Eastern Province, complimenting the continued growth and activities of the major towns in the Province.

• Rwamagana will decentralize urbanization pressures on Kigali as it becomes a secondary urban satellite city to Kigali, taking on some of the overflow economic activities and growth from Kigali, but avoiding urban sprawl by judicious design of urban boundaries that highlight and protect the green/open space between Kigali and Rwamagana City.

• Rwamagana District Land Use would include a series of regional city/town/village sub-centers that are separated by the agriculture/open space framework preserving the region’s historical heritage, i.e.: o Rwamagana City o Rubona Innovation/Production Center and other district town centers

x o The Lake Resort districts of Lake Muhazi and Lake Mugesera

• The District will be integrally connected to the greater Kigali region, as well as the international region, by a regional road network including new highways linking it to Kigali and the new Bugesera International Airport, and the new ring road around Lake Muhazi.

• Rwamagana District would also take on an international regional role as the gateway to Rwanda from Tanzania via future railroad service coming from Tanzania through Rwamagana to the Bugesera International Airport on its ways to the proposed new Kigali City Center

• Rwamagana District would be a showcase for infrastructure that reflects the most innovative and sustainable alternative energy and transportation approaches; including an emphasis on alternative public transport, off grid energy systems, and conservation and recycling of energy and waste.

• Rwamagana Town would grow to become a major urban center, reflecting a sophisticated mix of urban residential, commercial, and retail facilities as well as education, health, leisure all linked together by a necklace of parks, plazas, walkways and bikeways that allow the user to feel the City’s human scale and orientation. The dense urban character of the City Center would be surrounded by neighborhood sub-centers where all social services would be available. These neighborhoods, in turn, would be made up of clusters of housing and co-housing, which would provide additional services and real community-centered development.

• In the southern part of Rwamagana District, the Rubona Innovation Center would be a national prototype for economic development in the rural sphere. This concept, building on national policies that see agriculture as the “springboard” to economic development, seeks to harness the vitality, dynamism and creativity that occurs when multiple uses are placed in close proximity, including rail line, industry and warehousing, research/development, education and capacity building, and other support activities for economic transformation. The Rubona Innovation Center would be integrated into the existing Rubona Town, (as opposed to being located on its own) which assures all the support uses necessary to efficiently provide comfortable facilities for residents and visitors.

• Rwamagana District would become known as a green resort district, led by a series of water-related destinations at Lake Muhazi and Lake Mugesera, that would provide leisure and recreation for local residents, and regional and international visitors. Tourism in the Rwamagana District will reinforce the creation of a national chain of sites to visit, including the Akagera Park and the famous mountain gorillas in Volcanoes National Park. Integration of tourism, recreation, ecology, agriculture, fisheries, culture, education and science in the Rwamagana Lakes resorts will create a dynamic environment for the exchange of people, knowledge, and ideas to assist national development goals.

xi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (to be inserted in Final Report)

xii