USING EVIDENCE TO END HOMELESSNESS Contents Edited by 1 Lígia Teixeira and James Cartwright 2 3 4 With a foreword by 5 David Halpern 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 TEIXERA_Using evidence to end homelessness_text_3.6.indd 1 02/04/2020 16:24:04 First published in Great Britain in 2020 by Policy Press North America offi ce: University of Bristol Policy Press 1-9 Old Park Hill c/o The University of Chicago Press Bristol 1427 East 60th Street BS2 8BB Chicago, IL 60637, USA UK t: +1 773 702 7700 t: +44 (0)117 954 5940 f: +1 773 702 9756 [email protected] [email protected] www.policypress.co.uk www.press.uchicago.edu © Policy Press 2020 The digital PDF version of this title is available Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits adaptation, alteration, reproduction and distribution for non-commercial use, without further permission provided the original work is attributed. 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Cover design by Robin Hawes From cover image: iStock/fi lo Printed and bound in Great Britain by CMP, Poole Policy Press uses environmentally responsible print partners TEIXERA_Using evidence to end homelessness_text_3.6.indd 2 02/04/2020 16:24:04 Contents List of figures v Notes on contributors vi Foreword xvii David Halpern 1 The Impact Manifesto: doing the right things to end 1 homelessness for good Lígia Teixeira 2 A new approach to ending homelessness 21 Jon Sparkes and Matt Downie 3 Reform in the private rented sector 37 Olly Grender 4 Houses, not homelessness 51 Danny Dorling 5 Loosening poverty’s grip 69 Campbell Robb 6 A cross-party approach to homelessness 85 Neil Coyle and Bob Blackman 7 Contrasting traditions in homelessness research 99 between the UK and US Dennis Culhane, Suzanne Fitzpatrick and Dan Treglia 8 Why evidence matters 125 Jonathan Breckon and Emma Taylor-Collins 9 A public health approach to homelessness 143 Louise Marshall and Jo Bibby 10 Data and evidence: what is possible in public policy? 161 Stephen Aldridge 11 Using evidence in social policy: from NICE to 181 What Works Howard White and David Gough iii TEIXERA_Using evidence to end homelessness_text_3.6.indd 3 02/04/2020 16:24:04 Using Evidence to End Homelessness 12 Charities and donors in evidence systems 197 Caroline Fiennes 13 Why transparency matters to knowledge mobilisation 217 Tracey Brown 14 Afterword 231 Julia Unwin Index 239 iv TEIXERA_Using evidence to end homelessness_text_3.6.indd 4 02/04/2020 16:24:04 List of figures 7.1 Homelessness risks in the UK 105 8.1 Standards of evidence timeline 130 8.2 Evidence-informed decision-making in social policy 137 9.1 Characteristics of complex systems 145 10.1 The public sector and public service production process 168 10.2 The distinction between technical and allocative 169 efficiency 10.3 Total economy, market sector and public service 171 productivity, UK, 1997–2016 10.4 Public health care productivity in the UK, 172 1995/96–2016/17 11.1 Evidence use ecosystem analytical framework 184 11.2 Enabling evidence use: SOUS Conceptual Framework 191 12.1 Elements of an evidence ecosystem 198 12.2 GiveWell’s annual money moved to recommended 201 charities 13.1 Testable claims: when is evidence expected? 224 v TEIXERA_Using evidence to end homelessness_text_3.6.indd 5 02/04/2020 16:24:04 Notes on contributors Stephen Aldridge is Director for Analysis and Data at the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government. A government economist by background, Stephen was previously Chief Economist and then Director of the Strategy Unit in the Cabinet Office. Stephen is a member of the National What Works Advisory Council; a member of the international advisory board for the UK Collaborative Centre for Housing Evidence; and other bodies. He is a fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences and a continuing fellow at the Centre for Science and Policy at the University of Cambridge. Jo Bibby is Director of Health at the Health Foundation. Jo is responsible for developing and leading the Foundation’s Healthy Lives strategy to address the wider social and commercial determinants of health. Joining the foundation in November 2007, Jo initially led the development of the foundation’s influential portfolio of work in patient safety and person- centred care. Jo has worked in healthcare at local and national level for 25 years, including ten years at the Department of Health. As Head of NHS Performance, she oversaw the implementation of the policy agenda set out in the NHS Plan. At the NHS Modernisation Agency, Jo led an international quality improvement initiative – Pursuing Perfection. Bob Blackman is the Conservative MP for Harrow East and serves as Joint Secretary of the prestigious 1922 Committee within Parliament. He was elected London Assembly Member for Brent and Harrow in 2004 and was a member of Brent Council for nearly 24 years. During that time, he led the Conservative Group for 20 years and the Council for 5 years. Since being elected as MP for Harrow East in 2010 Bob has vi TEIXERA_Using evidence to end homelessness_text_3.6.indd 6 02/04/2020 16:24:04 Notes on contributors been able to bring his extensive experience in local government to bear on many of the issues facing the government today through his work on the Communities and Local Government Select Committee. In 2016, Bob was drawn in the Private Member’s Bill ballot, which gives backbench MPs a chance to put forward a piece of primary legislation. Bob put forward the Homelessness Reduction Bill with the support of the homelessness charity sector, particularly Crisis, which was one of the final pieces of legislation given Royal Assent before the 2017 general election. The Act was backed with £91 million of investment from the government, the Homelessness Reduction Act is the most well-funded Private Member’s Bill on record alongside being the longest and most substantial at 13 clauses. It is the only Bill of its kind to be explicitly backed by the work of a Select Committee. The Act came into force in April 2018 and the ‘duty to refer’ in October 2018. The Act is recognised as the biggest reform in legislation in assisting the homeless in more than 40 years. Jonathan Breckon has been Director of the Alliance for Useful Evidence since it was created at Nesta in 2012. Formerly Director of Policy and Public Affairs at the Arts and Humanities Research Council, he has had policy roles at the Royal Geographical Society, the British Academy and Universities UK. He is a member of the Cabinet Office What Works Council and a director of the Department for Education’s What Works for Children’s Social Care. His research and professional interests cover politics and psychology, particularly the ever-awkward relationship between evidence and policy-making. He is a visiting professor at Strathclyde University and a visiting senior research fellow at King’s College London’s Policy Institute. Tracey Brown has been the Director of Sense about Science since 2002. Under her leadership, the charity has turned the case for sound science and evidence into popular campaigns to urge scientific thinking among the public and the people who answer to them. It has launched important initiatives to expand and protect honest discussions of evidence, including AllTrials, a global campaign for the reporting of all clinical trial vii TEIXERA_Using evidence to end homelessness_text_3.6.indd 7 02/04/2020 16:24:04 Using Evidence to End Homelessness outcomes, and the Ask for Evidence campaign, which engages the public in requesting evidence for claims. It has challenged opinions and changed the behaviour of governments, media and corporations in the use of scientific evidence. Tracey leads Sense about Science’s work on the transparency of evidence used by governments in policy, to ensure that the public has access to the same evidence and reasoning as decision-makers. This has included drafting the Principles for the Treatment of Independent Scientific Advice, which were adopted into the UK Ministerial Code in 2010, the creation of a public interest defence to libel in the Defamation Act 2013 and the Evidence Transparency Framework, used to audit UK government in 2016 and 2017 and adopted by government audit agencies around the world.