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Deconstructivism: Translation from Philosophy to Architecture View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CSCanada.net: E-Journals (Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture,... ISSN 1712-8056[Print] Canadian Social Science ISSN 1923-6697[Online] Vol. 11, No. 7, 2015, pp. 117-129 www.cscanada.net DOI: 10.3968/7240 www.cscanada.org Deconstructivism: Translation From Philosophy to Architecture Aida Hoteit[a],* [a] Ph.D., Department of Architecture, Institute of Fine Arts, Lebanese Deconstruction; Deconstructivism; University, Beirut, Lebanon. Key words: *Corresponding author. Jacques Derrida; Peter Eisenman; Presentness; Trace Received 4 April 2015; accepted 8 June 2015 Hoteit, A. (2015). Deconstructivism: Translation From Philosophy Published online 26 July 2015 to Architecture. Canadian Social Science, 11(7), 117-129. Available from: http://www.cscanada.net/index.php/css/article/view/7240 Abstract DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3968/7240 There has always been a significant interaction between architecture and the human sciences, such as philosophy, psychology, and sociology. Intellectual and especially INTRODUCTION philosophical currents of thought have influenced architecture at the time that it was created. This research Architecture is one of the oldest human crafts. It began article examines the study of the philosophical current with the birth of man and accompanied him through of “deconstruction” and its relation to deconstructivist the different stages of his development, changed as he architecture. First, the research explains the basic changed and mirrored his different influences. Therefore, principles of this philosophy, which began with the architecture, similar to man, is influenced by society, work of Jacques Derrida. Next, it defines the basic customs, traditions, intellect, politics and economics terms and vocabulary of this philosophy. Then, this (Hoteit, 2015). research identifies the deconstruction concepts that Architecture is not just a physical art; it is a social were transferred to architecture and became the basis humane art. Consequently, any new idea or principle that of deconstructivist architectural styles. Deconstructivist is present in a certain society is reflected in its architecture. projects and buildings initially seem to be fragmented In fact, architectural designs are similar to writings. By and lack any visual logic; however, they are unified under reading them, we can understand the structure of the the principles and concepts of deconstruction philosophy. society where they were built, its social relationships, The “transfer” of the concepts of deconstruction to and its overview of life and the outside world (Hoteit, architecture was not direct and literal; some concepts were 2015; Hoteit & Fares, 2014). From here, there has always modified and renamed to suit architecture. Moreover, been a significant interaction between architecture and iconic deconstructivist architects were not committed the human sciences, such as philosophy, psychology, and to all concepts of this philosophy; they were known to sociology. Intellectual, especially philosophical, currents focus on one or two concepts in deconstruction and make of thought have always influenced architecture at the time them fundamental principles of their personal styles in it was created (Hoteit, 2015). Thus, philosophy employs architecture. Peter Eisenman focused on the concepts architecture to represent its ideas, whereas architecture of presentness and trace, Daniel Libeskind concentrated exploits philosophy to create an existence that carries on the concept of absence, and Frank Gehry focused on profound implications and dimensions that ultimately binary oppositions and free play. Finally, a deconstructivist allow it to transcend the definitiveness of matter (Wigely, architect is not as free as a reader or a philosopher; not all 1993; Hoteit, 2009). that one can do or apply in language and philosophy can This research examines the study of deconstruction be done and applied in architecture. and its relation to deconstructivist architecture. First, the 117 Copyright © Canadian Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture Deconstructivism: Translation From Philosophy to Architecture research explains the basic principles of this philosophy According to metaphysics, presence is defined and – which are led by Jacques Derrida. Next, it defines contained in the present or the “now”. Only the present the basic terms and vocabulary of this philosophy. moment exists, whereas the past and the future are absent Then, this research observes the process of translating because the past has already ended, and the future is yet to (transferring) the ideas of deconstruction to architecture come (Derrida, 1972). Derrida rejects this concept because and the suitable intellectual environment that allowed this both the past and the present depend on the presence transfer. Subsequently, it identifies the deconstruction of the present. Accordingly, the future is an anticipated concepts that were transferred to architecture and became presence, whereas the past is a previous presence, and the basis of deconstructivist architectural styles. The explaining what is currently happening requires conjuring research also explains how these concepts were reflected absent (un-present) moments (Munawar, 1996). in the architectural styles of many iconic architects of The centrality of presence encapsulates the self as deconstructivism. Finally, it discusses these ideas, their the conscious, the ego, the “I”. Thus, in all its aspects, compatibility with the essence of architecture, and their consciousness is self-presence, i.e., it is the self-perception applicability to different domains of architecture. of presence (Derrida, 1972). Accordingly, presence means the closeness of the self to itself, i.e., unifying the self with the selves that are identical to it (Le Même). Thus, 1. DECONSTRUCTION we can say that metaphysics is the perception of presence Deconstruction is a “post-structuralism” school of or the perception of the identical. philosophy and literary criticism that began in the late Derrida (1995) rejects the philosophy of presence; 1960’s. Deconstruction caused controversy among Western he believes in the philosophy of absence that ultimately intellectuals who were divided into the advocates and the involves the presence of an unconscious part of the critics of deconstruction. Nevertheless, deconstruction self, which is the subconscious that was discovered by has changed the concepts of many intellectuals, theorists, Freud. The subconscious is essential to the perception of and academics, and it impacted many creative domains, consciousness. It is the memory of absence and forgetting. especially novels, poetry, architecture, the fine arts, music, Derrida’s objective was not privileging absence etc.. over presence, but it was deconstructing the idea of the The term “deconstruction” was used for the first time centrality of presence through a constant attachment of by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his book “De presence to absence. There is no absolute presence or La Grammatologie” (1967). This book not only was the absolute absence, but there is the ‘trace’. “Every so-called reason behind Derrida’s fame but also was considered the ‘present’, or ‘now’ point, is always already compromised fundamental text of deconstruction criticism. by a trace, or a residue of a previous experience, that Through its founder, Jacques Derrida, deconstruction precludes us ever being in a self-contained ‘now’ calls for many unconventional ideas and principles that, moment” (Derrida, 1973). at the time, stirred many discussions and sometimes, misconceptions among intellectuals. These ideas did not 2.1 Logocentrism arise from nothing. On the contrary, deconstructionists Deconstruction requires rejecting Logocentrism, an idea either reinvented the ideas of prior philosophers that Western tradition agreed on even before Plato’s (Nietzsche, Heidegger) or refuted them (Hegel, time until Saussure. Originally, ‘logos’ was a Greek Husserl). word. It is one of the most confusing words in Western Deconstruction attempts to dismantle Western philosophy and theology because its meaning can range metaphysics, which is based on fixed and unsurpassable from god, transcendental signified, comprehensive mind, convictions. To do that, Derrida doubted every conviction divine decree, discourse, reason, language, etc. (Powell, of the Western philosophical tradition, beginning with the 1997). The word “logos” also implies the existence of convictions of Plato. an authority or an external center that gives credibility The most significant domains tackled by to thoughts, expressions and patterns. This center is self- deconstruction can be summarized by a) the centrality evident and unquestioned. of presence; b) logocentrism; c) phonocentrism; d) the Consequently, Western philosophy has presumed that centrality of language; e) binary oppositions; and f) the the presence of structure (structure means the network of undecidables. relations that man perceives after observing reality and the law that govern these relations) involves a center. This “center” (sometimes called the “transcendental signified”) 2. THE CENTRALITY OF PRESENCE is an absolute, self-contained entity. It necessitates Since Plato and until Hegel, Western metaphysics was existence, and the world cannot be seen without it. This based on the centrality of presence, i.e., that existence lies center cannot be analyzed because finding
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