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Big Island Plant Cluster RECOVERY PLAN FOR THE BIG ISLAND PLANT CLUSTER SEPTEMBER,1996 Clermontia peleana (left) and Colubrina oppositifolia (right), two of the 22 plant species in the Big Island Plant Cluster (from Wagner et al. 1990). As the Nation ‘s principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use ofourlandand water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineralresources andworksto assure that theirdevelopment is in the best interests ofall our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in island Territories under U.S. administration. K BIG ISLAND PLANT CLUSTER RECOVERY PLAN Published by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Portland, Oregon 42; DISCLAIMER Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to recover and/or protect listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and sometimes prepared with the assistance ofrecovery teams, contractors, State agencies, and others. Objectives will be attained and any necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities. Costs indicated for task implementation and/or time for achievement ofrecovery are estimates and subject to change. These costs are inclusive of estimated salaries for individuals who would carry out the identified task. Recovery plans do not necessarily represent the views, official positions or approval of any individuals or agencies involved in plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. They represent the official position ofthe U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or Director as approved. Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of recovery tasks. Literature Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1996. Big Island Plant Cluster Recovery Plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 202+ pp. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Big Island Plant Cluster Recovery Plan was prepared by Robert Shaw and Patricia Douglas, Center for Environmental Management ofMilitary Lands - Forest Services, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, Colorado. Modifications have been made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Current Status ofthe Taxa: The Big Island Plant Cluster Recovery Plan addresses 22 plant taxa from the island of Hawaii (Big Island) in the State ofHawaii. Twenty taxa are listed as endangered, one is proposed for endangered status, and one is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. The endangered taxa in the Big Island Plant Cluster are as follows (# known populations, # known individuals, # outplanted individuals): Clermontia lindseyana (12, 400-430), Clermontiapeleana (subsp. peleana, subsp. singul{flora) (4, 8), Clermontiapyridaria (1-2, 3, 30), Colubrina opposit~folia (10, 300, 64), Cyanea copelandii subsp. copelandii (1, undetermined), Cyanea hamatflora subsp. carisonji (3, 14, 51), Cyanea shipmanii (4, <10), Cyanea stictophylla (3, <20, 46), Cyrtand.ra giffardii (11, >1,000), Cyrtandra tintinnabula (3, 18), Delissea undulata (subsp. niihauensis, subsp. kauaiensis, subsp. undulata) [proposed] (1, 1, 50), Ischaemum byrone (17, several thousand), Isodendrionpyr~folium (1, 5 0-60), Mariscusfauriei (4, 45-60), Nothocestrum brevflorum (6, undetermined), Ochrosia kilaueaensis (1, undetermined), Plantago hawajensis (8, >5,000), Portulaca scierocarpa (12, >1,000), Pritchardia affinis (8, 5 0-65), Tetramolopium arenarium (subsp. arenarium var. arenarium, subsp. arenarium var. confertum, subsp. laxum) (3, <400), and Zanthoxylum hawajiense (11, >250). The threatened taxon in the Big Island Plant Cluster is Silene hawaijensis (11, —11,000). Twelve ofthe 22 taxa are endemic to the Big Island, while an additional 4, which originally had a wider distribution, are now confined to the Big Island. Other taxa currently persist on the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Molokai, Lanai, and!or Maui as well as the Big Island. Habitat Requirements and Limiting Factors: The island ofHawaii is the largest, highest, and youngest ofthe Hawaiian Islands, and was built by at least six volcanic mountains. As a result, the taxa included in this plan grow in a variety ofvegetative communities (grassland, shrubland, and forests), elevational zones (coastal to alpine), and moisture regimes (dry to wet). They and their habitats are currently threatened by one or more ofthe following: habitat degradation by feral or domestic animals (goats, pigs, deer (on Maui and Molokai), cattle and sheep); competition for space, light, water, and nutrients by introduced vegetation; fire, a threat which is exacerbated by introduced grasses; direct human perturbation such as recreational and military activities; pest invertebrates; disease; and vulnerability to random events and genetic limitations due to small population size. Recovery Objectives: The ultimate objective for all taxa is delisting. Interim, downlisting, and delisting criteria are provided. It is suggested that recovery of Big Island Plant Cluster taxa be pursued via the establishment ofmanagement iii units in order to make the most efficient use of available resources and to conserve not only these taxa, but their habitats. Recovery Criteria The following criteria may be revised as more information is obtained about specific taxa. Interim The interim objective is to stabilize all existing populations of the Big Island Plant Cluster. To be considered stable, each taxon must be managed to control threats (e.g. fenced) and be represented in an ex situ (at other than the plant’s natural location, such as a nursery or arboretum) collection. In addition, a minimum total of three populations of each taxon should be documented on the Big Island and, if possible, at least one other island where they now occur or where they occurred historically. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing and increasing in number, with a minimum of25 mature individuals per population (minimum of 75 mature plants) for long-lived perennials, and a minimum of 50 mature individuals per population (minimum of 150 mature plants) for short-lived perennials. Downlisting For downlisting, a total of five to seven populations ofeach taxon should be documented on the Big Island and at least one other island where it now occurs or occurred historically, if it is not endemic to the Big Island. Each ofthese populations must be naturally reproducing, stable or increasing in number, and secure from threats, with a minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived perennials, and a minimum of300 mature individuals per population for short-lived perennials. Each population should persist at this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years before downlisting is considered. Delisting For delisting, a total of8 to 10 populations of each taxon should be documented on the Big Island and at least1 other island where they now occur or occurred historically, if it is not endemic to the Big Island. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing, stable or increasing in number, and secure from threats, with a minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived perennials, and a minimum of 300 individuals per population for short-lived perennials. Each population should persist at this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years. iv : Actions Needed 1. Protect current populations and manage threats. 2. Conduct essential research. 3. Expand existing wild populations, as necessary. 4. Create new populations within historical range, as necessary. 5. Evaluate and validate recovery objectives. Total I~i~t~ Cost of Recovery (~1 OOOV Y~ N~di N~dZ N~d 1996 279 0 91 146 0 516 1997 539 0 91 146 0 776 1998 537 0 91 146 0 774 1999 470 0 91 146 0 707 2000 468 0 91 146 0 705 2001 375 200 76 58 0 659 2002 318 200 76 58 0 602 2003 318 200 76 58 0 602 2004 233 200 76 58 30 547 2005 233 200 76 58 30 547 2006 233 0 18 42 35 323 2007 233 0 18 42 0 293 2008 233 0 18 42 0 293 2009 233 0 18 42 0 293 2010 233 0 18 42 0 293 2011 233 0 18 42 0 293 2012 233 0 18 42 0 293 2013 233 0 18 42 0 293 2014 233 0 18 42 0 293 2015 233 0 18 42 0 293 Total 6,100 1,000 1,015 1,440 95 9,395 Projected Date ofRecovery: 2015 v : TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 BRIEF OVERVIEW 1 Geology 6 Climate 8 Vegetation 11 REASONS FOR DECLINE AND CURRENT THREATS 12 Agriculture 12 Alien Plants 12 Domestic and Feral Animals 13 Invertebrates 14 Fire 14 Direct Human Impacts 15 Random Events and Small Population Size 15 Disease 16 TAXON ACCOUNTS 19 Campanulaceae 19 Clermontia 19 Clermontia lindseyana 20 Clermontiapeleana 24 Clermontiapyrularia 30 Cyanea 33 Cyanea copelandii subspecies copelandii 33 Cyanea hamatflora subspecies carisonji 36 Cyanea shipmanii 39 Cyanea stictophylla 42 Delissea 44 Delissea undulata 45 Rhamnaceae 49 Colubrina 49 Colubrina opposit{folia 49 Gesneriaceae 54 Cyrtandra ss Cyrtandra giffardii 55 Poaceae 62 Ischaemum 63 Ischaemum byrone 63 Violaceae 68 Isodendrionpyry~’olium 68 Cyperaceae 71 Mariscus 72 vi Mariscusfauriei 72 Solanaceae 76 Nothocestrum 76 Nothocestrum brevflorum 76 Apocynaceae 80 Ochrosia 80 Ochrosia kilaueaensis 80 Plantaginaceae 83 Plantago 83 Plantago hawajensis 83 Portulacaceae 87 Portulaca 87 Portulaca scierocarpa 87 Pritchardia 93 Pritchardia affinis 93 Caryophyllaceae 97 Silene 97 Silene hawaijensis 97 Asteraceae 102 Tetramolopium 102 Tetramolopium arenarium 103 Rutaceae 109 Zanthoxylum 109 Zanthoxylum hawaijense 109 RECOVERY STRATEGY 114 II. RECOVERY 117 STEPDOWN OUTLINE 131 STEPDOWN NARRATIVE 134 LITERATURE CITED 154 III.
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