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Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes”
minerals Editorial Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes” Pavel A. Serov Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 184209 Apatity, Russia; [email protected] Magmatism, ore genesis and metamorphism are commonly associated processes that define fundamental features of the Earth’s crustal evolution from the earliest Precambrian to Phanerozoic. Basically, the need and importance of studying the role of metamorphic processes in formation and transformation of deposits is of great value when discussing the origin of deposits confined to varied geological settings. In synthesis, the signatures imprinted by metamorphic episodes during the evolution largely indicate complicated and multistage patterns of ore-forming processes, as well as the polygenic nature of the mineralization generated by magmatic, postmagmatic, and metamorphic processes. Rapid industrialization and expanding demand for various types of mineral raw ma- terials require increasing rates of mining operations. The current Special Issue is dedicated to the latest achievements in geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of ore and metamorphic complexes, their interrelation, and the potential for further prospecting. The issue contains six practical and theoretical studies that provide for a better understanding of the age and nature of metamorphic and metasomatic transformations, as well as their contribution to mineralization in various geological complexes. The first article, by Jiang et al. [1], reports results of the first mineralogical–geochemical Citation: Serov, P.A. Editorial for studies of gem-quality nephrite from the major Yinggelike deposit (Xinjiang, NW China). Special Issue “Ore Genesis and The authors used a set of advanced analytical techniques, that is, electron probe microanaly- Metamorphism: Geochemistry, sis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mineralogy, and Isotopes”. -
A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite)
minerals Review A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite) Darius G. Wonyen 1,†, Varney Kromah 1,†, Borbor Gibson 1,† ID , Solomon Nah 1,† and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani 1,2,* ID 1 Department of Geology and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Liberia, P.O. Box 9020 Monrovia, Liberia; [email protected] (D.G.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-41-6830-9356 † These authors contributed equally to the study. Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 13 August 2018; Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract: It is well documented that flotation has high economic viability for the beneficiation of valuable minerals when their main ore bodies contain magnesium (Mg) carbonates such as dolomite and magnesite. Flotation separation of Mg carbonates from their associated valuable minerals (AVMs) presents several challenges, and Mg carbonates have high levels of adverse effects on separation efficiency. These complexities can be attributed to various reasons: Mg carbonates are naturally hydrophilic, soluble, and exhibit similar surface characteristics as their AVMs. This study presents a compilation of various parameters, including zeta potential, pH, particle size, reagents (collectors, depressant, and modifiers), and bio-flotation, which were examined in several investigations into separating Mg carbonates from their AVMs by froth flotation. Keywords: dolomite; magnesite; flotation; bio-flotation 1. Introduction Magnesium (Mg) carbonates (salt-type minerals) are typical gangue phases associated with several valuable minerals, and have complicated processing [1,2]. -
Download PDF About Minerals Sorted by Mineral Name
MINERALS SORTED BY NAME Here is an alphabetical list of minerals discussed on this site. More information on and photographs of these minerals in Kentucky is available in the book “Rocks and Minerals of Kentucky” (Anderson, 1994). APATITE Crystal system: hexagonal. Fracture: conchoidal. Color: red, brown, white. Hardness: 5.0. Luster: opaque or semitransparent. Specific gravity: 3.1. Apatite, also called cellophane, occurs in peridotites in eastern and western Kentucky. A microcrystalline variety of collophane found in northern Woodford County is dark reddish brown, porous, and occurs in phosphatic beds, lenses, and nodules in the Tanglewood Member of the Lexington Limestone. Some fossils in the Tanglewood Member are coated with phosphate. Beds are generally very thin, but occasionally several feet thick. The Woodford County phosphate beds were mined during the early 1900s near Wallace, Ky. BARITE Crystal system: orthorhombic. Cleavage: often in groups of platy or tabular crystals. Color: usually white, but may be light shades of blue, brown, yellow, or red. Hardness: 3.0 to 3.5. Streak: white. Luster: vitreous to pearly. Specific gravity: 4.5. Tenacity: brittle. Uses: in heavy muds in oil-well drilling, to increase brilliance in the glass-making industry, as filler for paper, cosmetics, textiles, linoleum, rubber goods, paints. Barite generally occurs in a white massive variety (often appearing earthy when weathered), although some clear to bluish, bladed barite crystals have been observed in several vein deposits in central Kentucky, and commonly occurs as a solid solution series with celestite where barium and strontium can substitute for each other. Various nodular zones have been observed in Silurian–Devonian rocks in east-central Kentucky. -
Overview of Tungsten Indicator Minerals Scheelite and Wolframite with Examples from the Sisson W-Mo Deposit, Canada
Overview of tungsten indicator minerals scheelite and wolframite with examples from the Sisson W-Mo deposit, Canada M. Beth McClenaghan1, M.A. Parkhill2, A.A. Seaman3, A.G. Pronk3, M. McCurdy1 & D.J. Kontak4 1Geological Survey of Canada, 601 Booth Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0E8 (e-mail: [email protected]) 2New Brunswick Department of Energy and Mines, Geological Surveys Branch, P.O. Box 50, Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada E2A 3Z1 3New Brunswick Department of Energy and Mines, Geological Surveys Branch, P.O. Box 6000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5H1 4Department of Earth Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada P3E 2C6 These short course notes provide an overview of published lit- Table 1. List of regional surveys and case studies conducted around erature on the use of scheelite and wolframite as indicator min- the world in which scheelite and/or wolframite in surficial sediments erals for W, Mo, and Au exploration. The use of scheelite and have been used as indicator minerals. wolframite in stream sediments is well documented for mineral Mineral Media Location Source of Information exploration but less so for using glacial sediments (Table 1). scheelite stream sediments Pakistan Asrarullah (1982) wolframite stream sediments Burma ESCAP Scretariat (1982) The Geological Survey of Canada has recently conducted a scheelite, wolframite stream sediments USA Theobald & Thompson (1960) glacial till and stream sediment indicator mineral case study scheelite stream sediments, soil Thailand Silakul (1986) around the Sisson W-Mo deposit in eastern Canada. scheelite stream sediments Greenland Hallenstein et al. (1981) Preliminary indicator mineral results from this ongoing study scheelite stream sediments Spain Fernández-Turiel et al. -
Large-Scale Hydrothermal Zoning Reflectedin The
Canadian Mineralogist Vol. 27, pp. 383-400 (1989) LARGE-SCALE HYDROTHERMAL ZONING REFLECTED IN THE TETRAHEDRITE-FREIBERGITE SOLID SOLUTION, KENO HILL Ag-Pb-Zn DISTRICT, YUKON J.V. GREGORY LYNCH* Department of Geology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E3 ABSTRACT en argent se distinguent aussi par une augmentation dans Ie nombre de cations dans leur formule chimique. Le rap- The zoned Keno Hill vein system of central Yukon port Sb/ As demeure uniformement eleve. extends laterally from a Cretaceous plutonic-metamorphic center and surrounding quartz-feldspar veins, to (Traduit par la Redaction) carbonate-Ag-Pb-Zn deposits, and further to peripheral veins having epithermal characteristics. Seven distinct Mots-cles: zonation hydrothermale, nappe aquifere, tetra- mineralogical zones are recognized, and the entire sequence edrite, solution solide, plutonique, epithermal, altera- is continuous from east to west in a 4O-km belt. The fault- tion, district de Keno Hill, Yukon. and fracture-controlled veins are stratabound to the brit- tle moderately dipping Keno Hill Quartzite unit, of Mis- INTRODUCTION sissippian age. The unit is graphitic and appears to have acted as a large-scale hydrothermal aquifer, restricting fluid This paper concerns the large-scale nature of the flow during minera1ization and" development of zoning predominantly to the lateral direction. Tetrahedrite is dis- Keno Hill hydrothermal system. A broad and con- tributed along a 25-km-Iong portion of the system, and is tinuous sequence of mineral zoning can be the principal ore mineral of Ag. Both Ag/Cu and Fe/Zn documented within veins distributed along an exten- values in tetrahedrite are highest at the outer extremity of sive portion of the Keno Hill Quartzite, which is the the system, where freibergite dominates over tetrahedrite; main host rock to the ore in the area. -
The H/F Ratio As an Indicator of Contrasted Wolframite Deposition Mechanisms
Ore Geology Reviews 104 (2019) 266–272 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Ore Geology Reviews journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/oregeorev Short communication The H/F ratio as an indicator of contrasted wolframite deposition T mechanisms ⁎ Julie Anne-Sophie Michaud , Michel Pichavant Université d'Orléans/CNRS/ISTO/BRGM, UMR 7327, 1A rue de la Férollerie, 45100 Orléans, France ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Understanding wolframite deposition mechanisms is a key to develop reliable exploration guides for W. In quartz Wolframite veins from the Variscan belt of Europe and elsewhere, wolframites have a wide range of compositions, from Hübnerite hübnerite- (MnWO4) to ferberite-rich (FeWO4). Deposition style, source of Mn and Fe, distance from the heat/ W deposition fluid source and temperature have been proposed to govern the wolframite H/F (hübnerite/ferberite ratio) Magmatic control defined as 100 at. Mn/(Fe + Mn). The Argemela mineralized district, located near the world-class Panasqueira W ore deposit W mine in Portugal, exposes a quartz-wolframite vein system in close spatial and genetic association with a rare- Veins metal granite. Wolframite is absent as a magmatic phase, but W-rich whole-rock chemical data suggest that the granite magma is the source of W. Wolframite occurs as large homogeneous hübnerites (H/F = 64–75%) co- existing with montebrasite, K-feldspar and cassiterite in the latest generation of intragranitic veins corre- sponding to magmatic fluids exsolved from the granite. Locally, early hübnerites evolve to late more Fe-rich compositions (H/F = 45–55%). In a country rock vein, an early generation of Fe-rich hübnerites (H/ F = 50–63%) is followed by late ferberites (H/F = 6–23%). -
Geology of Tungsten Deposits in North-Central Chile
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR J. A. Krug, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY W. E. Wrather, Director Bulletin 960-C GEOLOGY OF TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS IN NORTH-CENTRAL CHILE BY JAMES F. McALLISTER AND CARLOS RUIZ F. Prepared in cooperation with the DEPARTAMENTO DE MINAS Y PETROLED DE CHILE under the auspices of INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL COOPERATION, DEPARTMENT OF STATE Geologic Investigations in the American Republics, 1947 (Pages 89-108) UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON : 1948 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1.75 CONTENTS Page Abstract____..______________________________._ 89 Introduction___________________________-__________ __________-___ 89 Geology_________________________________..._ 92 Rocks.____________________________________ 92 Structure____________________________________ 92 Minerals. _.---_.----_..---_.------_- _- -- 92 Type, size, and grade of ore deposits.------------._-----_-_-_-_-_ 93 Descriptions of mining properties__________-___-_-_-_---__--_---____- 94 Salamanca region____________________________________________ 94 Castaneda de Llamuco mine--___----------_-------_------__ 94 Picbe prospect... ________.- _ . 97 Domeyko region_______________________________________________ 97 El Durazno district.-..__-___.___--_____-__________...___ 97 Boliviana mine-..._________-____-._--._._-__-_--__-__. 99 Minillas property......____________________________________ 99 Vallenar region______________________________________________ 101 San Antonio mining property.______________________________ 102 Zapallo de Chehuque mining property_________*____-______- 104 Metric equivalents____-____-_____-_______-----_-__--_-_-_-__--_-- 106 Index.--.___-____-_._______________._______________ 107 Page PLATE 21. Geologic map of the Castaneda de Llamuco tungsten deposit. In pocket 22. Plan of workings, Castafieda de Llamuco mine. _-____-___ In pocket 23. -
Washington State Minerals Checklist
Division of Geology and Earth Resources MS 47007; Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Washington State 360-902-1450; 360-902-1785 fax E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.dnr.wa.gov/geology Minerals Checklist Note: Mineral names in parentheses are the preferred species names. Compiled by Raymond Lasmanis o Acanthite o Arsenopalladinite o Bustamite o Clinohumite o Enstatite o Harmotome o Actinolite o Arsenopyrite o Bytownite o Clinoptilolite o Epidesmine (Stilbite) o Hastingsite o Adularia o Arsenosulvanite (Plagioclase) o Clinozoisite o Epidote o Hausmannite (Orthoclase) o Arsenpolybasite o Cairngorm (Quartz) o Cobaltite o Epistilbite o Hedenbergite o Aegirine o Astrophyllite o Calamine o Cochromite o Epsomite o Hedleyite o Aenigmatite o Atacamite (Hemimorphite) o Coffinite o Erionite o Hematite o Aeschynite o Atokite o Calaverite o Columbite o Erythrite o Hemimorphite o Agardite-Y o Augite o Calciohilairite (Ferrocolumbite) o Euchroite o Hercynite o Agate (Quartz) o Aurostibite o Calcite, see also o Conichalcite o Euxenite o Hessite o Aguilarite o Austinite Manganocalcite o Connellite o Euxenite-Y o Heulandite o Aktashite o Onyx o Copiapite o o Autunite o Fairchildite Hexahydrite o Alabandite o Caledonite o Copper o o Awaruite o Famatinite Hibschite o Albite o Cancrinite o Copper-zinc o o Axinite group o Fayalite Hillebrandite o Algodonite o Carnelian (Quartz) o Coquandite o o Azurite o Feldspar group Hisingerite o Allanite o Cassiterite o Cordierite o o Barite o Ferberite Hongshiite o Allanite-Ce o Catapleiite o Corrensite o o Bastnäsite -
Sedimentary Exhalative Deposits (SEDEX)
Sedimentary Exhalative Deposits (SEDEX) Main charactersitcs:SEDEX deposits are stratiform, massive sulphide lenses formed in local basins on the sea floor. This is usually as a result of hydrothermal activity in areas of continental rifting. They represent major sources of lead and zinc with minor amounts of gold, barium and copper. Alteration is common especially in the form of silicification. Sedex deposits have many similarities with VMS deposits. Idealised SEDEX Deposit Model e.g. Mount Isa, Broken Hill (Australia), Sullivan (Canada), Silvermines (Ireland) Adapted from Evans 1997: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals The stratiform lenses formed in Sedex deposits can be up to 40km thick and have a lateral extent of 100km's. Stockwork or vein mineralisation may occur beneath this. Host rock lithology varies from shales, siltstones and carbonates (low energy environment) to debris flows, conglomerates and breccias (high energy environments). Sedex deposits have been categorised in terms of a sedimentary basin hierachy. First order basins have lateral extents of hundreds of km's and maybe represented by epicratonic embayments ot intracratonic basins. Second order basins which can be up to tens of km's in size occur within the first order basins and contain third order basins, less than 10km in diameter, where the stratiform sulphide lenses tend to develop. There are several ideas for the formation of these deposits but one contention is that they were formed by the convection of sea water as shown above. As the sea water traverses through the crust it would dissolve base metals from the host rock, which would eventually lead to their collection and precipitation near the surface. -
The Anjahamiary Pegmatite, Fort Dauphin Area, Madagascar
The Anjahamiary pegmatite, Fort Dauphin area, Madagascar Federico Pezzotta* & Marc Jobin** * Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Corso Venezia 55, I-20121 Milano, Italy. ** SOMEMA, BP 6018, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. E-mail:<[email protected]> 21 February, 2003 INTRODUCTION Madagascar is among the most important areas in the world for the production, mainly in the past, of tourmaline (elbaite and liddicoatite) gemstones and mineral specimens. A large literature database documents the presence of a number of pegmatites rich in elbaite and liddicoatite. The pegmatites are mainly concentrated in central Madagascar, in a region including, from north to south, the areas of Tsiroanomandidy, Itasy, Antsirabe-Betafo, Ambositra, Ambatofinandrahana, Mandosonoro, Ikalamavony, Fenoarivo and Fianarantsoa (e.g. Pezzotta, 2001). In general, outside this large area, elbaite-liddicoatite-bearing pegmatites are rare and only minor discoveries have been made in the past. Nevertheless, some recent work made by the Malagasy company SOMEMEA, discovered a great potential for elbaite-liddicoatite gemstones and mineral specimens in a large, unusual pegmatite (the Anjahamiary pegmatite), hosted in high- metamorphic terrains. The Anjahamiary pegmatite lies in the Fort Dauphin (Tôlanaro) area, close to the southern coast of Madagascar. This paper reports a general description of this locality, and some preliminary results of the analytical studies of the accessory minerals collected at the mine. Among the most important analytical results is the presence of gemmy blue liddicoatite crystals with a very high Ca content, indicating the presence in this tourmaline crystal of composition near the liddicoatite end-member. LOCATION AND ACCESS The Anjahamiary pegmatite is located about 70 km NW of the town of Fort Dauphin (Tôlanaro) (Fig. -
Ne of Portugal)
GEOCHEMISTRY OF MINERALS, WATERS AND WEATHERING FROM THE FONTE SANTA MINE AREA (NE OF PORTUGAL) 1 2 3 1 4 M. E.P. Gomes , I.M.H.R. Antunes , A.M.R. Neiva , F.A.L. Pacheco , P.B. Silva 1Dep. of Geology, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal 2 Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco, Portugal 3 Department of Earth Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal 4 National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG, S. Mamede de Infesta), Portugal Abstract The quartz veins containing scheelite from Fonte Santa mine area were exploited for W between 1942 and 1982. At the end of November 2006, a flood event damaged the dam land of Fonte Santa mine and metal content of water increased. Fonte Santa mine area cuts the quartzites close to the Fonte Santa muscovite granite. The granite contains quartz, microcline, albite, muscovite, chlorite, columbite-tantalite, volframite, W-ixiolite and ilmenite. The quartz veins contain muscovite, chlorite, tourmaline, scheelite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, galena, arsenopyrite, magnetite, jarosite, phosphates of Pb, Fe and Al. The waters related to the Fonte Santa mine are poorly mineralized, with electrical conductivity < 965 µS / cm, of - 2- mixed type or HCO3 and SO4 types. These waters have Fe and Mn contents that forbid to use that for human consumption and agriculture. Sodium, Mg and K water contents are associated with the alteration of albite, chlorite and muscovite of country rock, while Ca is related to the W-bearing quartz veins. Key-words: mineralizations, scheelite, waters, contamination Resumo Os filões de quartzo contendo scheelite da mina de Fonte Santa foram explorados para W entre 1942 e 1982. -
Mine Name ; -Iw~~~~~~~~~ Location
CONTACT INFORMATION Mining Records Curator Arizona Geological Survey 1520 West Adams St. Phoenix, AZ 85007 602-771-1601 http://www.azgs.az.gov [email protected] The following file is part of the Arizona Department of Mines and Mineral Resources Mining Collection ACCESS STATEMENT These digitized collections are accessible for purposes of education and research. We have indicated what we know about copyright and rights of privacy, publicity, or trademark. Due to the nature of archival collections, we are not always able to identify this information. We are eager to hear from any rights owners, so that we may obtain accurate information. Upon request, we will remove material from public view while we address a rights issue. CONSTRAINTS STATEMENT The Arizona Geological Survey does not claim to control all rights for all materials in its collection. These rights include, but are not limited to: copyright, privacy rights, and cultural protection rights. The User hereby assumes all responsibility for obtaining any rights to use the material in excess of “fair use.” The Survey makes no intellectual property claims to the products created by individual authors in the manuscript collections, except when the author deeded those rights to the Survey or when those authors were employed by the State of Arizona and created intellectual products as a function of their official duties. The Survey does maintain property rights to the physical and digital representations of the works. QUALITY STATEMENT The Arizona Geological Survey is not responsible for the accuracy of the records, information, or opinions that may be contained in the files.