DOCSLIB.ORG

Indian Tamils in South Africa and Their Struggle Towards Racism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Indian Tamils in South Africa and Their Struggle Towards Racism International Journal of Applied Research 2017; 3(6): 437-443 ISSN Print: 2394-7500 ISSN Online: 2394-5869 Indian Tamils in South Africa and their struggle Impact Factor: 5.2 IJAR 2017; 3(6): 437-443 towards Racism www.allresearchjournal.com Received: 02-05-2017 Accepted: 03-06-2017 Jayanthi Ramasamy Jayanthi Ramasamy Research Scholar, Centre for Abstract African Studies, Jawaharlal South Africa's fruitful battle for flexibility and majority rules system had turned into the most well Nehru University, New Delhi, known battle on the planet's fair endeavors in light of the fact that the racial oppression of politically- India sanctioned racial segregation finished with an arranged move to a non-racial vote based system. Politically-sanctioned racial segregation portrayed an arrangement of bigot laws and approaches of aggregate division in South Africa that started in 1948, when the National Party arrived at control, and finished in 1994, when Nelson Mandela was chosen President in the principal majority rule decisions. This paper looks at part of South African Tamils and furthermore India-South Africa relations in the ascent of politically-sanctioned racial segregation and its succeeding advancement. In 1948 the Afrikaner ethnic patriot Reunited National Party (renamed National Party in 1951) won an across the nation race on a haughty raised zone of aggregate isolation under the motto of "politically-sanctioned racial segregation" - or "apartness" in the Afrikaans dialect under which substantial number of Indian Tamils included. This area explores the exercises of twentieth-century political developments and noticeable people of Tamils who battled for flexibility, majority rules system, and equivalent rights in a supremacist South Africa. However a mix of developing challenge, universal help, and noteworthy changes in the political setting of the district changed the adjust of energy by 1990, when Nelson Mandela was discharged from jail and arrangements for another just South Africa started vigorously. The last phase of politically-sanctioned racial segregation's end happened so rapidly as to have taken numerous Tamil individuals in South Africa and all through the world off guard. As the Cold War finished, Nelson Mandela was discharged from jail in 1990 and the forbiddance of the African National Congress (ANC) and other freedom developments was lifted, consequently prompting political arrangements out of which rose a law based constitution and the main free race in the nation's history. This paper for the most the part of Tamil South Africans and their gigantic commitment to hostile to politically-sanctioned racial segregation battles and building vote based system in South Africa. After just about two many years of opportunity, this investigation likewise uncovers the Tamil Diaspora's part in South Africa's vote based system which is a work-in-advance in current circumstance. The South African government has set up a dynamic established vote based system, looked after peace, and encouraged solidarity and compromise in a post-politically-sanctioned racial segregation society. Keywords: Racial Segregation, Apartheid Movement, Mineral insurgency, Colonialism, New Democratic South Africa, Tamil Diaspora’s Role Introduction India and South Africa have long historical correlation. It had been multi-dimensional relations. Their ceremonial association and their great effort to set up democratic and even- handed society are widespread. It is one of the most developed ethnic communities in South Africa. Although it forms 2.5 percent of the total population professionally and educationally they are ahead of other ethnic groups. People of Indian Origin (PIO) Tamils contributed significantly democratization and human rights in South Africa. India and South Africa have been sharing regular ties of history, colonialism, freedom struggles and cultural affinities. The 21st century witnessed vigorous globalization forces around the world and these two countries have experienced it together. There are about 1.2 million People of Indian Origin Correspondence among which more than two and half lakhs of Tamils residing in South Africa. This essay Avtar Singh discusses some aspects of India-South Africa relations and the role of South African Tamils, Research Scholar, Centre for who more accurately should be described as South Africans whose ancestors were of Indian African Studies, Jawaharlal origin, as well as the role of India and Indian political leaders in the liberation struggle in Nehru University, New Delhi, India South Africa. It also touches on some problematic aspects of democracy and nationality ~ 437 ~ International Journal of Applied Research formation in South Africa. Their contributions to South genuine specialists of this globalization, and accordingly can Africa as a political group during apartheid period and now fortify its spread all through the planet and heighten the flow as the most advance educational and professional ethnic of individuals, merchandise and thoughts. All the more group is recognized and appreciated by democratic humbly, taking the case of "Tamil" South Africans, we government of post-apartheid South Africa. might want to propose a few thoughts for reflection on the place the nation of cause holds inside the Diasporas, for this Tamils in South Africa and their contribution towards situation on the character of people who could be fifth era Racism transients. Tamil obligated laborers were enrolled to supplant slave The infringement of human rights is not an inside specialist around the world. A large portion of the undertaking of a specific nation. That is the reason the world contracted laborers who went to South Africa were from acted against politically-sanctioned racial segregation in South India. The primary clump of Indian laborers went in South Africa, something which was assuredly and inward 1860 and great number of them chosen to remain back in issue of that nation. When politically-sanctioned racial South Africa. Tamils contact with South Africa significantly segregation was destroyed, it was not just the African originates before the docking in Durban harbor of SS Truro, individuals who won, the world won by liberating a people the steamship conveying 340 men, ladies and youngsters from separation, mastery and abuse by a bigot pack of who had left in Madras as workers obligated to take a shot at rulers. the sugar manors of the British province of Natal. The PIO Politically-sanctioned racial segregation portrays an Tamils in South Africa have a long history. Albeit some arrangement of supremacist laws and strategies of aggregate exploration uncover that Indian Tamils had settled in South isolation in South Africa that started in 1948, when the Africa numerous years prior, it's just under the contracted National Party arrived at control, and finished in 1994, when framework that a substantial number of Tamils touched base Nelson Mandela was chosen President in the primary just in South Africa. They were noteworthy in numbers. They races. This paper quickly compresses the area's pre-pilgrim were princely moreover. Dissimilar to contracted laborers past and its associations of Tamil Diaspora to world history. who lost their contact with India, some of these traders kept It portrays South Africa's assorted qualities and highlights close ties with their families in India. Notwithstanding the how African social orders experienced critical changes after obligated laborers a decent number of Indian shippers the entry of European colonizers. In spite of a few worries additionally went as expense travelers. about politically-sanctioned racial segregation, the Then again PIO Tamils alongside other Indian Communities objections against separation and to battle treacheries in South Africa subsequent to starting the resistances, against minorities/blacks are not sporadic. Notwithstanding common defiance and tranquil disturbance against the guarantees of sensible look after Indian Tamils by the supremacist administration joined hand with the dominant British superb organization, Indian Tamils have continually part dark group in South Africa who were the most been the fatalities of the politically-sanctioned racial noticeably bad casualty of racial separation. Gandhi had segregation arrangements of following South African communicated solidarity with dominant part dark group governments. however stressed that their group must be driven by their The historical backdrop of South Africa Tamils began own particular pioneers. The dominant part of PIO Tamils principally as of the magnificent control of the Cape in 1860 and other Indian Communities in South Africa joined completely through the establishment of the unification of African National Congress development to restrict South Africa in 1910 and the isolation time frame (1910- Apartheid and a number of them risen as best pioneers of 1948). Some noticeable individuals are specified underneath this gathering. India likewise urged them to join hand with and their monstrous parts have been clarified. larger part dark group. Thambi Naidoo experienced a gallant part in the African Consequently, this paper will learn about Role and freedom development of South Africa. Narainswamy Contributions of South African Tamils and India in Struggle returned to South Africa after "apprenticeship" under against Apartheid and building popular government in the Gandhiji in the Indian national development in the 1930s. 21st century and furthermore contemporary issues and He and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lanka Michael Potters
    Undergraduate Transitional Justice Review Volume 1 | Issue 3 Article 5 2010 Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lanka Michael Potters Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/undergradtjr Recommended Citation Potters, Michael (2010) "Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lanka," Undergraduate Transitional Justice Review: Vol. 1 : Iss. 3 , Article 5. Available at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/undergradtjr/vol1/iss3/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Undergraduate Transitional Justice Review by an authorized editor of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Potters: Engaging the Tamil Diaspora in Peace-Building Efforts in Sri Lank ENGAGING THE TAMIL DIASPORA IN PEACE-BUILDING EFFORTS IN SRI LANKA Michael Potters Refugees who have fled the conflict in Sri Lanka have formed large diaspora communities across the globe, forming one of the largest in Toronto, Canada. Members of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) have infiltrated these communities and elicited funding from its members, through both coercion and consent, to continue the fight in their home country. This paper will outline the importance of including these diaspora communities in peace-building efforts, and will propose a three-tier solution to enable these contributions. On the morning of October 17, 2009, Canadian authorities seized the vessel Ocean Lady off the coast of British Columbia, Canada. The ship had entered Canadian waters with 76 Tamil refugees on board, fleeing persecution and violence in the aftermath of Sri Lanka’s long and violent civil war.
    [Show full text]
  • Between Convergence and Divergence: Reformatting Language Purism in the Montreal Tamil Diasporas
    ᭿ Sonia Neela Das UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Between Convergence and Divergence: Reformatting Language Purism in the Montreal Tamil Diasporas This article examines how ideologies of language purism are reformatted by creating inter- discursive links across spatial and temporal scales. I trace convergences and divergences between South Asian and Québécois sociohistorical regimes of language purism as they pertain to the contemporary experiences of Montreal’s Tamil diasporas. Indian Tamils and Sri Lankan Tamils in Montreal emphasize their status differences by claiming that the former speak a modern “vernacular” Tamil and the latter speak an ancient “literary” Tamil. The segregation and purification of these social groups and languages depend upon the intergen- erational reproduction of scalar boundaries between linguistic forms, interlocutors, and decentered contexts. [Tamils, Quebec, diaspora, linguistic purism, spatiotemporal scales] ontreal is situated within the Canadian province of Quebec, a self- identifying francophone nation that seeks to be recognized as a “distinct Msociety” within North America1 (Lemco 1994). This society’s ever-present fear of being engulfed by a demographically expanding, English-speaking populace has contributed to a heightened level of metalinguistic awareness among French- speaking Québécois citizens. For the residents of Montreal, this metalinguistic aware- ness appears to be even more acute. Often characterized by scholars, politicians, and media as an inassimilable, globalizing element located within the otherwise
    [Show full text]
  • SENATE INQUIRY INTO ISSUES FACING DIASPORA COMMUNITIES in AUSTRALIA Executive Summary
    Diaspora Action Australia Submission 2020 SENATE INQUIRY INTO ISSUES FACING DIASPORA COMMUNITIES IN AUSTRALIA Executive Summary ABOUT DIASPORA ACTION ABOUT DIASPORA AUSTRALIA Diaspora Action Australia (DAA) is a not-for-profit DAA has adopted the definition of diaspora established Diaspora are people who have left their countries of origin Diaspora are quiet achievers but their contribution to their organisation supporting diaspora organisations, communities through the DFAT Foreign Policy White Paper – people who but maintain identity and ties with those countries and with communities of origin is impactful. They have been working at and groups in Australia to achieve their priorities in Australia have left their countries of origin but maintain identity and ties their counterparts around the world. The strong ties with their grassroots levels for a long time. and overseas. with those countries and with their counterparts around the country of origin or their counterparts around the world, and world. the transnationality of their networks sets them apart from DAA welcomes this Senate inquiry into issues facing diaspora, DAA was established to provide focused and independent “international migrants”, identified as people who change and the unprecedented opportunity for diaspora communities support to diaspora communities across Australia as they Diaspora communities play a significant and critical role their country of usual residence, irrespective of the reason for to draw attention to their impacts, voice their concerns, work to improve the lives of their communities in Australia in international development, humanitarian response and migration or legal status (UN Refugees and Migrants 2020). issues, ambitions, and scope opportunities. and overseas. Founded in 2008 through a partnership with peacebuilding.
    [Show full text]
  • Diasporas, Remittances and Africa South of the Sahara
    DIASPORAS, REMITTANCES AND AFRICA SOUTH OF THE SAHARA A STRATEGIC ASSESSMENT MARC-ANTOINE PÉROUSE DE MONTCLOS ISS MONOGRAPH SERIES • NO 112, MARCH 2005 CONTENTS ABOUT THE AUTHOR iv GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS v EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 1 5 African diasporas and homeland politics CHAPTER 2 27 The political value of remittances: Cape Verde, Comores and Lesotho CHAPTER 3 43 The dark side of diaspora networking: Organised crime and terrorism CONCLUSION 65 iv ABOUT THE AUTHOR Marc-Antoine Pérouse de Montclos is a political scientist with the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). He works on forced migrations and has published various books on the issue, especially on Somali refugees (Diaspora et terrorisme, 2003). He lived for several years in Nigeria, South Africa, and Kenya, and conducted field investigations in the Comores, Cape Verde and Lesotho in 2002 and 2003. This study is the result of long-term research on the subject. v GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS ANC: African National Congress BCP: Basotho Congress Party BNP: Basotho National Party COSATU: Congress of South African Trade Unions ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States FRELIMO: Frente de Libertação de Moçambique GDP: Gross Domestic Product GNP: Gross National Product INAME: Instituto Nacional de Apoio ao Emigrante Moçambicano no Exterior IOM: International Organisation for Migration IRA: Irish Republican Army LCD: Lesotho Congress for Democracy LLA: Lesotho Liberation Army LTTE: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam MASSOB: Movement for the Actualisation
    [Show full text]
  • Overseas Temples and Tamil Migratory Space Pierre-Yves Trouillet
    Overseas Temples and Tamil Migratory Space Pierre-Yves Trouillet To cite this version: Pierre-Yves Trouillet. Overseas Temples and Tamil Migratory Space. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal, Association pour la recherche sur l’Asie du Sud, 2012, 6. halshs-00867729 HAL Id: halshs-00867729 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00867729 Submitted on 30 Sep 2013 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal 6 (2012) Revisiting Space and Place: South Asian Migrations in Perspective ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Pierre-Yves Trouillet Overseas Temples and Tamil Migratory Space ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Créolité and Coolitude, the Indian on the Plantation: Recreolization in the Transoceanic Frame
    Middle Atlantic Review of Latin American Studies, 2020 Vol. 4, No. 2, 174-193 Beyond Créolité and Coolitude, the Indian on the Plantation: Recreolization in the Transoceanic Frame Ananya Jahanara Kabir Kings College London [email protected] This essay explores the ways in which Caribbean artists of Indian heritage memorialize the transformation of Caribbean history, demography, and lifeways through the arrival of their ancestors, and their transformation, in turn, by this new space. Identifying for this purpose an iconic figure that I term “the Indian on the Plantation,” I demonstrate how the influential theories of Caribbean identity-formation that serve as useful starting points for explicating the play of memory and identity that shapes Indo-Caribbean artistic praxis—coolitude (as coined by Mauritian author Khal Torabully) and créolité (as most influentially articulated by the Martinican trio of Jean Barnabé, Patrick Chamoiseau, and Raphaël Confiant)—are nevertheless constrained by certain discursive limitations. Unpacking these limitations, I offer instead evidence from curatorial and quotidian realms in Guadeloupe as a lens through which to assess an emergent artistic practice that cuts across Francophone and Anglophone constituencies to occupy the Caribbean Plantation while privileging signifiers of an Indic heritage. Reading these attempts as examples of decreolization that actually suggest an ongoing and unpredictable recreolization of culture, I situate this apparent paradox within a transoceanic heuristic frame that brings
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction Coralie walks quickly in a procession of about a hundred practitioners who wear the goddess’s bright saff ron color. Under the sound of beat- ing drums, in an atmosphere of enormous suspense, with the sun going down, they enter the temple ground where hundreds of spectators and cameras welcome them. The crowd is clustered around a large pit fi lled with glowing embers. Little space is left for the procession to pass be- tween the spectators and the pit. An incredible heat emanates from the coals, even when standing two meters away. I sit down among other women near the milk basin at the end of the fi re pit. Movements are hectic. I lose sight of Coralie. It is getting darker. The coals blaze in grey, orange, and red. The drums keep beating. Their rhythms increase the tension. The priest conducts the fi nal preparatory ceremonies. Where is Coralie now? How does she feel? With the drums accelerating, the priest is the fi rst to step barefoot on to the glowing embers. He crosses the fi eld in eight strides and steps into the milk basin. Now, one devotee after another walks across the fi re pit. From my spot, I do not see Cora- lie, but I see Amandine when she crosses the fi eld. Her steps are fast and her eyes are wide open. Fire walking is a popular Hindu festival in La Réunion, a French overseas department and remote region of the European Union in the Indian Ocean. Coralie and Amandine1 are eighteen and twenty-eight years old.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Bleeding Homeland' And
    CAUGHT BETWEEN THE ‘BLEEDING HOMELAND’ AND THE ‘SAFE HAVEN’: NEGOTIATING LOYALTIES IN TIMES OF CONFLICT A Case Study of the Second‐generation Sri Lankan Tamil Diasporic Community in Toronto Kalyani Thurairajah Department of Sociology McGill University, Montreal August 2013 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of PhD in Sociology Copyright © Kalyani Thurairajah 2013 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 Résumé ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 The Study ........................................................................................................................................................... 15 Chapter 1: Diasporic Communities and Conflicting Allegiances..................................................... 20 Diasporas and Transnationalism ............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Malaya's Indian Tamil Labor Diaspora: Colonial Subversion of Their Quest for Agency and Modernity (1945-1948)
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 5-2013 Malaya's Indian Tamil Labor Diaspora: Colonial Subversion of Their Quest for Agency and Modernity (1945-1948) Patricia Annamaria Spencer Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Asian History Commons Recommended Citation Spencer, Patricia Annamaria, "Malaya's Indian Tamil Labor Diaspora: Colonial Subversion of Their Quest for Agency and Modernity (1945-1948)" (2013). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 1463. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1463 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MALAYA'S INDIAN TAMIL LABOR DIASPORA: COLONIAL SUBVERSION OF THEIR QUEST FOR AGENCY AND MODERNITY (1945-1948) by Patricia Spencer A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in History Approved: __________________ __________________ Edward Glatfelter James Sanders Major Professor Committee Member __________________ __________________ Colleen O'Neill Mark R. McLellan Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2013 ii Copyright © Patricia Spencer 2013 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Malaya's Indian Tamil Labor Diaspora: Colonial Subversion of Their Quest for Agency and Modernity (1945-1948) by Patricia Spencer, Master of Arts Utah State University, 2013 Major Professor: Dr. Edward Glatfelter Department: History Malaya's Indian Tamil diaspora owed its presence in the country to the British who needed access to cheap labor for large scale agricultural projects.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Summary
    RESEARCH CCISC SUMMAR Y Belonging and identity in the everyday lives of Tamil migrants in the UK The research is the first to explore how Tamil migrants of different state origins come to identify with a ‘Tamil diaspora’ in the UK. The ability of Tamil migrants to connect with a common identity is particularly significant given that Tamils’ nominal ethnic kinship belies strikingly divergent experiences of ethnically-inflected politics at the point of origin. For South Indian Tamils, ethno- nationalism become largely symbolic in nature over the latter half of the twentieth century, while for Tamils in war-torn Sri Lanka it remained literally a matter of life and death as the island was savaged by ethnicised civil conflict between 1983 and 2009. These different contexts in the origin states have additionally led to Tamil migrants experiencing very different migration trajectories. Sri Lankan Tamils have tended to migrate as refugees (or though associated spousal or family reunion migration), while Tamils from India have been more likely to arrive in the UK as highly skilled workers or higher education students. Given this context, the research asks whether a shared Tamil language, participation in rituals and ceremonials, and transnational consumption of ethno- linguistically-orientated popular culture engenders ethnic or diasporic identification across boundaries of state origin? Or is identification limited, despite cultural commonalities, by divergent recent experience of politicised ethnicity? More broadly, the research challenges understandings of ‘diasporas’ or migrated ‘ethnic communities’ as homogenous groups sharing common identification and experience. Instead it establishes that the heterogeneity of the migration experience, as well as diverse, non-ethnic social positions such as gender, age, religion and socio-economic status, impact on the forms and degrees of identification within the diasporic or ethnic ‘community’.
    [Show full text]
  • Caste Within the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora Ūr Associations and Territorial Belonging
    Vol. 18 No. 1 (2018) ANTHROPOLOGY MATTERS JOURNAL anthropologymatters.com Caste within the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora Ūr Associations and Territorial Belonging Thanges Paramsothy (University of East London) Abstract This article considers data on London Tamils from Jaffna peninsula, northern Sri Lanka, to examine caste interactions in relation to their efforts to reconnect with people in the diaspora and ‘at home’. Tamils in and around London are part of a substantial number of ūr associations, which pertain to a particular village, region, or island in Sri Lanka, as well as a specific caste. I consider their efforts through changing and unchanging attitudes to caste to recreate a sense of community away from home. I examine the diaspora communities’ understanding of the institution of caste as part of a wider landscape of belonging. I explore how caste divisions in the ūr become re-territorialized among the Tamil diaspora. The historical context of these activities relate to the wide dispersal and separation of Tamils from their Sri Lankan homeland during the upheaval of the armed conflict. The article also demonstrates how caste-based relationships and kinship ties shape the lives of members of the Tamil diaspora in London, and how caste-based and fragmented identities operate in such transnational Tamil diaspora localities. Vol. 18 No. 1 (2018) ANTHROPOLOGY MATTERS Introduction In November 2014, I received the following invitation via text from a fellow Sri Lankan Tamil: Puṅgudutīvu association-UK proudly presents its annual event, kāṟṟuvaḻik kirāmam1 2014. We cordially invite you and your family members to participate in this event. Programme includes Puṅgudutīvu Got Talent show; maṇṇiṉ maintarkaḷ2; honouring the graduates; raffle tickets; prize giving and many more.
    [Show full text]
  • Diasporas Reimagined Spaces, Practices and Belonging
    Diasporas Reimagined Spaces, Practices and Belonging Edited by Nando Sigona, Alan Gamlen, Giulia Liberatore and Hélène Neveu Kringelbach III Published by the Oxford Diasporas Programme Oxford Department of International Development 3 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TB, UK Email: [email protected] www.migration.ox.ac.uk/odp The Oxford Diasporas Programme is funded by the Leverhulme Trust. Grant number F/08 000/H ©Oxford Diasporas Programme 2015 Cover illustration ©Alpha Abebe This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ISBN 978-1-907271-08-3 Designed and set by Advocate design agency www.advocatedesign.co.uk Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY Although every precaution has been taken with this book, the publisher and authors assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of this information contained herein. IV Acknowledgements We would like to thank the following people for their invaluable support and feedback throughout different phases of the development of this collection. At the International Migration Institute, we are extremely grateful to Sally Kingsborough for having shepherded a very busy and dispersed motley crew of editors and contributors through most of the editorial process, to Jenny Peebles who took the baton with great competence and dedication in the final stage of preparation of the manuscript and led us through the production stage, and to Claire Fletcher for editorial assistance. Thank you also to our designer Mark Epton, who worked with us to very tight deadlines, and to Alpha Abebe for providing us with our cover image.
    [Show full text]