Sedimentary Exhalative Deposits (SEDEX)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Sedimentary Exhalative Deposits (SEDEX) Main charactersitcs:SEDEX deposits are stratiform, massive sulphide lenses formed in local basins on the sea floor. This is usually as a result of hydrothermal activity in areas of continental rifting. They represent major sources of lead and zinc with minor amounts of gold, barium and copper. Alteration is common especially in the form of silicification. Sedex deposits have many similarities with VMS deposits. Idealised SEDEX Deposit Model e.g. Mount Isa, Broken Hill (Australia), Sullivan (Canada), Silvermines (Ireland) Adapted from Evans 1997: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals The stratiform lenses formed in Sedex deposits can be up to 40km thick and have a lateral extent of 100km's. Stockwork or vein mineralisation may occur beneath this. Host rock lithology varies from shales, siltstones and carbonates (low energy environment) to debris flows, conglomerates and breccias (high energy environments). Sedex deposits have been categorised in terms of a sedimentary basin hierachy. First order basins have lateral extents of hundreds of km's and maybe represented by epicratonic embayments ot intracratonic basins. Second order basins which can be up to tens of km's in size occur within the first order basins and contain third order basins, less than 10km in diameter, where the stratiform sulphide lenses tend to develop. There are several ideas for the formation of these deposits but one contention is that they were formed by the convection of sea water as shown above. As the sea water traverses through the crust it would dissolve base metals from the host rock, which would eventually lead to their collection and precipitation near the surface. In the early stages of convection leaching of iron, manganese and silica would occur. With deeper circulation the temperature would increase leading to the leaching of lead and zinc. Finally, deep seated circulation would leach lead, zinc and copper but this is not always the case which is why some of these deposit types are without copper. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes”
minerals Editorial Editorial for Special Issue “Ore Genesis and Metamorphism: Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Isotopes” Pavel A. Serov Geological Institute of the Kola Science Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, 184209 Apatity, Russia; [email protected] Magmatism, ore genesis and metamorphism are commonly associated processes that define fundamental features of the Earth’s crustal evolution from the earliest Precambrian to Phanerozoic. Basically, the need and importance of studying the role of metamorphic processes in formation and transformation of deposits is of great value when discussing the origin of deposits confined to varied geological settings. In synthesis, the signatures imprinted by metamorphic episodes during the evolution largely indicate complicated and multistage patterns of ore-forming processes, as well as the polygenic nature of the mineralization generated by magmatic, postmagmatic, and metamorphic processes. Rapid industrialization and expanding demand for various types of mineral raw ma- terials require increasing rates of mining operations. The current Special Issue is dedicated to the latest achievements in geochemistry, mineralogy, and geochronology of ore and metamorphic complexes, their interrelation, and the potential for further prospecting. The issue contains six practical and theoretical studies that provide for a better understanding of the age and nature of metamorphic and metasomatic transformations, as well as their contribution to mineralization in various geological complexes. The first article, by Jiang et al. [1], reports results of the first mineralogical–geochemical Citation: Serov, P.A. Editorial for studies of gem-quality nephrite from the major Yinggelike deposit (Xinjiang, NW China). Special Issue “Ore Genesis and The authors used a set of advanced analytical techniques, that is, electron probe microanaly- Metamorphism: Geochemistry, sis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Mineralogy, and Isotopes”.
[Show full text]
A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite)
minerals Review A Review of Flotation Separation of Mg Carbonates (Dolomite and Magnesite) Darius G. Wonyen 1,†, Varney Kromah 1,†, Borbor Gibson 1,† ID , Solomon Nah 1,† and Saeed Chehreh Chelgani 1,2,* ID 1 Department of Geology and Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Liberia, P.O. Box 9020 Monrovia, Liberia; [email protected] (D.G.W.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (B.G.); [email protected] (S.N.) 2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-41-6830-9356 † These authors contributed equally to the study. Received: 24 July 2018; Accepted: 13 August 2018; Published: 15 August 2018 Abstract: It is well documented that flotation has high economic viability for the beneficiation of valuable minerals when their main ore bodies contain magnesium (Mg) carbonates such as dolomite and magnesite. Flotation separation of Mg carbonates from their associated valuable minerals (AVMs) presents several challenges, and Mg carbonates have high levels of adverse effects on separation efficiency. These complexities can be attributed to various reasons: Mg carbonates are naturally hydrophilic, soluble, and exhibit similar surface characteristics as their AVMs. This study presents a compilation of various parameters, including zeta potential, pH, particle size, reagents (collectors, depressant, and modifiers), and bio-flotation, which were examined in several investigations into separating Mg carbonates from their AVMs by froth flotation. Keywords: dolomite; magnesite; flotation; bio-flotation 1. Introduction Magnesium (Mg) carbonates (salt-type minerals) are typical gangue phases associated with several valuable minerals, and have complicated processing [1,2].
[Show full text]
Depositional Setting of Algoma-Type Banded Iron Formation Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok
Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok To cite this version: Blandine Gourcerol, P Thurston, D Kontak, O Côté-Mantha, J Biczok. Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation. Precambrian Research, Elsevier, 2016. hal-02283951 HAL Id: hal-02283951 https://hal-brgm.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02283951 Submitted on 11 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Accepted Manuscript Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation B. Gourcerol, P.C. Thurston, D.J. Kontak, O. Côté-Mantha, J. Biczok PII: S0301-9268(16)30108-5 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2016.04.019 Reference: PRECAM 4501 To appear in: Precambrian Research Received Date: 26 September 2015 Revised Date: 21 January 2016 Accepted Date: 30 April 2016 Please cite this article as: B. Gourcerol, P.C. Thurston, D.J. Kontak, O. Côté-Mantha, J. Biczok, Depositional Setting of Algoma-type Banded Iron Formation, Precambrian Research (2016), doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres. 2016.04.019 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication.
[Show full text]
Tungsten Ore Concentrates from the People's Republic of China
TUNGSTEN ORE CONCENTRATES FROM THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA Determination of the Commission in Investigation No. 731—TA-497 (Preliminary) Under the Tariff Act of 1930, Together With the Information Obtained in the Investigation USITC PUBLICATION 2367 MARCH 1991 United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION COMMISSIONERS Anne E. Brunsdale, Acting Chairman Seeley G. Lodwick David B. Rohr Don E. Newquist Charles Ervin, Director of Operations Staff assigned: Mary Trimble, Investigator Jeffrey Anspacher, Economist Vincent DeSapio, Industry Analyst Marshall Wade, Accountant/Financial Analyst Craig McKee, Attorney George Deyman, Supervisory Investigator Address all communications to Kenneth R. Mason, Secretary to the Commission United States International Trade Commission Washington, DC 20436 CONTENTS Page Determination 1 Views of the Commission 3 Information obtained in the investigation A-1 Introduction A-1 The product A-2 Description and uses A-2 Manufacturing process A-3 Substitute products A-4 U.S. tariff treatment A-4 The nature and extent of alleged sales at LTFV A-5 The world market A-5 The U.S. market A-7 Apparent U.S. consumption A-7 U.S. producers A-9 Curtis Tungsten, Inc A-9 U.S. Tungsten Corp A-11 U.S. importers A-11 U.S. traders/brokers A-12 U.S. consumers of imported tungsten ore concentrates A-12 U.S. Government stockpiles A-13 Toll production A-13 Channels of distribution A-13 Consideration of alleged material injury A-14 U.S. production, capacity, and capacity utilization A-14 U.S. producers' U.S. shipments (commercial and captive) and export shipments A-17 Commercial U.S.
[Show full text]
Standard Reference Materials
MBS 0F STAND PUBLICATIONS iffiJIimTk & TECH IIIIIII A 11 10 7 E57&&y NBS SPECIAL PUBLICATION 260-97 /?e AU o* U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Materials: Summary of the Coal, Ore, Mineral, Rock, and Refractory Standards Issued by the National Bureau of Standards 100 Radu Mavrodineanu and Thomas E. Gills • U57 260-97 1985 c2 . Tm he National Bureau of Standards was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The m Bureau's overall goal is to strengthen and advance the nation's science and technology and facilitate their effective application for public benefit. To this end, the Bureau conducts research and provides: (1) a basis for the nation's physical measurement system, (2) scientific and technological services for industry and government, (3) a technical basis for equity in trade, and (4) technical services to promote public safety. The Bureau's technical work is performed by the National Measurement Laboratory, the National Engineering Laboratory, the Institute for Computer Sciences and Technology, and the Institute for Materials Science and Engineering The National Measurement Laboratory 2 Provides the national system of physical and chemical measurement; • Basic Standards coordinates the system with measurement systems of other nations and • Radiation Research furnishes essential services leading to accurate and uniform physical and • Chemical Physics chemical measurement throughout the Nation's scientific community, in- • Analytical Chemistry dustry, and commerce; provides advisory
[Show full text]
Banded Iron Formations
Banded Iron Formations Cover Slide 1 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures Kalmina gorge banded iron (Gypsy Denise 2013, Creative Commons) BIFs were deposited in shallow marine troughs or basins. Deposits are tens of km long, several km wide and 150 – 600 m thick. Photo is of Kalmina gorge in the Pilbara (Karijini National Park, Hamersley Ranges) 2 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock Iron rich bands: hematite (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). Iron poor bands: chert (fine‐grained quartz) and low iron oxide levels Rock sample from a BIF (Woudloper 2009, Creative Commons 1.0) Iron rich bands are composed of hematitie (Fe2O3), magnetite (Fe3O4), siderite (FeCO3) or pyrite (FeS2). The iron poor bands contain chert (fine‐grained quartz) with lesser amounts of iron oxide. 3 What are Banded Iron Formations (BIFs)? • Large sedimentary structures • Bands of iron rich and iron poor rock • Archaean and Proterozoic in age BIF formation through time (KG Budge 2020, public domain) BIFs were deposited for 2 billion years during the Archaean and Proterozoic. There was another short time of deposition during a Snowball Earth event. 4 Why are BIFs important? • Iron ore exports are Australia’s top earner, worth $61 billion in 2017‐2018 • Iron ore comes from enriched BIF deposits Rio Tinto iron ore shiploader in the Pilbara (C Hargrave, CSIRO Science Image) Australia is consistently the leading iron ore exporter in the world. We have large deposits where the iron‐poor chert bands have been leached away, leaving 40%‐60% iron.
[Show full text]
Some Ore Textures Involving Sphalerite from the Furutobe Mine, Akita Prefecture, Japan*
MINING GEOLOGY, 28, 293•`300, 1978 Some Ore Textures Involving Sphalerite from the Furutobe Mine, Akita Prefecture, Japan* Paul B. BARTON,Jr.** Abstract: Observations of doubly-polished, uncovered thin sections of Kuroko from Furutobe reveal a paragenesis of great complexity. Sphalerite crystals up to 2 mm across show finely detailed growth banding, and the crystals occur both as broken fragments in "moved" ore and as later fillings between clasts. The "moved" ore exhibits a variety of sphalerite types (including coarse crystals as well as fine-grained aggregates) as clasts showing that coarse crystals did exist prior to the synsedimentary slumping. Growth of large crystals seems incompatible with rapid deposition on the sea floor, therefore an alternative model is suggested. The initial deposits were derived from submarine hot springs and consisted of very fine-grained sulfides with silica and barite. With con- tinued supply of hot fluid the lower part of the sulfide deposit covering the vent became heated, and solution and reprecipitation occurred below an upper, less permeable "blanket." Deposits formed on slopes slumped repeatedly yielding graded beds with coarse sphalerite and other sulfides incorporated in a melange of finer ore and gangue fragments. Much of the sphalerite exhibits a fine "dusting" of chalcopyrite that appears to have developed subsequent to the growth of the host sphalerite, probably by a process of replacement, not of exsolution. revealed in my small collection , are startling Introduction and, even more surprising, apparently have not In recent years the Miocene Kuroko deposits been described in the voluminous and other- of Japan have become recognized almost wise comprehensive Japanese literature.
[Show full text]
Extraction of Lead from Galena Concentrates Using Fluosilicic Acid and Peroxide
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Jurnal Puslitbang tekMira (Teknologi Mineral dan Batubara) INDONESIAN MINING JOURNAL Vol. 20, No. 1, April 2017 : 69 - 80 EXTRACTION OF LEAD FROM GALENA CONCENTRATES USING FLUOSILICIC ACID AND PEROXIDE EKSTRAKSI TIMBAL DARI KONSENTRAT GALENA MENGGUNAKAN ASAM FLUOSILIKAT DAN PEROKSIDA DESSY AMALIA, YUNITA RAMANDA and MARYONO Research & Development Centre for Mineral and Coal Technology Jalan Jenderal Sudirman 623 Bandung 40211 Ph. (+6222) 6030483, Fax. (+6222) 6003373 e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT A study on lead extraction from lead concentrate had been conducted. Galena is usually associated with other sulfide ores such as sphalerite.The lead concentrate was able to be extracted and purified into its metal through a leaching process using a selective solvent of fluosilicic acid (H2SiF6). Parameters used in this process include ratio (dose) of reactant (H2SiF6:H2O2), temperature (without heating; 30; 50; 70; 80; and 90°C) and particle size (-100+150#, -150+200#, -200+325, dan -325#).The best extraction was achieved using the particle size of -325 mesh. The amount of extracted lead was increased due to the rise of temperature and dose of fluosilicic. The amount of peroxide addition was determined by its optimum influence on the lead extraction because its excess would produce PbSO4. The influence of H2SiF6 and H2O2 doses was calculated using ANOVA. Keywords: galena, leaching, fluosilicic acid, peroxide, precipitation. ABSTRAK Pemrosesan konsentrat Pb telah dilakukan untuk memperoleh logamnya. Galena pada umumnya berasosiasi dengan mineral sulfida lainnya seperti sphalerit. Konsentrat tersebut dapat diekstraksi dan dimurnikan untuk memperoleh logam melalui proses pelindian menggunakan pelarut selektif seperti asam fluosilikat (H2SiF6).
[Show full text]
Dolomite Resources of Washington
State of Washington ARTHUR B. LANGLIE, Governor Department of Conservation and Development ED DAVIS, Director DIVISION OF GEOLOGY HAROLD E. CULVER, Supervisor Report of Investigations No.13 Dolomite Resources of Washington Part I PRELIMINARY REPORT ON • OKANOGAN, LINCOLN, AND STEVENS COUNTIES By W. A. G. BENNETT OLYMPIA STATE PRINTlNG PLANT 1944 For sale by Department of Conservation and Development, Olympia, Washington. Price, 25 cents. CONTENTS Page Foreword . 5 Introduction . 6 Field work and acknowledgments................................. .... 8 Riverside district . 8 General statement . 8 Geology ................................ .......................... 10 Late Paleozoic rocks. 10 The limestone-dolomite series .................................. 10 Igneous rocks . 11 Structure ................................... ................ 11 Dolomite deposits ................................................ 11 Deposit 1 .................. ................................. 11 Deposit 2 . 12 Deposit 3 . 13 Deposit 4 ............ ........................ ... .......... 14 Deposit 5 . 16 Deposit 6 . 17 Deposit 7 . 17 Deposit 8 . 20 Deposit 9 . 22 Deposit 10 ............................ ...................... 23 Other deposits .............................. ..... .......... 24 Summary of tonnage. 25 Old Fort Spokane area. 25 General statement . 25 Geology ........................... ................. ............. 25 Metasedimentary rocks ....................... ................ 25 Igneous rocks . 26 Structure . 26 The dolomite deposit ...................................
[Show full text]
Metals and Society: an Introduction to Economic Geology
Metals and Society: an Introduction to Economic Geology . Nicholas Arndt l Cle´ment Ganino Metals and Society: an Introduction to Economic Geology Nicholas Arndt Cle´ment Ganino University of Grenoble University of Nice Grenoble Nice 38031 06103 France France [email protected] [email protected] Nicholas T. Arndt, Cle´ment Ganino: Ressources mine´rales: Cours et exercices corrige´s Originally published: # Dunod, Paris, 2010 ISBN 978-3- 642-22995-4 e-ISBN 978-3- 642-22996-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-22996-1 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011942416 # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface Thousands of years ago European’s were transporting tin from Cornwall in southwest England to Crete in the eastern Mediterranean to create bronze by alloying tin and copper to create a new and more useful metal allow.
[Show full text]
Tungsten Minerals and Deposits
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FRANKLIN K. LANE, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 652 4"^ TUNGSTEN MINERALS AND DEPOSITS BY FRANK L. HESS WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1917 ADDITIONAL COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY BE PROCURED FROM THE SUPERINTENDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 25 CENTS PER COPY CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.............................................................. , 7 Inquiries concerning tungsten......................................... 7 Survey publications on tungsten........................................ 7 Scope of this report.................................................... 9 Technical terms...................................................... 9 Tungsten................................................................. H Characteristics and properties........................................... n Uses................................................................. 15 Forms in which tungsten is found...................................... 18 Tungsten minerals........................................................ 19 Chemical and physical features......................................... 19 The wolframites...................................................... 21 Composition...................................................... 21 Ferberite......................................................... 22 Physical features.............................................. 22 Minerals of similar appearance.................................
[Show full text]
The Iron-Ore Resources of Europe
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Director Bulletin 706 THE IRON-ORE RESOURCES OF EUROPE BY MAX ROESLER WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1921 CONTENTS. Page. Preface, by J. B. Umpleby................................................. 9 Introduction.............................................................. 11 Object and scope of report............................................. 11 Limitations of the work............................................... 11 Definitions.........................:................................. 12 Geology of iron-ore deposits............................................ 13 The utilization of iron ores............................................ 15 Acknowledgments...................................................... 16 Summary................................................................ 17 Geographic distribution of iron-ore deposits within the countries of new E urope............................................................. 17 Geologic distribution................................................... 22 Production and consumption.......................................... 25 Comparison of continents.............................................. 29 Spain..................................................................... 31 Distribution, character, and extent of the deposits....................... 31 Cantabrian Cordillera............................................. 31 The Pyrenees....................................................
[Show full text]