UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works

Title Iquito-English Dictionary

Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/97h5t0gz

ISBN 978-9942-09-665-4

Authors Michael, Lev Beier, Christine

Publication Date 2019

Peer reviewed

eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California his dictionary documents the lexicon of Iquito, an indigenous language of northern Peruvian Amazonia. Iquito is a member of the Zaparoan language family, whose other members include Andoa, Arabela, and Sápara (also known as Záparo). Formerly spoken in a large region Tbetween the Tigre and Napo Rivers in what is now the departamento of Loreto, Peru, Iquito is currently spoken by a small number of elders in communities on or near the Pintuyacu River, four of whom, Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma, contributed to the broad linguistic, cultural, and historical knowledge documented in this dictionary. Iquito This dictionary serves not only as a comprehensive record of the Iquito

lexicon; it also documents the unpredictable allomorphy and grammatical Lev Michael and Christine Beier English Dictionary features of Iquito lexemes, and describes aspects of Iquito culture relevant to understanding their use and meanings. A glossary of Loretano Spanish terms used in the definitions is also provided. with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma

Lev Michael and Christine Beier with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma

Iquito Dictionary English Cabeceras Aid Project / Ediciones Abya-Yala Iquito – English Dictionary

Lev Michael and Christine Beier with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma

Iquito – English Dictionary

2019 Iquito – English Dictionary

Lev Michael and Christine Beier with Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma

First edition: Ediciones Abya-Yala Av. 12 de octubre N24-22 y Wilson Casilla 17-12-719 Tel.: (593-2) 3962 899 Fax: (593-2) 2506 267 E-mail: [email protected] Quito, Ecuador

Layout and design: Christine Beier, Lev Michael, Ronald Sprouse and Ediciones Abya-Yala, Quito, Ecuador

ISBN: 978-9942-09-665-4

Printed by: Editorial Abya-Yala Quito-Ecuador

Created with Fieldworks Language Explorer (FLEx) and LATEX Printed in Quito, Ecuador Abbreviations used in this dictionary

3.poss. irregular third interrog. interrogative person possessed word form irreg.pl. irregular plural act./mid. active/middle irreg.poss. irregular alternation possessed form adj. adjective i.v. intransitive verb adv. adverb JPI Jaime Pacaya affect.var. affective variant Inuma anaph.pro. anaphoric lit. literal meaning pronoun loc.dem. locative Anth. anthropology demonstrative note loc.n. locative noun arch.var. archaic variant loc.postp. locative a.v. ambitransitive postposition verb n. noun comp. complementizer num. numeral conj. conjunction pers.var. personal variant const.var. constructional play.var. playful variant variant prepaus.form prepausal form cop. copula prtcl. particle dem. demonstrative Poss.pref. preferred det. determiner possession dialect.var. dialectal variant postp. postposition drv.rt. derivational root pro. pronoun d.v. ditransitive verb procl. pro-clause ELY Ema Llona Yareja prop.n. proper noun euph.var. euphemistic Rel. related form variant rel.pro. relative pronoun Ex. example sentence rt. root free.var. free variant Sci. scientific note fst.spch. fast speech form Sem. semantics note Gram. grammar note Socio. sociolinguistic HDC Hermenegildo note Díaz Cuyasa socio.var. sociolinguistic impf.rt. imperfective root variant interj. interjection t.v. transitive verb

| v

Acknowledgements

Our greatest thanks go to the Iquito elders whose knowledge and ex- pertise this dictionary seeks to reflect: Hermenegildo (Hermico) Díaz Cuyasa, Ligia Inuma Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, and especially Jaime Pacaya Inuma. Over the course of hundreds (in Jaime’s case, thou- sands) of hours of collaborative work, these elders have conveyed to us the beauties and subtleties of the Iquito language, for the benefit of future generations of Iquito people, and to ensure that this patrimony of humanity is documented. We also extend our thanks to the community members of San Antonio de Pintuyacu, whom we first visited in 2001, and where we have worked with the Iquito elders since 2002; the community’s interest in the products of our work with their elders has been a constant inspiration and motivation.

Jaime Pacaya Inuma (2002, 2019); Ema Llona Yareja (2003, 2018)

Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa (2005, 2014); Ligia Inuma Inuma (2004, 2006)

Acknowledgements | vii The current work drew considerably on an earlier Iquito–Spanish bilingual dictionary that we circulated among Iquito community members and online,1 and we sincerely thank our co-compiler on that work, Karina Sullón Acosta. That dictionary was much enriched by contri- butions of the members of the Iquito Language Documentation Project (ILDP) over the years, and we express our gratitude for their com- panionship and generously shared insights to Sisi Bautista Pizarro, Lynda de Jong Boudreault, Mark Brown, Taryne Hallett, Edinson Huamancayo Curi, Cynthia Anderson Hansen, Molly Harnisch, Marcelo Inuma Sinchija, I-Wen Lai, Kathryn Metz, Hilter Panduro Güimack, Rosalba Solís Vílchez, and Brianna Grohmann Walther. Our work has been supported and facilitated by many other people. In particular, Nora England, at the University of Texas at Austin, made it possible to launch the ILDP as a long-term, multi-researcher project by joining us as PI on an Endangered Languages Documenta- tion Programme grant (see below) while we were still graduate students, and she provided invaluable methodological and practical advice throughout the first phase of the ILDP. Gabel Sotíl García, at the Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Pe- ruana in Iquitos, played a crucial role in the administration of the ILDP in its early years, and has been a source of valuable guidance and enthusiastic support for our community-oriented work. Gustavo Solís Fonseca and Elsa Vílchez Jiménez of the Centro de Investigación de la Lingüística Aplicada at the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM) also provided essential support in the ILDP’s early years. We also want to express our sincerest thanks to Joel Sherzer and Tony Woodbury for giving us unusual latitude while we were graduate students at UT–Austin, and allowing us to launch the ILDP in parallel with our dissertation projects, as well as for all of their advice, wisdom, and encouragement in all of our projects. The typesetting of the dictionary you are reading was made possible by Greg Finley and Ronald Sprouse, each of whom has played a pivotal role in the development of a Python script that converts the XML output of FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx), which we used for developing this dictionary, to LATEX, which we used to typeset it. Greg developed the early versions of the script; subsequently, Ronald

1 Lev Michael, Christine Beier, and Karina Sullón Acosta, compilers. 2006. Dic- cionario Bilingüe Iquito–Castellano y Castellano–Iquito. Iquitos: Iquito Language Documentation Project and Cabeceras Aid Project. viii | Iquito – English Dictionary has significantly expanded and fine-tuned the script to our evolving needs. We here wish to acknowledge and thank Ronald for his heroic labors in helping us bring this dictionary to fruition. The work that resulted in this dictionary would have been impossible without the funding that we received from several sources. These include Cabeceras Aid Project, which has supported our community- oriented activities since 2001; the Hans Rausing Endangered Languages Programme, which supported documentation of Iquito from 2003 to 2006 with a Major Project grant (MDP-0042; co-PIs Nora England, Christine Beier and Lev Michael); and two Documenting Endangered Languages Fellowships in 2015-2016 from NSF–NEH to Christine Beier (# 230216-15) and Lev Michael (# 230217-15). Finally, we express our sincere thanks to all our other friends, family, and colleagues who have supported and encouraged our work on this project over these many years. We could not have gotten this far without you.

Lev, Ema, Jaime, and Hermico; Jaime, Chris, Ema, and Hermico (both 2015).

Acknowledgements | ix

Table of Contents

Abbreviations used in this dictionary ...... v

Acknowledgements ...... vii

Preface ...... xiii

1 Introduction ...... 1

1.1 Alphabet, graphemes, and orthography ...... 2 1.1.1 Segmental graphemes and orthography ...... 2 1.1.2 Tone graphemes and orthography ...... 5

1.2 Structure of Iquito–English dictionary entries ...... 6 1.2.1 Citation forms and root types ...... 9 1.2.2 Irregular plurals ...... 13 1.2.3 Loanwords ...... 13 1.2.4 Parts of speech ...... 14 1.2.5 Grammar notes ...... 15 1.2.6 Example sentences ...... 16 1.2.7 Scientific names ...... 16 1.2.8 Variants ...... 20 1.2.9 Named dialectal variants ...... 23

Table of Contents | xi 2 Iquito–English Dictionary ...... 25

3 English–Iquito Reversal Index ...... 475

4 Loretano Spanish Glossary ...... 635

xii | Iquito – English Dictionary Preface

The preparation of a reasonably comprehensive dictionary of a previously little-documented language is a long voyage, and here we briefly describe the course that has brought about the work before you, and the future trajectory we anticipate. The authors’ engagement with the Iquito language began in 2001, when we made our first visit to the Iquito community of San Anto- nio de Pintuyacu, in response to reports from NGO contacts in Loreto that the community was interested in finding linguists to assist them in responding to the endangerment of their community’s heritage language. Community members expressed enthusiasm about the prospect of us undertaking language documentation and revitalization activities with them, and so in 2002 we returned to San Antonio and launched our work with two fellow graduate students, Mark Brown and Lynda de Jong (now Boudreault). Subsequently, we obtained three years of funding, in collaboration with Nora England as PI, from the Hans Raus- ing Endangered Languages Documentation Programme, which supported a team-based language documentation and revitalization project from 2003 through 2006. From the outset, community members identified an Iquito– Spanish dictionary as one of the most important language documentation priorities, and so, in 2006, at the end of the ELDP-funded phase of the project, we completed the Diccionario Bilingüe Iquito–Castellano y Castellano–Iquito,2 and distributed this first version of an Iquito dictionary to the community’s bilingual school teachers and other interested community members, as well as making it available online.

2 Lev Michael, Christine Beier, and Karina Sullón Acosta, compilers. 2006. Dic- cionario Bilingüe Iquito–Castellano y Castellano–Iquito. Iquitos: Iquito Language Documentation Project and Cabeceras Aid Project.

Preface | xiii After a hiatus during which we were committed to work with other Amazonian languages, we returned to language documentation and revitalization activities with Iquito in 2014, with further development of the dictionary as one of our major goals. Apart from increasing the lexical coverage of the dictionary, we were eager to improve the detail and precision of the definitions, to provide more grammatical information, and to update the phonological representations of citation forms and roots. At that point, we made three important changes. First, we decided to change the primary language of the entries from Spanish to English and complete the dictionary in English, subsequently translating it as a whole into Spanish. Our motivation for doing this was to increase the precision of the dictionary’s definitions and notes, having recognized that, since we are not native Spanish speakers, the existing Spanish prose of the dictionary was problematic in a number of ways. Although this decision has slowed the pace at which we are able to make new Spanish versions of the dictionary available to community members and hispanophone scholars, we felt that the need for accuracy outweighed the desideratum of speed. Second, we changed the orthography used in the dictionary to reflect the new Iquito alphabet that the Peruvian Ministerio de Edu- cación made official in 2014. The 2006 version of the dictionary employed an orthography that followed hispanophone orthographic conventions, and which drew considerably on the orthography developed in the early 1960s by Robert and Elizabeth Eastman, SIL missionaries who worked in the Iquito community of San Antonio for a number of years. In 2002, when we began active work with the Iquito community, community members expressed the desire to continue using this earlier orthography, and so, with minor modifications, we adopted it as the orthography for our work. In 2014, however, Peru’s Ministe- rio de Educación conducted a set of community-participatory alphabet workshops which resulted in the official adoption of a new non- hispanophone alphabet (see §1.1). Consequently, in that same year, we adopted this new alphabet and developed an orthography based on it, with extensions for phonemes that the Ministerio de Educación alphabet development had not addressed. And third, we redoubled our commitment to developing an adequate analysis and understanding of the Iquito prosodic system, with one of our major aims being to improve the phonological representations in the dictionary. Iquito exhibits an intricate tonal system in xiv | Iquito – English Dictionary which tones associated with different morphological categories inter- act in complex ways and, in some cases, are also associated with vowel lengthening processes. Our understanding of the prosodic system at the end of the first phase of the ILDP, being only partial, led toava- riety of inaccuracies in the phonological representations in the 2006 dictionary. At this point, we are satisfied that we have a good analysis and understanding of the Iquito prosodic system, which has resulted in much-improved phonological representations in this dictionary. There will inevitably be minor adjustments going forward, but we now feel confident in our overall analysis, conclusions, and representations. The preceding allusion to the future leads us to observe that if the creation of a dictionary is a lengthy voyage, the publication of the present version is but one waypoint towards the destination of documenting the Iquito lexicon to the best of our abilities, and of providing accessible lexical resources to varied communities interested in them—most obviously, Iquito community members, hispanophone scholars, and anglophone scholars. In August 2019, we released a new student dictionary3 and distributed it to Iquito elders, leaders, and other interested community members, as well as online. This is the first widely-distributed dictionary for use by community members since the 2006 version, and it constitutes the first major output of the research that we resumed in 2014. The present work constitutes the second output of that research, and has a scholarly target audience. We are also currently in the midst of translating the present work into an Iquito–Spanish dictionary, which will likewise have a scholarly target audience, and which we hope to publish in the coming year, as the third output of our research. As the fourth output, we are preparing a reference dictionary for community use, which will be more extensive and detailed than the student dictionary, which was necessarily tailored for use by school children. We also intend to prepare a new edition of present dictionary, although we hesitate to predict when it will be ready. We anticipate the value of a new edition for a number of reasons. First, we are currently preparing a descriptive grammar of Iquito, and experience

3 Christine Beier, Lev Michael, Jaime Pacaya Inuma, Ema Llona Yareja, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa, and Ligia Inuma Inuma. 2019. Diccionario Es- colar Ikíitu Kuwasíini – Tawɨ Kuwasíini (Iquito – Castellano). Iquitos: Iquito Language Documentation Project and Cabeceras Aid Project. Available at: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/03m736sz

Preface | xv has taught us that advances in our understanding of Iquito grammar often have implications for both our understanding of the Iquito lexicon, and for our judgment of what properly belongs in lexical resources, versus what should be treated in grammatical descriptions. For example, it has only been in recent years that we have come to realize that the word class of nouns includes an important sub-class that we call locative nouns (see §1.2.1), which merit being identified as such in the part-of-speech specifications of dictionary lemmas. We do not doubt that similar insights, with similar consequences for the documentation of the Iquito lexicon, will emerge as our grammatical research continues. Similarly, there are other areas where recent dis- coveries suggest that in the future we may need to revise aspects of our lexical documentation. For example, recent research has revealed that a phonological distinction exists among postpositions: some of them condition tonal shifts, a property that we associate with tightly prosodically-bound elements; while others do not, a property that we associate with prosodically independent words. In this dictionary, we treat all postpositions as enclitics, since they are indeed all phrasal enclitics, but it may be the case that in the future we will wish to dif- ferentiate between postpositions that behave like phonological clitics, and those that do not. Second, for reasons of continuity with previous works written on Iquito, by ourselves as well as by others, in this edition we continue to mark only high tones in Iquito forms. However, our research over the past two years has made it clear that Iquito also exhibits low tones, resulting in a three-way tonal contrast on tone-bearing units between high, low, and null. As it turns out, the position of low tones can be predicted by the position of high tones (and conversely), so the current representations are not inaccurate per se, but these representations do suffer from the drawback that determining the position of lowtones on the basis of high tones requires an intimate familiarity with the complex Iquito tonal system, which is a heavy burden to place on most dictionary users. We expect that the representations in the next edition of the dictionary will mark both high and low tones, making them more surface-transparent. Third, we are in the midst of significantly revising our substantial text corpus, which exists as a parsed FLEx corpus, and we anticipate that doing so will lead us to expand and revise the dictionary in certain ways. The revision of the text corpus has been motivated both by xvi | Iquito – English Dictionary advances we have made in our understanding of the Iquito prosodic system, as briefly discussed above, and by advances in our understanding of the Iquito lexicon (e.g., distinguishing an increasing number of senses in certain lemmas). Experience tells us that the revision of the text corpus will lead us to refine our understanding of the semantics of certain lexemes, and will also provide us with the opportunity to increase both the quantity and quality of exemplification in the dictionary. We offer the user of this dictionary, then, the present work, which is as comprehensive a documentation of the lexicon of Iquito as is possible at the present time. Given the richness and intricacy of each human language, the development of any dictionary is a potentially endless journey, with further exemplification, explication, and emen- dation always possible. Our progress with the documentation of the Iquito lexicon has reached a point, however, that we believe merits the release of new dictionaries for use by the Iquito community and the scholarly community. We hope our readers concur. Lev Michael Christine Beier September 2019 Iquitos, Perú

Preface | xvii

Introduction

This work is composed of three main sections, apart from this introduction: 1) the Iquito–English dictionary; 2) the English–Iquito reversal index; and 3) the glossary of Loreto Spanish terms.

Iquito–English Dictionary This section constitutes the bulk of the present work; in it, entries, headed by the citation forms of Iquito lexemes, are presented in Iquito alphabetical order:

(1) a, aa, i, ii, ɨ, ɨɨ, j, k, m, n, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w, y

For each main entry, the citation form is followed by specification of the corresponding roots, definitions, grammatical information, and examples. More information about the structure and conventions followed in the entries of the Iquito–English dictionary are provided in §1.2 of this introduction.

English–Iquito Reversal Index This section consists of a reversal index, essentially a finding aid to help the reader locate relevant entries in the Iquito–English Dictionary section, on the basis of English glosses of Iquito words. Note that this is an index, not a comprehensive English–Iquito dictionary, and that the relevant Iquito–English entries should always be consulted to clarify the meaning and grammatical properties of Iquito forms that are encountered when using the reversal index.

Loretano Spanish Glossary This section consists of a brief glossary of Loretano Spanish terms that are used in the dictionary. Although an effort has been made to avoid unfamiliar terms in crafting definitions, it has proved useful, for reasons of economy, to make sparing use of

Introduction | 1 certain local Spanish terms for referents and concepts that are particular to the environmental and cultural contexts of northern Peruvian Amazonia. These terms are widely used in the dialect of Spanish spoken throughout the departamento of Loreto, and in many cases, more widely through the rainforest regions of eastern Peru.

1.1 Alphabet, graphemes, and orthography

Iquito exhibits both segmental phonemes (as all languages do) and tone. Here we first discuss the alphabet and the graphemes thatwe have used to represent segmental phonemes in the Iquito orthography employed in this dictionary; we then turn to a discussion of the orthographic representation of tone that we employ.

1.1.1 Segmental graphemes and orthography

The Iquito alphabet used in this dictionary is closely based on the official Iquito alphabet that was developed in a set of community- participatory workshops organized by the Peruvian Ministerio de Edu- cación in 2014. As in (1) above, this alphabet is, in alphabetical order:

(2) a, aa, i, ii, ɨ, ɨɨ, j, k, m, n, p, r, s, t, u, uu, w, y

On the basis of this alphabet, we represent the eight vowel phonemes of Iquito using the graphemes given in Table 1.1; and the fourteen consonant phonemes using the graphemes given in Table 1.2. In both tables, the ‘phoneme’ column provides IPA-based phonemic equivalents for the graphemes.1 While the vowel graphemes are self-explanatory, a few of the consonant graphemes require some explanation. Specifically, the Iquito orthography used in this dictionary employs a set of digraphs selected to maintain continuity with the Iquito orthography developed by SIL missionaries Robert and Elizabeth Eastman (see Preface).

1 It merits mention that although the official Ministerio de Educación alphabet is, as the description suggests, an alphabet and not an orthography per se, it is the case that the choice of letters for the official alphabet was significantly guided byan intention to produce an orthography very similar to the one used here. As far as we are aware, though, the Ministerio de Educación has yet to develop this orthography.

2 | Iquito – English Dictionary Table 1.1: Iquito vowel graphemes

grapheme phoneme grapheme phoneme gloss example example a a ajapaka ahapaka wasp aa aː taana taːna other i i minati minati pineapple ii iː siimana ʃi:mana shaman ɨ ɨ kɨtɨ kɨtɨ gecko ɨɨ ɨː mɨɨja mɨːha hummingbird u u nunamija nunamiha sun uu uː kuupɨ kuːpɨ two

The consonantal graphemes of the orthography are given in Ta- ble 1.2, with all but the four digraphs being self-explanatory. These digraphs fall into two classes: 1. three graphemes associated with palatalization, , representing the phonemes /kʲ, ɲ, ʃ/ respectively; and 2. the grapheme associated with labialization, , representing the phoneme /kʷ/. Beginning with the latter, the phoneme kʷ has a restricted distribution, appearing only before /a/. Despite this restricted distribution, there is no evidence suggesting that it should be analyzed synchronically as an underlying stop-glide sequence; or as the result of glide formation (e.g., from an underlying kua sequence); or as the result of rounding harmony.2,3

2 Significantly, a labialized voiceless velar stop reconstructs to Proto-Zaparoan; see Lev Michael, Christine Beier, Olof Lundgren, and Vivian Wauters. In prep. A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Zaparoan. 3 Some speakers do variably realize underlying /uka/ sequences as [uka]∼[ukʷa], but this is an unrelated phenomenon.

Introduction | 3 Table 1.2: Iquito consonant graphemes

grapheme phoneme grapheme phoneme gloss example example j h járaki háɾaki firewood k k kakuti kakuti sand ki(a) kʲ(a) íkiaari íkʲaːɾi stunted fruit kw kʷ ikwani ikʷani man m m mɨɨsaji mɨːsahi woman n n náana náːna tree ni(a) ɲ(a) niaatíija ɲaːtíːha mother p p pikana pikana wet r ɾ irisina iɾiʃina hard s s asasana asasana food si(V) ʃ(V) kusiaamɨ kuʃaːmɨ brave t t iita iːta house w w áwaku áwaku finger y j nawɨyini nawɨjini spirit CiV CʲV nɨtiáana nɨtʲáːna runner

Turning now to the graphemes associated with palatalization, we begin by observing that there does exist a productive glide-formation process in Iquito, by which the high vowels /i, ɨ, u/ glide to /j/ () to avoid vowel hiatus, i.e., /CiV/ → CʲV. The productivity of this process is evident in cases where these vowels appear in root-final position and are followed by vowel-initial suffixes, as in (3).4

(3) Nuaatiaákura. [nuaːtʲáːkuɾa] nu=aáti-aa- ́kura 3sg=say-impf-rec.pst ‘S/he was saying (recent past).’

It may well have been the existence of this productive glide- formation process that led the Eastmans to represent the palatalized

4 Abbreviations used in the examples in this introduction: drv derivational root, event.nom event nominalization, gen general number, impf imperfective aspect, loc:prox proximal locative, non.pst non-past tense, pl plural number, rec.pst recent past tense.

4 | Iquito – English Dictionary component of all palatalized segments as an orthographic .5 Thus, instead of adopting distinct graphemes for /kʲ, ɲ, ʃ/, they chose to represent the corresponding speech sounds as . And indeed, the glide-formation process mentioned above would yield, from an underlying /CiV/ representation, a surface sequence identical to that derived from the /kʲ/ and /ɲ/ phonemes we posit. Nevertheless, we do not opt to eliminate the /kʲ/ and /ɲ/ phonemes in favor of underlying /kiV/ and /niV/ sequences. This is due to the simple fact that, in forms where we posit such phonemes, there is never an alternation that suggests the presence of an underlying /ki/ or /ni/ sequence, which raises the question of how speakers could ever infer the presence of these hypothetical sequences. Similar comments apply for opting to retain a /ʃ/ phoneme in our inventory. Finally, in order to maintain continuity with previous Iquito written materials, in this dictionary we continue to use the existing orthographic strategy for representing /kʲ, ɲ, ʃ/ by writing palatalized segments as sequences, or respectively.

1.1.2 Tone graphemes and orthography

In addition to segmental phonemes, Iquito exhibits tone, with a tonal inventory of H, L, ∅. The tonal system is complex, and most tones constitute part of an HLL tonal melody. In the orthography employed in this dictionary, only H tones are marked, and in general, each H tone is followed by two L tones, although the second L tone is, in some environments, supplanted by an H from a following HLL melody. Below we exemplify how tone is marked in this dictionary, with only H tones marked, and how this corresponds to a tonal representation in which L tones are also marked. In (4a), we provide the orthographic representation of ‘blood’ as found in this dictionary; in (4b), we provide the representation in which the entire HLL melody is spelled out, including the two L tones that can be inferred from the presence of the H tone. Likewise, in (5a) we provide the orthographic

5 Interestingly, this was a common feature among orthographies developed by SIL missionaries for indigenous Peruvian Amazonian languages in the 1950s and 1960s. It is unclear, on a language by language basis, and in Iquito in particular, to what degree this choice represents a commitment to the underlying, or phonemic, representation of the speech sounds in question, and to what degree this was simply a general orthographic convenience.

Introduction | 5 representation of ‘Tamshi Quebrada’ found in the dictionary, and in (5b), the representation including L tones; in this case, though, note that the first HLL melody is truncated because the second H,froma second HLL melody, falls on the mora that would otherwise have been occupied by the second L of the first HLL melody, i.e., the melody associated with the first H tone.

(4) a. májaaka ‘blood’ b. májààka

(5) a. Nuríyɨyúumu ‘Tamshi Quebrada (name of creek)’ b. Nuríyɨ̀yúùmù

1.2 Structure of Iquito–English dictionary entries

In this section, we describe the structure of the Iquito–English dictionary entries, or lemmas, as they are also known. There are two basic kinds of entry: 1) main entries; and 2) minor entries. Main entries are complete entries, while minor entries serve only to direct the reader to relevant main entries. Minor entries consist of items like irregular plural forms, dialectal variants, and root allomorphs, and in them, the reader is referred to a main entry for complete information. We begin our discussion of main entries by laying out their structure in schematized form, in (6).

(6) Citation form | Root | Imperfective Root | Derivational Root | Irregular plural | Irregular possessed form | Irregular third person possessed form{ | Literal meaning | Fast speech form | Loan source | Part of speech | Definition | Scientific name | Anthropolog note | Se- mantics note | Grammar note | Sociolinguistics note | Example} sentence | Free translation of example sentence | Related form | Variant

{ First,} notice that a section of the schema in (6) is set off by braces ... . This portion of the entry is iterated if there is more than one sense associated with the citation form. Second, note that no entry exhibits all the parts in the schema. For example, the Irregular

6 | Iquito – English Dictionary plural part of the schema is relevant only for nouns and some adjectives, while the Scientific name part of the schema is only relevant for citation forms that denote life forms. Let us examine a few examples of main entries, in order to clarify how the above schema is realized. First, consider the entry for the verb ajirɨ́ɨni, given in (7). It begins with the citation form of the verb, followed by three different types of associated roots: the basic root of the verb, preceded by the tag rt.; the imperfective root, preceded by the tag impf.rt.; and the derivational root, preceded by the tag drv.rt.; The reader is referred to §1.2.1 for a discussion of citation forms and root types. After the roots, the part-of-speech abbreviation appears in parentheses, in this case, (i.v.) ‘intransitive verb’. The reader is referred to §1.2.4 for a comprehensive list of part-of-speech abbreviations. The definition follows the part-of-speech tag, and is, in turn, followed by an Iquito sentence, in bold, exemplifying the entry’s root, preceded by the tag Ex., followed by a free translation of the example sentence, in italics. The entry ends with an indication that the form has a dialectal variant, ijirɨ́ɨni. The reader is referred to §1.2.8 for a discussion of variant types.

(7) ajirɨ́ɨni rt. ajiítɨ impf.rt. ajiíti drv.rt. ajírɨ (i.v.) be seated or sitting on any kind of surface, speaking both of living beings, such as humans, dogs, and birds, and of inanimate objects with broad flat bases, such as cooking pots. Ex. Iina=na anapa, nu= ajiitiaárikɨ=na náana akíka=jina. The macaw, they say, would sit in the branches of the trees. dialect.var. ijirɨ́ɨni.

Now, consider the entry for the nominal root given in (8). As with the preceding entry, it begins with the citation form of the lexeme, but since in this case the root is identical to citation form, no root form is given. Because this is a noun with an irregular plural, the irregular plural form appears after the citation form, immediately preceded by the irreg.pl. tag. This irregular plural is followed by the part-of-speech tag and the definition, as in the verb entry in (7). The final partof the entry is the scientific name for the animal species denoted bythe citation form, preceded by the Sci. tag.

Introduction | 7 (8) síruku irreg.pl. siíruwa (n.) mono choro (also simply choro) or Woolly Monkey, a large monkey species prized for its meat. Sci. Lagothrix lagotricha. Now, consider the entry for the verb itɨ́ɨni, given in (9), which il- lustrates two important types of supplementary information given in entries in this dictionary: grammar notes and related forms. Gram- mar notes, preceded by the tag Gram., immediately precede any textual examples that may be provided for a given sense. Grammar notes provide information related to the grammatical properties of the entry’s lexeme; in this specific case, the note provides information about a particularly salient type of oblique argument associated with the verb. Related forms are stems related to the entry’s lexeme, typically sufficiently compositional in their semantics that they do not warrant their own entry as such, but at the same time, are either (a) not entirely compositional in their semantics, or (b) of sufficient cultural or communicative salience that they warrant mention. In this entry, for example, the related form is itiáana, literally ‘transformer’; and while it is a straightforward subject nominalization of the root ítɨ ‘transform’, this nominalized form has connotations that link it to shamanic abilities, as is noted in the brief definition following the related form. Related forms are preceded by the tag Rel. (9) itɨ́ɨni rt. ítɨ impf.rt. íti (i.v.) transform one’s physical shape or form, said either of individuals with magical powers, such as shamans, who had the power to transform into animals, or of certain animal species that Iquitos traditionally believed to transform from one species into another at certain points in their life cycle, e.g., paasi (huasaco), a species of carnivorous fish, that was believed to transform into sajina (jergón), a species of highly venomous snake; and muusaníkwaa (a species of isula ant) that was believed to transform into núriyɨ (tamshi lianas). ▶ Gram. The thing into which the subject transforms can be expressed as an oblique argument with the postposition =íira. Ex. Nu=ítɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=ná iisaja=íira. She turned into salt. Rel. itiáana (n.) person, typically a shaman, with the ability to transform into another form, typically that of an animal.

8 | Iquito – English Dictionary Finally, we consider the entry for the verb ajatatɨ́ɨni, in (10), which exhibits multiple senses. Note that each sense is distinguished by a number in bold, starting at 1., and that each sense number is followed by a part-of-speech tag. For entries in which the part-of-speech cannot vary across the senses, e.g., for nouns, only a single part-of-speech tag is given, immediately before the first sense. For verbs, however, where the senses may differ in transitivity, each sense is given its own part-of- speech tag. Beyond this, different senses within a given entry all share the same roots and irregular plural forms, which precede the senses, and the same variants and related forms, which follow the senses.

(10) ajatatɨ́ɨni rt. ajatátɨɨ 1. (i.v.) land, speaking of a canoe or boat reaching the edge or shore of a body of water. Ex. Na=ajatátɨɨ naami pɨ́=kurima. They landed downriver, at our port. 2. (i.v.) alight or land, speaking of a bird alighting to perch on something, typically a branch. Ex. Iina siaruuja, nu=ajatɨ́tɨɨ (nu=ajatátɨɨ) iina=iíkuku náana. The paucar landed in that tree. free.vars. ikatɨ́ɨni, isitɨ́ɨni. JPI pers.var. ajatɨtɨ́ɨni.

1.2.1 Citation forms and root types

Words of a number of classes always appear in inflected forms, with their roots always bearing additional morphology. For words of these classes, we provide both a citation form and at least one root; we provide more than one root when root allomorphy or similar processes affect the forms of roots. Roots appear immediately after the citation form, preceded by the tag rt.. Verbs, discussed below, have a number of special root types which bear their own specific tags.

Adjectives The citation form of adjectives is typically the general number agreement form of the adjective, as in (11), i.e., the root plus the general number agreement suffix -na, although in some cases the citation form is another form that speakers consider to be the default form, as in (12), where the citation form bears the proximal locative suffix -ki. The root provided for adjectives is the citation form stripped of whatever inflection the root bears.

Introduction | 9 (11) aákusana aákusa-na red-gen ‘red (general number)’

(12) iriyaki iriya-ki deserted-loc:prox ‘deserted’

Locative Nouns Locative nouns are a sub-class of nouns that obligatorily bear one of four locative suffixes, given in Table 1.3; locative suffixes may have a number of different meanings, depending onthe reference frame with respect to which they are construed.

Table 1.3: Locative suffixes

suffix meaning -ku up, upriver, outside -ma down, downriver, inside -kúura perpendicular to river, horizontally distal -ki proximal -jina unspecified (default for certain locative stems)

Most locative nouns exhibit a default form that, although bearing a locative suffix, is often construed as being bleached of that locative meaning, e.g., kurima ‘port’, where the root kuri bears the locative suffix -ma. It is this default form that serves as the citation form, while the root provided consists of the root of the citation form stripped of its default locative suffix.

Locative Postpositions Locative postpositions are a sub-class of postpositions that obligatorily bear the same locative suffixes borne by locative nouns. Like locative nouns, most locative postpositions exhibit a default form, which serves as its citation form, and its root consists of the citation form stripped of its locative suffix.

10 | Iquito – English Dictionary Verbs The citation form of verbs is the event-nominalized form of the verb, which Iquito speakers characterize as the ‘name’ of verbs, and which they readily provide when asked to translate the infinitive form of Spanish verbs (e.g., comer ‘eat’). The event nominalizer has the segmental form -ni, it conditions a preceding long vowel, and it is associated with an HLL melody, with the H tone that we mark in this dictionary appearing two moras to the left of the -ni segmental sequence, as in (13) and (14).

(13) natáani nata- ́ːni plant-event.nom ‘planting, to plant’

(14) tasíini tasii- ́ːni wait-event.nom ‘waiting, to wait’

While the event-nominalized form of the verb is the obvious choice for the verbal citation form, verb roots cannot in fact be reliably inferred from this citation form, since event nominalization neutralizes length contrasts in the final vowel of the root. For this reason, ineach verb lemma, we provide the verb root, following the verbal citation form. This ‘basic’ root is preceded by the tag rt., as are roots of other word classes. This root is also useful because the event nominalization process erases root tones when the root’s high tone falls on the mora immediately preceding the event nominalizer’s high tone. Consider, for example, the root tásii ‘pinch’, in (15), which forms a minimal pair with tasii ‘wait’, given in (14). As is evident by comparing (15) and (14), the event nominalized forms of tásii ‘pinch’ and tasii ‘wait’ are homophonous, due to the fact that the root tone of tásii ‘pinch’ has been erased by the event nominalization process. Providing roots in verbal lexeme entries thus allows us to provide information about root tones that are lost in citation forms.

Introduction | 11 (15) tasíini tásii- ́ːni pinch-event.nom ‘pinching, to pinch’

In addition to providing a basic root following the citation form of verbs, we also provide the ‘derivational root’ allomorph for the ∼90 roots that exhibit such allomorphs. As the name suggests, derivational roots are root allomorphs conditioned by the presence of derivational suffixes. For example, when followed only by inflectional morphology, the verb meaning ‘sit’ (given in (7) above) exhibits the ‘inflectional root’ ajiítɨ, but when it is followed by derivational morphology, it exhibits the ‘derivational root’ ajírɨ. Note that the event nominalization conditions the derivational root, as evident in (16). We treat the inflectional root as the ‘basic’ root of the verb, marked bythe rt. tag, and mark the derivational root with the tag drv.rt. (16) ajirɨ́ɨni ajírɨ- ́ːni sit.drv-event.nom ‘sitting, to sit’ Finally, in addition to the two verb root types already discussed, for relevant verbs we also provide an ‘imperfective root’. This root reflects certain predictable changes in the quality of the finalvowel of verb roots that take the allomorph of the imperfective that surfaces as lengthening of the final vowel, as in (17). As we can see inthis example, the final ɨ of the verb root ajiítɨ ‘sit’ both changes quality and lengthens when bearing the imperfective. (17) Nuajiítii. nu=ajiítɨ-ː-∅ 3sg=sit-impf-non.pst ‘S/he is sitting.’ The changes in vowel quality that root-final vowels undergo in the imperfective are predictable (specifically, ɨ→i and u→i), but this pre- dictability goes only one way: that is, it is not predictable, based on an imperfective-inflected verb form ending in i, what the vowel quality of the root-final vowel is, since the imperfective neutralizes the

12 | Iquito – English Dictionary contrast between root-final ɨ, i, and u. For this reason, we list imperfective roots in the dictionary as variants, to help readers locate the appropriate verbal headword, and we mark the imperfective roots of the relevant verbs with the tag impf.rt.

1.2.2 Irregular plurals

Iquito exhibits a regular plural suffix, -ka, exemplified in (18). At the same time, the language exhibits a large number of irregular plural forms, some involving relatively high-frequency irregular suffixes, such as -wa, exemplified in (19), and others involving suffixes thatap- pear on only one or two nouns in the entire lexicon. There is also a significant number of plural forms that are either suppletive or exhibit root allomorphy in their plural forms.

(18) iíminaka (19) nasiwa iímina-ka nasi-wa canoe-pl chacra-pl ‘canoes’ ‘chacras’

If a lexeme exhibits an irregular plural form, we provide this in the irregular plural field, where it is preceded by the tag irreg.pl. It is also important to mention that Iquito is in the midst of a leveling of the plural-marking system towards greater use of the regular plural suffix -ka. This means that for some nouns, speakers volunteer both an irregular plural form and a regular plural form.6 When this is the case, we supply both the irregular plural form and regular plural form, to indicate that both forms are considered acceptable.

1.2.3 Loanwords

Those consultants who most actively used Iquito throughout their adult life, and probably not coincidentally, exhibit the least purist language ideologies, liberally employ loanwords from Spanish, and to a lesser degree, Quechua, to refer to a wide range of introduced items and concepts with which Iquito speakers became familiar over the course of

6 Indeed, in some cases, the irregular plural form is now considered archaic.

Introduction | 13 the 19th and 20th century. Ideologies of language purism are strong among some Iquito speakers, however, as well as among some other Iquito community members, and these individuals often react nega- tively to the appearance of identifiable loanwords in spoken Iquito, and even more so in written materials. In acknowledgement of these concerns about the use of loanwords, we have been conservative in the number of loanwords we have included in the dictionary. Our decisions about which loanwords to include are based on of a number of criteria: 1) they are clearly not ‘nonce loans’, but are rather long-established loans; 2) there is no conventionalized and widely-used non-loan Iquito counterpart; and 3) they are frequent even in the speech of relatively purist speakers.7 Moreover, we have sought to include loans that yield some insight into the linguistic or social history of the Iquito people. For example, the use of native Iquito words versus loanwords within the set of cultigens known to modern Iquitos gives us insight into what cultigens were raised by Iquitos prior to intense contact with mestizos in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and which were introduced as a result of that contact. Similarly, the set of animals, fish, and plants with native Iquito names, versus names borrowed from Spanish or other indigenous languages, yields clues regarding the traditional habitat in which the Iquito people lived (that is to say, in headwaters regions, away from large rivers).

1.2.4 Parts of speech

In this dictionary we distinguish the following parts of speech, using the abbreviations below. In general, a single part of speech is given for an entry, before the listing of the multiple senses of the lexeme, if it has multiple senses. The exception to this is in verb entries, as mentioned above; since senses may differ in transitivity, the part-of- speech abbreviation follows the sense number.

7 That is to say, frequent in the speech of these speakers when they are not closely monitoring their own speech for the use of loanwords. When these speakers are being especially vigilant, they tend to substitute either nonce Iquito neologisms or employ periphrasis to avoid the use of the loanword.

14 | Iquito – English Dictionary Parts of speech abbreviations used in this dictionary adj. adjective i.v. intransitive verb adv. adverb loc.dem. locative anaph.pro. anaphoric demonstrative pronoun loc.n. locative noun a.v. ambitransitive loc.postp. locative verb postposition comp. complementizer n. noun conj. conjunction num. numeral cop. copula prtcl. particle dem. demonstrative postp. postposition det. determiner pro. pronoun d.v. ditransitive verb procl. pro-clause interj. interjection prop.n. proper noun interrog. interrogative rel.pro. relative pronoun word t.v. transitive verb

1.2.5 Grammar notes

We provide grammar notes to clarify the properties of lexemes that exhibit distinguishing or unexpected grammatical properties. Gram- mar notes are found following definitions, and are preceded by the tag Gram. In general, grammar notes are prose descriptions of the relevant grammatical properties, but here we wish to briefly clarify the meaning of three abbreviations that surface in many grammar notes: Poss.pref., irreg.poss., and 3.poss. The abbreviation Poss.pref. indicates that the lexeme belongs to a class of nouns in Iquito that speakers strongly prefer to employ in possessed form, what we call ‘preferably possessed’ nouns. It is important to point out that these are neither obligatorily possessed nouns nor inalienably possessed nouns in an alienable/inalienable possession system, in that it is grammatical for these nouns to appear without possessors. And while in ‘out of the blue’ contexts speakers naturally produce preferably possessed nouns as possessed nouns, suitable contexts (e.g., encountering a dismembered body part) can pragmatically license these nouns to appear in unpossessed form.

Introduction | 15 The abbreviation irreg.poss. indicates that the possessed form of the noun differs from the unpossessed form in an unpredictable oronly partially predictable manner. The irregular form appears immediately following this tag. The most common difference between possessed and unpossessed forms of nouns is tonal, with vowel-initial possessed nouns often bearing an HLL tonal melody that is absent in the unpossessed form. The abbreviation 3.poss. indicates that the third person possessed form of a noun is irregular. While third person possession is typically indicated by the third person possessive proclitic nu=, as in (20), certain nouns, especially vowel-initial ones, exhibit irregular vowel hiatus resolution or root allomorphy. In such cases, the irregular form follows the tag in question.

(20) nu=inɨ́ɨsi 3sg=hammock ‘his/her hammock’

1.2.6 Example sentences

We provide example sentences in order to clarify the use of lexemes or to exemplify their grammatical properties. Most examples in this dictionary are drawn from recorded texts, but some were elicited to illustrate specific aspects of a lexeme’s meaning or function. The example sentences follow the orthographic conventions for written Iquito developed by the Centro del Idioma Iquito, located in the Iquito community San Antonio de Pintuyacu. The one convention that merits comment here is that clitics are separated from their hosts by equals signs, as in the example in (21).

(21) Taana kakuti=jina kana=siwaánɨrɨɨ imɨráani. ‘We arrived at another beach.’

1.2.7 Scientific names

Like other Amazonian languages, the part of the Iquito lexicon that is devoted to life forms is very rich, reflecting a profound accumulation

16 | Iquito – English Dictionary of knowledge relating to the rainforest environment of the Iquito people. Most life forms or classes of life forms named in this significant reservoir of ethnobiological knowledge will be unfamiliar to many users of this dictionary, and reliance on their translational equivalents in local Spanish (if they exist) as the sole means of defining Iquito ethnobiological terms is problematic for a number of reasons.8 For this reason, we have sought to provide scientific names for as many Iquito ethnobiological terms as possible, allowing readers to link Iquito ethnobiological terms to scientifically-recognized biological categories. At the same time, we provide relevant local Spanish ethnobiological terminology in the definition of Iquito ethnobiological terms whenever possible, since these will be useful to users of the dictionary who seek to relate Iquito terms to ethnobiological terminology used in Loreto, and in Peruvian Amazonia more generally. Note, however, that some variation in Spanish ethnobiological terminology exists even within Loreto, let alone within the considerably greater region of Peruvian Amazonia as a whole. Appropriate caution should be taken, therefore, in the interpreting Spanish ethnobiological terminology given in this dictionary with respect to how these terms are used outside of Iquito territory. Linking Iquito ethnobiological terms with scientific nomenclature for species, genera, families, and other groupings of life forms has pro- ceeded in two main ways. The first is direct identification of species by working with Iquito language specialists, employing a set of converg- ing methodologies, including visual identification using field guides, auditory identification using recordings of vocalizations, and theuse of natural history descriptions for disambiguation.9 The second major methodology is to employ available works that relate local Spanish names to scientific names. In this respect we have been fortunate in that the nearby city of Iquitos has for many decades been a major base and staging area for zoological and botanical research in Amazonia. One consequence of this has been the publication of a large number of scientific works that provide local Spanish equivalents used in the Iquitos area for species discussed and identi-

8 Lev Michael and Kevin Jernigan. In prep. Methodologies for linguistic documentation of ethnobiological terminology. In Peter Jenks and Lev Michael, eds., From language description to documentation: Seven key topics. Special Issue of Language Documentation and Conservation. 9 This methodology is described in detail in Michael and Jernigan (in prep.)

Introduction | 17 fied in the works in question (see below). By obtaining local Spanish equivalents to Iquito ethnobiological terms and then consulting works like these, we obtain important clues regarding the scientific names corresponding to Iquito ethnobiological terms. This has proved especially valuable in the case of Iquito ethnobiological terms for plants and fish, which have been more difficult for us to identify viamore direct methods than mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. It is important to emphasize that in general we do not rely exclusively on the associations given in these works between scientific names and local Spanish ethnobiological terminology in order to link Iquito ethnobiological terms to scientific ones. Whenever possible, we seek additional evidence made available by a candidate scientific identification (e.g., leaf shape, habitat type, or coloration) to confirmor reject the candidate identification. It is of course also the case that Iq- uito elders sometimes observe that no Spanish ethnobiological equivalent exists for a given Iquito term, or that the extension of the Spanish and Iquito terms are different, such that the utility of local Spanish equivalents is diminished in such cases. Finally, we wish to observe that Iquito ethnobiological terms exhibit differing degrees of granularity with respect to scientific species names. Many correspond exactly to scientific species names, while others are more fine-grained, and others more coarse-grained. For names that are more fine-grained than scientific species names, we indicate that the Iquito term identifies a ‘variety’ of some specified scientific species. For names that are more coarse-grained than scientific species names, we indicate the Iquito term indicates a ‘type’ oflife form, which we subsequently characterize by resort to genus or family names, e.g., we define amariiki as a general term for zúngaro-type fishes, which are large catfishes of the family Pimelodidae. We conclude by listing the key works that we have consulted in developing the scientific name identifications found in this dictionary.

Works consulted Bartlett, Richard and Patricia Pope Bartlett. 2003. Reptiles and amphibians of the Amazon. University Press of Florida. Duke, James and Rodolfo Vasquez. 1994. Amazonian ethnobotanical dictionary. CRC Press.

18 | Iquito – English Dictionary Emmons, Louise and François Feer. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: A field guide. University of Chicago Press. Flores, Ymber. 2013. Manual para la identificación de especies forestales en la región Ucayali. Ministerio de Agricultura. García, Carmen Rosa Dávila, Homero Sánchez Riveiro, Mayra Almen- dra Flores Silva, Jose Eduardo Mejia de Loayza, Carlos Custo- dio Angulo Chávez, Diana Castro Ruiz, Guillain Estivals, Au- rea García Vásquez, Christian Nolorbe Payahua, Gladys Vargas Dávila, Jesús Núñez, Cedric Mariac, Fabrice Duponchelle, and Jean-François Renno. 2018. Peces de consumo del la Amazonía Peruana. Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana. Grandtner, Miroslav and Julien Chevrette. 2013. Dictionary of trees, Vol. 2: South America: Nomenclature, taxonomy and ecology. Academic Press. Hogue, Charles Leonard. 1993. Latin American insects and entomology. University of California Press. Hilty, Steven and William Brown. 1986. A guide to the birds of Colom- bia. Princeton University Press. Martín, Manolo. 2009. Amazonía: Guía ilustrada de flora y fauna. Intituto de Investigación de la Amazonía Peruana. Moya, Luis, Mario Yomona, and Carlos Cañas. 2017. Guía de re- conocimiento de los principales peces de consumo en la Región Loreto. Wildlife Conservation Society. Ortega, Hernán, José Iván Mojica, Juan Carlos Alonso, and Max Hi- dalgo. 2006. Listado de los peces de la cuenca del río Putumayo en su sector colombo–peruano. Biota Colombiana 7 (1) 95 - 112. Perú, Ministerio del Ambiente. 2015. Inventario y evaluación de los bosques de las cuencas de los ríos Itaya, Nanay y Tahuayo en el departamento de Loreto. Lima : Ministerio del Ambiente. Schulenberg, Thomas, Douglas Stotz, Daniel Lane, John O’Neill, and Theodore Parker III. 2010. Birds of Peru: revised and updated edition. Princeton University Press.

Introduction | 19 1.2.8 Variants

The lexical data gathered by the Iquito Language Documentation Project exhibits a great deal of variation, reflecting the complex dialectal and demographic history of the Iquito people. In this section, we discuss the ways in which this volume addresses this complex variation. There are at least two clear sources of variation in the Iquito lexicon. First, as of the late 19th century, the Iquito people consisted of four major geographically delimited sub-groups, enumerated with their corresponding territories in Table 1.4. Our consultants’ comments make it clear that at least in the 20th century, Iquitos held strong language ideologies regarding linguistic differences between these sub-groups, focused on differences in lexicon and intonation.10 We refer to the linguistic variation indexing these sub-groups as ‘dialectal variation’.

Table 1.4: Iquito sub-groups

Sub-group name Traditional territory (19th century) Iíjakawɨɨ́raana Upper Pintuyacu River Maasikuuri Upper Mazán River and upper Momón River Maájanakáani Chambira River Naamuutújuri Lower Nanay River, upriver of the confluence of the Pintuyacu and Nanay Rivers Aámuuwaaja Headwaters of Pintuyacu River and Nanay River

The identification of this dialectal variation is considerably com- plicated in the current day, however, by the fact that the 20th century saw the consolidation of Iquitos from all these sub-groups into a small number of settlements, resulting in considerable dialect mixing. In addition, the current small total number of speakers exacerbates the difficulty of determining whether particular forms should be considered dialectal variants per se, by virtue being historically associated with particular sub-groups, or whether they should be understood as

10 Our consultants also cite a set of supposed physical morphological differences in body size and skin color, as well as specific differences in the lengths of legs and fingers, and the diameter of upper arms and lower legs, as highly salient distinguishing features of the different sub-groups.

20 | Iquito – English Dictionary sub-dialectal variants, or conversely, whether they participated historically in isoglosses spanning more than one dialect. In short, it is now challenging to understand how modern variation among a small number of individuals relates to historical forms of variation between, within, and across the dialect groups. We return to this point below. A second source of variation in the Iquito lexical data are ongoing sound changes, the most striking being the loss of unstressed onsetless initial vowels.11 This process appears to be operating by lexical dif- fusion, so that some forms are unaffected, while other forms exhibit inter-speaker and/or intra-speaker variation in the presence of their initial vowels. (Others, we may assume, have by now entirely lost their initial vowels.) These two sources of variation do not account for all variation in the data however, and at this point it becomes more challenging to accurately characterize the basis of the variation. For example, if we compare certain forms produced by our two main male consultants, Hermenegildo Díaz Cuyasa (HDC) and Jaime Pacaya Inuma (JPI), with those produced by our main female consultant, Ema Llona Yareja (ELY), we find that the men’s forms exhibit certain types ofspo- radic and restricted vowel harmony. Significantly, the nature of this sporadic vowel harmony is often different between the two men. Sim- ilarly, a small but noticeable number of JPI’s forms exhibit /a/ where all other speakers exhibit /ɨ/ (e.g., jaátaaraata ∼ jɨɨ́taaraata). Since variability is a symptom of language obsolescence,12 it may be tempt- ing to ascribe this and some other forms of lexical variation to the attrition of lexical knowledge. While this is no doubt a factor to some degree, many of the relevant variants are recognized by other speakers as stable over decades in the speech of particular individuals, and although idiosyncratic to a certain degree, this pattern is not clearly attributable to obsolescence-induced instability in lexical knowledge. In fact, consultants explain many cases of this smaller scale variation as due to the influence of particular individuals in their childhood, who used the forms in question. And in some cases, speakers attribute particular variants not to dialect groups, as discussed above, but to

11 It is worth noting that the same process affected Arabela, one of Iquito’s sister languages, such that all Arabela roots and affixes are now consonant-initial. 12 Lyle Campbell and Martha Muntzel. 1989. The structural consequences of language death, In Nancy C. Dorian, ed., Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death, 181–196. Cambridge University Press.

Introduction | 21 particular families. It seems clear, then, that there was some degree of systematic variation associated with families, and to particular individuals who may have been the last survivors of particular family lines.13 Family-group-based linguistic variation is not entirely surprising, given that the traditional Iquito settlement pattern was likewise family-group based, with such groups typically living several hours to several days of travel from their nearest neighbors. That family groups may have been a relevant unit of variation is also unsurprising in that even the sociolinguistic and demographic circumstances of the late 19th century represent a massive collapse in terms of numbers and social organization in comparison to the state of Iquito society in the early 18th century, when Iquito people first came into contact with Europeans and mestizos through Jesuit missionary activity and their creation of reducciones in, and bordering, Iquito territory. As such, it might be expected that family groups, which by the late 19th century were absorbed into one of the five sub-groups enumerated above, represented fragments of pre-contact Iquito linguistic diversity. These observations regarding variation at the family-group and individual level suggest, first, that individual-level variation need not, and in most cases, should not, be ascribed to obsolescence-induced variability; and second, that a considerable fraction of individual-level variation in Iquito can never be accounted for in a fully satisfactory manner, resulting as it does from the virtually untraceable mixing of pre-contact linguistic diversity under circumstances of drastic demographic collapse and reorganization. The classification of particular forms as dialectal or sociolinguistic variants of various types in this dictionary would ideally follow the methods of dialectology and sociolinguistics, both of which are em- pirically rigorous fields requiring the systematic, and relatively large- scale, collection of data within and across speech communities in order to arrive at trustworthy conclusions. Such work is, unfortunately, beyond our current abilities, in large part because language shift has already eroded the speech community to such a degree that the former dialectological and sociolinguistic structure of the Iquito speech communities would now be all but impossible to recover.

13 JPI’s grandmother Pirnaja, for example, who raised him after his mother died when JPI was a young child, seems to have been the last member of her Iíjakawɨɨ́raana family line, and she had significant influence on JPI’s language acquisition.

22 | Iquito – English Dictionary In place of sociolinguistic and dialectological surveys, we must instead rely on our consultants’ memories of the speech community in which they became adults, and their understanding of the dialectal and sociolinguistic organization of that community. This approach is a fraught one, of course, since it is well known that language ideologies exert powerful shaping effects on individuals’ perceptions of how particular linguistic forms are associated with particular socially salient groups, and how they are distributed within speech communities. With these caveats in place, we indicate the linguistic variant categories that we employ in this dictionary, and the criteria we use to place forms in these categories.

1.2.9 Named dialectal variants

Iquito speakers recognize four major dialects, which correspond to the four major named Iquito sub-groups that survived into the early 20th century: Iíjakawɨɨ́raana, Maasikuuri, Maájanakáani, and Naamuutújuri. A fifth group, the Aámuuwaaja, which modern Iquito elders describe as a hunter-gatherer group, is considered to be closely related, but socially distinct from the Iquito groups. All these groups were identified with particular territories, as given in Table 1.4, so that our consultants tend to alternate between identifying dialects with sub-group names or their corresponding (former) geographical extent. We identify a form as pertaining to a specific dialect if at least one of our consultants consistently identified a form as associated with that dialect. We take the Pintuyacu/Iíjakawɨɨ́raana dialect as the default dialect, and only indicate that a form is a dialectal variant if we identify it as pertaining to another dialect.

Unnamed dialectal variant For some forms, speakers have clear judgments that they do not pertain to the Pintuyacu/Iíjakawɨɨ́raana dialect, but are instead associated with other Iquito dialect groups, yet they are unable to attribute the variant to any particular group.14 Such judgments potentially arise from two quite different situations. First, the variation in question may be a case where the Pintuyacu dialect was innovative (or borrowed an innovative form from another

14 The phrase Es de gente de otros ríos, ‘It’s from people from other rivers’, is a common way that our consultants characterize such forms.

Introduction | 23 dialect), and the non-Pintuyacu dialect form was shared by more than one dialect. As such, it would be difficult to identify the non-Pintuyacu dialect form with a specific dialect. Second, the precise dialect group with which a non-Pintuyacu dialect form was associated may no longer be clear to our consultants. This is hardly surprising, since considerable dialect mixing dates back to at least the early 20th century, several decades prior to the birth of the elders with whom we work. We indicate that a variant is a dialectal variant, then, if consultants identified it as not pertaining to the Pintuyacu/Iíjakawɨɨ́raana dialect, but did not identify a specific dialect with which the form was associated.

Sociolinguistic variant We reserve the term ‘sociolinguistic variant’ for variants that we ascribe to sound changes that appear to be in progress within the population of Iquito speakers, often exhibiting intra-speaker variation. The principal such sound change is the loss of short, toneless, word-initial vowels, a change that appears to be diffusing through the lexicon, and at this point mainly affects nouns. Differ- ent speakers produce particular alternants of specific alternant pairs with different frequencies, but we have made no attempt to quantify these frequencies.

Named Individual Variant Named individual variants are variants in the dictionary that are ascribed to one of the co-authors who participated intensively in the preparation of the dictionary, namely Hermene- gildo Díaz Cuyasa (HDC), Ema Llona Yareja (ELY), or Jaime Pacaya Inuma (JPI).15 These are variants that are uniformly used by that one identified speaker only, without any intra-speaker variation, and which moreover are not recognized by any of the speakers as a variant of wider use, either generally within the broader historical Iq- uito speech community, a regional dialect group, or a descent group. Moreover, these variants are generally recognized by all consultants as forms specifically and exclusively used by the particular speaker to whom we ascribe the form.

15 Unfortunately, we have not included any specific variants for Ligia Inuma Inuma because she passed away before we began keeping track of individual variants.

24 | Iquito – English Dictionary Iquito − English Dictionary

ájana

ajákumatáani rt. ajákumata (i.v.) ajakuusíini rt. ajakuúsi (i.v.) orient one’s head so that one’s face become damaged, broken, or points towards the ground. ruined, speaking of something that is construed as performing a ajákumi impf.rt. of ajákumɨ́ɨni function, e.g., a body part, radio, or ajákumɨ́ɨni rt. ajákumɨ impf.rt. motor, such that it can no longer ajákumi 1. (i.v.) lie on one's front, properly perform its function. Rel. (adj.) lie face down. 2. (i.v.) lie mouth ajakuúsiija ruined, broken. down, speaking of vessel-like ájana (n.) name applied to two objects, and especially pots and distinct unidentified tree species bowls. act./mid. ajákumɨ́ɨni (active) with similar leaves: sandilla caspi, also called ratón caspi, and batán (t.v.) ajákumɨ́ɨni rt. ajákumɨɨ put caspi. Sandilla caspi grows to 20cm or place a vessel-like object mouth in diameter and is known for down, e.g., a cooking pot. act./mid. tending to have cavities where ajákumɨ́ɨni (middle) branches have broken off, which rt. ájakuusiíja 1. are often inhabited by forest rats ájakuusiijáani ratón caspi (t.v.) damage, break, or ruin (hence its other name, ); something that is construed as its wood is known for being performing some function, e.g., a unusually durable in contact with body part, motor, or radio, so that moisture, and is thus valued for use it no longer functions properly. Ex. as bridge supports and for making Jɨɨ́tikari taa iísakwana iina shelters where poles must be placed sakɨ́ɨka=na, saámiita míija iina in moist ground. The second batán caspi sakɨ́ɨka=na, nu=ájakuusiíjaa species, , grows to 80cm pɨ́=marasi. When the mash is sweet, in diameter, and has relatively soft when the mash is recently made, it wood surrounding a red heartwood harms our stomach (i.e., our core; this heartwood was digestion). 2. (t.v.) ruin a person’s traditionally used for making life, e.g., by creating acrimony in mashing troughs, ájana. their household, by stealing their ájana (n.) batán, a type of wooden spouse, or by making it impossible trough used for mashing cooked for them to earn a livelihood. manioc and other foods, typically

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 27 ajánaari ajátaari

some 2-3m in length and some 3cm face when falling. Ex. Iina maaya, in thickness; the troughs nu=ajarakuútaki tíira traditionally made by the Iquitos taarí=yaajaa, aákari kaa. That had open ends, so that they could child was on all fours over there easily be sluiced clean. earlier (but) not now. Ex. Iina ajánaari irreg.pl. ajánaariwa (n.) maaya, nu=ajarakuútasáwɨɨ ‘mashing trough’ style of weaving naami niíyama iyaamiaákuji iitaari (crisneja) thatch panels, in nu=itɨ́wɨɨ. That child is now on all which the ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm fours there on the ground because he frond stems are knotted over the fell. palm wood lath in a way that ajaruuja (n.) tadpole. creates running edges along the ajatatɨ́ɨni rt. ajatátɨɨ 1. (i.v.) land, lath, and a resulting concavity speaking of a canoe or boat along the center of the lath, reaching the edge or shore of a reminiscent of a mashing trough, body of water. Ex. Na=ajatátɨɨ ájana. Ex. Nu=tánii ajánaari. He naami pɨ́=kurima. They landed is weaving batán-style crisnejas. downriver, at our port. 2. (i.v.) alight ajanɨ́ɨni rt. ajánɨɨ (i.v.) make an or land, speaking of a bird alighting ájana (batán), or mashing trough. to perch on something, typically a branch. Ex. Iina siaruuja, ajapaka irreg.pl. ajapakɨ́ɨya (n.) nu=ajatɨ́tɨɨ (nu=ajatátɨɨ) wasp; general term for wasps. iina=iíkuku náana. The paucar Significantly this term refers to landed in that tree. free.vars. both the insect and its nest, in ikatɨ́ɨni, isitɨ́ɨni. JPI pers.var. contrast to ajapakɨ́ɨni which refers ajatɨtɨ́ɨni. to the insect only. ajatáani rt. ajáta 1. (i.v.) rest lying irreg.pl. ajapakɨ́ɨya (n.) ajapakɨ́ɨni down. ▶ Socio. Probably a wasp; general term for wasps. Naamuutújuri dialect form used by Significantly, this term refers ELY’s elder family members; this specifically to the insect, and not its form has been replaced in ELY’s nest, in contrast to ajapaka, which own speech by the forms refers to both the insect and its samáraatáani ‘rest’ and makɨ́ɨni nest. socio.var. japakɨ́ɨni. ‘sleep’, which are in wider use in ajapakɨ́ɨya irreg.pl. of ajapaka San Antonio. 2. (i.v.) die, euphemistic way of referring to the ajarakuutáani rt. ajarakuúta ▶ (i.v.) be on hands and knees, be on death of an individual. Socio. all fours. ▶ Gram. When bearing This euphemistic use is also a the associated motion suffix -sawɨɨ Naamuutújuri dialect feature. (arrive and do), the stem is ajátaari (n.) traditional type of interpreted as ‘fall on one’s hands mashing and grinding tool, and knees’, e.g., catching oneself to typically used in conjunction with avoid hitting the ground with one’s the ájana (batán) mashing trough;

28 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ajatɨtɨ́ɨni ajíkatáani

it consists of a heavy and thick pisúuni, iinawaja jɨɨ́tikari rectangular piece of wood, roughly nu=jawɨ́ɨni. Despite it being sunny 40-50cm in width and 25-30cm in weather for however many days, there height, with stubby handles where the atinga lives, it never dries extending horizontally from the out. Nanay dialect.var. yaana. upper corners. This tool is ájaana yaawɨ́ɨni lit. strong sun employed by lifting the grinder by day (n.) dry season; a period of one handle and then driving it relatively infrequent rains, down with force, then doing the characterized by an abundance of same with the other handle, in a sunny weather and dropping or low rhythmic, rocking fashion. Most rivers. Ex. Ájaana yaawɨɨ́ni=kari, commonly used to mash cooked maasiáana jimɨ́nati iíkii. In the manioc in the preparation of dry season, there are lots of horseflies. manioc beer, it is also used to grind ajáani rt. ája (t.v.) grind or mash, harder substances, such as toasted using an ajátaari. corn and, traditionally, salt, which (n.) was most commonly available to aji irreg.pl. ajipɨ 3.poss. naji Iquitos as hard blocks. woman’s husband’s mother, husband’s father, and son’s wife; ajatɨtɨ́ɨni rt. ajatɨ́tɨɨ JPI pers.var. of kinship term used by female ego for ajatatɨ́ɨni core collateral kin with the ajáaja (n.) husband, affectionate exception of her son-in-law. ▶ vocative term used by a wife to Gram. Poss.pref. ▶ address her husband. Gram. ájika 3.poss. nájika (n.) 1. a Referential counterpart: níyaaka. comparatively slender part of an Ex. Juu, saakaá tɨɨ, ajáaja? Hey, object that branches off, typically at what is it, husband? an acute angle, from the larger ajaana (n.) 1. strong sun or object of which it is a part, e.g., a sunlight, said of the strong light branch that branches off from the ▶ and heat from the sun, e.g, as is trunk of a tree. Sem. The various typical of a cloudless day near the kinds of fork that this term equator, as opposed to the celestial encompasses are distinguished by body as such (nunamija). Ex. specifying the relevant possessor Kana=iíkwakura niínaki, (e.g., amakɨ ájika for the fork in a ▶ aasi=jata, ajaana. We travelled at path). Gram. Poss.pref. 2. an night, with rain, and (with) strong affluent or tributary of a river, sun. 2. bright, sunny, clear weather, identified as such by its or a day with such weather. In comparatively lower volume of Iquito territory, such days often water flow than the river it joins. ▶ become so hot by noon that Gram. Poss.pref. Rel. náana ájika (n.) working outside is arduous. Ex. fork of tree. Aájapaa ajaana kuúkirɨɨ jɨɨ́tirimi ajíkatáani rt. ajíkata (t.v.) break yaawɨ́ɨni, tii=kija iina iíkii open a fork-shaped object by

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 29 ajíkaasi ajiráani

forcing the two parts apart at the a heart or the pulsing in veins. point where they join, e.g., break dialect.var. ijiráani. off a tree branch at the point where it joins the trunk, or break a ajiráani rt. ájiita drv.rt. ajíra 1. person’s fingers by forcing them (t.v.) stab or pierce with a sharp apart. object, said of, e.g., stabbing a ajíkaasi Nanay dialect.var. of awasi person with a knife, piercing the body of an animal with a spear, or (i.v.) ajikɨ́ɨni rt. ajíkɨɨ branch off, making a hole in the ground with a speaking of a part of something that sharpened stick in order to sow branches off the main body, e.g., a seeds. ▶ Gram. This verb does not branch that grows from a trunk, or entail that the stabbing instrument a tributary that branches off from a remains held by its user, so can be larger river. Rel. ajikɨɨsɨ́ɨni (rt. used both, for example, for a (i.v.) ajikɨɨ́sɨɨ) fork in multiple thrown spear, and a spear that places, e.g., a creek near its remains held by its user. Ex. headwaters. Kw=ájiitakuraaná aana=jina, ajirákana irreg.pl. ajirákaka (n.) a kaa tuu kaaya=jina! I struck a section of manioc stalk, cut in dolphin (with my harpoon), not a preparation for planting. Manioc person! 2. (t.v.) crush into a pulp or propagates from sections of cut mash with a relatively slender tool manioc stalk, which Iquitos cut to a with a roughly circular length of about 30cm for planting cross-section, e.g., a pestle. ▶ Gram. purposes; the action of planting, When the object is wholly affected ajiráani, involves thrusting the stalk by the action denoted by the verb, many inches into the soil, at an e.g., when it is mashed to a pulp, oblique angle. dialect.vars. the object takes no special marking; ijirákana, nasíkana. however, when the object is only ajírataaja (n.) mazo, a wooden partially affected, e.g., when an pestle-like implement, some 75cm animal is stabbed with a lance, the to 1m in length, with a relatively object takes the locative large rounded head at one end, postposition =jina. Ex. Átiiji=jaa, used for mashing foods, especially jɨɨ́tikari taá jawana iina cooked manioc in the preparation kanuu=na, kiaá iina ájiitaki of manioc beer mash. HDC pers.var. mírija. After that, when the chambira ajíritaaja. free.var. máasu. fiber is dry, you’ll mash the mishquipanga. 3. (t.v.) peck, strike (t.v.) ajiraakíini rt. ajiraákii something with a beak or a tacarpear , or make multiple holes beak-like snout, said of birds and in the ground for seeds, using a certain species of fish. Rel. sharpened stick. ajiraákuma (n.) hole left by ajiráani rt. ájiita drv.rt. ajíra (i.v.) stabbing or piercing something in a beat or pulse, said of the beating of downward fashion, e.g., a hole left

30 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ajíritaaja akájinaku

by a planting stick, for planting The other (last) year, she already had corn. Rel. ajiraakúuni (rt. a daughter-in-law. 2. (t.v.) obtain a ajiraákuu) (t.v.) stab, pierce, mash, parent-in-law, speaking of a or peck a rounded object woman. Ex. Iina kitáaka, repeatedly. Rel. ajiratíini (rt. nu=nakarɨɨ́yaa ajíini. That young ajirátii) (t.v.) stab, pierce, mash, or woman wants to have a mother-in-law peck repeatedly. Rel. ajiraanúuni or father-in-law. (t.v.) (rt. ajiraánuu) stab, pierce, ajiíti impf.rt. of ajirɨ́ɨni mash, or peck repeatedly. (n.) dialect.var. ijiráani. ajuuka irreg.poss. ájuuka. churo or Giant Applesnail, a species HDC pers.var. of ajíritaaja of edible aquatic snail with a dark ajírataaja round shell that typically reaches ajirɨna irreg.poss. ajírɨna. (n.) seat some 7cm in diameter; in Iquito of any type, be it a chair, bench, or territory, these prized mollusks are traditional low stool. The found only in creeks that drain from traditional Iquito stool was about areas with clayey soils, tipáaka. The 50cm wide and 30cm deep, made most forms of common bait used to of a single block of typically heavy attract them are the leaves of the wood, and stood 20-30cm high, ujii tree and manioc peels, and they with stubby legs about 5cm in are captured individually by hand. height. It was generally Sci. Pomacea maculata. undecorated, except for a knob, ájuukwaasi 3.poss. nájuukwaasi carved to look like a turtle’s head, (n.) labia minora of the vagina. that was sometimes placed on one ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. of the narrow sides, to use as a handle for moving it. dialect.var. akájinakɨya irreg.pl. of akájinaku ijirɨna. =akájinaku (loc.postp.) at or on ajirɨ́ɨni rt. ajiítɨ impf.rt. ajiíti drv.rt. the middle part or mid-point. ▶ ajírɨ (i.v.) be seated or sitting on Gram. The default form of this any kind of surface, speaking both locative postposition is akájinaku. of living beings, such as humans, Ex. Nu=tinitakiaakɨ=na dogs, and birds, and of inanimate náana=akájinaku nuu. She tied objects with broad flat bases, such him to the middle of the tree. Ex. Iina as cooking pots. Ex. Iina=na ikwani, nu=tijákaa iina náana anapa, nu=ajiitiaárikɨ=na ániija naami nuu=akájinama. náana akíka=jina. The macaw, That man is cutting that felled tree they say, would sit in the branches of below (us) at its middle. the trees. dialect.var. ijirɨ́ɨni. akájinaku rt. akájina ajíini rt. ájii 1. (t.v.) obtain a irreg.pl. akájinakɨya 3.poss. daughter-in-law, speaking of a nakájinaku (loc.n.) 1. middle part woman. Ex. Iina=jina taana or midpoint of an object that is amáriyaana, jaa nu=ájiiyaákura. saliently extended along one

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 31 =akájinakúura akami

dimension. ▶ Gram. The default single dimension, e.g., a rope tied form of this locative noun is around a tree trunk. Ex. Iina iiyɨɨ, akájinaku. Poss.pref. Ex. Nu=miitɨ́ɨ nu=máruu iina=akájinakuúraji kíija iina akájinaku paápaaja. He náana nuu. (As for) the rope, he tied gave me the middle part of the fish it around the tree trunk. (cut in three parts). Ex. Iina mɨɨnɨɨ, akájinakuúraji nu=amaniikuútaki iina náana irreg.pl. akájinakɨya 3.poss. íniija náana akájinaku, nakájinakuúraji (n.) 1. waist, nu=kukwáani=íira nuu. The typically of a person. ▶ Gram. capuchin monkey struck the seed Poss.pref. Ex. Nu=saáwiri against the middle of the tree to break nu=jímuuyaárikɨ it open. 2. half of something. ▶ n=akájinakuúraji. His machete Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Naa=kaa was stuck in his waist (i.e., worn in kuuwaa akájinaku this manner). Ex. Uumáana tɨɨ nu=inákiaakɨ=wajá naami ki=sájiri akájinakuúraji. My taása=jinakuma. Not even half the grandma’s waist is large. 2. the meat did he put in the basket. middle of an entity that is roughly =akájinakúura (postp.) in the cylindical in shape, e.g., a tree or a middle of, at the midpoint of, tube, speaking of the entire speaking of the midpoint of a line diameter of the entity at approximately the midpoint that crosses perpendicular to the ▶ axis of greatest length of something between its two extrema. Gram. that is comparative long and Poss.pref. Ex. Iina ikwaana, slender, e.g., the midpoint of a line nu=siwaánɨkura iina that crosses a river from one bank akájinakuúraji náana. The flood to the other. reached the middle of this tree. akájinaaja 3.poss. nakájinaaja (n.) =akájinakuúraji (postp.) 1. kidney. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. across, for a figure to be in contact with the ground and be akajiyúuki irreg.pl. akajiyuúkiwa 3.poss. nakajiyúuki (n.) spine or perpendicular to the axis of greatest ▶ length of the ground object, without spinal column. Gram. Poss.pref. the requirement that the figure akami (adv.) 1. focused form of the contact the edges of the ground; anaphoric upriver deictic spatial e.g., for a stick lie across a path, adverb kami. Ex. Nu=iikiaárikɨ without its ends reaching the edge Aakamaána=jina; akami of the path. Ex. Iina awásɨɨyɨ, kana=kújiiyaárikɨ nuu. They lived nu=ímaa iina=akájinakuúraji on the Acamana Quebrada; we lived amakɨ. The vinesnake is lying across there upriver (not here downriver) this path. 2. around, for a figure to with them. 2. focused form of the be in contact with a considerable anaphoric vertically superior section of the circumference of an deictic spatial adverb kami. Ex. object that is saliently extended in a Akami=na na=iíkii náaji jɨɨ́ta

32 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary akánataaja akikɨ́ɨni

kaaya iíkii, kaa kánɨɨka noun, e.g., pɨsɨkɨ ákati ‘juvenile sakiíni=jata, kaa kánɨɨka tapir’. Poss.pref. ariíni=jata, kaa ipuruúni=jata, aki 3.poss. naki (n.) 1. branch of aájapaki. Up there (i.e., in heaven, any size, from the large branch of a in contrast to on earth), they live how tree to the analogous structure on a a person should live, hating no-one, tiny plant. ▶ Sem. In this sense, the criticizing no-one, without fighting, plural form is most commonly used, nothing. even when referring to what could akánataaja 3.poss. nakánataaja be construed as a single branch. ▶ (n.) heart. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Gram. When possessed, this root ▶ Socio. This term is considered is underlyingly assigned a archaic, with the loanword possessive constructional HLL kuurasuu more commonly used melody. However, when singular, now. free.var. kuuraasuu. (i.e., aki), the stem is too short for the constructional tone to be akásima JPI pers.var. of akásimɨ realized, and the root surfaces as akásimɨ irreg.pl. akásimɨya 3.poss. toneless. When plural, however, the nakásimɨ (n.) groin. ▶ Gram. stem is trimoraic, and the Poss.pref. JPI pers.var. akásima. constructional tone can surface akasiitáani rt. akasiita (i.v.) have (i.e., ákika). Poss.pref. 2. branch, tributary, or affluent of a river. a characteristic posture in which ▶ the butt sticks out to an unusual Gram. Same as above. Poss.pref. degree, while the torso protrudes in akíkatáani rt. akíkata (t.v.) the opposite direction. Ex. Iina remove a branch by cutting or kumaku, nu=akasiítaa, kaa breaking it off. act./mid. akíkatɨ́ɨni nu=paájii takúuni kamíkiika. (middle) That old man stands bent forward, he akíkati impf.rt. of akíkatɨ́ɨni can’t stand up straight anymore. akíkatina rt. akíkati (adj.) akasɨyɨ irreg.pl. akasɨyuwa branchy, for a tree to have branches irreg.poss. akásɨyɨ. (n.) species of growing from low on its trunk, macana-type fish that reaches some unlike most trees in the rainforest, 20cm in length, with alternating whose trunks have few or no transverse black and white stripes. branches until their crown. akasɨyuwa irreg.pl. of akasɨyɨ akíkatɨ́ɨni rt. akíkatɨ impf.rt. (i.v.) ákati 3.poss. nákati (n.) juvenile, a akíkati break off, speaking of life stage of any animal or plant a branch coming off of a tree. species, being no longer a pup, act./mid. akikatáani (active) fledgling, sprout, etc., but not yet a akikɨ́ɨni rt. akíkɨɨ (i.v.) grow a mature adult. ▶ Gram. The species branch, form one or more forks by to which the juvenile form pertains growing branches. Ex. Iina támuu is expressed as the possessor of this iíkii iita=siriku=na,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 33 akíraja ákuma

nu=akíkɨɨyaa. The guaba beside akirɨɨ́tajina rt. akirɨɨ́ta HDC the house is forming a (new) branch. pers.var. of akiriítajina Rel. akikɨɨtáani (rt. akikɨɨ́ta) (i.v.) irreg.pl. akirɨɨ́takajina grow or form branches with fruits, akɨ irreg.pl. akɨ́waaka 3.poss. nakɨ smaller branches, or leaves on (n.) father. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. them. ▶ Socio. Historically, this was the akíraja (n.) wind or breeze. sole referential term for ‘father’; ▶ Anth. It is said that Iquitos more recently, the historical traditionally believed that the first vocative term, kaakɨ́ɨja, has come to blast of a strong wind brought the be used referentially, such that akɨ imɨ́ɨni (madre, spirit) of the wind, is now uncommon in everyday and that children exposed to this speech. wind would be ‘taken’ (akíraja irírɨɨ akɨríija (interj.) “aargh!”, a nuu) and contract severe diarrhea conventionalized cry of severe pain. as a result; for this reason, shamans (interj.) would warn their neighbors to take akɨriíjanii “aargh!”, a their children inside when they conventionalized self-pitying cry of perceived a strong wind coming. severe pain. ▶ Gram. mass noun. akɨsíini irreg.pl. akɨsíiya (n.) evil akíraja naaki free.var. of káraaki spell, the magical element by which lit. wind egg ▶ Anth. An malevolent shamans caused harm explanation given for this term is to their victims. In narratives, often that Iquitos traditionally said it was depicted as propelled towards the the wind, rather than a rooster, that victim by a special type of blowing, had mated with a hen when it aruukíini; possibly drawing on produced unfertilized eggs. beliefs of neighboring indigenous groups, elderly Iquito speakers akirajɨ́ɨni rt. akirájɨɨ (i.v.) blow sometimes describe these elements strongly, of wind. Ex. Amátana as darts imbued with harmful nu=akirájɨɨyaa. The wind is power by the shaman. blowing strongly. akirajɨɨtáani rt. akirajɨɨ́ta (i.v.) akɨsíiya irreg.pl. of akɨsíini blow continuously and strongly, of ákɨɨ (interj.) “ah!”, a wind. Ex. Amátana conventionalized cry of pain uttered nu=akirajɨɨ́taa. The wind is in traditional Iquito stories at the blowing strongly. moment of death by wounding, akiriítajina rt. akiriíta e.g., when receiving a fatal thrust irreg.pl. akiriítakajina (loc.n.) a from a spear. Ex. “Ákɨɨ!,” iina clear, open area in a forest that ruruúkuukuraaná waarata results when a large tree falls. ikwani. “Ah!,” yelled the other man. ▶ Gram. The default form of this ákuma irreg.pl. akúmawaaka locative noun is akiriítajina. HDC 3.poss. nákuma (n.) maternal pers.var. akirɨɨ́tajina. uncle; referential term for mother’s

34 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary akúmari akutuuyuukami

brother, male or female ego. partner or wife, said of men. ▶ Gram. Vocative counterpart: ▶ Gram. The subject of this verb is akúmaaja. Poss.pref. obligatorily masculine. Ex. akúmari irreg.pl. akúmariwa Nu=akuúmikiaakɨ=na nuúkiika 3.poss. nakúmari (n.) 1. owner of a mɨɨsaji. He had gotten together with material object, e.g., a house or a woman. ▶ canoe, or a portion of land. Gram. akúmiiti irreg.pl. akúmiitiwaaka Poss.pref. 2. leader or organizer of a 3.poss. nakúmiiti (n.) collaborative activity, e.g., sirúuni mother-in-law of male ego. ▶ Gram. akúmari, barbasco-fishing Poss.pref. ▶ organizer. Gram. Poss.pref. akumiitíini rt. akumiítii (t.v.) akumaríini rt. akumárii (t.v.) obtain a mother-in-law, speaking of take possession of an object, or a man. ▶ Gram. The object of this make oneself the owner of an verb is the woman who is becomes object, depriving another person of the mother-in-law of the subject of its possession against their will. Ex. the verb. Iina ikwani, nu=akumáriikurá akúmɨɨsana iina iímina. That man took irreg.pl. akúmɨɨsanawaaka 3.poss. possession of the canoe. nakúmɨɨsana (n.) deceased akúmaaja maternal uncle. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. irreg.pl. akúmaajawaaka (n.) akusakáani irreg.pl. aákusaka (n.) vocative term for maternal uncle; common earthworm, pinkish in mother’s brother, male or female color. free.var. akusaníini. ego. ▶ Gram. Referential counterpart: ákuma. akusaníini free.var. of akusakáani akumíyaaka (n.) 1. marriage irreg.pl. aákusaka party; in traditional Iquito society, akusi irreg.poss. ákusi. 3.poss. when a couple wished to be nákusi (n.) peduncle, the part of recognized as a committed pair by any fruit or tuber by which it is the rest of the community, manioc connected to the larger plant of beer was made, typically by the which it is a part; this term applies new wife’s mother, and meat and both to any cap associated with the fish provided, typically by the new fruit or tuber, and to any segment wife’s father, and a party was of stem that remains when the fruit organized to which everyone was or tuber is separated from the plant. ▶ invited; the holding of this party Gram. Poss.pref. constituted the rite by which a pair akutuuyuukami came to be seen as a married pair. irreg.pl. akutuuyuukamiwa, 2. the manioc beer prepared for a akutuuyuukamika (n.) ayahuasca marriage party. song; a type of song sung akumíini rt. akuúmi drv.rt. akúmi principally while under the (t.v.) take a woman as a romantic influence of aákuta (ayahuasca).

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 35 akúumi amákɨjina

Such songs pertained to individuals, budding leaf thats grow at the tip of with each person eventually a branch, twig, or vine, speaking of developing their own unique song; the place where the plant part is it was traditionally understood that growing in length. ▶ Gram. each person received their song Poss.pref. from the aákuta imɨ́ɨni, i.e., the amakɨ irreg.pl. amakɨya (n.) path, madre or spirit of the ayahuasca. trail, or road. This term was akúumi irreg.pl. akuúmiya, traditionally used for forest paths akuúmiwaaka 3.poss. nakúumi and trails, but has been extended in (n.) 1. woman’s son-in-law; kinship to include roads and highways. term used by female ego for her ▶ Sem. This term contrasts with the ▶ daughter’s husband. Gram. similarly glossed niíkuma in that it Poss.pref. 2. man’s father-in-law, denotes the cleared spatial region brother-in-law and son-in-law; that constitutes the path, while kinship term used by male ego for niíkuma denotes a directed path core male collateral kin: his wife’s trajectory. father, wife’s brother, sister’s husband, and daughter’s husband. amákɨjina rt. amákɨ 3.poss. (loc.n.) ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. namákɨjina 1. an absence or empty space that was formerly (t.v.) akuumíini rt. akuúmii occupied by something or someone; obtain a male in-law, speaking of a it may be something that was man, i.e., a brother-in-law or a ▶ stationary in that position for a long father-in-law. Gram. The object time, e.g., the empty space formerly of this verb is the man who is occupied by a piece of furniture; or becomes an in-law of the subject of something that was in the relevant the verb. Ex. Iina maníini, location only momentarily, due to nu=nakarɨɨ́yaa akuumíini. That it being in motion through the young man wants to get a space in question; this term is also father-in-law or brother-in-law. Ex. used to refer to the absence left Jɨɨ́tikari Ines niyaákikiaakɨ́ when someone dies. ▶ Gram. The Elmer=na, Elmer akuúmiikiaakɨ́ default form of this locative noun is Nelson. When Ines married Elmer, amákɨjina; empty spaces that have a Elmer became Nelson’s brother-in-law. cavity-like shape, such as amaki irreg.poss. ámaki. 3.poss. footprints, or the empty space left námaki (n.) 1. cogollo or terminal by something being removed, e.g., bud of a palm, the soft and a pot, are denoted by the form immature palm fronds that have yet amákɨma. Poss.pref. Ex. Íyaa to emerge from the top of a palm iina=na tipanɨɨri trunk; due to their pliability, kásiitakiaakɨ=na n=amákɨjina, Iquitos traditionally used these as a nu=apɨɨ́takura nuu. Then the source of materials for a variety of stingray monster grabbed in empty products. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. space and let him escape. Ex. Kaa

36 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary amákɨɨja amakɨ́ɨra

kiaa=tɨ kana=nikikurá jaa; stalk cuttings), that were kana=amákɨjina; kiaa=tɨ traditionally planted as soon as siwaánɨrɨɨkurá, iwárɨɨja kanáaja possible after a garden plot was jaa. You would not have seen us; cleared, before it was (only) our absence; you would have systematically planted, typically by arrived, with us already dead. 2. means of a collaborative planting impression, imprint, print, or trace party (natɨ́yaaka). ▶ Anth. This left by something that formerly early planting was motivated by the occupied a space, e.g., the mark left belief that if a recently-burned plot by someone lying in tall grass, a were left unplanted for more than a footprint, or the hole left in few days, then the manioc planted something struck by a spear, after it there would not develop large has been removed. Ex. Iiná tɨɨ, tubers; this delay would allow crabs nikísaa pajataákujina=na, to visit the plot, and if they did so, juwáana amákɨku tɨɨ. This, which manioc tubers would have the looks like a hole, is the trace of a slender shape of crab legs, rather spear. 3. pointless or useless place, than the desired bulbous shape. speaking of hunting and fishing in a Planting these early manioc particular location, due to the fact cuttings was referred to as ‘planting that animals or fish will not be one’s crabs’, e.g., kí=nataa found there; note that the this kw=amákɨɨja ‘I’m planting my usage applies solely to fishing and crabs’. free.var. amákɨɨja. hunting, and cannot be applied to amakɨ́ɨni rt. amákɨɨ (a.v.) make a the gathering of plants or the path; cut a new path through a success of more abstract activities forested area, including the process (e.g., going to university to obtain a of only cutting the tops of plants to good job). Ex. K=iíkwaa mark the path, making it possible to nakikúura, kí=paanii kuuwaa; pass but not clearing the path down kaá tɨɨ nu=amákɨjina. I am going to the ground. Ex. Iipɨ taapɨ to the forest (and) I will look for aniaárikɨ nu=níwaji, naawaaka game; it is not in vain (i.e., I will na=amákɨɨyaárikɨ uumáana encounter game). amakɨ jaa. Those that came behind amákɨɨja irreg.pl. amákɨɨya, him (the leader), they cut a wide path amákɨɨjaka (n.) general term for at that point. Ex. Kw=aátii nuu, crabs. Chambira dialect.var. “Jɨɨ́tikari kia=kaajiya muuti mákɨɨja. iriaárɨɨ=na, kiaa amákɨɨ, tɨɨ kiaá amákɨɨja free.var. of amákɨɨja nuu tiitaki.” I say to her, “When áaku your dogs go off after an agouti, you will cut a path, wherever you follow amákɨɨja áaku lit. empty crab shell them.” fst.spch. amákɨɨjáaku (n.) manioc plants, typically few in number amakɨ́ɨra (postp.) in preparation (e.g., a single armful of manioc for, or in anticipation of, an

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 37 amakɨɨtáani amaniikúuni

absence from a place, typically from the metonymical use of the when a person goes on a trip. Ex. previous sense, in this sense the Cristina nu=amakɨ́ɨra, verb denotes the entire process of nu=átuuyaárɨɨkura kíija, pulping the nuúruu, diffusing the kí=kwaráani=íira liquid in the body of water, and nu=pakarikuji. In anticipation of collecting the stunned fish. Cristina’s absence, she left having instructed me to weed her front patio. amaniijuutáani rt. amaniijuúta (t.v.) pat or tap, repeatedly strike (t.v.) amakɨɨtáani rt. amakɨɨ́ta something gently, e.g., patting a clear a path to one or more baby on the back with one’s palm standing or felled trees, in order to to encourage it to sleep, or both claim ownership and facilitate absentmindedly tapping a pencil extraction, either of the trees, e.g., against a tabletop. ▶ Sem. The as in logging, or of products related object of this verb must denote a to them, e.g., as in rubber-tapping. ▶ possessed body part to avoid the Gram. This root does not apply to interpretation that the subject is the more general case of clearing a striking the object against path to a location, which is instead something else. Ex. expressed with the verb amakɨ́ɨni Nu=amaniijuútaa iina=iíkuku and a suitable postpositional maaya, nu=makɨtɨ́ɨni=íira nuu. phrase. Ex. Nu=amakɨɨ́taa iimi She is patting the child’s body to make naaka, nu=takaraajúuni=íira him sleep. aasamujina=ánuura niwa. He is making a path for those tree trunks, amániikɨ́ɨni rt. amániikɨɨ (t.v.) so that he can roll them to the creek. beat a person or animal repeatedly amánaati (n.) tornillo or huayra with an instrument, e.g., a spear or caspi, species of red hardwood tree stick, until they are grievously that grows in a wide variety of soil injured or dead. types. It grows up to 2m in amaniikúuni rt. amaniíkuu 1. diameter and is highly valued as (t.v.) hit or strike repeatedly with timber. Its bark was formerly used an appropriate instument, e.g., to make a bath to treat measles. Sci. strike a drum repeatedly with a Cedrelinga cataneiformis. drumstick, strike a nail repeatedly amaniijúuni rt. amaniíjuu 1. with a hammer. Ex. (t.v.) pound or pulp nuúruu, Nu=amaniíkuuyaa iina nuúruu barbasco roots, so as to release nu=aamuútaaja=jata. He is their poisonous milky fluid, which pounding the barbasco with his mallet. is used as a fishing technique. 2. 2. (t.v.) applaud. ▶ Gram. This (i.v.) mañachear or hacer sense must take a possessed form of mañacheo, fish with nuúruu, kurika ‘hand’ as its object. Ex. barbasco, in a small body of water, Kw=amaniíkuuyaa kí=kurika typically a small creek. Stemming iyaamiaákuji nu=áriikwaki

38 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary amaniikuutáani amarisiáaka

suwaata. I am clapping (my hands) multiple individuals in different because she sang well. places. amaniikuutáani rt. amaniikuúta amaniiwɨɨtáani rt. amaniiwɨɨ́ta 1. (t.v.) hit or strike an entity (i.v.) flash or raise the eyebrows repeatedly against something else, twice or thrice; for Iquito speakers, especially a hard surface such as this is stereotypically a gesture the ground, either in order to made by young men towards damage or alter it; to break it open, women in whom they are e.g., a fruit with a hard shell; or, in romantically interested. Rel. the case of a wounded animal, to amaniiwɨɨtaaníini (rt. kill it. Ex. Iina mɨɨnɨɨ, amaniiwɨɨtaánii) (t.v.) wink or flash nu=amaniikuútaki iina náana the eyebrows at someone. íniija náana akájinaku, amari free.var. of amarijina nu=kukwáani=íira nuu. The ▶ Socio. Although historically this capuchin monkey struck the seed was simply the plural form of against the (middle of the) tree to amariyaaja, it is now partially break it (the seed) open. 2. (t.v.) flap merged with amarijina (pijuayal) ‘a or flutter wings rapidly, said of bird grove of (pijuayo) palms’, species with relatively fast wing presumably because the most flapping tempos, such as common circumstance in which one hummingbirds. Ex. Jaari=na talks of multple (pijuayo) palms is nɨɨtamu apárakiaakɨ=ná in relation to such groves. Speakers samɨrɨ́ɨni=jina jaa, iyaamiaákuji thus gloss amari as both the plural kaa nu=ɨɨyaárɨɨ náaji, kaa of amariyaaja and as synonymous nu=amaniikuútaa sámɨɨra with amarijina. nu=námaku. Then the vulture amari irreg.pl. of amariyaaja began to tire, because it doesn’t fly irreg.pl. amariwa that way, it doesn’t flap its wings rapidly. amarijina irreg.poss. amárijina. (loc.n.) pijuayal, a grove of (t.v.) amaníini rt. amánii kill amariyaaja, pijuayo palms. ▶ Socio. multiple entities, typically said with See Note under amari. JPI pers.var. respect to multiple game animals amariyaajina. free.var. amari. killed on a single hunting trip. ▶ Gram. The object of the verb is amariníini rt. amariíni drv.rt. (t.v.) obligatorily plural. Ex. Iipɨ amaríni be jealous, feel aámuuyáapɨ, na=amániiyaárikɨ jealous about. Ex. Iina ikwani, naawaaka. The warriors would kill nu=amariínii nu=majáana. That among themselves. Ex. Iina kuuwaa man is acting jealous about his wife. (n.) aámuuyáana, nu=amániikura Rel. amariniáana jealous siíruwa. The hunter killed (many) person. woolly monkeys. Rel. amániisɨ́ɨni (rt. amarisiáaka (n.) chicha de amániisɨɨ) (t.v.) kill groups of pijuayo o masato de pijuayo,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 39 amariyaaja amasíisi

fermented beverage made from surface if this were a possessive cooked amariyaaja (pijuayo) palm alternation; note also that there is fruits; it is prepared in a manner no distinct plural form (i.e., there is very similar to itíniija, manioc beer. no form amáriyaami). Ex. Anuu amariyaaja irreg.pl. amari tarawaájuuyaárikɨ=na kuumi irreg.poss. amáriyaaja. (n.) pijuayo amáriyaana jaa, náaji kuuwaa or Peach Palm, species of palm of paníini=jata, aamɨ́yaakiáana. He great traditional importance. Its had worked for two years already, savory, oily fruits were important seeking game in that way, as a hunter. as a source of solid food and also const.var. amáriyaana. served as the base for a rich amáriyaana const.var. of fermented beverage, amarisiáaka, amariyaana while the wood from its trunk, amariiki irreg.pl. amariikiwa which is covered with sharp spines, irreg.poss. amáriiki. (n.) general was used to make spears (juwáana) term for zúngaros, a class of and knives (paaniiwɨ). Sci. Bactris generally quite large catfishes of the ▶ gasipaes. Anth. According to Pimelodidae family, and especially Iquito oral tradition, this palm was the striped or mottled species of the first brought to the Iquito people by genus Pseudoplatystoma, also often a trio of shamans who flew far into called doncella in regional Spanish. the east to discover where the sun These catfish can reach 2m or more came from, where they encountered in length, with long flat heads, and a jealous spirit who hoarded the they are prized for the fact that palms for itself. By trickery, the their flesh has few bones. Sci. shamans liberated some of the Pseudoplatystoma spp. fruits, from which all amariyaaja in amáriinɨ́ɨni rt. amáriinɨɨ (i.v.) Iquito territory have descended. emit a high-pitched sustained amariyaajina JPI pers.var. of whistle-like call, said especially of amarijina tapirs, but also of certain parrots, such as nɨɨrɨsɨ́wɨɨja. amariyaana (n.) 1. season in which amariyaaja (pijuayo palm) =amásikaraata ELY pers.var. of fruits are ripe, which peaks in =namásikaraata February and March in Iquito amasíisi • from Sp. amasisa. (n.) territory. 2. year, measured from amasisa, species of tree known for one amariyaaja (pijuayo palm) thriving in a variety of soil types; it season to the next. ▶ Gram. When reaches up to 30cm in diameter and preceded by a quantifying element, its trunk is covered with broad such as nuúkiika ‘one’, kuumi ‘two’, thorns which come off fairly easily. jɨɨ́timi ‘some’,or taana ‘other’, this The underside of the bark, which word exhibits the alternant also can be stripped off fairly easily, amáriyaana, whose tone pattern is oozes a slimy substance which is identical to the pattern that would used to cure muúkwaayɨ ítuuja,

40 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary amátana ámaaja

‘rainbow burn’, (quemadura de the point at which it comes arco iris) and ‘interior fevers’; the together. act./mid. amatɨ́ɨni substance is combined with mud (middle) and the mixture is applied to the amatɨ́ɨni rt. amátɨ (i.v.) open up, sides of the torso. speaking of an object that closes or amátana (adv.) with strength, is closed by drawing together a force, intensity, or energy, speaking covering layer at one extremal of the realization of some action, point, e.g., a closed flower, certain activity, or state. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari iina fruit pods, or the amaki (cogollo) of kásiitaakura amátana anásaka a chambira (nɨɨ́kamɨ) palm. nuu nu=jíritijina=na, act./mid. amatáani (active) nu=iwɨɨ́taakurá tatɨɨ=iyáaji, amaa (interj.) “oh!”, “wow!”, jɨɨ́ta sɨɨmɨɨsíini=jata. When the mirative interjection that expresses pain was afflicting her intensely in her surprise upon learning something stomach, she lay on the palm floor, as or upon witnessing something if with cold. transpire. Ex. Amaa! Siiríija amátanana rt. amátana (adj.) kuríkɨɨja tɨɨ iina, iina strong, in the sense of having the pɨ́=sikɨɨyaárɨɨkura káami tɨɨ ability to exert force in a physical p=ɨɨ́kiaakura. Oh! This is or metaphorical sense; but not, e.g., grandmother’s parrot, whom we left being hard or tough. Ex. upriver where we used to live. Ex. Amátanana akíraja Amaa! Anitáaki asárɨɨ iiti. Oh! iíkirɨɨkiaákɨ=na. Suddenly there Peccaries ate here (upon seeing a was a strong wind. Ex. Kiaa trampled garden). amátanana kuúkirɨɨ ámaaja irreg.pl. ámaajawaaka (n.) kia=kuwíini=íira kuuráaka, 1. vocative term for paternal iyaamiaákuji kiaa pɨyɨ́ɨni great-uncle; father’s father brother, nakusiki, jaátaaraata kiaá iipɨ male or female ego. ▶ Gram. íyaakitaki, pɨ́=kujímaka iíkii iiti Referential counterpart: kumáani. 2. p=ɨ́yiki. You have to be strong to be general vocative term used for chief, because you have to know about uncles (maternal or paternal), or everything, how you should govern any adult male of one’s parents’ those who live here where we live. generation or older to whom one amatáani rt. amáta (t.v.) open up wishes to refer to with respect and something that closes or is closed affection. ▶ Anth. traditionally by drawing together a covering there was a very warm relationship layer at one extremal point, e.g., a between a father’s brother and his closed flower, a closed young palm nephews and nieces, and in the frond (cogollo), certain fruit pods, a context of this relationship the cloth bundle, a braid, or a juane latter often used this term instead (leaf-wrapped dumpling dish), by of the more specific vocative terms pulling open the outer covering at for uncles (i.e., akúmaaja ‘maternal

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 41 amaaka amɨriitáani

uncle (vocative)’ and paatíija crack, a bundle, or the incision ‘paternal uncle (vocative)’). made in a game animal. Ex. Atíira ▶ Gram. Referential counterparts:, kiaá iina amítatakwaa kia=táasa akuma, kumáani. kia=iitakúura, kaa tuu iiti. There amaaka irreg.poss. ámaaka. (n.) you will go and open up your basket, pole; a slender tree trunk, generally at your house, not here. straight and trimmed of bark, amitáani rt. amíta (t.v.) strip off prototypically measuring some the soft flexible part of nɨɨ́kamɨ 10-15cm in diameter, but (chambira palm) leaves from the sometimes reaching up to 25cm in more rigid central shaft of the diamter. tender leaves of their ámaki cogollos ámaana (n.) lower jaw. dialect.var. ( , palm frond buds), as part kanuu pájiiti. of the task of making chambira • ( palm fiber), which is amikaajúuni rt. amikaájuu from then used to make kanuu íniyɨ amigar (t.v.) Sp. . calm someone (chambira-fiber cord). dialect.var. down who is angry, argumentative, rikatáani. or violent. amíini rt. ámi (t.v.) tear something aminákaka irreg.pl. of aminákana lengthwise along a natural line of aminákana irreg.pl. aminákaka weakness; the prototypical case is (n.) 1. manioc plant, speaking of tearing off the bark of suitable tree the entire manioc plant, including species in long strips to serve as a tubers, stalk, branches, and leaves. tumpline or provisional rope, but it 2. a segment of manioc stalk cut to also applies to tearing cloth along a the size and for the purpose of seam, tearing a piece of split wood planting. HDC pers.var. minákana. apart along its grain, or tearing aminakíisi irreg.pl. aminakiísiwa open the thorax of an animal whose (n.) cascabel, juvenile form of the skin one has cut and ribs broken for South American Lancehead or this purpose. Fer-de-Lance (sajina). It has a amɨríini rt. amɨ́rii (i.v.) purse the gray-brown mottled coloring lips or smile without showing the similar to the adult form, but is teeth. distinguished from the latter by its amɨriitáani rt. amɨriíta 1. (i.v.) be pale tail-tip. Highly venomous, like asymmetrical or uneven, speaking adults of this species, they are especially of vessels and faces, e.g., widely considered in Peruvian a vessel with one side lower than Amazonia to be a distinct species the other, or a person whose smile from their adult counterparts. Sci. is pulled to one side. 2. (i.v.) have Bothrops atrox (juvenile). socio.var. an age-worn face, prototypically minakíisi. with wrinkles, age spots, and amítatáani rt. amítata (t.v.) open shrunken lips. 3. (i.v.) frown, up something slit-like, e.g., book, a grimace, make a face, or otherwise

42 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Amɨriítaasi amusíini

exhibit a peculiar facial expression, ampiisiítaaja whether due to mirth, e.g., when irreg.pl. ampiisiítaakami (n.) struggling to suppress laughter; or medicine or remedy used to treat due to being upset, e.g., when physical illnesses, but not those pouting or sulking. dialect.var. brought about via witchcraft or amuriitáani. malignant spirits. Amɨriítaasi free.var. of Siirɨɨ́taja ampiisiítaakami irreg.pl. of ampiisiítaaja ámɨsi 3.poss. námɨsi (n.) gums and (n.) portion of the jawbone in which the amúriija bend or curve of a teeth are embedded; this term is river, where a ‘curve’ is defined by often used to refer to places where Iquitos as the segment of river the surfaces of the gums and between one point of maximum jawbone are clearly visible due to curvature, and the next point of the loss of teeth. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. maximum curvature in the opposite JPI pers.var. ámusi. direction (cf. common western understanding, which measures irreg.pl. amɨ́yajaka (adj.) amɨ́yaja from one inflection point to the full. next); river bends of this type are a amɨ́yajáani rt. amɨ́yaja (t.v.) fill standard way of measuring travel any container with any kind of distances on rivers. substance, e.g., a pot with water, a amúriija 3.poss. namúriija (n.) hole with dirt, a canoe with cargo. molar. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Jaa nu=amɨ́yajaki amuriitáani rt. amuriíta nu=samaku. He already filled his dialect.var. of amɨriitáani gourd bowl. Amuriítaasi free.var. of Siirɨɨ́taja amɨ́yɨɨtáani rt. amɨ́yɨɨta (i.v.) fill ámusi JPI pers.var. of ámɨsi 3.poss. up, become full, speaking of ▶ vessel-like objects like pots, canoes, námusi Gram. Poss.pref. and even houses, e.g., with people. amúsiaaki socio.var. of músiaaki Ex. Náaji=na amúsitajáani (n.) maparate, nu=amɨ́yɨɨtaákiaaná=yaa species of catfish that reaches some tasikɨ=jinakuma=na. Thus my 40cm in length, with a shape and fishtrap fills up inside (with fish). coloration very similar to the piruja bocón ampiisíini rt. ampiísii • from Q. ( ), but distinguished by ampi. (t.v.) treat someone using having a large number of barbels medicine, be it traditional around the mouth. Sci. plant-based medicine, or Western Hypophthalmus edentatus. medicine, on the assumption that amusíini rt. amúsi (i.v.) commit the injury of malady is ultimately incest, have a sexual relationship physical in nature, in contrast with with a person although the healing practices based on spiritual participants’ kinship relations etiology and treatment (paanáani). forbid it, according to social norms.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 43 amúwɨɨja anajúuni

The term can jokingly be applied to amuusíini rt. amuúsii (i.v.) have non-incestuous sexual relations as facial hair. ▶ well. Gram. The optional anaja irreg.poss. ánaja. (n.) murco, argument denoting the person with very small but hard lumps that whom the subject has the appear on hair, which reportedly incestuous relationship bears the form when hair is unable to dry for commitative postpostion =jata. a long period of time. amúwɨɨja (n.) veranero, madre de anajaka irreg.poss. anájaka. (n.) 1. la lluvia, buco golondrina, or smoke. 2. steam. 3. cloud or mist. Swallow-winged Puffbird, species of bird that reaches some 15cm in anajásiija (n.) misho isma, species length, and is mostly black except of plant or small tree that grows to for a patch of white on its lower 2-3m in height, with distinctive back and vent, and reddish brown hairs on its slender trunk. It feathering on its belly. It is noted produces fruits reminiscent of for burrowing into sandy river cotton pods that contain small dark banks and beaches in the dry seeds that are used to treat season to make its nest. Sci. respiratory illnesses; the seeds are Chelidoptera tenebrosa. either crushed, soaked in alcohol, amúuku 3.poss. namúuku (n.) 1. and the resulting liquid drunk, or cheek. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. the they are worn as a necklace, that exterior covering of the gills of a latter remedy being most common fish. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. for small children. Sci. Abelmoschus moschatus. amúusi (n.) bearded one; (adj.) affectionate vocative term used to anajatina rt. anajati sharp address someone with noticeable smelling, acrid smelling, said of facial hair. substances including fresh chili peppers, the juice of nuúruu amuúsitaka (barbasco), lemon rind, wood irreg.pl. amuúsitakayuuri (adj.) smoke, strong distilled alcohol, and the quality of having a significant the smell emitted by stink bugs. quantity of either facial hair, speaking of a person, or whiskers, anajɨ́ɨni rt. anájɨɨ (i.v.) produce speaking of an animal. Ex. Juu, smoke, e.g., a cooking fire or a amuúsitaka, iiti taa burning garden plot. nu=amuusíika. Wow, (the man anajúuni rt. anájuu 1. (t.v.) treat was) heavily bearded, his beard or cure with smoke, a medical (down to) here (gesturing). treatment used mainly for infants amuusíika irreg.poss. ámuusíika. and small children whose 3.poss. námuusíika (n.) facial hair, symptoms, often diarrhea, are whether an entire beard or partial believed to be due to exposure to facial hair, such as a moustache. the smell of a demon or other ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. malevolent being, e.g., a muújinaapɨ

44 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary anajúuti anakana

(yacuruna, merperson). Materials upper or upriver end or extremum that emit a strong smell, such as of an entity, specifically, one that feathers or horn, are typically exists not as the result of some burned under a hammock in which object having been severed or cut the child is placed, with the idea off, but by virtue of the extremum that the strong-smelling smoke of in question being part of its natural these materials will drive away the shape, e.g., the top of a tree, the smell that is causing the child’s headwaters of a river, the end of an illness. 2. (t.v.) cover something oxbow lake (on the end opposite with soot by smoking it, either from its connection with the river, deliberately as was traditionally if there is one), or the prow of a done as part of a process to give canoe. ▶ Gram. Although a locative drinking gourds a shiny, black, noun, speakers appear to find the lacquer-like surface, or logically possible anaka-ma inadvertently, as when a cooking ‘extremum-down’ to be fire covers roof poles and thatch unacceptable. Poss.pref. 2. with soot. headwaters of a river or creek. ▶ anajúuti (n.) plant species used to Gram. This sense obtains when treat recently-planted chacras so the notional possessor is a river or that insect and animal pests will creek. Poss.pref. Ex. Iipɨ=na not eat the growing manioc plants; pɨ́=maakatúuwa the plant is soft-stemmed and na=iikiaárikɨ=na Anatimu herbaceous, with soft, roundish, anákajina. Our ancestors lived in the green leaves, and reaches about 1m headwaters of the Pintuyacu River. in height, at which point it tends to Ex. N=aátikiaákɨ=na, “Iiná tɨɨ lean over and continue growing on kuuta Takarnáaku, iina the ground. To treat a chacra, first pɨ́=nakúsii káami nu=anákaku a fire is lit in the middle of it,then naajáaja.” They said, “This may be entire green anajúuti plants are the Nanay River, which we also know upriver at its headwaters.” 3. prow of thrown onto the fire, and the ▶ resulting smoke is fanned out across canoe or boat. Gram. This sense the garden. This plant apparently obtains when the notional possessor looks very similar to muutíina, a is a water craft. Poss.pref. medicinal plant used to treat dogs (n.) to make them better hunters of anakana irreg.poss. anákana. naranja podrido agoutis. , a wild tree species whose sweet, citrus-like fruits, ánaka 3.poss. nánaka (n.) head. ▶ much prized, resemble yellow Gram. Poss.pref. Rel. pari oranges but are mottled with gray (adj.) anákana flat-headed. and brown patches, as if they had anákaku rt. anáka been attacked by a fungal infection. irreg.pl. anákakuka 3.poss. The trunks of individual trees can nanákaku (loc.n.) 1. the natural reach up to 1m in diameter, and

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 45 anákatáani anakújumɨ

when cut they copiously bleed a whose distinctive feeding habit white sap that is sometimes used to involves consuming the wood of make pitch (kɨriija). Sci. branches around their Parahancornia peruviana. circumference, working its way anákatáani rt. anákata (t.v.) cut around the branch and successively something long and rigid into two eating its way deeper into it, such parts; the prototypical case is that in some cases, a gust of wind cutting a felled tree trunk into can snap off the end of the branch smaller sections for transport, but entirely. this term also applies to more anakatu irreg.pl. anakatuwa, slender timbers and similarly anakatuka (n.) type of forest shaped objects of other rigid demon that has the form of a materials, e.g., metal rebar and yellowish White-lipped Pecarry plastic tubing. ▶ Socio. This term is (anitáaki) and which, according to considered relatively obscure by Iquito oral tradition, devoured lone current speakers, and has been hunters in the forest, even going so largely displaced by tijakáani, far as to knock down trees which which has a broader meaning. the hunter might climb to escape. anakatijúuni rt. anakatíjuu (t.v.) anákaaja 3.poss. nanákaaja (n.) cut a tree at a point far from the last one of a series of things, e.g., ground, a now no longer practiced the last animal born in a litter, the method for felling trees. The last bunch of fruits on a tree, or, in favored technique involved tying a tamuu (guaba) fruit pod, the last the top of the target tree to a flesh-covered seed to be eaten, after neighboring tree, so that the side of having eaten one’s way down to the ▶ the target tree was exposed to a end of the pod. Gram. Poss.pref. position where is could be cut with anákuja irreg.pl. anákuka 3.poss. an axe from a neigboring tree, or nanákuja (n.) small manioc tuber; from a platform specially built for these tubers, measuring 5-10cm in that purpose (aamaákuuja), with the length, tend to be found together top of the tree bent away from that with full-sized tubers on the same position; once the trunk had been root stock; they are typically not cut through sufficiently, the person cooked for food, but instead are felling the tree would shift positions used to feed animals or chopped up to the tree to which the target tree for manioc beer. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. was tied, and cut throught the anakújumɨ irreg.pl. anakujúmɨya bindings, causing the target tree to (n.) bijao, general term for a large snap forward suddently and break number of species of plants from off at the point at which it was cut. the genuses Calathea and Heliconia, anakátiija (n.) papaso torneador all of which share the property of or papaso sierra, species of large having glossy leaves that are, at the weevil, reaching 5cm in length, same time, thin, flexible, and

46 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary anakujúuni anapa

durable; shaped roughly like inferior deictic spatial adverb nami. banana leaves, the leaves reach 3. there inside, focused form of the 50-100cm in length, depending on anaphoric deictic spatial adverb the species. These leaves are prized nami, used to indicate the interior for wrapping foodstuffs for of enclosed spaces. Ex. Anami=na transport or cooking, especially in nu=inaárikɨ nu=paápaaja, the preparation of ijiika nu=iríini=íira tíira (patarashca). Sci. Calathea spp., nu=iitakúura nuu. There inside Heliconia spp. socio.var. nakújumɨ. (his leaf basket) he would put his fish, anakujúuni rt. anakújuu (t.v.) to take it there to his house. peel and chop small manioc tubers, anana rt. ana (adj.) spicy or hot, anákuja, into small chunks for referring principally to the flavor of cooking, typically for making into hot peppers, but also a small itíniija, manioc beer; traditionally, number of other plants with a this activity was most commonly similar flavor, such as anari, ginger. carried out in the garden in which pers.var.ɨɨjɨɨ́tina. the manioc was harvested, so that ánani irreg.pl. anániwaaka 3.poss. the manioc is already brought back nánani (n.) brother of female ego. ready to boil. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. anákuka irreg.pl. of anákuja anániisana anakwáasa (n.) Cocha Whiptail, irreg.pl. anániisanawaaka 3.poss. species of lizard often encountered nanániisana (n.) deceased brother ▶ on paths and in chacras; it also of female ego. Gram. Poss.pref. tends to come to camps cleared in ananɨ́ɨta (n.) species of the forest. Reaching some 50cm in unidentified reed that often grows length with its long tail, it is in large patches in areas with deep generally brown, except for a patch leaf litter (sásakɨ); growing to a of green on the neck and upper diameter of about 2cm, its stalks back, white spotting on the face, have an abrasive surface, and are and dark markings on the upper segmented, in the manner of half of its sides. Sci. Kentropyx bamboo, approximately every altamazonica. 10cm, although the stalks are solid anami (adv.) 1. there downriver, all the way through; long branches focused form of the anaphoric of slightly narrower diameter downriver deictic spatial adverb emerge from these segments, nami. Ex. Naami Ninarumi=jina, bearing stems with clusters of small anami kana=makɨ́kura, jɨɨ́tikari leaves. kana=iíkwakura iiti=ji. anapa irreg.pl. anapaa irreg.poss. Downriver in Ninarumi, there ánapa. (n.) guacamayo, general downriver we slept when we went term for the two large macaw from here. 2. down there, focused species found in Iquito territory, the form of the anaphoric vertically Red-and-Green Macaw and the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 47 anapa anákaari ánasa

Blue-and-Yellow Macaw; the two or red bellies and chests and collars species can be distinguished with and heads of a another color such the descriptive names anapa as blue, green, black, or brown, aákusana (lit. ‘red macaw’) and often with green backs, and often anapa nɨyana (lit. ‘blue macaw’), with black faces. They tend to have respectively. Sci. Ara ararauna, Ara distinctive white eyerings and long chloropterus. tails that are typically striped with anapa anákaari irreg.pl. anapa white underneath. Sci. Trogon spp., anákaariwa lit. macaw head (n.) Pharomacrus pavoninus. huitina variety of , a plant species anaraati (n.) azufre caspi o azufre with several fleshy stalks that grow huayo, species of tree similar in up to 1m in height, each with a form to marimari (jɨɨtinákwaa), single large, roughly triangular leaf. typically found in relatively This variety has round, edible elevated areas far from rivers; it can starchy tubers about 10cm in reach a diameter of 1m and the diameter, with yellow flesh and a bark and wood have a smell soft thin skin. Sci. Xanthosoma sp. remiscent of barbasco (nuúruu). It anapa páasi lit. macaw huasaco has small leaves, and its bark is (n.) species of rarely seen somewhat dark-colored, tends to huasaco-type fish, dark yellow in peel off in strips, and is notorious color, that reaches up to 40cm in for having a caustic liquid that can length, usually seen near the banks splash on people felling these trees, of rivers. burning the eyes and causing the anapáwɨɨjɨɨka dialect.var. of face to swell. Note that this seems napáwɨɨjɨɨka to be a distinct species from what is called azufre caspi in other parts of anapaakákana Peruvian Amazonia. dialect.var. irreg.pl. anapaakákiaakɨ lit. macaw naraati. manioc (n.) guacamayo rumo, variety of manioc, formerly but no anari irreg.pl. anariwa irreg.poss. longer cultivated, chacterized by ánari. (n.) ginger, cultigen used by having a light purplish trunk, and Iquitos for medicinal purposes, but tubers with skins of similar color. not culinary ones. The heated pulp anapaakákiaakɨ irreg.pl. of of the root is applied to scorpion isula anapaakákana and stings for pain relief, and is taken as a tea to relieve diarrhea (n.) paracuca anápuuja or Trogon, and cold symptoms. Its flesh also general term for a number of used in steam baths to treat colds. Trogon species found in Iquito Sci. Zingiber officinale. territory. These are frugivorous birds known for nesting in termite ánasa (adv.) 1. angrily. 2. strongly, nests, generally measuring some speaking of the intensity with 25cm in length, with either yellow which the sun shines.

48 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ánasa iwíini anasúuni

ánasa iwíini rt. ánasa iíki lit. be anásiiki irreg.pl. anásiikiwa (n.) 1. painful (i.v.) be angry. ▶ Gram. shank or lower leg, from the knee The verb in this construction to ankle. 2. shaft of a paddle. inflects with person and TAM anasiikíini rt. anasiíkii 1. (t.v.) morphology as is typical of finite put legs on a piece of furniture, verbs. Ex. Ánasa k=iíkii, such as a table or bench. Ex. iyaamiaákuji iina tipanɨɨri Kw=anasiíkii iina ajirɨna. I put nu=asakura kí=maaya maníini. legs on the bench. 2. (t.v.) put a I am angry, because the demonic handle on something, especially a stingray ate my teenage son. Rel. maasi (llica) hand net used for ánasa iikiáana (n.) angry person. fishing. ánasa míini rt. ánasa mii lit. have anasɨ́ɨni rt. anásɨɨ (i.v.) feel pain. pain 1. (i.v.) experience pain. ▶ Gram. The entity that experiences ▶ Gram. The verb in this the pain is expressed as an oblique construction inflects with person argument NP bearing the goal and TAM morphology as is typical postposition =íira. Ex. of finite verbs, with the caveat that Muusaníkwaa ásaaja anasɨɨ́yaa this sense requires the verb bear k=íira. The isula (hunting ant) bite imperfective aspect. The subject is hurting me. act./mid. anasúuni corresponds to the person or the (active) part of the body that hurts; and if the subject is a body part, then the anasɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. anasɨɨtɨɨ (t.v.) hurt, possessor of the body part can cause pain, without any implication optionally be expressed as an of causing an injury, and thus said, oblique argument NP that bears the e.g., of pricking someone with a goal postposition =íira. Ex. needle, or the effects of a painful Kw=ánaka miiyaakurá k=íira. insect bite. ▶ Gram. The subject is My head was hurting. 2. (i.v.) suffer the proximal source of the pain, an injury. ▶ Gram. This sense e.g., an injection, a wasp sting, or requires that the verb bear a an abscess, while the object is the perfective aspect. Ex. Ánasa iina person or the body part affected. míi ikwani. This man got injured. Ex. Muusaníkwaa anasɨɨtɨɨ́yaa kíija. The isula (hunting ant) is anásaka (n.) 1. pain. 2. anger. hurting me (from its bite). anásaka 3.poss. nanásaka lit. pain anasúuni irreg.pl. anasúuwa (n.) (n.) venom, e.g., of snakes, spiders, isulilla or Kelep, species of ant that or wasps. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. reaches about 1.5cm in length, and anásana rt. anása (adj.) painful, delivers a painful sting. Reddish said of body parts that are the site brown, its body shape is similar to of pain. Rel. anasanúuni (rt. an isula ant, and it makes its nest in anasánuu) (t.v.) make something the ground at the base of trees. Sci. hurt. Ectatomma sp.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 49 anasúuni anaawaaka anasúuni rt. anásuu (t.v.) wound anaajɨɨjáani rt. anaajɨɨja (t.v.) or hurt a person, or especially, an cure, heal, or make healthy. ELY animal, with the intention of pers.var. ánaajiijáani. disabling it, e.g., in the context of ánaajɨ́ɨni rt. ánaajɨ impf.rt. ánaaji hunting, so that the animal cannot (i.v.) recover from an illness or escare. act./mid. anasɨ́ɨni (middle) injury. Ex. Kw=ánaajɨsakari=na, anasúuwa irreg.pl. of anasúuni kií kiaa síwɨɨraakuwɨɨ́kiaana. If I Anatimu lit. termite river (prop.n.) recuperate, I will go and visit you. (t.v.) Pintuyacu River, the river on which Rel. ánaajɨtɨ́ɨni (rt. ánaajɨtɨɨ) San Antonio de Pintuyacu, the heal or cure someone of an illness principal Iquito community, is or injury. located. ánaaka irreg.pl. of ánaaja anatiija free.var. of tukúruuja anáani rt. ána (i.v.) snore. ánaaja irreg.pl. ánaaka 3.poss. ánaanɨ́ɨni rt. ánaanɨɨ (i.v.) yawn. (n.) nánaaja the main vertical anaanɨɨtáani rt. anaanɨɨ́ta (i.v.) section of a plant, be it the trunk of take last gasps or final breaths in a large tree or palm, the relatively the moments before death. thick stalk of plants such as manioc (adv.) or sugarcane, or even very slender anaaraata in the given way stalks of grass-like plants such as or manner; focused form of the sakújaaja (piripiri); the term is also manner adverbial anaphor used to indicate the stiff central naaraata, which indicates that some vane of chambira leaves in the event unfolds in a manner described immature buds (cogollos) that are previously in the discourse. Ex. harvested to extract their fiber. Anuu=na, anaaraata naajáaja, ▶ Sem. This term can be used to nu=wɨɨrɨɨ́takiaaná nuu, refer specifically to the trunk ofa “Saakaa=na kia=miiyaákiaana, given tree or plant, in contrast to its máaya?” He, in the very same way, other parts; or it can be used to also asked him, “What are you doing, refer to the tree or plant as a whole, child?” in contrast to its fruit. For example, anaasi irreg.poss. ánaasi. (n.) the term nɨsikati (aguaje) is general term for mosquitoes. ambiguous in whether it refers to anaasi muriítaasi (n.) species of the fruit in particular or the palm as large yellowish mosquito a whole; in order to refer to the encountered in the deep forest that palm as a whole, the possessive measures almost 2cm in length, construction nɨsikati ánaaja is used. ▶ with long legs that extend visibly Gram. Poss.pref. from the body. ánaaji impf.rt. of ánaajɨ́ɨni anaawaaka (pro.) they, them; ánaajiijáani rt. ánaajiíja ELY focused form of the third person pers.var. of anaajɨɨjáani plural pronoun naawaaka, used for

50 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ani anímaa

information-structurally prominent its tail. 2. blunt tip or end of functions such as topic and focus. something slender, e.g., a stick that ▶ ani irreg.pl. aníwaaka 3.poss. nani does not come to point. Gram. (n.) mother. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Poss.pref. Ex. Nu=pajámani tɨɨ ▶ Socio. Historically, this root was iina pajataárikɨ iina tasikɨ, the sole referential term for nu=juwáana aniáasi=jata. Her ‘mother’; more recently, the lover was the one who had made a historical vocative term niaatíija has hole in the fish trap, with the blunt come to be used referentially, such end of his spear. that ani is now uncommon in anija ELY pers.var. of aniija everyday speech. anija irreg.poss. ánija. 3.poss. nánija ▶ ani (adj.) big, large. ▶ Gram. This (n.) tree stump. Gram. Poss.pref. bound root must bear one of the anijákwaa irreg.pl. anijákwaapɨ small set of adjectival classifiers. (animate) (adj.) relatively big or The property concept of largeness is large; big or large for a member of typically expressed using the a class of entity that is not adjectival root uumáa, which does considered large in a broader sense, not require adjectival classifiers. e.g., a large chicken, since chickens Rel. anikáana (adj.) large, speaking as a class are not considered large of relatively hard fruits such as animals; this term is not employed caimito or naranja podrido. Rel. for, e.g., a large tapir, since tapirs anikíina (adj.) large, speaking of are considered large animals in a tapered fruits such as manioc or broader sense. corn; also used to refer to large anijíki impf.rt. of anijikɨ́ɨni penises. Rel. aníkisa (adj.) rt. anijíkɨ impf.rt. big-shanked; the quality of having anijikɨ́ɨni anijíki (i.v.) become angry. thick legs below the knees, said act./mid. anijikúuni (active) generally of people, but also applicable to animals such as the anijikúuni rt. anijíkuu (t.v.) anger pɨsɨkɨ (tapirs). Rel. aníjaaka (adj.) someone, make someone angry. large, speaking of relatively soft Ex. Aákari=na nu=anijíkuurɨɨ fruits such as cocona and papayas; kíija. Now he has made me angry. also used to refer to large vulvas. act./mid. anijikɨ́ɨni (middle) aniáasi 3.poss. naniáasi (n.) 1. anikákwaa 3.poss. nanikákwaa (n.) ▶ slender tail of an animal, e.g., a stomach. Gram. Poss.pref. monkey, lizard, stingray, or dialect.var. awítaka. scorpion, distinguished from the anímaa (interj.) “come here!”, flat tails of birds, fish, and aquatic standard imperative form of ‘come’. mammals (iíwaasi). ▶ Gram. ▶ Gram. This conventionalized Poss.pref. Ex. form consists of the root ani ‘come’ Nu=riwakarɨɨ́kiaana and the seemingly redundant nu=aniáasi. It (a jaguar) curled up allative directional -maa; this

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 51 ánimɨ anísitáani

expression never bears any aníriiti (n.) mound of earth that additional morphology. results from the fall of a large tree, ánimɨ irreg.pl. anímɨya 3.poss. its roots elevating a mound of earth nánimɨ (n.) achilles heel, tendon as they are torn from the ground; in heel. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. because these mounds are often the only dry land in areas of flooded animɨ irreg.pl. animɨya irreg.poss. forest, they are places where ánimɨ. 3.poss. nánimɨ (n.) buttress animals may flee when the waters root of tree. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Rel. rise, which makes them important anímɨtina (adj.) the quality of places for hunters to visit. having buttress roots. anirúyaaka (n.) 1. minga or work irreg.pl. aniniíkiwa (n.) aniníiki party organized to fell large trees in ridge, the line of highest elevation order to clear an area for a new that runs along a hill or set of hills. chacra plot. 2. manioc beer aniniíkiina (n.) shapajilla or prepared for a tree-felling minga or shapaja de loma, palm species work party. shapaja similar to niraasi ( ) but with anirúuni rt. aníruu (t.v.) fell thicker branches, smaller edible multiple trees, e.g., to clear a nasi fruits, and wider fronds which, like (chacra, garden plot), or for timber. those of the latter species, can be ▶ cumbas Gram. This verb can either take used to weave matákaari ( ), an NP denoting the felled trees as coverings for roof peaks; this its object or, if the trees have been species is found growing mainly felled in order to clear a garden, an near the ridges of hills. Sci. NP incorporating nasi ‘chacra’. Ex. Maximiliana maripa. dialect.var. Kia=kamáraa iitíini, átiiji kiaá aniniíkiisi. nuu aníruu. First you clear the aniniíkiisi dialect.var. of vegetation, then you will fell the trees. aniniíkiina Ex. Nu=aníruuyaárikɨ=na aníriti irreg.pl. aníritiwaaka 3.poss. nu=nasi. He was clearing (trees to naníriti (n.) referential term for make) his garden. maternal aunt; mother’s sister, male anisíkina (n.) species of ▶ or female ego. Gram. Vocative cunchi-type catfish that reaches counterpart: aríriija. Poss.pref. 20cm in length; generally dark Chambira dialect.var. aniriika. brown in color, it is covered with anirítiisana lighter yellowish spots. It has spurs irreg.pl. anirítiisanawaaka 3.poss. that can deliver painful injuries and nanirítiisana (n.) referential term is considered venomous by Iquitos. for deceased maternal aunt; dialect.var. nisíkina. HDC pers.var. deceased mother’s sister, male or inisíkini. ELY pers.var. anisíkini. female ego. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. anisíkini ELY pers.var. of anisíkina aniriika Chambira dialect.var. of anísitáani rt. anísita dialect.var. of aníriti inísitáani

52 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary anitáaki aniwa anitáaki irreg.pl. anitaákiwa, more frequently than the bird is anitaákika (n.) huangana, the seen. Over 50cm in length and larger of the two peccary species, mottled-gray-brown in color, it has superficially similar to a wild pig. a short but very broad beak and The anitáaki was traditionally a large eyes that reflect light at night. very important game animal. Sci. It typically perches on a dead tree Tayassu pecari. or stump during the day in a anitáaki amákɨɨri free.var. of distinctive upright posture that anitáaki masiiri irreg.pl. anitáaki camouflages it as a branch of the amákɨɨriwa tree or as the tip of the trunk on which it is perched. Sci. Nyctibius anitáaki kajakáana free.var. of grandis. tákusi aniáasi anitáaki sirúuku free.var. of anitáaki makwaati lit. ▶ white-lipped peccary anuran (n.) siinakíriisi Sem. Speakers easily huangana sapo or Rocket Treefrog, identify sirúuku in this compound as a species of tan treefrog whose meaning ‘one who fishes with barbasco females reach some 10cm and ’, but they do not accept males some 7cm. Its call is a loud this as an independent word. quack, perceived by Iquitos to be anitáani rt. aníta (t.v.) fell a tree similar to the grunts of anitáaki in order to obtain an entity that is (White-Lipped Peccary). This in the upper part of the tree, e.g., ▶ species is known for gathering in fruits or an animal. Gram. The large groups in pools by the edges object of the verb is the entity for of bodies of water to breed and lay which the tree is being felled to eggs. Sci. Hyla lanciformis. obtain. Ex. Aámiikáaka anitáaki masiiri irreg.pl. anitáaki kw=anítakura iina piyúuri, masiiriwa (n.) ‘fleeing iyaamiaákuji nu=íriitakurá White-Lipped Peccary’ style of káami nɨɨku. Yesterday I felled (for) weaving iitaari, crisneja thatch, in the currasow, because it got stuck up which the ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm in the height (of the tree). frond stems that wrap around the anitáani rt. aníta 1. (t.v.) bring. 2. palm wood lath are tied in a way (t.v.) accompany, come with that yields a herringbone pattern another person, typically running along the lath. free.var. facilitating or causing them to anitáaki amákɨɨri. arrive at a place by accompanying anitáaki nɨɨsina lit. white-lipped them to it. peccary eagle (n.) huangana gavilán aniwa (procl.) that, focused form of or Great Potoo, nocturnal bird the discourse anaphor niwa. Ex. species whose grunting call, Aniwa=íiku na=sákiiyaárikɨ characterized as similar to the nuu, iyaamiaákuji grunting of the White-Lipped nu=miiyaárikɨ pɨyɨ́ɨni saakaaya, Peccary (anitáaki), is heard much iipɨ nakusijiaárikɨ kaa taapɨ

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 53 aniwaasa aníini

míini. For that they hated him, (tuuku) speaking of multiple because he did all sorts of things that individuals and multiple loads. others didn’t know how to do. aníina (n.) felled tree; a tree that aniwaasa (adj.) loud, speaking has been felled and is now lying on specifically of the voice. the ground. ániinaka (n.) the small cords aniija irreg.poss. ániija. 3.poss. which emerge along the head and nániija (n.) root of plant or tree. ▶ ▶ foot edges of a woven hammock Gram. Poss.pref. Socio. Some and join together to form the main speakers (ELY in particular), hammock ropes (inɨ́ɨki). employ the form anija for both ‘tree aníini rt. áni (i.v.) rain, for rain to stump’ and ‘root’. Rel. aniijátina ▶ (adj.) the quality of having many fall. Gram. The subject must underground roots, e.g., a chacra denote or index ‘rain’, i.e., an NP located in an area with many large containing aasi ‘rain’, or a pronoun trees, such that harvesting tubers is that indexes it. Ex. more arduous. ELY pers.var. anija. Aájapaki=kija, kaa iina ánii uumáata aasi, niwa=aákuji kaa aniijúuni rt. aniíjuu (i.v.) fish for kí=pariíyaa iina jikatáani nujija (mojarras), small fish ki=náana iíkii aasamu=jina. But generally used for bait, using the no, it didn’t rain heavily, and that is smallest of fish hooks, a quite short why I can’t take my wood out that is fishing pole, and manioc dough in the creek. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari bait, jíniija. This technique involves nu=ikwaánɨɨyaárikɨ rapidly stirring up the surface of aasamu=na, kana=iikwaárikɨ the water with the tip of a fishing niínaki tarawaajúuni=ánuura, pole (siapuukwatáani) to attract the kana=ijíkatatáani=íira iina fish and then tossing in the baited náana, jɨɨ́tikari nu=aniaárikɨ. hook only briefly before quickly When the creeks flooded, we went to jerking it out. work at night, in order to push out the ániikitúuni rt. ániikítuu (t.v.) logs, when it rained. carry loads with tumplines (tuuku), aníini rt. áni (t.v.) fell tree. speaking of multiple individuals. aníini rt. áni (i.v.) come, move in ▶ Gram. This verb requires a plural the direction of the deictic center. subject. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, iina ikwani aniaárikɨ, n=akúumi aniaárikɨ ániikíini rt. ániiki (t.v.) carry nuu=ánuura. So thus that man something on one’s back using a approached, her son-in-law came for tuuku, tumpline. Ex. Kw=ániikii her. Ex. Iyaamiaákuji aákari, járaki. I am carrying firewood (with kuukisaákari aámiikáaka, iipɨ a tumpline). siwaánɨrɨɨ kaayaaka, iipɨ ánii aniikiitúuni rt. aniikiítuu (t.v.) p=aamúuni=ánuura. Because carry multiple loads with tumplines today, or perhaps tomorrow, the

54 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aniinúuni aniita marajákwaa aarɨwati

people who are coming to kill us will ámaanana (n.) person with a large, arrive. or jutting, jaw. Rel. aniita tanajana (n.) big-bellied person. Rel. aniita aniinúuni rt. aniínuu (t.v.) in the tuúkuna (n.) big-eared person. Rel. process of making a hammock, the aniita raatiáana (n.) drinker, a step of taking the small cords that person who drinks a great deal. emerge along the head and foot edges of a woven hammock aniita asáana irreg.pl. aniita (ániinaka), stretching them out and asáapɨ lit. big eater (n.) glutton; a cutting them to the appropriate person with a tremendous appetite length, and finally joining them who eats constantly and is rarely together to form the main satisfied. ▶ Anth. According to hammock ropes (inɨ́ɨki). Iquito oral traditional, individuals aniita (adv.) big, large, great. were sometimes turned into ▶ Gram. This adverb only appears gluttons by shamans in order to as the initial, non-head, element in exact vengeance on them, compounds, participating in two sometimes simply because they had main types of compound been spotted eating alone, which constructions. In the first was traditionally deprecated; it is construction, the second element of also reported that in traditional the compound, the head, consists of Iquito society, gluttony was an a noun (typically a body part), to affliction that affected men only. which an adjectival inflection has aniita marajákwaa irreg.pl. aniita been suffixed, yielding an adjectival marajákwaapɨ (n.) suri grande, compound that expresses the the largest species of edible beetle property of exhibiting a particularly grub. Reaching some 6cm in length, large version of the noun in these fat, white grubs turn question, e.g., aniita namijana ‘big somewhat reddish when mature eyed’. In the second type of and are mainly encountered in the construction, the head is a verb that trunks of nɨsikati (aguaje) palms, has undergone subject which are sometimes felled and nominalization, yielding a nominal deliberately holed to facilitate the compound that indicates that the relevant species of beetle (aarɨwati) person described by the compound laying its eggs in the trunk. Sci. exhibits or realizes the eventuality Rhyncophorus palmarum (grub). denoted by the verb to an unusual degree, e.g., aniita asáana ‘big aniita marajákwaa aarɨwati eater, glutton’. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta taárikɨ (n.) Palm Weevil; this term serves kaa aniita asáana iina to disambiguate the term aarɨwati, n=arakíika=na, which has this species as its nu=raatikuraana sɨɨ́sanurika. prototypical referent, but can also Since his nephew was not a glutton, he potentially refer to muusajákwaa drank a small quantity. Rel. aniita aarɨwati, the Bearded Palm Weevil.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 55 aniita namijana anɨɨ́taaja

Sci. Rhyncophorus palmarum the forest, so this form of whistling (weevil). is mainly used by people in the aniita namijana irreg.pl. aniita forest to signal to one another. namijapɨ lit. big eyed (n.) 1. large- socio.var. nɨɨjɨ́ɨni. or bug-eyed person, a person with anɨɨ́kujina (loc.n.) a place from protruding and bulging eyes. 2. which one calls; traditionally having large holes, said of baskets certain places were known as woven in such a fashion that their especially effective for calling over weave leaves large holes in the long distances, e.g., a place from material of the basket. which it was especially effective to ániitaaja (n.) load, a unit of call people living on the other side something that is to be carried on of the river. the back, e.g., a load of firewood, (d.v.) or a panero (táasa ) full of manioc, anɨɨkúuni rt. anɨɨ́kuu call typically, but not neccessarily, out or call to someone repeatedly. carried with a tumpline. anɨ́ɨni rt. anɨɨ (a.v.) call out or call ániitáani rt. ániita (t.v.) carry to someone, whether with words, a something on one’s back in any wordless vocalization like a hoot, or ▶ manner, e.g., with or without a an implement like a horn. Gram. tumpline (pretina,tuuku). This verb can optionally take an NP ánɨɨja irreg.pl. ánɨɨya 3.poss. nánɨɨja object and/or a direct reported (n.) piece or part that results from speech complement. Ex. Íyaa splitting or cutting something, in iina=na, nu=anɨɨ́kiaana iina any way that does not involve muuti, “Muuti, saakaa cutting crosswise, an object that is kia=miíyaa?” Then he called to the longer than it is wide; this may agouti, “Agouti, what are you doing?” involve: 1) cutting lengthwise an Ex. Nu=anɨɨ́yaa, “Juuuuu!” She is object that is, in fact, longer than it calling out, “Juuuuu!” Ex. Jaari is wide (e.g., splitting a log nu=anɨ́ɨ iipɨ maniínikuuri. Then lengthwise), or cutting an object he called to the young men. that is not longer than it is wide in anɨɨ́taaja irreg.pl. anɨɨ́taakami (n.) any direction (e.g., cutting a lump horn, typically made from a cow’s of meat in half); the piece may be of horn, adopted during the early 20th any size size relative to the object century as a way to signal between from which it was cut, but cannot relatively close settlements, be plank-shaped, since such pieces especially between San Antonio and ▶ are called írɨwɨ. Gram. Poss.pref. nearby settlements such as Pijuayal; anɨɨjɨ́ɨni rt. anɨɨjɨɨ (i.v.) puquear, a the signal from this horn was distinctive type of whistling generally interpreted as a call to performed by blowing over a gap in come to San Antonio either at the one’s cupped hands. The sound behest of the patrón for carries for a long distance through labor-related purposes, or for an

56 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary anɨɨtɨ́ɨni =ánuura

important communal event, such as a person-denoting referential noun someone’s burial. (most commonly, but not anɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. anɨɨtɨɨ (t.v.) invite; necessarily, a kin term), or a specifically, invite someone to non-person-denoting referential participate in an activity, be it noun. In the latter case, the noun festive, commensal, or must, in addition, bear either a labor-related. Ex. Jaa na=anɨɨtɨ́ɨ postposition (typically the locative naa, “Atɨja, jaa kí=mii iina postposition =jina) or a locative aákuta.” Then he invited them, suffix, which appears to the leftof “Look here, I have now made the =ánuura. Ex. Nu=iíkwaki ayahuasca.” nuu=ánuura. He went towards him. Ex. Jaari na=anítakuraaná ánɨɨya irreg.pl. of ánɨɨja n=akɨ=ánuura nuu. Then they anuna irreg.poss. ánuna. (n.) rifari, brought it to their father. Ex. Taariki species of tree with a very straight nu=iikwaárikɨ=na trunk, and no lower branches, that tíira=ánuura. In the morning he typically grows in sásakɨ went (towards) there. Ex. (champales), reaching a diameter Nu=majáana iriaárɨɨkuraana of 1.25, and at such larger sizes, nu=táasa nasikúura=ánuura. used for timber, although its wood His wife took her basket to the garden. is deemed a little difficult to cut; Ex. Tɨɨ kana=jíwɨɨtakiaakɨ́ when smaller, the trunks are used nuu=na, átii=ji for roof poles, although they are kana=aníkiaakɨ=wajá tuu not particularly durable in this role. Ikíitu=jina=ánuura nuu=jata Sci. Miconia sp. jaa. From where we caught up with it anuu (pro.) he, she, it, him, her; (a riverboat), from there we indeed they, them; focused form of the came to Iquitos with it. 2. to, for, in third person general number order to; indicates that the pronoun nuu. prepaus.form anúuja. eventuality denoted by the main verb is realized with a goal anúuja prepaus.form of anuu associated with the complement of ▶ =ánuura (postp.) 1. towards; the postposition. Gram. In this indicates that a path of motion has sense, the matrix verb is required to the complement of the postposition be a verb of motion, and the as its goal, without entailing that postpositional complement may the path is consistently oriented either be an event nominalization towards the goal (e.g., a winding or a nominal element, such as a path is permitted), and without pronoun or referential noun; in the entailing that the relevant former case, the intended activity is argument reaches this goal. directly expressed by the ▶ Gram. In this sense, the nominalized verb and its associated complement of this postposition argument, whereas in the latter may be a spatial adverb, a pronoun, cases, the activity is inferred on the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 57 anuúrika apirakiitáani

basis of the nominal complement. apájaati socio.var. of pájaati Ex. Nu=anikuraaná n=arakíika apáraakɨɨyáana lit. person who nikíini=ánuura. He came to see his touches repeatedly (n.) tocalón, nephew. Ex. Atɨja=na, Iísuuja, someone who habitually touches kiaa=ánuura kw=anikiáana. See and handles things that are not his here, Iísuuja, I have come for you own, considered very poor behavior (i.e., to fight you). 3. for a delimited among Iquitos, and generally said time period; indicates that the of young people. eventuality denoted by the clause is aparáani rt. apára (t.v.) touch, realized for the time period typically with one’s fingers or hand. indicated by the complement of the ▶ Gram. The object obligatorily postposition. Ex. Kuumi takes a spatial postposition, or is a amáriyaana=ánuura locative noun. Ex. Iina maaya, kina=iíkwaa. You all are going for nu=apáraki asasana=jina. That two years. child touched the food. Ex. Atii=na anuúrika (pro.) she or her alone, nu=apárakura he or his alone, it alone; third nu=kánɨɨsi=jinakuma, iina person general number exhaustive tapútiaa. Then he touched focus pronoun. Ex. Anuúrika (something) inside his bag, that King nakusiaárikɨ saakaaya Vulture. Ex. Iina nu=apárakura nu=miíyaa. Only she knew what kw=ákajinakuúraji. Someone she had. Ex. Anuúrika=na touched me on the waist. Rel. na=asaárikɨ iina siwɨɨka. The apáraakɨ́ɨni (rt. apáraakɨɨ) (t.v.) only thing they ate was siwɨɨka. touch repeatedly. (t.v.) anuuti irreg.poss. ánuuti. (n.) leche aparáani rt. apára begin to caspi carry out some action or activity. , trees species that produces ▶ natural latex, which was harvested Gram. This verb obligatorily takes abundantly in the late 19th and an irrealis non-finite complement, early 20th centuries; the technique where the non-finite verb must bear by which the latex was harvested the locative postposition =jina. Ex. concluded with felling the tree, Jawáari=na n=apáraki itíniija which resulted in the tree nearly raríini=jina. Then they began to being exterminated in the drink manioc beer. Pintuyacu and Chambira River apirakiitáani rt. apirakiíta (i.v.) basins, but small trees have been hang limply, speaking of multiple making a comeback in recent limbs, as said of, e.g., the limbs of a decades; the tree has broad leaves man who has been hanged; perhaps and edible sweet fruits, and most commonly, however, this although it does not grow posture is ascribed in traditional particularly tall, the trunk can narratives to spirits that bring reach 1.5m in diameter. Sci. Couma illness, which are borne floating on macrocarpa. the wind.

58 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary apiraajuutáani apitáani apiraajuutáani rt. apiraajuúta have been removed or have fallen (t.v.) fan, use a fan or similar object off; plantains and palm fruits are to produce a breeze or wind the types of plant that directed at something, e.g., to cool prototypically have bunches of this one’s body or to cause a fire to burn type. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. more strongly. apísikaka (n.) type of tree moss apiráani rt. ápiita drv.rt. apíra that hangs like hairs from the (i.v.) give off a smell, fragrance, or trunks of trees. ▶ Gram. mass noun; odor, be it pleasant or unpleasant. poss.pref.; the possessor is typically Ex. Iina kaasi, múusa náana. nu=ápiitaa. The sajino smells apisikaka irreg.pl. of apisi musky. Ex. Iina kaasi naasíija, mukwa nu=ápiitaa iyaamiaákuji apisɨ (n.) Chestnut-eared Araҫari, taa mukuuja. The sajino meat smells species of toucan-like bird that rotten because it is rotten. Ex. Iina reaches some 45cm in length, with kaasi naasíija turiija, taarɨ́ɨja mostly dark, long bill, green back, nu=ápiitaa. The smoked sajino wings and trail, yellow chest, belly, meat smells delicious. and vest, with the exception of red apiraasiitáani rt. apiraasiíta band across the chest, and brown (i.v.) of wind, blow continuously head and neck, except for a dark but softly. cap. (prop.n.) Apetama apíraati (n.) fan; in Iquito society, Apítamu Quebrada fans are generally made from green , a large tributary of the fronds of chambira palms. upper Pintuyacu River which flows into the Pintuyacu from the north, apiriniikúuni rt. apiriniíkuu and is located a day-and-a-half’s fst.spch. apirniíkuu (t.v.) travel upriver by peque peque systematically search or explore an motor from the community of San area of forest, searching for game Antonio; in the early 20th century, or forest products, e.g., trees of a this was an important area for particular species for timber. extracting rubber. ▶ Gram. The entity searched for can be added as an oblique argument apitáana irreg.pl. apitáapɨ (n.) with the postposition =ánuura. Ex. single or umarried person of either Nu=apiriniíkuuyaa iina naki sex. kuuwaa=ánuura. He is exploring apitáani rt. apíta (i.v.) hang, that (area of) forest for game. speaking either of an object apisi irreg.pl. apisikaka irreg.poss. conceivable as a container with ápisi. 3.poss. nápisi (n.) an empty contents, e.g., a pot with food in it, racimo or fruit bunch, consisting or a fishing line with a hook solely of the branched structure to attached; or of a being who is which the fruits attached, which exerting force to keep hanging, e.g., remains after which all the fruits a sloth hanging from a tree branch.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 59 apitáapɨ apíini apitáapɨ irreg.pl. of apitáana following dogs that are pursuing apiyɨ irreg.poss. ápiyɨ. (n.) rough or game. Ex. Nu=apiyɨɨ́nɨɨmaa tíira, temporary path made by cutting off náaji jɨɨ́ta iina miikurá taana. He the upper parts of plants; generally blazed a path there, like the other made to pass through an area with (man) did. free.var. apiyɨ́ɨni. dense undergrowth. ápiika 3.poss. nápiika (n.) caibro, apiyɨ́ɨna irreg.pl. apiyɨɨ́naa (n.) the the roof poles that slope down from remnant of branch, stalk, or slender the peak of a roof to its sides; these trunk that remains attached to the roof poles form the supports onto larger plant, or in the ground, after which the crisnejas, or having been cut, typically with a pre-frabricated pieces of thatch, are ▶ machete, at a slanting angle, so as tied. Gram. These roof poles are to leave a sharp tip. distinguished, when necessary, from the homophonous term for apiyɨɨ́naa irreg.pl. of apiyɨ́ɨna ‘canine tooth’ by referring to them apiyɨ́ɨni rt. apíyɨɨ (i.v.) cut a as iita ápiikaka. Poss.pref. slender object into two pieces, said (t.v.) of objects that are standing or apíini rt. ápi 1. pierce hanging freely and not lying against through or pass through to the some surface; though other side; generally said of pointed stereotypically said of cutting a implements that pierce objects such standing plant or a hanging vine that the point emerges from the with a single blow of a machete, other side, e.g., a fishing spear this verb is applicable to any piercing through a fish; but also free-standing object and any cutting applicable to other things that pass technique. through referents that are saliently long in the direction perpendicular apiyɨ́ɨni rt. apíyɨɨ free.var. of to the direction of movement, e.g., apiyɨɨnɨ́ɨni someone passing through a band of apiyɨɨnɨ́ɨni rt. apiyɨɨ́nɨɨ (i.v.) clear, forest, provided that the movement cut, or blaze a path through requires that the thing passed undergrowth; said of cutting or through be pierced, cut through, or blazing a path by lopping the tops otherwise damaged, e.g., cutting a off of small vegetation, typically path through the previously while traveling through the forest. mentioned band of forest. ▶ Gram. This is normally done in part to This sense requires the momentary clear the way, but also to blaze a perfective aspect -rɨɨ. Ex. Aa, path to follow back, or for others to juwáana ápirɨɨ kíija follow. The paths cut in this kí=makɨ́ɨni=jina. Aa, a spear manner are not intended to serve as passed through me in my dream. 2. long-term paths, but rather are (t.v.) cross between two river typically made when departing basins by land, arriving at a river from an established path, e.g., when different from the one where the

60 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary apíini apɨrɨ́ɨni

journey started. ▶ Gram. The object kia=apɨráani. If you hurt me, I will obligatorily takes the general eat you; I will not let you escape. 2. locative postposition =jina. (t.v.) leave part of, leave a part or apíini rt. ápi (i.v.) be hanging, e.g., portion unconsumed, unused, or a fruit from a branch, or a garment undispensed; said of, e.g., things hanging over. ▶ Gram. This root is that are literally consumed, such as one of the most common loci for food; things that one pluractional classifiers, as in the metaphorically consumes or uses up stem apiíkii ‘hang’, said of multiple as part of an activity, such as trees slender objects like limbs, guaba in the context of logging; or things fruits, or ropes; or the stem apiíkɨɨ, that one works through or said of multiple pieces of clothing. dispenses with, such as a set of objects that one gives away. Ex. apíini rt. apii (t.v.) hang Nu=apɨɨtaárɨɨ nu=asásana something, e.g., a garment over a nu=mɨra asaani=íira. She left line, the body of an animal hung (some of) her food for her children to with a rope from a rafter. eat. Ex. Kw=apɨɨ́taki nuúkiika apiitaníini rt. apiitánii (t.v.) hang náana. I left one tree (did not fell it, something conceived of as having unlike all the others). act./mid. multiple parts, e.g., a pot with apɨrɨ́ɨni (middle) contents or a fishing line with a hook attached. Ex. Nu=jímuukiaakɨ=ná apɨrɨ́ɨni rt. apɨ́rɨɨ 1. (t.v.) escape, kuustáara=jinakuma iipɨ e.g., from a danger or a sɨɨsaramaajɨtáapɨ... disagreeable thing. ▶ Gram. The nu=apiitániikiaakɨ=ná thing from which the subject iinami=iíkumaji naawaaka. He escapes may be expressed either as stuck the three (demon minions) in a an object or as a complement the sack... and he hung them above the postposition =iíkwaji; it is unclear cooking fire. what the difference in meaning is apɨráani rt. apɨɨ́ta drv.rt. apɨ́ra 1. between these two constructions. (t.v.) fail to catch or capture Ex. Kaa nu=apɨ́rɨɨyaa iwarɨ́ɨni, something, or lose something, by it ki=níyaaka. He won’t escape death, escaping, e.g., an animal that one my husband. Ex. Kw=apɨ́rɨɨ wounds when hunting. ▶ Gram. mɨyaara asáani=iíkwaji kíija. I The object of the verb is the entity escaped from the jaguar eating me. 2. that has escaped, while the subject (i.v.) be left over; for a portion or of the verb is the entity from which part to remain of something that the object has escaped. Ex. has otherwise been consumed, used Mɨyaara apɨɨ́taki kíija. The jaguar up, or given away. Ex. Uumáata did not catch me. Ex. Ánasa itíniija apɨ́rɨɨkurá iina=jina=ji kia=miisakari kíija, kií kiaa tasíyaaka. Lots of masato was left ásaki; kaa kí=paajii over from the welcome celebration.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 61 apɨya aramáasi

act./mid. apɨráani (active) Rel. died in approximately 1960 from a apɨrɨ́ɨja (adj.) left over, escaped. severe case of chickenpox. Known apɨya irreg.poss. ápɨya. (n.) in Spanish as Fermín Apurija, his traditional cord worn around the surname was derived from his waist, which served to secure Iquito name, which was reportedly loincloths worn by men until the bestowed on him due his habit, as early 20th century. an infant, of blowing bubbles with his saliva; also known by the (t.v.) apɨ́ɨni rt. ápɨɨ shoo away, nickname Maákina. He was the generally said of shooing away father of Basilio Apurija, who was animals such as dogs or chickens by the father-in-law of Hermengildo making shooing sounds and waving Díaz Cuyasa. nickname Maákina. one’s hands at them with shooing arakíika irreg.pl. arakiíkawaaka gestures. 3.poss. narakíika (n.) nephew of apɨ́ɨsi 3.poss. napɨ́ɨsi (n.) 1. male ego; male ego’s brother’s and traditional type of skirt in use by sister’s sons. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Iquito women until approximately arakutuu free.var. of aramáasi the 1940s, when one-piece dresses irreg.pl. arakutuuwa • from Sp. that covered the upper body as well algodón. fst.spch. arkutuu as the lower came to fully replace this garment because it left the arama socio.var. of rama breasts bare. This skirt consisted of arámaaja irreg.pl. arámaajawaaka a length of cloth long enough to 3.poss. narámaaja (n.) 1. vocative wrap twice around the waist, and term used by a speaker of either sex wide enough to reach from the towards a sibling of the same sex. waist to just above the knee; after 2. referential term used by a the skirt was wrapped around the speaker of either sex for a same sex ▶ ▶ waist, it was secured by rolling over sibling. Gram. Poss.pref. Socio. the upper edge of the skirt several Historically, arámaaja was times at the point where its length exclusively a vocative term, with came to an end. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. aátamajani (brother) and irímaati 2. stern of a canoe. ▶ Gram. (sister) as its referential Poss.pref. counterparts; in the course of the 20th century, however, the former apɨ́ɨsi socio.var. of pɨ́ɨsi vocative term has, following the apɨɨsíini rt. apɨɨ́sii (i.v.) put on a broader conflation of referential skirt, speaking of the traditional and vocative terms, also come to be apɨ́ɨsi type of skirt. used referentially, although the Apúriija (prop.n.) name of a man referential terms mentioned remain who was an occasional resident of more common. San Antonio and also spent much aramáasi (n.) 1. cotton plant; time at sites in the Chambira River traditionally the principal uses of basin; he was born in the 1910s and this plant were medicinal, Iquitos

62 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aramaásiiku árata

using kanuu (chambira palm fiber), relatively large diurnal rodent that to make thread and cord, and not reaches 35-40cm in length and cotton; the leaves of this plant were stands up to 20cm tall at the boiled and the cooled liquid was shoulder, with small ears and a used to treat abdominal cramps, or slender stubby tail about 5cm in was given to women in labor to length; generally dark olive-brown speed birth; the flowers were used in color, individuals have reddish in a similar fashion to treat white bellies of varying degrees of spots in the mouth, and the white vividness. They tend to nest in fiber around the seeds was burned fallen trees and feed on fallen seeds and the ashes applied to wounds to and fruits. A traditional Iquito help them heal. Sci. Gossypium sp. 2. belief held that this animal cotton thread. free.var. arakutuu. interbreeds with squirrels, based on arch.var. sɨwɨ. socio.var. ramáasi. the similarity of their faces. Sci. aramaásiiku (n.) curuhuara, Myoprocta pratti. play.var. species of large palometa-type fish, músiaaki. up to 25cm in length; pale colored, with slight red coloring on its sides, árata 3.poss. waarata (n.) fellow ▶ it has a flat, but thick body, like member of a group. Gram. This other palometas; equipped with noun is restricted to a single blunt teeth, it feeds principally on possessive construction in which it fruits and small fish, and is mostly obligatorily possesses a noun, and encountered in back-eddies and in must itself bear a possessive prefix. areas where overhanging asinaja In this construction, the possessum (pumapanga), whose fruits it eats, of árata defines a group to which are abundant. Sci. Myleus the possessor of árata belongs, and rubripinnis. the entire possessive construction denotes an additional member (or aramituu • from Sp. almidón. members) of the group, distinct fst.spch. The second vowel is often from the possessor of árata. Thus, reduced or elided, yielding the in the expression kw=árata máana form armituu (n.) almidón, ‘my fellow male elder’, the manioc stratch; fine white powdery possessum of árata, i.e., máana starch resulting from the processing ‘male elder’, defines a class of of manioc to make fariña individuals, i.e., elder males, and (waaríina), introduced in Iquito the first person possessor of árata, territory in the early 20th century. • i.e., kw=, indicates that the arapuu irreg.pl. arapuuwa from speaker belongs to this class. As a arpón (n.) arpón Sp. . , pronged whole, the possessive construction metal tip of fishing spear. kw=árata máana denotes an arasaaki irreg.pl. arasaakiwa individual who belongs to this irreg.poss. arásaaki. (n.) punchana, class, in addition to denoting the species of commonly hunted and possessor of árata, i.e., ‘my fellow

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 63 =árata aratiinɨ́ɨni

male elder’. Ex. speech. The possessor denotes or Naa=kana=anikiaaná indexes the person to whom the kina=siwɨráani=ánuura, possessum is being compared. kw=árata máana. We have also Poss.pref. Ex. Kí=nikiki nuúkiika come to visit you, my fellow elder. iímina nu=aratíina kia=iímina. Ex. Kaa kia=ípɨɨtakuma I saw a canoe like your canoe. Ex. kia=árata mɨɨsaji. Don’t fight with Kí=nikiki tíira iina aratíimi your fellow women. míisa. I saw over there several (tables) like this table. Ex. Kuuta =árata 3.poss. waarata (postp.) ajapaka aratíina=jaa, like, similar to, in a manner na=imaárɨɨ tii amakɨ=jina. reminiscent of. ▶ Socio. All Perhaps the wasp-like things (created speakers recognize, and some by a spell), they will overwhelm them occasionally use, the there on the path. compositionally transparent form nu=árata instead of the irregular suppletive 3rd person form waarata; aratiinɨ́ɨni rt. aratiínɨɨ fst.spch. the latter is presumably the older artiínɨɨ 1. (t.v.) be equal to another form, with the former arising as an in a characteristic, trait, or quality, analogy with the compositional whether a physical characteristic forms found for other persons. Ex. such as height, in knowledge, or in Iiti ki=mɨ́jɨɨtaa kina=árata, a social trait, such as power. náaji jɨɨ́ta kina=iíkii k=isákuji. I ▶ Gram. The object is a possessive live well here, like you, as you live NP whose head denotes the trait upriver of me. Ex. Anuu being compared, and whose taárikɨ=na, iina mɨɨsaji possessor denotes or indexes the takínuurikɨɨka, naa=yaa=na entity that is equal in this trait to naajaá waarata kusiaamɨ, subject of the verb. Ex. Saákisa=árata. She was, that little P=aratiínɨɨyaa nu=saana woman, likewise also tough just like iina=jata taana náana. Let’s make Saákisa. Ex. Atii=ná=yaa its length equal with the other pole. 2. ajapaka juríini=árata nikisáana (t.v.) match another’s performance nu=imaárɨɨkiaakɨ=ná iipɨ in an activity or perform the same kaayaaka. Right then the wasp-like activity in the same manner, e.g., demons overwhelmed the people. match the performance of another aratíina rt. aratíi irreg.pl. aratíimi in a race by arriving at the finish (inan), aratíipɨ (anim) (n.) person line at the same time, or construct a or thing that is similar or identical canoe just like another person has to another person or thing in some done. ▶ Gram. The object is the salient respect, e.g., age, person whose activity is being appearance, size, or color. ▶ Gram. matched by the subject of the verb. In this form, the second vowel is Ex. Jaa nu=aratiínɨɨkura iina not reduced or elided in fast pɨ́=kaakɨ́ɨja iíkii p=ɨsákuji. He

64 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aratiinɨ́ɨni arikamɨ́ɨna

has now matched our Father who lives araa (interj.) “aha!”, interjection of above us (because he was able to fly). discovery or satisfaction of an expectation, used, e.g., when one aratiinɨ́ɨni rt. aratiínɨɨ fst.spch. sees or hears something for which artiínɨɨ 1. (t.v.) complete, finish, or one is searching or when one hears fulfill a commitment, an obligation, the call of someone who you are or a task laid on one, e.g., follow an expecting. Ex. Araa, jaa order from an employer, or follow nu=jíwɨɨtakiaajá nuu, to its end a diet imposed by a niwa=aákuji nu=anɨɨ́yaa. Aha, shaman. ▶ Gram. This sense may they (must have) have found her, and take either an NP or a non-finite because of that they are calling. irrealis clause complement, either aráaku (n.) burrow, a dwelling of of which indicates the obligation or an animal such as the tiímaaka, commitment that the subject paca, consisting of one or more fulfills. Ex. Nu=aratiínɨɨkiaakɨ́ tunnels, typically leading to a nu=kuwasíini. He kept his word central nest. ▶ Gram. This is a (promise). Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari=na conventionalized construal of the na=aratiínɨɨ iina asáani siwɨɨka inflected locative noun aráa-ku. nuúkiika amáriyaana=na, jaa aráama rt. aráa (loc.n.) tunnel or na=aratiínɨɨ na=siyaanɨ́ɨni. hole in the ground, or similar When they finished eating siwɨɨka for material, that is saliently long with one year, then they completed their respect to its diameter. ▶ Gram. diet. 2. (t.v.) suffice; be sufficient The default form of this locative for a task, or be able to fulfill a noun is aráama; the locative task, e.g., for a canoe to be large suffixes -ma, -ku, and -kúura enough to fit a certain number of indicate the location of the hole passengers; or for a given quantity with respect to the opening of the of food to be sufficient for a certain hole, i.e., downwards (e.g., a house number of people. ▶ Gram. In this post), upwards, (e.g., certain sense, the subject is the entity animal burrows), and horizontal, whose sufficiency is in question, respectively. while the object is another entity, (interj.) typically a person or group of árija “take it!”, “here you people, to whom the need is go!”, interjection employed when attributed. Ex. Kaa na=iíminaka handing or giving someone aratiínɨɨkiaakɨ=ná naa=íira. something, indicating that they Their canoes weren’t sufficient (big should take or receive it, e.g., food enough) for them. Ex. that one is giving them, or a tool Nu=aratiínɨɨtɨ́ɨni=íira pɨ́ɨja, kaa that they have asked that you get pɨ́=paajii nu=namíini. In order for them. that it (a quantity of manioc beer) arikamɨ́ɨna (n.) cumala de altura, suffice for us, we can’t serve him any. tree species that grows along creeks Maasikuuri dialect.var. paataasíini. and on the hillsides of elevated

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 65 árikɨ aríwatɨ́ɨni

areas far from large rivers, reaching aríriija (n.) vocative term for 1m in diameter; its wood is heavy, maternal aunt; mother’s sister, male but not very hard, making it not or female ego. ▶ Gram. Referential particularly desirable as a source of counterpart: aníriti. timber. A clear, bitter liquid flows arísaka 3.poss. narísaka (n.) 1. gill from cuts to its trunk, which can be or gills of a fish. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. used to treat thrush, by applying it 2. pharynx of a terrestrial animal. to the white patches that form in ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. the mouth; its also gargled to treat arísakatáani rt. arísakata (t.v.) persistent coughs. dialect.var. remove gills; many Iquitos believe aátiiti. that the gills capture the impurities árikɨ (n.) notch, a roughly in the water, making them V-shaped empty space, whether it unsuitable to eat. occurs naturally, e.g., the interior of aríwatáani rt. aríwata (t.v.) the fork of a tree, or whether man forget. ▶ Gram. This verb can take man-made, e.g., a notch cut in the ▶ either an NP or an irrealis side of pole. Gram. Poss.pref. non-finite clause as its complement. arikɨ́ɨni rt. aríkɨɨ (t.v.) cut notch; Ex. Kw=aríwataki k=isɨ́ɨku generally done in the context of siwɨráani. I forgot to visit my friend. building a house frame, where Ex. Nu=aríwataki nu=saáwiri. notches are cut in house posts or He forgot his machete. dialect.var. roof poles so that the timbers that iyajáani. rest on them are less likely to slip aríwatáani rt. aríwata (t.v.) sing once tied into place. a song to a particular person, or in aríkukɨya irreg.pl. of aríkuma honor of a particular person; aríkuma irreg.pl. aríkukɨya 3.poss. typically said of men serenading naríkuma (n.) gap, crack, or women. crevice; a linear space between two aríwatɨ́ɨni rt. aríwatɨɨ 1. (t.v.) objects, or parts of an object, that is obey the directives or instructions very narrow in comparison to of another. Ex. Kaa length of the space, e.g., the gap nu=aríwatɨɨyaárikɨ iina n=ani, between two planks in wall, iina nu=ijíwiitaárikɨ nuu. He between two pieces of pona in a didn’t obey his mother, that which she house’s elevated floor, or between a scolded him. 2. (t.v.) acceed to a door and its frame; note that this request, respond affirmatively to a term applies equally to gaps that request. 3. (t.v.) pay attention to, have been effectively reduced to take heed of, or take seriously nothing by the close proximity of another’s advice, opinions, words, the two objects, e.g., the crack or actions. Ex. Aríwatɨɨ kíija, iina between two fingers that are kw=átuuyaa kiáaja, pressed closed against each other. samáraataákwaa. Pay attention to ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. me, that which I am avising you, and

66 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ariwáani aríini

go rest. 4. (t.v.) believe the truth with the exception that it has a claims made by another. Ex. large, finely serrated dorsal spine Jawáari kií kiaa aríwatɨɨ, jɨɨ́ta that can deliver a painful injury. iina taa kíija, kusiaamɨ kíija. Dark gray in color, it reaches 40cm Afterwards I will believe you, (that) in length, and is notable for having you are like me, brave and strong a very wide body and large mouth (like) me. Rel. aríwatɨɨyáana (n.) for a fish of its length. It is mainly obedient and respectful person. found in larger rivers, and only ariwáani rt. áriikwa drv.rt. aríwa rarely in lakes, and has quite soft (a.v.) sing. ▶ Gram. This verb flesh. optionally takes an NP that denotes ariíkuma 3.poss. nariíkuma (n.) or indexes the noun ariwáani ‘song’, shoulder. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. or a suitable anaphoric element (t.v.) with similar reference. Ex. ariikuutáani rt. ariikuúta Nu=áriikwaa tiírakumaji. He is carry something on one’s shoulder. singing as he comes (toward me). Ex. ariímaari irreg.pl. ariímaariwa, Suwamí tɨɨ iimi kina=áriikwaki. ariímaarika (n.) palta mojarra, They are good, those (songs) that you fish species that reaches some 15cm sang. in length; generally silvery in color, ariwáani (n.) song or chant. it has a black longitudinal stripe aríyaja (n.) testicle. along each side of its body, with a reddish belly and somewhat blue aríyasi (n.) scrotum. Rel. saa back; it is prized for its taste, aríyasina (adj.) long-scrotumed. especially when cooked in ijiika aríyuujáana dialect.var. of rújuuja (patarashca). Sci. Astyanax sp. ariyuuka irreg.poss. aríyuuka. (n.) aríina (n.) larynx, or adam’s apple, cortadera or razor grass, species of and the hard cartilaginous part of grass that possesses long slender the trachea immediately below it. blades with sharp, serrated edges, that can give shallow but painful aríini rt. ári (t.v.) scrape with a cuts to the exposed flesh of those blade, e.g., a machete or knife, who come in contact with it, e.g., while holding the blade roughly when walking by. Sci. Scleria sp. perpendicular to the surface, e.g., ELY pers.var. riyuuka. to make a wood surface smooth, as ariyuukwaaja (n.) variety of tapir when making a paddle; or to grate said by Iquitos to be a distinct a sweet potato while making species of tapir, being somewhat manioc beer mash. smaller than the pɨsɨkɨ and having aríini rt. aáti drv.rt. ári (t.v.) white edging on their ears. intend to do something. ▶ Gram. ariyuukwaaja (n.) bocón con This verb takes a non-finite irrealis espada, species of catfish that is clause denoting the intended very similar to the piruja (bocón), action. Ex. Kií=ta aátikura

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 67 aríini aruukíini

n=anáka=jina sajíini. I intended paddle similar to those found in to cut it on its head. much of Peruvian Amazonia, aríini rt. aáti drv.rt. ári 1. (t.v.) say. typically about 1m in total length, ▶ Gram. In this sense, the verb with a flared blade roughly 30cm in normally takes both an NP length that tapers to a relatively argument, indicating the addressee, fine point. and a reported speech complement. áriitaawɨ náana irreg.pl. áriitaawɨ Ex. Nu=aátikiaákɨ=na, “Iriaárɨɨ naánaka lit. paddle tree (n.) remo kíija.” He said, “Take me.” Ex. caspi, species of tree that mostly Kw=aátii nuu, “Nakusíini=jata grows in inundating areas, reaching kiaa aamɨ́yaakiki, nakijina.” I say up to 1.25m in diameter. Its trunk to her, “You must walk with care, in is noteworthy for its uneven, the forest.” 2. (t.v.) criticize or undulating surface covered with speak badly of someone. ▶ Gram. In deep groove-like hollows and this sense, the verb takes only an fin-like protrusions; its wood is NP object, which denotes the target prized for making paddles and axe of criticism. Ex. Jaari na=iíkwaa handles, for roof poles and as míinka=jina firewood; and its bark, typically nuúrika=ánuurá=yaa taana macerated in aguardiente, is used kaayaaka aríini. Nowadays they go to treat malaria, other types of to mingas only in order to criticize fever, and chronic diarrhea. Sci. other people. Aspidosperma nitidum. ariisíini rt. ariísii (t.v.) scratch ariitaawɨ́ɨni rt. ariitaáwɨɨ (i.v.) with fingers or fingernails, without made a paddle. intent to injure, e.g., to relieve an áruu irreg.pl. áruuwɨya 3.poss. itch, or to remove something from a (n.) ▶ náruu 1. vein of human or any surface. Gram. This verb is animal. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. the obligatorily transitive; the object tough and thick central fiber denotes or indexes either a body commonly found in manioc tubers. part scratched, or a broader target ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 3. midvein of a of scratching, such as iíkuku ‘body leaf. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. surface’. Ex. Taamá=yaa n=ísɨkɨ aruukíini rt. aruúkii 1. (i.v.) spit. ariisíini. In vain he scratched his 2. (i.v.) blow in a stylized manner skin. to exercise shamanic or magical (i.v.) áriitáani rt. áriita paddle, power; this stylized form of blowing move a canoe or boat with a involves considerable closure in the paddle. Ex. Iina maaya, oral cavity, so that substantial nu=áriitaa káami=ánuura frication results; the articulation aasamúuku. That boy is paddling involved typically involves a brief upriverwards, to the creek. approximation of the dorsum of the áriitaawɨ irreg.pl. áriitaawɨya (n.) tongue to the velum followed by paddle; Iquitos make a rowing prolonged approximation of the

68 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aruukiitáani aruukiitáani

body of the tongue to the palatal tradition. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta=na region, until supraglottal air nu=sikɨɨkuraaná iina pressure begins to equalize with sɨɨsaramaajɨtáami paatíina subglottal pressure; while this type aaka=jina, iina of blowing is stereotypically nu=aruukiítakurá iina aaka=na, associated with shamans and the na=tuújiikuraaná iina aaka, exercise of shamanic power, this na=tuújiikuraaná aaka wɨɨrɨ́ɨni, type of blowing was also employed siuuu! As he threw the three pieces of by people without shamanic powers balsa wood into the water (and) he for purposes of everyday magic, blew on the water, they heard the such as causing rain to cease or water, they heard the water roar, delaying sunset. ▶ Anth. In the shuuu! 2. (t.v.) shamanically exercise of every day magic, this associate an animal or demonic form of ritual blowing was being with a person; this may be intercalated with short formulae, done with beneficial intentions, such as the following: kia=akúmiiti e.g., when an animal with an apɨ́ɨsi=karikuka kia=píkuuyaa ‘you admirable quality is associated with are getting things wet under your an infant, as this is believed to mother-in-law’s skirt,’ and kaa transfer the animal’s qualities to the kí=nakúsii kí=jiimaaki sawɨ́ɨni child; in such a case, the child is uumáata ‘I don’t cry very much for said to be curado en (‘cured in’) the my deceased one,’ both employed animal; thus, a child may be curado to cause rain to cease falling; and en pelejo (‘cured in sloth’), to make tásiiyaárɨɨ kia=akúmiiti apɨ́ɨsi ‘wait the child tough and resistant to for your mother-in-law’s skirt,’ used blows. The association may also be to delay the sunset. made malevolently, as when a shaman associates someone with a aruukiitáani rt. aruukiíta 1. (t.v.) demonic being, e.g., mújinaapɨ, with exercise shamanic power on a the goal exacting vengeance on his person or object by ritualistic victim by bringing him or her to the blowing, aruukíini; this act can take attention of the relevant demonic a variety of forms, e.g., linking a creature; this type of association is person with a type of animal or typically enacted when the shaman being (see sense 2); or transferring ritually blows tobacco smoke on the shamanic power to a physical person in the name of the demonic ▶ object (lengths of balsa wood were being. Gram. The notional object an especially common vessel of this of the verb is the person sort), so that these objects can be shamanically associated with the used to achieve magical effects; for animal or demon; an associated example, the Pintuyacu River was animal may be added as an oblique at one point entirely dried up by argument bearing the locative using pieces of balsa wood treated postposition =jina. Ex. Kwaasɨja, in this way, according to Iquito oral kií kiaa saakɨɨ́nii nuúkiika kaaya,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 69 aruúwatina asapɨ́ɨna

iina taárikɨ=na pisúuni=jina asákitáani rt. asákita (i.v.) aruukiítaaja. OK, I am going to tell remove the pith from the stalk or you a story about a person who was trunk of a tree. cured in atinga. asákuuri socio.var. of sákuuri aruúwatina rt. aruúwati (adj.) 1. irreg.pl. asákuuriwa veiny, as said of a person with asakwaari Nanay dialect.var. of unusually prominent veins or a aanɨ́ɨti irreg.pl. asakwaariwa piece of meat with a large number socio.var. sakwaari. of veins in it. 2. veiny and fibrous, as said of a manioc tuber with a asapáasi (n.) chicua, term for two large number of thick fibers in it. very similar species of birds, the Black-Bellied and Squirrel Cuckoos; (n.) agujón asa , slender fish that both are generally reddish-brown in reaches nearly 1m in length while color and have long tails that are its round body does not exceed dark underneath with horizontal 15cm in diameter. It has red white markings. Sci. Piaya shading on its tail, yellow on its melanogaster, Piaya cayana. ▶ Anth. cheeks, and is notable for its long, According to Iquito oral tradition, tapering snout. It is generally the asapáasi used to be a siimana encountered in the relatively still (shaman) before he transformed water of back eddies and is into a bird. It is said that the typically caught with fishing spears. distinctive call of these birds Sci. Boulengerella cuvieri. (specifically, of Piaya cayana) warns hunters of nearby game, or asa amúuku lit. agujón cheek (n.) of possible dangers, such as a snake remo caspi masha, tree species or an unfaithful woman. socio.var. with buttress roots, red sap, and sapáasi. yellow wood reminiscent of the color of the cheeks of asa (agujón) ásapɨ (n.) ants; term employed to fish. As with áriitaawɨ náana (remo refer to groups of ants. ▶ Gram. caspi), the wood from the buttress mass noun. Ex. Maasiáana roots of this tree is used to make niínakɨya kaa kí=makɨkurá paddles and axe handles, but is suwaata; ásapɨ manánuukura more difficult to work, due to its kíija. Many nights I have not slept greater hardness. Sci. Chimarris well (because) ants have bothered me. glabriflora. asapɨ́ɨna rt. asapɨ́ɨ (n.) also ásaki (n.) pith, the relatively light asapɨ́ɨna aki, a growth from the material found in the cores of the trunk of the mɨyitina (chimicua) tree trunks and stalks of certain trees, that has the appearance of a bare palms and plants, e.g., in the trunks penis; of no practical use, it is sold of balsa (paatíina) trees and palm as a curio to tourists in the city of trees. Iquitos.

70 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary asapɨ́ɨni asi asapɨ́ɨni rt. asápɨɨ (t.v.) deceive, asáani rt. ása (a.v.) eat. ▶ Sem. For either with malicious intent or not, soft, sweet foods such as ripe fruits, as when joking; the deception need honey, and sakɨ́ɨka (manioc beer not involve telling untruths, and mash), speakers often prefer to may rely on non-verbal means of employ the more specific verb deception. Ex. Aajaa, imáani, although asáani is still p=asápɨɨyaa taamaá=yaa permissible with such foods. Rel. kiáaja. OK, we’ll just have to trick asaajúuni (rt. asaájuu) (a.v.) eat you (back to being well). repeatedly. (n.) asapɨ́ɨni a deceit, trick, or lie. asáani rt. ása 1. (t.v.) bite or sting, asapɨ́ɨti irreg.pl. asapɨɨ́tiwa; speaking of snakes or arthropods asapɨɨ́tika (n.) variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti such as ants, spiders, or wasps. ▶ (chacruna) used in the preparation Gram. In this sense, the object of aákuta (ayahuasca); this variety does not take =jina. 2. (t.v.) cut reportedly produces intense but superficially, for something to give brief visions, which return with a superficial cut or puncture great force after a long delay after without significantly breaking the they first abate. Sci. Psychotria skin, e.g., razor grass (ariyuuka) viridis var. cutting the skin when one brushes ▶ asáriina 3.poss. nasáriina (n.) 1. against it. Gram. This sense brain. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. bone requires the momentary perfective marrow. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. aspect -rɨɨ, and requires that the socio.var. sáriina. object bear the locative postposition =jina. asasami irreg.pl. of asasana irreg.pl. asiwa (n.) term asasana rt. asasa irreg.pl. asasami asi employed for two very similar irreg.poss. asásana. (n.) food in species of small kingfisher in Iquito general. ▶ Gram. mass noun. territory, the Amazon Kingfisher (t.v.) asaajuutáani rt. asaajuúta and Green Kingfisher, which work one’s mouth, continuously measure about 29cm and 20cm in making gentle chewing or sucking length, respectively. Both species of motions, e.g., while sucking on a bird are piscivorous, have long, hard candy or chewing gum, or as a sharp, dark-colored beaks, and are nervous habit. mainly dark green in color with asáaku (n.) leftovers, leftover or white neck, throat, and belly, and saved food; food that remains after in the case of the males, a red chest. a meal, which may have been left Sci. Chloroceryle spp. ▶ Anth. deliberately with an eye towards According to Iquito oral tradition, eating it in the future, as noted, the asi, when human, was married e.g., of jaguars after they kill a to the mɨɨ́saka or Long-furred large animal; or left over simply Woolly Mouse-Opposum, for whom due to being unable to finish it. he fished assiduously. At one point,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 71 asiáarɨ asiyaákuma

his father-in-law, jealous to catch asímatíini rt. asímati 1. (i.v.) fish in impressive quantities like his trample, stamp on repeatedly with son-in-law did, made his daughter one’s feet, e.g., as when flattening show him her husband’s fishing an dirt floor, or speaking of an area spot. Once there, the father-in-law with many animal prints, as leapt in to catch some fish, but not beneath fruiting trees frequented by only did he fail to catch any, he was herds of peccaries. 2. (t.v.) kick in the end eaten by a caiman. When repeatedly. the kingfisher heard this, he broke asinaja irreg.pl. asinakaka out laughing, which became the irreg.poss. asínaja. (n.) puma source of the kingisher’s distinctive panga, tree species that grows near call. river banks and sends out long, thin asiáarɨ • from Sp. acero. (n.) steel. branches, which float on the water ▶ Socio. This term is considered an when the river is high and rest archaism by the current generation against the ground when the water of eldest speakers, who recall most level drops. It produces fruit during people using aséeru, which in fact the wet season that are eaten by violates Iquito phonology due to its fish, and its floating branches inclusion of /e/. provide shelter for fish, making areas in which this tree is numerous asija irreg.poss. ásija. (n.) scabies, a (asinakakajina) excellent fishing microscopic parasite that infests the spots. The thick red sap of this tree skin and causes great itching. is also used to treat chronic Iquitos traditionally treated this diarrhea. Sci. Calliandra angustifolia. affliction with the pulp of asikwaari siso huayo asinakaka irreg.pl. of asinaja ( ) fruits. Sci. Sarcoptes (loc.n.) puma scabiei. asinakakajina pangal, or stretch of riverbank with asijúuni rt. asíjuu (i.v.) sneeze. many sinaja (puma panga) trees. Such sites are considered good asikwaari irreg.pl. asikwaariwa fishing spots during the wet season, (n.) siso huayo or marimari del when these trees are fruiting, bajial, species of tree that grows in because many species of fish come inundating areas, with yellow wood to feed on the fruits and to shelter that is suitable for timber and a under the branches of this tree. hard heartwood, which can be used for posts. It is especially noted for asiyaákuka irreg.pl. of its fruits, which were formerly used asiyaákuma to treat asija, scabies, by rubbing asiyaákuma irreg.pl. asiyaákuka, the grated pulp of the fruit on the asiyaákumakɨya (n.) footprint. affected parts of the body; in the ▶ Gram. Speakers also employ 20th century, sulphur was also productively locative-nominalized added to this mixture. Sci. Vatairea forms of asiyáani ‘step’, e.g., guianensis. socio.var. sikwaari. asiyaákujina to refer to footprints,

72 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary asiyáani asúraaja

but the form given here appears to ásɨɨka (n.) ingested food, solid food be partially lexicalized. Poss.pref. that has already been chewed and swallowed, and is in the stomach. asiyáani rt. asiíka drv.rt. asíya 1. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. (i.v.) step, place one’s foot on asɨ́ɨni rt. asɨɨ (d.v.) feed; give something, typically the ground, as someone food. ▶ Gram. The NP part of the process of walking or indicating the foodstuff fed to the running. Ex. Iina pɨsɨkɨ direct object of the verb is often nu=irijɨɨ́taa aaka=karikuma omitted. Ex. Na=asɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná iyaamiaákuji nu=asiíkaa nuu kuuwaa naasíija. They fed him niíya=jina. The tapir is producing game meat. Ex. Jaa kw=asɨɨkurá bubbles underwater because it is naawaaka. I aready fed them. stepping on the ground (i.e., riverbed). (t.v.) (t.v.) ▶ asɨ́ɨni rt. asɨɨ cut, scratch, or 2. step on. Gram. In this scrape something by means of sense, if the thing stepped on is glancing blow, in the case of a severely damaged, e.g., a chick that person or animal, breaking the skin, is killed by stepping on it, the and in the case of an inanimate object is unmarked, whereas if the object, gouging or scoring the object is undamaged or only lightly surface, , e.g., a spear tip breaking damaged, it takes a postposition, the skin with a glancing blow, or an typically the general locative =jina animal’s claws gouging the surface or =nɨɨ́jina ‘on top of’. Ex. of a piece of wood. ▶ Gram. This Armadillo iiyɨɨ=jina, verb requires the momentary nu=asiíkakiaakɨ́ nuu, perfective asoect -rɨɨ. Ex. Iina aasamu=jina. The rope-trigger of armadillo juwáana, nu=asɨɨ́rɨɨ kíija. The an (trap), he stepped on it, spear struck me a glancing blow. at the creek. 3. (t.v.) kick. ▶ Gram. In this sense, the object takes the asɨɨ́ti impf.rt. of asɨrɨ́ɨni locative postposition =jina. Ex. asúrakajina rt. asúraka (loc.n.) Nu=asiíkakuraana sɨɨ́kaaja yucal, a garden in which manioc is anásiiki=jina. He kicked the shin of the principal cultigen. the yashingo. asúraaja (n.) yuca or manioc, a cultigen whose long starchy tubers asɨrɨ́ɨni rt. asɨɨ́tɨ impf.rt. asɨɨ́ti are the carbohydrate base of the drv.rt. asɨ́rɨ 1. (i.v.) slide, e.g., traditional Iquito diet. The plant, down a slippery, muddy slope. 2. which grows to 1.5-3m in height, (i.v.) slip and fall, e.g., on a muddy depending on the variety, produces path. ▶ Gram. This sense requires a cluster of tubers, from which rises the momentary perfective aspect-rɨɨ. a single knobby stalk 3-5cm in Ex. Iina taariki, kw=asɨɨ́tɨrɨɨ diameter; from the stalk emerge rama=jina. This morning, I slipped branches that bear palmate leaves. and fell in the mud. Rel. asɨrɨtɨ́ɨni (rt. In addition to being eaten boiled, asɨ́rɨtɨɨ) (t.v.) slide something. steamed, and roasted, manioc

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 73 asúraaja imɨ́ɨni atatáani

tubers are the principal ingredient areas that were made ready for in itíniija, manioc beer, and are planting, e.g., by filling unfilled made into waaríina (fariña), a planting holes. durable toasted manioc meal. While asuúkwaaja dialect.var. of manioc is still important in the diet asúwaja of San Antonio’s current residents, (a.v.) it is being replaced by rice, noodles, asúuni rt. ásuu feed a domestic animal or a human infant. and other purchased foodstuffs. Sci. ▶ Manihot esculenta. Gram. The foodstuff can be introduced by an oblique argument free.var. of asúraaja imɨ́ɨni with the instumental postposition takɨtíini irreg.pl. asúraaja imɨ́ɨka =jata. Ex. Ki=sájiri, lit. yuca madre nu=ásuuyaa nu=kaajiya asúraaja niriyaákuuja lit. kaakáraaka. My grandmother is manioc rectum (n.) variety of feeding her chickens. Ex. Ki=sájiri sakújaaja (piripiri), a medicinal ásuuyaa nu=kaajiya kaakáraaja plant, that is very similar in form to sakaáruuki turuuja=jata. My miíriyati, and used in the same way grandmother is feeding her chickens to make manioc plants produce dried corn. large tubers quickly. Sci. Cyperus sp. atákija irreg.pl. atákika 3.poss. (n.) bujurqui amarillo asúwaja , natákija (n.) piece or section bujurqui species of large -type fish resulting from cutting cross-wise with a thick body that reaches some something that is longer than it is 20cm in length; yellow on the face wide, e.g., a log or rope; note that and sides, turning darker along the the resulting sections can be of any back, it has a small dark circle on size, and all resulting sections can the tail, it has thick scales and be referred to with this term. flexible spines along its back; it ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. lives in lakes and areas with irreg.pl. of atákija slow-flowing water, especially in atákika isunaajina (ñejillales), i.e., isunaaja atáraati socio.var. of táraati palm groves. Sci. Biotodoma cupido. atatáani rt. atáta (t.v.) tie dialect.var. asuúkwaaja. something that is roughly asuukíini rt. asuúkii 1. (t.v.) cylindrical in shape very tightly, remove a cutting of manioc stalk typically in such a way that the that has failed to take root and rope or cord is wrapped around the grow, and replant the same site object at least twice, making it with a new cutting. 2. (t.v.) possible to pull on both ends of the complete planting manioc in a rope to tighten it significantly; the garden if a collaborative planting prototypical case is tying a load of party (natɨ́yaaka) did not complete ijáwɨɨmɨ, irapay palm leaves, in a the planting; generally this involves compact bundle so that they can be placing cuttings in the remaining carried from where they have been

74 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary atáani atímɨɨna

collected, but it also applicable to, atijúuni rt. atíjuu 1. (t.v.) place e.g., tying a bundle of firewood, or post or pole to support something, tightly tying roof poles together e.g., the support post of a raised when assembling a house frame. palm wood floor. 2. (i.v.) place or atáani rt. áta (i.v.) jerk set one’s feet to give one a secure involuntarily, speaking of a limb or stance, e.g., to be able to hold a another body part, e.g., when great weight, or to resist a push or falling asleep (hypnic jerk). blow. Ex. Jaari=na Saákisa atíjuusɨɨkiaana tíira. Saákisa atáani rt. áta (t.v.) jerk or yank placed her feet (in fighting position) abruptly, e.g., a fishing pole or there. fishing line, so as to hook a fish that is nibbling on the bait, or a body atímaji (n.) the back of the head. ▶ part that is being bitten by Gram. Poss.pref. somethng. Ex. Náaji taa atimajíini rt. atimájii 1. (t.v.) in kw=atataárɨɨ kí=titika felling a tree, making the second nuu=kiniji. Thus it was that I and final major cut in the tree, after yanked my foot away from it (the having completed the first cut, demonic stingray). which typically reaches close to the ataanɨ́ɨni rt. ataanɨɨ (i.v.) twitch o center of the trunk; this second cut jerk repeatedly in an involuntary is made on the ‘back’ of the tree, or fashion, speaking of all or part of a the side opposite to the first cut. 2. body, e.g., a dog dreaming of (t.v.) execute a cutting blow with running, or an animal or person an axe from the opposite side of who is in the final moments of one’s body than would be natural dying. given one’s grip on the axe; thus, if atija irreg.poss. átija. (n.) general right-handed, and holding the axe term for moena-type trees, a class to deliver a typical right-handed of trees of the Lauraceae family blow with the axe, instead bring the characterized by the pleasant spicy axe up and over the head to land a fragrances of their woods. Sci. blow from the left side of one’s Lauraceae spp. body. átija (n.) support post or pole, a atímɨɨna (n.) cañagre, species of support that keeps something cane that grows in relatively open upright or off the ground, spaces, such as purmas, in areas prototypically the posts that with clayey soils. Its stalks reach a support the raised floor of a house, height of about 2m and are covered but also applicable to angled in soft hairs. A somewhat sour support poles that may be placed to liquid can be squeezed from it, support a leaning house, or a which was formerly taken to cure leaning tree, e.g., a plantain whooping cough, measles, and overburdened by a heavy bunch of ‘interior fevers’. Sci. Costus fruit. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. erythrocoryne.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 75 atímuuti atiíyaa atímuuti dialect.var. of timúuna ruruukuúni=jina, atii nu=iwɨɨ́rɨki. He began to yell, and atitíini rt. atítii (t.v.) begin an then he fainted. activity, speaking of initiating the first day of an activity that is átiiji (adv.) disourse sequencing projected to take multiple days to particle with the sense ‘after that’ ▶ complete, e.g., clearing a new or ‘thereafter’. Gram. This garden. ▶ Gram. This verb takes an element is a temporal sequencing NP or a non-finite irrealis clause as device in discourse; always its complement. Ex. Aajaa, clause-initial, and typically pɨ́=sanitarɨɨkiaaja=ná=waja, sentence-initial, it indicates that the p=atítiirɨɨkiaana raríini. OK, let’s eventuality or eventualities in the try it, let’s begin to drink. remainder of its clause or sentence follow or followed the conclusion of (adv.) atii 1. there; anaphoric form the eventuality of the preceding of the medial spatial locative clause or sentence, without adverb tii, used to indicate a implicating that they form steps in location previously mentioned in a greater process, or episodes in a the discourse that is more distant greater overarching event. from the deictic center (by default, (adv.) the speaker) than a location atíira anaphoric form of the indexed by iiti ‘here’, but not as distal spatial adverb tíira ‘there’; distant as a location indexed by tíira used to refer to distal locations ‘there’. Ex. Mjm, k=íita taárikɨ previously mentioned in the iiti iimɨɨ́raata iniyana=jina, atii discourse. Ex. Átiiji, taa kí=kutɨɨja kí=maaya, na=iriwɨɨkura tíira nɨ́yiti Elizabét. Mjm, my house was here, iyakíira nuu jaa. Atíira downriverwards of the bridge, there nu=iwɨɨ́rɨkura. So then, they was where my daughter Elizabét was brought him there to his daughter’s born. 2. at that point, then, in a house. There he died. Ex. temporal sequence of events. K=iíkwaakura asúraaja ▶ Gram. This element is a temporal iríini=ánuura nasikuúra=ji; sequencing device in discourse; atiíra=ji kw=aniaakurá, always clause-initial, and typically kí=kuuraasuu miiyaákura. I sentence-initial, it indicates that the would go to bring manioc from my eventuality or eventualities in the garden; coming from there, my heart remainder of its clause or sentence would palpitate (lit. would do). follow or followed those of the atiíyaa (adv.) still, yet; in positive preceding clause or sentence, polarity contexts, this element without implicating that they form indicates that the eventuality it steps in a greater process, or modifies obtains at topic time, and episodes in a greater overarching presupposes that is has obtained event, contrasting in this way with prior to that point, typically, since wáari. Ex. Nu=apáraki some salient prior temporal

76 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary atiíyaajaa atɨɨtɨ́ɨni

reference point; while in negative rope-like object is being made taut polarity contexts, that the as the result of using it to pull on or eventuality does not obtain, and haul something, such that in some presupposes that it has not prior to cases when this type of eventuality that point, typically, since some obtains, only this verb is employed, salient prior temporal reference without any additional verb that point. prepaus.form atiíyaajaa. expresses the action of pulling itself. atiíyaajaa prepaus.form of atiíyaa atɨɨtáani rt. atɨɨ́ta (t.v.) pull (interj.) something from another person’s atɨja “here you go!”, “there ▶ it is!”; interjection employed to grasp. Gram. This sense requires draw someone’s attention to the momentary perfective aspect something with respect to which it -rɨɨ. The verbal object is the item would behoove them to act in some pulled from the person’s grasp, and way, e.g., when offering someone that person can be introduced as something to drink, so that they the possessor of the optional will take the vessel being handed oblique NP kurika ‘hand’, which them, or when pointing out an must bear the general locative animal during a hunting trip, so posposition =jina. that the addressee can shoot it. Ex. atɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. atɨɨtɨɨ 1. (t.v.) stretch Atɨja, ámaaja, jaa nu=mɨjɨrɨɨ. out or straighten out a rope or Here you go, uncle, it’s done (grilling) rope-like object so that is lies at its now. full length. ▶ Socio. Speakers atɨniiwɨɨtáani rt. atɨniiwɨɨ́ta consider both atɨɨtɨ́ɨni and atɨ́ɨni (t.v.) tug repeatedly and firmly on acceptable forms for the transitive something flexible, e.g., tug ona sense given here, characterizing tied rope to test its strength; or pull them as variants of one another; on a piece of meat with one’s teeth note that this entails a merger in order to tear off a piece to eat. between transitive and intransitive senses. 2. (t.v.) put in a line, (i.v.) atɨ́ɨni rt. atɨɨ be stretched out referring both to placing physicals to its full length, speaking of object a line and to organizing a entities of rope-like form. Rel. group of people in a line, whether (i.v.) atɨɨyúuni (rt. atɨɨ́yuu) be shoulder to shoulder, or standing stretched out, speaking of multiple one in front of the other. free.var. rope-like things. atɨ́ɨni. atɨ́ɨni rt. atɨɨ free.var. of atɨɨtɨ́ɨni atɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. atɨɨ́tɨɨ (i.v.) get into or atɨɨtáani rt. atɨɨ́ta (t.v.) make taut, organize as a line, shoulder to put tension on a rope-like object, shoulder, or a column, one e.g., by pulling on it while one end individual in front of the other. is secured to another object. ▶ Sem. ▶ Gram. This verb requires a plural When this verb is used, there is a subject. Ex. Jaari na=atɨɨ́tɨɨyaárɨɨ strong implication that the amakɨ=iíkuma. They are going off

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 77 atúuni awasika

one after the other along the path. underneath the fingernail, (Note that motion is supplied by the eventually eating away the nail. associated motion suffix -yaárɨɨ.) free.var. áwaku aákɨɨsi. ▶ atúuni rt. átuu (t.v.) tell. Gram. awánaka Nanay dialect.var. of The object NP indicates the kurika recipient of the news; a reported awáraja (n.) remainder or small speech complement is also remaining portion of a larger commonly, but optionally, licensed quantity of something that is by the verb. Ex. Atii=na consumed or finished off in some nu=átuukiaakɨ=ná iipɨ way, e.g., of food or drink, of nu=aájiya, “Kí=jiwɨɨtaki firewood, or of a pile of things that nuúkiika iímina tíira, iímina needed to be carried from one place kumaku.” So then she told her to another. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Rel. grandchildren, “I found a canoe there, awárajɨɨka (n.) tiny remainder. an old canoe.” (t.v.) awasi irreg.pl. awásikaka irreg.poss. atuutáani rt. atuúta accuse (n.) someone of something, or reveal áwasi. 3.poss. náwasi a digit, a finger or toe. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. someone’s misdeed, to a third ▶ party. ▶ Gram. This verb takes as Socio. JPI does not exhibit a its object an NP indicating the possessed/non-possessed accused party, but does not take a alternation for this root, complement clause indicating the neutralizing in favor of the deed or secret in question. Ex. possessed form, áwasi. Nanay Jɨɨ́tikari kiaá manaja dialect.var. ajíkaasi. kuúkiki=na, pupuja áwasi iwítani irreg.pl. awásikaka kia=átuutaki. When you get iwítani lit. biggest finger (n.) pregnant, the pygmy owl will accuse thumb. (reveal) you. áwasi sɨɨ́sanurika awaku irreg.poss. áwaku. 3.poss. irreg.pl. awásikaka sɨɨ́samijaarika náwaku 1.poss. kúwaku (n.) 1. irreg.poss. áwasi sɨɨ́sanurika. lit. nail, found on either fingers or toes. small finger (n.) little finger. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. JPI does awasika irreg.poss. awásika. (n.) not exhibit a huacrapona, species of palm that non-possessed/possessed develops a large bulge, or ‘belly’ alternation for this root, (tanaka) in its trunk when older. neutralizing in favor of the Trunks without this bulge serve as a possessed form áwaku. 2. claw of source of flooring material, while any creature. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. the bulging section of an older áwaku aákɨɨsi free.var. of áwaku trunk can be used to make a imɨ́ɨni lit. nail pus temporary canoe, most often used áwaku imɨ́ɨni lit. nail madre (n.) to return to the community from a uñera, abscess that forms long hunting trip upriver.

78 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary awásikaka awítaka

Traditionally, these bulging hundreds of individuals on the sections were also used to make trunks of this species. large temporary containers. Sci. awáara (n.) tucunaré or Peacock Iriartea deltoidea. Bass, name applied to a number of awásikaka irreg.pl. of awasi similar species of predatory fish, prized for their flesh, and generally awásɨɨyɨ irreg.pl. awásɨɨyɨwa, encountered in oxbow lakes in (n.) afaninga awásɨɨyɨka , general Iquito territory, reaching some term for a class of very slender 50cm in length; generally dark non-venomous snakes that can yellow in color, with three dark reach up to 2.5m in length, but are transverse stripes on each side of its often much shorter. The species are body, and a dark, ring-like mark on of a variety of colors, including red, its tail. Sci. Cichla spp., Cichla brown, and green, and individuals monoculus. are generally encountered on the awíraaja (n.) Roadside Hawk, ground or on the low branches of species of hawk very common near bushes. Sci. Chironius spp. communities and open areas such awásuuku (n.) wood of a fallen as nasi (chacras), known for taking tree that has experienced dry rot, small chickens. It reaches up to such that it is soft and can be very 40cm in length and is easily cut with an axe, or even reddish-brown in color, with slight broken in pieces by hand. Such pale streaking on the chest, wood is gathered as firewood, since horizontal striping on the belly, and it burns relatively well. an alternating dark- and pale-barred tail. Sci. Buteo awáaja (n.) machimango de magnirostris. altura, tree species that grows in elevated areas far from rivers. Its Awíraamu lit. Roadside Hawk (prop.n.) Abiramo large trunk reaches 1.5m in creek , a diameter, and has small buttress tributary of the Chambira River, on roots; its wood is quite hard, and its the left bank (when traveling peke heartwood (shungo) is useful for upriver), some half hour by peke house posts, although the distance motor from point where the this species grows from settlements Chambira joins the Pintuyacu means that it is rarely used for this River. Its name is said to derive purpose. Its fruits, about 10cm in from the large numbers of awíraaja length and 3cm in diameter, are not hawks formerly found near its edible by humans. It is perhaps best mouth. It was once considered a known as one of the species on very good creek for fishing, lisa which edible caterpillars especially rich in iyámaana ( negra sábalo (jiinakaníini) are found in their ) and aaka íyuuri ( ). season (August and September), awítaka dialect.var. of anikákwaa when they form large patches of 3.poss. nawítaka ▶ Gram. Poss.pref.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 79 awɨyɨ awuúkwaja awɨyɨ irreg.poss. áwɨyɨ. (n.) round awuúkwaja prepaus.form of entrance to an animal-made burrow awuúkwa or nest, be it in the ground, e.g., an entrance to a tiímaaka (Paca) burrow, or in the trunk of a tree, e.g., an entrance to a toucan nest, which are often found in trees hollowed out by termites. ELY pers.var. aáwɨya. awɨyɨ́ɨni rt. awɨ́yɨɨ (i.v.) make round opening or entrance, e.g., carving a round hole into or through a plank, digging a round entrance to a burrow, or making the upper part of a round clay vessel, which results in a round opening. awɨɨ irreg.pl. awɨɨwɨya (n.) vela caspi, tree species whose identity is now unclear; it apparently either had bark that could be used as an improvised light source, or wood that burned well even when green. awuúka (interj.) “no problem!”, “it’s fine!”, interjection used to indicate that some object, substance, or situation is adequate, despite being imperfect, and that the speaker is content to have some course of action proceed, despite the circumstances not being optimal due to the deficiencies of the referent, said, e.g., with reference to a somewhat bent trunk, when harvesting trunks for roof poles; or to lightly spoiled fish, when evaluating whether to eat it. JPI pers.var. awuúkwa. prepaus.form awuúkaja. awuúkaja prepaus.form of awuúka awuúkwa JPI pers.var. of awuúka prepaus.form awuúkwaja.

80 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aájapana

áaja 3.poss. náaja (n.) 1. thigh. there's no more caimito. 2. (t.v.) not ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. leg. ▶ Gram. do at all, not happen at all, or to In this sense, ‘thigh’ serves as a the slightest degree. ▶ Gram. In this metonym for the entire limb. sense, the negative existential verb Poss.pref. takes a lexical verb derived with the event nominalizer as an áaja irɨwɨ euph.var. of saápara lit. argument; the resulting negation is piece of leg/thigh ▶ Gram. emphatic in negating the possibility Poss.pref. that the eventuality denoted by the aájaki impf.rt. of aájakúuni nominalized verb is realized event aájakúuni rt. aájaku impf.rt. to a slight degree. Ex. Aájapaki aájaki (t.v.) insult a person nu=siwanɨ́ɨni. She didn't arrive. verbally. aájapaki rt. aájapa 1. (existential aájapana rt. aájapa (adj.) 1. verb) negative existential verb; lack unproductive, speaking of plants, of existence or lack of presence in a the quality of not producing edible relevant place is attributed to the fruits or tubers, despite being a single argument of the verb. member of a species that typically ▶ Gram. This negative existential does produce them; less commonly, verb exhibits some properties this term is also used to typical of locative nouns, in that characterize plant species that aájapa may take the locative produce fruits or tubers that not nominal suffixes -ma, -ku, and edible, especially when not even -kúura, with their expected spatial eaten by animals. Ex. Aájapana tɨɨ interpretations. Note, however, that iina asúraaja; aájapaki tɨɨ the spatial sense of -ki has been nu=íija. That manioc (plant) is bleached, such that aájapaki unproductive; it has no fruit. 2. (<*aájapa-ki, presumably) has no unsuccessful in hunting or fishing, proximal spatial interpretation, as speaking of a person, typically would otherwise be expected from chronically so. Ex. Iina kaaya -ki. Ex. Atii kw=aátikura naa , aájapana tɨɨ; kaa nu=aámuuyaa "Jaarí tɨɨ jaa, aájapaki kaimíitu. kuuwaa. That man is unsuccessful; Then I said to them, "That's enough, he kills no game.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 81 aájapaa aaka aájapaa (adv.) although, despite; larger river as a tributary, or the this element expresses that an mouth of an oxbow lake, where it eventuality denoted by another connects to a waterway linked to clause, or otherwise present as the main river. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. knowledge in the common ground, aájinani irreg.pl. aájiya, aájiwaaka obtains, or would obtain, despite 3.poss. naájinani (n.) grandson, the eventuality denoted by the son or daughter’s son, male or clause in which this adverb female ego, or great-grandson. appears; the other clause is often an ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. immediately adjacent one, but need not be. Ex. Aámiikáaka aajinániisana irreg.pl. ajinániisanawaaka 3.poss. kí=nakarɨɨkurá aájapaa asúraaja naajinániisana (n.) deceased síratáani naajáaja, kaa=kija grandson or great-grandson. kí=pariiyaákura. Yesterday, ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. although I wanted to harvest manioc also, I couldn’t. Ex. Kaa jɨɨ́tikari aájinati irreg.pl. aájiya, aájiwaaka nu=pariiyaárikɨ nu=iíkwajiipɨ 3.poss. naájinati (n.) atúuni, aájapaa=na granddaughter, son or daughter’s na=aakɨsiijaárikɨ nuu, aájapaki. daughter, male or female ego, or ▶ She would never tell her family, even great-granddaughter. Gram. if they got her drunk, nothing. Poss.pref. prepaus.form aajapáaja. aajinátiisana aajapáaja prepaus.form of aájapaa irreg.pl. aajinátiisanawaaka 3.poss. (n.) aajawatáani rt. aajawáta (t.v.) naajinátiisana deceased granddaughter or remember or utter a person’s or a ▶ thing’s name; this verb can also be great-granddaughter. Gram. used metonymically to convey that Poss.pref. one remembers the person more aájiya irreg.pl. of aájinati generally. aájiiti (n.) Mealy Parrot, species of aajaa (interj.) “OK!”, expression large parrot that reaches some that anticipates an action or 40cm length; green except for some eventuality; generally indicates the red on the wings and a yellow tail speaker’s desire that the addressee tip. Sci. Amazona farinosa. carry out an action, either by aaka irreg.poss. áaka. (n.) 1. river. themselves or as part of a group 2. water. ▶ Gram. mass noun in this including the speaker; generally sense. 3. watery sap, speaking of precedes a hortative or imperative the sap of certain plants, such as utterance. átiiti (cumala colorado), which is aájijina rt. aáji 3.poss. naájijina largely clear, and non-viscous. (loc.n.) opening or mouth of a ▶ Gram. mass noun in this sense. 4. body of water, such as the mouth of honey. ▶ Sem. This sense is a river or creek, where it joins a typically disambiguated from the

82 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aaka íyuuri aaka sikwanaja

other senses by naming the bee water and is often seen perched on species from which the honey branches near the edges of bodies comes as its grammatical possessor, of water, drying its spread wings. e.g., iwaana áaka. ▶ Gram. mass Sci. Anhinga anhinga. noun in this sense; poss.pref. aaka páatu lit. water duck • calque aaka íyuuri irreg.pl. aaka of Sp. yacu pato. (n.) yacu pato or íyuuriwa lit. water wave maker (n.) Muscovy Duck, species of wild duck sábalo huayero, species of silvery with dark plumage that reaches scaled fish that reaches some 30cm some 80-85cm in length. Sci. in length, with a longitudinal black Cairina moschata. stripe on its sides, towards the rear, aaka puririkáana dialect.var. of that continues onto its tail, which is nɨsirɨnákɨɨ lit. water squirter tinged red. Prized for its flesh, it is known for feeding on fruits that fall aaka puújari free.var. of puújari into the water in areas of flooded lit. water sungrebe forest. Its Iquito name comes from aaka sajina lit. water jergón (n.) the fact that it tends to swim close yacu jergón, a term used for the to the surface, revealing its Neotropical Water Snake and a presence by its wake. Sci. Brycon number of similar species of hilarii. free.var. aakɨ́yuuri. patterned water snakes of a variety aaka káaji lit. water sloth (n.) of colors, generally some 50cm pelejo de agua or Brown-throated length. Often encountered at river Three-toed Sloth, species that edges in masses of floating debris, reaches 80cm in length and 5.5kg such snakes are reported to be in weight, with distinctive dark venomous, although Iquito markings around the eyes that individuals cannot recall any stretch back towards the ears. It is instances of bites that would noted for its tendency to drop into substantiate this claim. Sci. Helicops water when disturbed and escape spp. by swimming away. Sci. Bradypus aaka siaákaaja (n.) quichatero or variegatus. Zigzag Heron, small heron that aaka paáraasi (n.) sharara or reaches some 13cm, distinguished Anhinga, piscivorous bird species by its relatively short neck, that reaches some 85cm in length, hunched posture, and relatively including its long tail. It is notable dark, cryptic mottled coloring. It is for its long, slender neck and its noted for its tendency to defecate as long, straight, sharply pointed bill. it flies off when startled. Sci. It is darkly colored except for its Zebrilus undulatus. somewhat lighter neck and head aaka sikwanaja lit. water louse and the straggly white feathers on (n.) piojo del agua, general term the backs of its wings. Adept at for a wide range of small aquatic swimming, it is typically found near insects, including Water Striders,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 83 Aakamáana aakaari

which skim along the surface of the from piece of wood using a plane or water; and Back Swimmers and machete, or smoothing the clay of Water Boatmen, which swim an unfired piece of pottery using beneath the surface. Traditionally, water and a piece of manioc peel. Iquitos believed that drinking water socio.var. kanaajúuni. in which these insects were aákani impf.rt. of aákanɨ́ɨni abundant could be dangerous, as some species were believed to lodge aákanɨ́ɨni rt. aákanɨ impf.rt. (i.v.) in the throat and deprive one of the aákani open one’s mouth. ability to speak. Sci. Gerridae spp., Rel. aákanɨɨkɨ́ɨni (rt. aákanɨɨkɨɨ) (i.v.) Notonectidae spp., Corixidae spp. open mouth repeatedly. Rel. (i.v.) (prop.n.) Quebrada aákanɨɨtáani (rt. aákanɨɨ́ta) Aakamáana keep one’s mouth open. Acamana, a small tributary of the (t.v.) Pintuyacu River, located some two aakanúuni rt. aakánuu hours upriver by paddle from the make something watery by adding confluence of the Pintuyacu and water to it, whether diluting a Chambira Rivers, on the same side liquid, such as manioc beer, or of the river as San Antonio; a wetting something dry, such as fariña settlement was founded on this , to which water is often creek, a short distance upriver from added to soften the hard, dry meal. its mouth, in about 1910, and aákari (adv.) 1. now. Ex. Atii=na endured until the mid-1960s, when iina máana nu=aátikuráana, the last of its residents passed away. “Aákari=na iina p=áaka, aákari aakana rt. aaka (adj.) watery, nu=ɨɨ́yaaka taa Anatimu.” Then typically said of a drink, such as the elder spoke, “Now our river, now manioc beer, when it has an its name is Anatimu.” 2. today. Ex. excessive quantity of water in it. Yaawɨ́ɨni kutɨ́tɨɨrɨɨ, jɨɨ́ta Rel. aakajaaka (adj.) juicy fruit; also aákari=na, nu=aátii kíija... used to refer to wet vaginas. Another day dawned, like today, and he says to me ... aákanana rt. aákana (adj.) 1. glossy or shiny, e.g., a new piece of aakataanúuni rt. aakataánuu ceramic tile, polished wood, a (t.v.) baptize, as carried out by a mirror, or hair with pomade in it. Catholic priest. Rel. 2. smooth, speaking of the surface aakataánuuyáana (n.) baptizer, of an object, such as a well-made typically a Catholic priest. cement floor or the top of a plastic aakaari irreg.pl. aakaariwa (n.) table. Rel. aakananúuni (rt. huapeta, species of edible (t.v.) aakanánuu) make smooth and predatory fish that reaches some glossy. 40cm in length. Its body is aakanaajúuni rt. aakanaájuu strikingly flat for its length and is (t.v.) make a surface smooth, e.g., covered in silvery scales. It is most by removing surface irregularities notable for its large head, and the

84 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aakaari iíraana aákɨsiiti

pair of sharp, fang-like teeth that case made of twigs, in which it protrude from its lower jaw, which spends most of its time. The case measure up to 4cm in length. Sci. has the form of a long, tapering, Hydrolycus scomberoides. pyramidal shape that reaches some aakaari iíraana lit. thing for 7cm in length and is 3cm wide at its huapeta (n.) huapetero, fishing base. When this creature changes line and hook made for catching locations, it can be seen pulling this aakaari (huapeta) fish. shelter behind it. Sci. Psychidae spp. (t.v.) aakaayɨ ELY pers.var. of aakáayɨ aakɨsiijáani rt. aakɨsiíja get irreg.poss. aákaayɨ. someone drunk. aakáayɨ irreg.pl. aakaáyuwa, aákɨsíini rt. aákɨsi 1. (i.v.) be aakaáyɨka (n.) vaca marina or drunk or intoxicated, whether by Amazonian Manatee, large aquatic alcohol or by another psychoactive mammal that can reach almost 3m substance, such as aákuta ▶ in length and up to 500kg in (ayahuasca). Gram. In this sense, weight; always rare in Pintuyacu the intoxicating substance can be River basin, they were relatively optionally indicated with an NP abundant in oxbow lakes in the bearing the instrumental neighboring Nanay River region postposition =jata. Ex. until they were essentially wiped Nu=áriikwakiaana out by hunting by the mid-20th nu=aákɨsisaákari. He sang when century. Sci. Trichechus inunguis. he was intoxicated (with ayahuasca). ELY pers.var. aakaayɨ. Ex. Itíniija=jata kw=aákɨsikiáakɨ. I was drunk on aakáayɨ iíwaasi lit. manatee tail manioc beer. 2. (t.v.) be intoxicated (n.) type of fan woven from the by something. ▶ Gram. In this immature buds of niraasi (shapaja) sense, the subject denotes the palms with a distinctive rounded intoxicated party, and the object shape resembling a manatee tail, the intoxicating substance. Ex. less commonly made than the Na=aákɨsirɨɨkiaaná iina aákuta. apíraati. They were intoxicated with aakáayɨ jaraaka lit. manatee ayahuasca. Rel. aákɨsiáana (n.) (n.) passion fruit variety of small drunkard, someone who is edible passion fruit, reaching 6cm habitually intoxicated. in diameter, of a dark color, almost (n.) variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti black, similar to a manatee’s aákɨsiiti (chacruna) used in the preparation (aakáayɨ) hide. Sci. Passiflora sp. of aákuta (ayahuasca); this variety aaki impf.rt. of aakɨ́ɨni is reported to induce particularly aakíini irreg.pl. akiíniwa (n.) strong hallucinations in which leñero or leñatero, larval stage of dangerous creatures such as boas one or more bagworm moth are especially prominent. Sci. species, notable for constructing a Psychotria viridis var.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 85 aákɨsiitíini aákusaja aákɨsiitíini rt. aákɨsiítii (i.v.) be the reason for which the or get drunk on multiple occasions eventuality denoted by the in a relatively short interval of time. associated verb is realized. Ex. aakɨ́yuuri free.var. of aaka íyuuri Aájapaki sinaakɨ kíija, tákaana kw=aamɨ́yaakiaárikɨ, najaápusɨ rt. aákɨɨ (i.v.) form a aakɨ́ɨni kuwíini=aákuji. I had no clothes, I subcutaneous head, speaking of a walked around naked, due to being an skin abscess or similar orphan. Ex. Iina kaaya, subcutaneous accumulation of kɨɨ́raka=aákuji, matter as it approaches rupturing nu=tikiaárɨɨkiaakɨ=ná tíira, by bulging at the surface of the skin iimi=ɨ́ɨjakúura and forming a head where the sɨɨsaramaajɨtáami náana. This matter in question is clearly visible man, from fear, entered there, inside beneath the surface of the skin. (i.e., among) the three trunks. Ex. aakɨ́ɨni rt. aákɨ impf.rt. aaki (i.v.) Niwa=aákuji nuúrika iíkii bail, remove water from a canoe or k=iíkwajiina nami. Because of similarly large object or feature, that, my relative lives alone there e.g., a wall, by repeatedly scooping downriver. out water using a small vessel. Rel. irreg.pl. aákujiipɨ (n.) (n.) aákujiina aaka aakɨɨ́taaja water bailing older male relative, irrespective of implement. gender of ego; the reference of this aákɨɨsi (n.) pus. term term is restricted to either áaku 3.poss. náaku (n.) empty relatives which address each other shell, husk, or similar concavity, with reciprocal kinship terms, such e.g., the shell of a turtle, an as brothers, or cousins, or eggshell, a pineapple that has had sufficiently distant relatives such its middle eaten out, or the curved that no more specific kinship term ▶ dried petiole, or stem, of a palm obtains. Gram. Poss.pref. ▶ frond (ropoca). Gram. Poss.pref. aákujiipɨ irreg.pl. of aákujiiti =aákuji (postp.) 1. in front of, aákujiiti irreg.pl. ákujiipɨ (n.) spatially. Ex. Nu=iwatɨɨyaakurá older female relative, irrespective of nu=aákuji nuu, nu=kaajiya gender of ego; this term is restricted nu=níwaji. She was making her to either relatives who address each (aunt) go (walk) in front of her, and other with reciprocal kinship terms, her dogs behind her. 2. before, prior such as sisters, or cousins, or in a temporal sequence. Ex. sufficiently distant relatives such K=iíkwakura nu=aákuji nasiku. that no more specific kinship term I went ahead before her to the chacra obtains. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. (upriver). aákusaja (n.) isango, a tiny =aákuji (postp.) because of, or orange-red parasitical chigger, the due to. ▶ Gram. The complement of larval stage of a number of species this postposition denotes or indexes of mites. Barely visible to the naked

86 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aákusaka aákusɨɨti

eye, these creatures await passing aákusana masakana hosts on plants, and on blades of irreg.pl. aákusana masakaa (n.) grass in particular. On contact, they ichichimi colorado, ant species climb up the host’s body to a crease similar to the ‘true’ ichichimi (i.e., of the skin such as an arm pit or, in ichichimi negro), but distinguished the case of humans, a place where from them in being clothing is tight against the skin, yellowish-brown in color, in having e.g., the area near the waistband. an extremely painful bite, and in Once in a suitable location, they the form of its nest, which insert their mouthparts into the resembles a ball of spiderweb-like host’s skin to feed, causing material about 50cm diameter; significant itching and redness, when squeezed, the nest emits a which can be calmed by removing sharp, acrid smell, which was the creature with a needle. Sci. considered especially effective in Eutrombicula spp. treatments intended to improve the aákusaka irreg.pl. of akusaníini hunting abilities of dogs (see masakana). Sci. Dolichoderus sp. (adj.) aákusana rt. aákusa 1. a free.var. masakana ijɨɨ́rana. term which denotes a range of (n.) venado colors for which fire-engine red is aákusana sikiáaja colorado focal, but extends to include shades or Red Brocket Deer, deer of orange and reddish brown. 2. species with chestnut-red coloring ripe, speaking of fruits such as that grows to some 1.4m in length plantains, cashews, passion fruits, and almost 50kg in weight; the pineapples, and others that turn males grow short, straight, yellowish or reddish when ripe. unbranched anters that are directed Rel. aákusakíina (adj.) red-fleshed backwards. Sci. Mazama americana. or red-skinned, of tapered fruits, aakusanɨ́ɨni rt. aakusánɨɨ (i.v.) especially plantains. Rel. begin to ripen, speaking of the aákusajátina (adj.) red in parts, stage at which a fruit starts to mottled with red. dialect.var. become ripe but is not yet fully nuusina. ripe, said of fruits that turn yellow aákusana isíiku (n.) sarna or red when ripe. colorada or ringworm, a skin fungus aákusɨɨti (n.) species of which begins as a small red spot on tangarana-type tree notable for its some part of the body and grows, bark, which peels up in scale-like forming an expanding ring of red, patches before eventually dropping irritated, itchy skin. Traditionally, off, giving the trunk an almost this affliction was treated with feathered appearance; it grows in leaves of aapaanaamɨ (sacha inundating areas near rivers, penicilina), which were soaked in reaching 1.25m in diameter. Its urine until they turned black, and yellow wood is valued as a source then applied to the itching area. of planks, and its commercial

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 87 aákuta aákwarani

harvesting in past decades means disks, which were strung on a loop that it is now very rarely of núriyɨ (tamshi vine), so that they encountered. When young and could be easily removed once the relatively slender, it is home to concoction was done cooking. biting ants, like other tangaranas aákuuja (n.) cooked manioc (e.g., tamɨ́ɨna). intended for consumption as food aákuta (n.) 1. ayahuasca, (as opposed to cooked manioc cultivated plant that constitutes one destined for manioc beer). of the principal ingredients in the aakuujúuni rt. aakuújuu (i.v.) hallucinogenic brew of the same prepare manioc intended to be name. The plant itself is a woody consumed as food (as opposed to creeper that grows up from the being made into manioc beer), ground, and is typically harvested referring to the entire process, from when it reaches a diameter of peeling and washing the manioc several centimeters. Sci. tubers, through cutting them and Banisteriopsis caapi. 2. ayahuasca, cooking them. hallucinogenic beverage made from the woody creeper of the same aakuuna (n.) cousin; vocative name and mɨɨ́mɨɨti (chacruna) term used to address one’s cousin. leaves, among other possible ▶ Gram. Referential counterpart: additional ingredients. In kuuna. affect.var. aakuuníita. traditional Iquito society, this aakúuni rt. aákuu 1. (t.v.) make a beverage was reportedly consumed batch of manioc beer for a social periodically by all adults, in event, especially for a minga or contrast to isúuna and saasakiíkwaa, work party. ▶ Gram. The verbal hallucinogenic plants of great object is the event for which the power which were only used by manioc beer is made, e.g., shamans. Iquito elders explain that natɨ́yaaka, a planting minga. 2. their ancestors took ayahuasca for a (t.v.) contribute food or drink of variety of purposes, including any type to a social event, treating illness, removing bad luck, especially a celebration or a minga. divination (e.g., finding lost items ▶ Gram. The verbal object is the or identifying a thief), and event to which the contribution is obtaining knowledge or skill related made, e.g., natɨ́yaaka, a planting to important subsistence activities, minga. such as farming or hunting. aakuuníita affect.var. of aakuuna aákuta katija lit. ayahuasca sweet potato (n.) unidentified plant aákwarani irreg.pl. aákwaraniwa, whose long, thick tubers were aákwaranika (n.) añashúa-type added to aákuta (ayahuasca) to species of fish found in small sweeten the beverage; the tuber creeks. It reaches some 20cm in was typically cut transversely into length and is bluish-gray in color,

88 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aamaakúuja aamúuni

with small yellow spots on its belly products; the leaves are sometimes and a white fringe on its tail. made into a tea to treat colic. Sci. aamaakúuja (n.) 1. temporary Genipa americana. free.var. nɨɨ́tana. platform constructed between the aaminaari irreg.pl. of aamina branches of a tree to allow a hunter aámiikáaka (adv.) yesterday or to lie in wait for passing animals; tomorrow; one day distant from such platforms are typically today, with the specific temporal constructed in fruiting trees, in interpretation fixed either by the order to permit the hunter to fire at tense of the clause or by discursive animals who approach the base of context. the tree to eat fallen fruits. 2. house frame; the set of large timbers, aamɨ́yaakitáani rt. aamɨ́yaakita (i.v.) consisting of the main wall posts walk or pace back and forth in and roof poles, that give a house is a space, e.g., in a house. structure and strength. aamɨ́yaakíini rt. aamɨ́yaaki 1. aamaakúuni rt. aamaákuu 1. (i.v.) wander, walk about, or travel (i.v.) construct an aamaákuuja, a around without a fixed destination, hunting platform. 2. (t.v.) construct typically stopping at various points the frame for a house, including on one’s trajectory. 2. (i.v.) go placing the house posts in the hunting, typically in the forest. 3. ground, as well as building the roof (i.v.) travel a great distance, frame on the top of the structure. typically to a previously unknown ▶ Gram. In this sense, the verb destination. Rel. aamɨ́yaakitaaja must take an NP object that refers (n.) companion in travels. to the house for which a frame is aámɨɨka (n.) airambo or being constructed. Venezuelan Pokeweed, a bushy aamikaákaana rt. aamikaákaa plant that grows to some 2m in (adj.) yesterday’s, from yesterday, height and is principally found in of yesterday, e.g., yesterday’s meat, purmas that are at an early stage of or a person born yesterday. Ex. reverting to forest. The plant Kw=ásaki iina kapiija produces stalks near its crown on aamikaákaana. I ate the cooked which grow berries that turn dark (manioc) from yesterday. purple when ripe, and are avidly aamina irreg.pl. aaminaari consumed by birds; these same irreg.poss. aámina. (n.) huito or berries were traditionally harvested jagua, tree species whose fruits are as bait for small fish, and were used chambira sweet and edible when ripe, but to dye kanuu ( fiber). The which is best known as the source leaves were also cooked to make of a black pigment used to decorate siwɨɨka, a traditional dish. Sci. the skin or to dye kanuu (chambira Phytolacca rivinoides. palm fibers) for spinning into cord aamúuni rt. aámuu 1. (t.v.) kill. for hammocks and other woven Ex. Kaa kina=miisaákari niwa,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 89 aamuuniíraana aamuutáani

nuú kina aámuu tamɨ́nɨɨna=jata. aamuuniíraana lit. for killing (n.) If you don’t do this, he will kill you variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti (chacruna) which with lightning. 2. (t.v.) hit or strike a was traditionally used to ready living being, be it with a body part, warriors for war; warriors would or with an instrument. ▶ Gram. If a rub the leaves on their spears and body part is struck, its their body, as well as chewing a corresponding NP typically takes small portion, so that they would the locative postpostion general feel rage towards the enemy and locative postposition =jina. Ex. not experience fear in combat. The Na=aámuuyaa leaves were also used as an n=anásiiki=jina. They strike them ingredient in aákuta (ayahuasca) to (my chickens) in their lower leg bones. induce visions of warfare. Sci. 3. (t.v.) hit an inanimate object Psychotria viridis var. with or without an implement, e.g., aamuutakáana (n.) species of hitting one’s hand against a table, shimbillo-type tree that is typically or hitting something with a stick, found on the banks of oxbow lakes; including, e.g., hitting a drum with ▶ its fruits are some 15-20cm long a stick. Gram. In this sense, the and flat in comparison to their verbal object does not take a width; it is believed that the seeds locative postposition. Ex. Riniíria of this species of shimbillo, if eaten aámuuyaárikɨ wúumpu. Reinerio when the fruits are consumed, pose (t.v.) played the bass drum. 4. pound a significant danger of intestinal or pulp certain plants in order that blockage, which can reputedly be they be usable, e.g., tatɨɨ fatal. Sci. Inga sp. (cashapona) palm trunks, which aamuútaaja (n.) pestle or mallet must be pounded so that the used for pounding or pulping food exterior part splits up into laths or barbasco. that can be used for floors or walls; or miríjaaja (mishquipanga) fruits, aamuutáani rt. aamuúta (t.v.) which must be pounded to split beat or strike something against a them and remove their seeds; or surface, such as a wall, or the ▶ nuúruu (barbasco), which must be ground. Gram. The verbal object pulped to release its the thing stuck; the surface against fish-incapacitating fluid. ▶ Gram. In which it is struck is optionally this sense, the verbal object does introduced as a postpositional not take a locative postposition. phrase. Ex. Puu! Ex. Iiti=ji pɨɨ́ pɨ=nuúruu aámuu, Nu=aamuútakuraaná nu=iwáani=íira naami aaka=akájinakuaúraji nuu. Pow! iwatáani=iíkuma. From here we He struck it (the painted balsa piece) will pound our barbasco, so that it across (perpendicular to) the river. arrives downriver in the sacarita. aamuutáani rt. aamuúta (t.v.) flap or beat wings, said of birds who flap at a relatively slow pace.

90 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aamuutɨ́ɨni aana támuu

▶ Gram. The verb takes an NP that it is a shamanic creature who complement that refers to the wings can attack people in the river and as the verbal object. Ex. who can use magical powers to Iina=wajá anapa, atii nu=ɨɨ́yaa, harm people who mock it. Sci. Inia iinawaja nu=kitɨ́ɨni nu=námaku geoffrensis ( iqt aana ákusana), amuutáani. But the macaw, there he Sotalia fluviatilis (aana mɨɨ́nana). flies, and he never stops flapping his ▶ Socio. JPI does not exhibit a wings. possessed/non-possessed aamuutɨ́ɨni rt. aamuútɨɨ (t.v.) alternation for this root, cross river or other body of water neutralizing in favor of the by boat. ▶ Gram. The object of the non-possessed form, aana. verb is the body of water crossed by aana aamuutakáana dialect.var. the subject of the verb. of aana támuu Aamuutújuri dialect.var. of aana karásiija lit. dolphin achiote Naamuutújuri (n.) lisa yulilla, species of silvery lisa Aámuuwáaja (n.) Cahuarano, an -type fish, with multiple ethnic group speaking a language transverse dark stripes, that reaches mutually intelligible with Iquito but some 40cm length. It is appreciated considered distinct, at least in part for its soft and watery, but quite due to the fact that Iquitos tasty, flesh. Sci. Schizodon sp. considered the Aámuuwáaja a aana siiríkiija lit. dolphin cunchi nomadic people who did not (n.) bufeo cunchi, species of pale practice agriculture. They lived at cunchi-type fish that reaches 10cm the headwaters of the Nanay and in length and has a distinctive Pintuyacu Rivers, and were slender snout, which is said to occasionally captured by Iquitos resemble a dolphin’s snout, when they encountered them, and inspiring its name. It also has long were brought to Iquito settlements feelers around its mouth and short to work as servants, where they pointed spurs, similar to those eventually intermarried with found on kuyúkuyu (turushuqui), Iquitos if they survived. The last running lengthwise down the capture of Aámuuwáaja individuals middle of each its sides. occurred in the 1920s or 1930s, and aana támuu irreg.pl. aana they have not been seen since. támuuwa lit. dolphin guaba (n.) aana irreg.poss. áana. (n.) general bufeo shimbillo, species of small term for dolphin, including both shimbillo-type tree that grows to the Pink River Dolphin ( iqt aana some 3m in height, and typically aákusana) and the Gray Dolphin grows right at the water’s edge, (aana mɨɨ́nana). As in many parts of with its branches extended over the Amazonia, there are many beliefs water. Its fruits, which reach some among the Iquito people concerning 10cm in length, are long and the Pink River Dolphin, including slender, like those of most

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 91 aanákana aanisíini

shimbillos, but are arced in a where they could be scooped up manner considered similar to the with a maasi hand net. Sci. back of a dolphin, from which its Boulengerella sp. Iquito name stems. Because its aáni impf.rt. of aanɨ́ɨni seeds are bitter, care is taken when Aaniáamu (prop.n.) Quebrada eating the sweet flesh, typical of Áñamu, a relatively large tributary shimbillos, that surrounds them. of the Chambira River, located Sci. Inga sp. dialect.var. aana approximately an hour by peke aamuutakáana. peke motor upriver of the (n.) aanákana irreg.pl. aanákiaakɨ community of Atalaya, on right side bufeo rumo , variety of manioc that of the river (when traveling is no longer cultivated, whose stalks upriver), the same side as the only produce branches at the very community. This creek is known for top, leaving the majority of the being the location where Ramón stalk bare. It has purplish leaf stalks Ampuero, one of the early patrones and its long, slender tubers have who worked in Iquito territory, was unusually thin skins. killed in 1910 by a falling tree. (n.) aánanaka royal jelly, the aanisiijáani rt. aanisiíja (t.v.) liquid in which bees lay their eggs. cutipar, cause harm by violating This substance is used for a number dietary or behavioral restrictions of medicinal purposes, including (siyaanɨ́ɨni); typically said of the curing dandruff by applying it foods or activities that breach these directly to the affect area, and for restrictions, e.g., salt or sexual curing infertility, by drinking it contact (see aanisíini). mixed with aguardiente, distilled cane alcohol. aanisíini rt. aaniísi drv.rt. aanísi 1. (i.v.) become infected, speaking of a rt. aanawási 1. (i.v.) aanawasíini wound. 2. (a.v.) cutiparse, suffer be delirious, e.g., from a fever or harm by violating dietary or when near death, characteristically behavioral restrictions (siyaanɨ́ɨni); accompanied by vocalizations such restrictions are especially regarding the hallucinations or associated with taking medicinal visions the person is seeing. 2. (i.v.) plants, and above all, consuming sleepwalk. plants associated with shamanic (n.) aánaaja archaic vocative term practice, such as aákuta for male sibling of female ego. (ayahuasca), isúuna (maricahua), or aanaapáapa (n.) timuco, species saasakíkwaa (toé), but restrictions of pike-characin whose slender of this sort are also held to be body reaches 20-25cm in length, necessary for recovery from and only 1-2cm in diameter. maladies such as snake bite; if these Formerly abundant, they were restrictions are violated, outcomes typically caught at night, being could include bleeding to death, as attracted to the surface by light, in the case of a snakebite victim

92 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aanɨ́ɨni aapaku

coming into contact with a often boiled to remove this flavor menstruating or lactating woman; before it is roasted or grilled. Sci. or becoming deranged and starting Tamandua tetradactyla. Nanay to exhibit the behavior of an animal dialect.var. asakwaari. free.var. that the person had eaten a great jaanɨ́ɨti. deal of as a child; or even sudden aánuukwáani rt. aánuukwa (i.v.) death, as when violating be extremely intoxicated with a restrictions associated with isúuna hallucinogen, such as aákuta and saasakíkwaa, considered the (ayahuasca) or isúuna (maricahua); more dangerous of shamanic plants. typically, to be so overcome by ▶ Gram. The verbal subject denotes visions that one no longer acts the person affected; the affecting normally, e.g., becoming silent and entity is optionally denoted by the stopping singing, or becoming object. Ex. Atii=na, jɨɨ́tikari agitated and delirious. Ex. na=aaniísirɨɨ, atii tɨɨ na=iwɨɨ́taa Nikákiika jaari na=apáraki na=inɨ́ɨsi=jina, átiiji na=itɨ́wɨɨ aánuukwáani=jina. Shortly niíya=jina. Then, when they were thereafter they became very cutipado (by saasakíkwaa), then intoxicated (with saasakíkwaa). there right where they were lying in their hammocks, from there they fell aanúuna • from Sp. anona. (n.) to the ground. anona, cultivated fruit tree adopted in the early 20th century that aanɨ́ɨni rt. aánɨ impf.rt. aáni (i.v.) produces ellipsoidal soft-skinned rise, speaking of rivers and creeks, fruits that reach some 15cm in whether a small amount or a length with a somewhat spiky massive amount, as during a major appearance, and soft white flesh flood. ▶ Socio. JPI and ELY do not surround hard black seeds. Sci. distinguish between the meaning of Annona sp. aanɨ́ɨni and ikwaanɨ́ɨni, claiming that aanɨ́ɨni is a Nanay dialect form of aánuura irreg.pl. aánuurawaaka ikwaanɨ́ɨni, with the latter having (n.) nephew of female ego; son of the meaning given in its entry. female ego’s brother or sister. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. aanɨ́ɨti (n.) shiwi (also shihui) or Southern Tamandua, arboreal aapaku irreg.poss. aápaku. (n.) mammal with a prehensile tail, Amazon Forest Dragon, species of related to the Giant Anteater. It large arboreal lizard that reaches feeds prinicipally on ants and 30cm in length, including a long, termites by tearing apart their nests slender tail. It is noted by Iquito with the large claws on its powerful speakers for its squarish head and forelimbs and consuming the its relatively upright posture; dusty insects with its long tongue. The green in color, individuals often flesh of these animals hasa have a red patch on their throats, somewhat unpleasant taste, and is and males have short spines along

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 93 aapaanaamɨ aaríija

their necks and backs. Sci. rapidly increase in number, as Anis Enyalioides laticeps. do. áapu • from Q. apu. (n.) chief, (n.) solemán aapaanaamɨ or community leader; this term sacha penicilinia , species of small appears to have come into use after tree that grows to only 2-3m. Its the mid-20th century to a denote leaves, which emit a sharp smell community leader associated with a when crushed, and whose juice long-term established settlement, produces a burning sensation on especially within the context of contact with the skin, are used to Peruvian national laws regarding treat the skin maladies mɨɨ́nana indigenous community governance. sarna negra isíiku ( ) and aákusana ▶ Socio. This term is deprecated by sarna colorada isíiku ( ), by applying purist speakers as being of Quechua water or urine in which the crushed origin, which reflects that it was leaves have been soaked to the borrowed more recently than afflicted area. Sci. Jacaranda sp. kuuráaka, which is also a loanword. aapɨ́ya irreg.pl. aapɨ́yawa, aarawati ELY pers.var. of aarɨwati aapɨ́yaka (n.) term used for two irreg.poss. aaráwati. species of Ani, the vaca muchacho aaraaka irreg.poss. aáraaka. (n.) or Smooth-billed Ani, and the saliva or spit. locrero or Greater Ani; both are aáraatatáani rt. aáraatata (i.v.) black, ungainly birds with long tails drool, for saliva to leak from the and somewhat large bulbous bills. mouth, e.g., while sleeping. Rel. The former, up to 35cm in length, is aáraatatɨ́ɨni (rt. aáraatatɨɨ) (t.v.) common in grassy areas and in make drool. gardens that are reverting to (n.) secondary forest, while the latter is aariwa irreg.poss. aáriwa. sacha perro perro del monte found near river edges and lake , , or edges and reaches up to 50cm in Bush Dog, a species of wild forest length. Sci. Crotophaga ani, dog that stands up to some 30cm at Crotophaga major. ▶ Anth. the shoulder, with a body length of According to Iquito oral tradition, a up to 75cm, and a short tail that magical rite was practiced with the does not exceed 15cm in length. It eggs of these birds: a single egg was is brownish in color, with small taken from a nest, thoroughly ears and short legs, and a boiled, returned to the nest, and whistle-like yelp. They are often finally recovered after all the other encountered hunting in packs and eggs had hatched, a process which are comfortable pursuing their prey imbued the boiled egg with powers. in water. Sci. Speothos venaticus. This egg was then buried in front of aaríija (n.) tapia pelejo or silky the door of a chicken coop, so that anteater, species of small, the chickens housed there would light-colored, arboreal anteater. Sci.

94 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aariímuya aarɨ́ɨni

Cyclopes didactylus. ▶ Anth. where it lays it eggs, which develop According to Iquito oral tradition, into aniita marajákwaa (suri grande) there was a risk that if a woman palm grubs. Compounds formed saw one of these animals while with the name of the corresponding pregnant, her child would suffer grub can be used to distinguish the from deformed hands or feet two species potentially denoted by resembling the bent paws of this the term aarɨwati: aniita marajákwaa animal. aarɨwati for the Palm Weevil per se, aariímuya (n.) variety of manioc and muusajákwaa aarɨwati for the distinctive for its very tall stalk and other. Sci. Rhyncophorus palmarum its tubers, which have purple skin (weevil). ELY pers.var. aarawati. JPI and notably yellow flesh. pers.var. aaruwati. Contemporary Iquitos speculate aarɨ́ɨku (n.) type of traditional trap that this variety may have brought used to capture monkeys, of to Iquito territory by Kokamas in unknown design, that has not been the early 20th century, due to the used since the early 20th century. similarity between the name of this The trap was placed on a branch variety of manioc and a surname where monkeys were likely to common among the Kokamas who transit, and surrounding trees were worked for rubber tappers sometimes felled to funnel them downriver of the community of San onto a particular branch where Antonio. their path would already be quite aarɨna free.var. of iniyana constrained, e.g., a tree whose irreg.poss. aárɨna. branches connected a riverbank and an island. aarɨtɨ́ɨni rt. aarɨtɨɨ fst.spch. aartɨɨ 1. (t.v.) cause, make, permit, let, or aarɨ́ɨni rt. aárɨɨ (t.v.) happen; for assist someone to pass by a point, something to happen to someone. ▶ e.g., let someone pass through a Gram. The subject indexes an doorway to enter a house. 2. (t.v.) eventuality, while the object avoid a blow by dodging or indexes the person to whom the ▶ deflecting it, whether from eventuality happened. Socio. This intentional attack, e.g., from fists or sense of aarɨ́ɨni, otherwise ‘pass’, is a spear, or an accident, e.g., a likely a calque from Sp. pasar falling tree. ‘happen’; the same sense is aarɨwati (n.) general term for palm conveyed by one sense of míini, weevils (papaso (de palmera)). The which is probably the historically prototypical palm weevil is the prior means for expressing this Palm Weevil proper, a large glossy meaning. Ex. Saakaa aárɨɨkura black weevil that reaches almost kiáaja? What happened to you? 5cm in length, with a distinctive aarɨ́ɨni rt. aárɨɨ 1. (i.v.) pass, long snout, that bores holes in the speaking of an interval of time, e.g., trunks of nɨsikati (aguaje) palms, for a month to pass. Ex.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 95 aartɨɨ́tari aasamu siirɨ

Átiiji=jaa, sɨɨsaramaajɨtáami capable of striking sparks from axes kásiiri aárɨɨkiaakɨ=ná, used to cut it. It is prized for house na=iíjuutakiaakɨ=ná posts and for making the hull bases nu=naniijúuni=íira tii of plank boats. Sci. Nectandra nuu=nɨɨ́jina. After three months cissiflora. passed, they opened (moved) the pot aasámaaja (n.) carachupa mama, (t.v.) to sweep above the spot. 2. yagunturi, or Giant Armadillo, pass, move past a point or an area. armadillo species that reaches up to Ex. Nɨtɨ́ɨni=jata kw=aárɨɨrɨɨ. I 1.5m in length, and can weigh up (t.v.) will pass by running. 3. pass, to 30kg. It is noted for its large subside, speaking of the effects of foreclaws, which it uses to tear an intoxicant. Ex. Jaa iina aárɨɨrɨɨ open termite nests, and for its kanáaja aákuta. The ayahuasca has tunneling ability. Sci. Priodontes worn off for us. maximus. aartɨɨ́tari (n.) plant of uncertain aasamu irreg.pl. aasamúuwa, nature that was formerly used to aasamúuka irreg.poss. aásamu. confer the ability to dodge and (n.) creek or small river; Iquito deflect spear attacks by rubbing the settlements were traditionally plant on one’s body and spear; it located along these smaller was also reportedly added to waterways, set back some distance ayahuasca, and was said to produce from the larger rivers of which they visions of spear duels that improved were tributaries. ▶ Gram. The final the seers ability to fight. vowel of the root lengthens and aaruwati JPI pers.var. of aarɨwati takes an HLL tone when bearing aarúwiiti (n.) jarabe huayo or either a locative suffix or plural coto huayo, species of tree with suffix, e.g., aasamúuku ‘upriver white sap and a white trunk that creek’ or aasamúuwa ‘creeks’. reaches up to 50cm in diameter; aasamu najiwáaku lit. creek grows mainly in varillales, low-lying nostril (n.) spring, place where wet areas with sandy soil; its edible water springs from the ground, thus fruits have hard husks that are cut typically forming the beginning of a open to access a sweet syrupy liquid creek. which contains numerous small aasamu sisa lit. creek cashorro (n.) seeds. Sci. Macoubea guianensis. cashorro de quebrada, species of aaruujáana (n.) moena negra, slender fish that reaches 30cm in species of tree that grows to a length, with a tapering snout and diameter of 1m in rɨɨka (varillales), long, sharp, teeth. Greenish in in sásakɨ (champales), and on steep color, it is mainly found in creeks. hillsides. The wood is very dark, Sci. Acestrorhynchus sp. being black in some cases, and is aasamu siirɨ lit. creek caiman (n.) one of the hardest woods of any lagarto bola bola or tree in the forest; it is reportedly Smooth-fronted Caiman, a species

96 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aasamu waáyuuri aasíyuuti

of dark reddish-brown caiman that aasi yaawɨ́ɨni lit. rain day (n.) is typically a little over 1m in rainy season; the months in which length, with noticeable ridging on rain falls heavily (roughly its hindquarters; they are normally November to April in Iquito encountered in creeks, although territory), when the rivers rise and they are now much rarer than the adjacent low areas flood, before. Sci. Paleosuchus trigonatus. creating areas of flooded forest, aasamu waáyuuri ikwaana. irreg.pl. aasamu waáyuuriwa lit. aásiwa (n.) 1. general term for creek carachama (n.) species of people suffering from a small carachama, a type of armored developmental disability, e.g., with fish, that mainly lives in small Downs Syndrome, and/or with creeks, and reaches some 10cm in severe speech difficulties or length; dark colored, this species muteness; these types of disabilities has a bundle of small spines by its seem to be closely identified with gills, which it can make it difficult one another for many Iquitos. 2. to handle and capture, and soft, mentally ill or crazy individual, fleshy, tentacle-like protrusions e.g., someone who is unpredictably around its mouth. and irrationally violent. (n.) aasamúuwa irreg.pl. of aasamu aasiwáriika general term for (i.v.) land snails. The largest species of aasapɨ́ɨni rt. aasapɨ be left land snail, whose shell can reach behind, as when a group departs, 20cm in diameter, was traditionally leaving one or more of its members ▶ considered edible; these are in a location. Socio. This term is generally only found in areas with considered archaic by current clayey soils. speakers. aasíyuu JPI pers.var. of aasíyuuti aasi irreg.poss. áasi. 3.poss. náasi aasíyuuka (n.) campana avispa or (n.) bunch of fruit, e.g., of Bell Wasp, species of wasp that plantains, palm fruits, or sawiti constructs distinctive, tubular, (uvilla) fruits. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. slightly flared nests that can reach ▶ aasi (n.) rain. Gram. mass noun. 1m in length, hanging from bare aasi pánaasi (n.) huanchaca roja branches, and thus resembling a or Silver-Beaked Tanager, bell; the wasp itself is black and reddish-brown tanager that some 1cm in length. Sci. Chartergus measures up to 18cm in length, chartarius. notable for the silvery-white aasíyuuti (n.) llama lluvia, species coloring of the lower half of its of liana that grows near river beak; often seen at forest edges, banks, often in stands of asinaja sometimes forming mixed flocks (puma panga) trees. This liana with písiika, or Masked Crimson produces a sticky sap when cut, and Tanagers. Sci. Ramphocelus carbo. has inedible tapered green fruits

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 97 aasíini aatiáaki

that speakers describe as aátamajániisana reminiscent of caihua (Cyclanthera irreg.pl. aatamajániisanawaaka pedata), which float when they fall 3.poss. naátamajániisana (n.) in the water. Neither the liana or its deceased brother of male ego. fruit are used, but according to ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Iquito oral tradition, handling the aátamajati fruits causes it to rain, by disturbing irreg.pl. aátamajatiwaaka 3.poss. madre the or protective spirit of the naátamajati (n.) sister of female plant. JPI pers.var. aasíyuu. ego. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. (t.v.) aasíini rt. aasii pour or aátamajátiisana throw fluid on, e.g., pour water irreg.pl. átamajátiisanawaaka onto manioc beer mash to dilute it, 3.poss. naátamajátiisana (n.) or throw water onto a dog to cause ▶ deceased sister of female ego. it to flee. Gram. If the fluid being ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. poured is explicitly mentioned in (i.v.) the clause, it must bear the aatariitáani rt. aatariíta 1. instrumental postposition =jata. rock or swing oneself in a Ex. Na=itɨɨtaki aaka, n=aasiíyaa hammock, rocking chair, or similar (t.v.) naa. They carried water and threw it object. 2. rock or swing on them (while they danced). Rel. someone else in a hammock, aasiitáani (rt. aasiíta) (t.v.) pour rocking chair, or similar object. water into a pot that has something aátatáani rt. aátata 1. (i.v.) float in it, e.g., uncooked manioc. downriver with the current, said aasíipa • from Sp. ashipa. (n.) both of things floating in the water, ashipa or jícama, cultigen such as a piece of wood, and introduced to Iquito territory in the someone in a watercraft that is (i.v.) early 20th century. The tubers of floating downriver. 2. move in this plant, which are roughly of the a column, said of insect species riitaki shape and size of a turnip, consist such as army ants ( ), whose of crispy, watery, sweet, white movement in dense columns is flesh, which is eaten raw. Sci. described by Iquitos as resembling Pachyrhizus erosus. the flow of a river. (prop.n.) aasɨ́ɨti • from Sp. aceite. (n.) motor Aatáaja Iquito woman oil, with which Iquitos became born in the mid-19th century, who familiar in the 1940s, or died in the early 20th century; she commercial cooking oil, which is remembered for being mother to became common in San Antonio in Daniel Guimack, Eleuterio the 1970s. Guimack’s half-brother; her name is the source of the surname Ataja. aátamajani irreg.pl. aátamajaniwaaka 3.poss. aáti impf.rt. of aatɨ́ɨni naátamajani (n.) brother of male aatiáaki (n.) rapid, a place where ego. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. a waterway flows quiclky.

98 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary aatiaáruuki aayimɨtɨna aatiaáruuki (n.) species of trunk that grows up to 5m in height cotolo-type fish, that is generally and reaches 10cm in diameter. The found in creeks, and reaches some fronds of this palm are sometimes 15-20cm in length, being quite woven into matákaari roof peak broad for its size; dark in color, coverings (cumbas), in order to except for a single transverse yelow make them denser and more stripe on either side of its body, its waterproof. Sci. Geonoma sp. skin is covered in a layer of slime that makes it quite slippery. Aatikɨ́rɨsi (prop.n.) Iquito woman born in the mid-19th century, and dying in the early 1930s; paternal grandmother to consultant HDC, she lived with HDC’s paternal grandfather Siiwiíkaraaja at Aakamáana after the death of her first husband; she was known for her knowledge of medicinal and magical plants, especially those concerned with making manioc grow well. aátiiti dialect.var. of arikamɨ́ɨna aatɨ́ɨni rt. aátɨ impf.rt. aáti (i.v.) flow, speaking of water in a creek, river, or similar body of water. Rel. amátana aatiáana (n.) fast-flowing river. aáwaayɨ (n.) insect silk or web, especially that of spiders, but also of other silk-producing insects, such as certain types of caterpillars. aáwɨya ELY pers.var. of awɨyɨ aayijiija (n.) leoncito or Pygmy Marmoset, the world’s smallest known monkey, formerly relatively common in the San Antonio area, but now rarely seen. Sci. Cebuella pygmaea. aayimɨtɨna (n.) palmiche, species of palm found in rɨɨka (varillal) and sásakɨ ( sp champal) habitats, with a

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 99 ijántuuja

ijáki impf.rt. of ijakɨ́ɨni ijakɨɨsɨɨtɨ́ɨni (rt. ijakɨɨsɨɨtɨɨ) (t.v.) make multiple things break open, ijakɨ́ɨni rt. ijákɨ impf.rt. ijáki 1. burst, split, or discharge. (i.v.) burst or break open, speaking ijakɨɨtáani rt. ijakɨɨ́ta (i.v.) split of, e.g., a palm pod that bursts open open; for something to crack or as the fruits it contains ripen, a fruit split open in such as way as to leave that is squeezed to the point that its a slit or opening with two parallel skin ruptures, a container edges, e.g., a plank, a sack of rice, containing a gas under pressure, or or cooked a piece of manioc. an egg, at the point when the young (n.) lisa inside hatches. ▶ Gram. The ijámani species of -type expected active counterpart of this fish that reaches 20cm in length verb, ijakáani, does not exist; and lives in creeks. It is dark in instead, the transitive action of color, except for its lower face and bursting or breaking something belly, which are yellowish in color, open must be expressed via a and its sides, which have a single causativized form of this verb. 2. longitudinal line of spots running (i.v.) split or crack, speaking of, down them. Sci. Schizodon sp. e.g., a plank that splits while ijántuuja (n.) madre del trueno or drying, or a ceramic dish that Blackfaced Antthrush, a largely develops a crack. 3. (i.v.) open or terrestrial bird that reaches some bloom, speaking of a flower. 4. 18cm in height, with a black face, (i.v.) discharge, fire, or go off, plump body, and short, erect tail; it speaking of a shotgun cartridge or a is mostly brown in color with gray similar form of ammunition or underneath. According to Iquitos explosive. Rel. ijákɨtɨ́ɨni (rt. ijákɨtɨɨ) who have seen it, its distinctive call (t.v.) make something break open, is accompanied by a curious burst, split, or discharge. Rel. behavior: it runs forward, emitting ijákɨɨsɨ́ɨni (rt. ijákɨɨsɨɨ) (i.v.) for a rapidly rising series of short multiple things to discharge, break whistles, and then stops, head up, open, split, or burst, e.g., multiple to emit a single especially loud fireworks, multiple kernels of whistle; it then pauses, takes popcorn, or drying soil when it several steps, and emits a low splits in multiple places. Rel. whistle, repeating this pause and

100 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ijatáani ijáani

step pattern with successively lower community and for sale in Iquitos; and more mournful notes. Sci. in the 1990s and 2000s, the sale of Formicarius analis. ▶ Anth. crisnejas was the principal source According to Iquito oral tradition, of income in the community. Sci. this bird’s call prophecies that it Lepidocaryum tessmannii. ELY will soon thunder; and it is also said pers.var. ijawɨɨ́taamɨ. that this bird believes its own call to ijawɨɨ́taamɨ ELY pers.var. of be louder and more powerful than ijáwɨɨmɨ irreg.pl. ijawɨɨ́taamɨya thunder, so it will get into contests (n.) with thunder, first saying to its ijáwɨɨti irreg.pl. ijáwɨɨtiwa wife, “get the baby (i.e., make sure house with roof made of ijáwɨɨmɨ, irapay it is well covered and safe), we’re palm leaves. going to respond to the thunder!”. ijawɨɨtíini rt. ijawɨɨ́tii (i.v.) build dialect.var. nɨrímɨɨna siriija. a house with a roof of ijáwm, irapay ijatáani rt. ijáta 1. (i.v.) fall palm. intermittently, speaking of various íjaakɨ́ɨni rt. íjaakɨɨ (i.v.) defecate light things falling over a period of diarrhea. time, e.g., flowers or leaves from a rt. íja 1. (t.v.) stab a living (i.v.) ijáani tree. 2. drizzle, speaking of being with a spear, fishing harpoon, light rain in which drops fall ▶ ▶ or similar piercing weapon. Sem. intermittently. Gram. In this Stabbing with an implement that sense the subject, if overt, is aasi has a different geometry, e.g., a ‘rain’. knife; and stabbing an inanimate ijáwɨɨja (n.) species of target, e.g., a tree trunk, both bujurqui-type fish that reaches require use of the verb ajiráani, some 10cm in length, generally with the notable exception of the found in small creeks in areas with next sense. Ex. sandy soils. It has dark green Kia=karíkuuyaákiaana, coloration on the sides and blue niaatíija, iyaamiaákuji=na coloring on the face, and is covered kia=ijáki iina júuti. You are with relatively thick scales. experiencing a bad omen, mother, ijáwɨɨmɨ irreg.pl. ijáwɨɨmɨya (n.) because you have stabbed the Tiger (t.v.) irapay, a small palm with slender Heron. 2. stab sharpened stick stalks about 1.25m in height and into the ground to make holes to slender leaves that emerge in a pair plant seeds. from a single stalk; grows well in ijáani rt. íja (i.v.) detach and fall sandy soils with considerable leaf off one by one, speaking of multiple litter (sásakɨ) and in moist areas similar entities; prototypically, said near the banks of creeks. Harvested of fruits that fall from a tree as they in significant quantities to be become ripe, but also said of other woven into iitaari (crisnejas), both entities that fall off of a larger for the construction of roofs in the object in a similar fashion, e.g.,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 101 íjaanɨ́ɨni ijiika

leaves from a tree, or hair from a ijiráani rt. íjiita dialect.var. of person’s head. ajiráani drv.rt. ijíra íjaanɨ́ɨni rt. íjaanɨɨ (i.v.) clear ijirɨna dialect.var. of ajirɨna throat. irreg.poss. ijírɨna. ijaanúuni rt. ijaánuu (t.v.) stab ijirɨ́ɨni rt. ijiítɨ impf.rt. ijiíti various distinct targets with a spear dialect.var. of ajirɨ́ɨni drv.rt. ijírɨ or fishing harpoon, one after the ijiwiráani rt. ijíwita drv.rt. ijiwíra other, e.g., as when a fisherman in (t.v.) scold, generally including a lake goes after many different fish corrective advice. ▶ Gram. The in the course of a day. inflectional root has a short ijíkatatáani rt. ijíkatata (t.v.) penultimate vowel, despite push something that is floating in inflectional forms of stem-changing the water, be it something that one verbs typically having a long vowel is in or on top of, e.g., a canoe or in this position. Ex. Náaji raft, as when pushing off from a kí=kaakɨ́ɨja ijíwitaárikɨ kanáaja. river bank with a pole to get out That’s how my father would scold and into deep water; or something instruct us. floating that one pushes away, e.g., ijiwíini rt. ijíwii 1. (t.v.) mock or a floating log in the way of a canoe. make fun of someone in an (t.v.) ijikaakɨ irreg.pl. ijikaakɨya annoying fashion. 2. be irreg.poss. íjikaakɨ. (n.) pants, annoyingly insistent or harass trousers. someone about entering into a sexual or romantic relationship. 3. (t.v.) ijikaakɨ́ɨni rt. ijikaákɨɨ put (t.v.) have sex, euphemistic on pants. expression. ijikáani rt. ijíka dialect.var. of íjiija (n.) bundle made by wrapping kɨníini something in leaves, plastic, or ijíkija irreg.pl. ijíkiwa (n.) species paper, and then tying the bundle up of termite noted for being to secure the wrapping and keep especially white in color; unlike the the bundle together. more common tukúruuja, this ijiika irreg.poss. íjiika. (n.) general species principally consumes the term for patarashca, small bundles heartwood of living trees, and of food some 10-25cm in length makes its nest in the base of the and 5-10cm in diameter, wrapped tree it feeds upon. Sci. Nasute sp. in specific kinds of durable leaves socio.var. jíkija. for cooking in a number of ways; ijíkiwa irreg.pl. of ijíkija the kinds of food that are cooked in this way are numerous, from fish to ijirákana dialect.var. of ajirákana a variety of (often grated) plant ijiráani rt. íjiita dialect.var. of foods; patarashcas are variably ajiráani drv.rt. ijíra steamed, smoked, or roasted in

102 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary íjiikáani ikatáani

coals, depending on the preferred ijɨɨ́rasíini rt. ijɨɨ́rasi (i.v.) spoil, manner of preparing the specific speaking of foods with a liquid contents. base, such as fish or meat soups, or beverages, especially manioc beer. íjiikáani rt. íjiika (i.v.) moan or (n.) groan in pain. íjuwa underground leaf-lined nest, most saliently, of the (t.v.) ijíini rt. íji make a bundle, armadillo. roughly tubular in shape, by ijuwa irreg.pl. of ijúuti irreg.poss. wrapping the contents in leaves, íjuwa. arch.var. ijuwaa. traditionally anakújumɨ (bijao) leaves, but also, in modern times, in ijuwaa arch.var. of ijuwa plastic sheeting or paper, and then ijúuti irreg.pl. ijuwa, ijuútiwa (n.) securing the rapper, e.g., with needle. arch.var. ruuwana. adhesive, or by tying the bundle ijúuti irreg.pl. ijuwa, ijuwaa with lianas, bark strips, or rope. (archaic variant associated with (n.) ijiíti impf.rt. of ijirɨ́ɨni Tururíisa) thorn or spine of plant; note that quills of animals (t.v.) ijɨ́ɨni rt. ijɨɨ make multiple such as porcupines are considered fruits fall from a tree, typically by kajasi ‘hair’. Rel. ijúwatina (adj.) by shaking the tree or by using a ▶ spiny or thorny, as said of certain stick to knock fruits loose. Anth. plans. Rel. ijúwajina (also Traditionally, the expression ijuúwaajina (ELY)) (loc.n.) area kw=amuusíika kia=ijɨɨ́yaa ‘You’re dense with spiny or thorny plants. making my beard fall out,’ was ikaja irreg.poss. íkaja. (n.) cocona, employed by men when hearing a cultivated bush reaching up to embarrassing news, especially of a 1.5m which produces tart round sexual nature about a female fruits 5-8cm in diameter that vary relative, to express their desire that from yellow to dark red in color. their interlocutor cease speaking These plants often keep producing about the person in question. fruits long after a garden has ijɨ́ɨra (adv.) loudly. Ex. Ijɨ́ɨra become fallow. Sci. Solanum nu=wɨɨrɨɨ́yaa. It is loud (lit. loudly sessiflorum. it is making a sound). ikatáani rt. ikáta (i.v.) float. ijɨɨ́rana rt. ijɨɨ́ra (adj.) 1. sour or ikatáani rt. ikáta (t.v.) set a dried acidic in flavor, said, for example, chacra plot alight, start a fire in a of fruits high in vitamin C, or cleared and dried chacra plot, overly aged manioc beer. 2. sharp either to burn the trees and but superficial, speaking of pain, undergrowth that were left to dry said of, e.g., the bite of certain after they were cleared, or simply insects, such as anaasi to see if the plot is ready to burn. (mosquitoes), aákusaja (isangos), ▶ Gram. The object obligatorily and simɨ́naja (ticks). takes the locative =jina. Rel.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 103 ikati ikáani

ikataajúuni (rt. ikataájuu) (t.v.) set nuu. The ayahuasca was standing fires at various places ina chacra. inside the pot in order for them to ikati (n.) cunchi moena, term for a drink it. number of species of moena-type (t.v.) tree species, characterized by ikáani rt. íka insert, stick in; having similar small leaves and insert an entity in a manner that inedible fruits, consisting of a results in direct contact between a round cap covering a somewhat significant portion of the entity lengthened fruit body some 4cm being inserted and the surrounding long and 3cm in diameter, and material, typically requiring some wood that becomes very light when pressure to complete the action, dry; one species grows in e.g., driving a sharpened stick into inundating areas, reaching a the soil, inserting a stopper into a diameter of some 1m and is bottle, or inserting a manioc tuber into a basket that is already quite harvested as a source for planks; ▶ other species grow in more elevated full. Gram. The object of the verb areas, especially purmas, and are corresponds to the inserted object, more slender, being used for roof with the location optionally expressed by a postpositional poles when slender and, similarly, ▶ for planks, when larger. Sci. phrase. Socio. This form is not Endlicheria acuminata, Nectandra used by all speakers, and it is lineatifolia, Nectandra riparia. characterized by some speakers as a dialect variant of jimúuni, however, ikatɨ́ɨni rt. ikátɨɨ free.var. of the sense given here for ikáani is ajatatɨ́ɨni only one sense of jimúuni, which ikáani rt. íka 1. (i.v.) blister, for a includes several other senses that blister to emerge due to heat or ikáani does not have; therefore it friction. ▶ Gram. JPI indicates that seems more accurate to consider this root obligatorily takes the ikáani a form, with a restricted momentary perfective -rɨɨ; the dialectal distribution, that is not subject of verb is the body part on entirely equivalent to jimúuni. Ex. which the blister appears; the Atii nu=ikaaniikuútakiaakɨ=na possessor of the body part can be niíya=jina nuu, suwa added to the clause as an oblique ikaaniikuútaaja. Then he drove argument, using the benefactive them (vertical poles for constructing a =íira. Ex. Aámiikáaka kí=kurika weir) into the creek bed (lit. the ikárɨɨkurá iyaamiaákuji ground), well inserted Rel. ikatáani k=itɨ́kura. Yesterday my hand (rt. ikáta) (t.v.) insert something blistered because I burned myself. 2. which consists of multiple parts, or (i.v.) for a liquid to stand in a place, to which multiple things are be it a river or inside a vessel. Ex. attached, e.g., a pole with a bow Iina aákuta, nu=ikaárikɨ rope attached, or a house post on kusi=jinakuma na=raríini=íira which other timbers rest.

104 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ikaanúuni ikiníini ikaanúuni rt. ikaánuu 1. (i.v.) be of ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm leaves that in a pile, e.g., a pile of fruit below a have been specially prepared for tree, a pile of firewood behind the being so tied up (ikíini). These house, or a pile of bags of rice. Ex. compact bundles typically must be Íyaa iina nikisawɨɨ́kiaana carried some distance from the area samúkwaati ikaanúuja, juu, in which the leaves were harvested, samúkwaati, aákusana and are either brought home or, if samúkwaati. Right then he arrived gathered very far from home, and saw plantains piled up, wow, brought to a temporary camp, plantains, ripe plantains. 2. (i.v.) be where they are woven into iitaari in a pile-like shape, typically said of (crisnejas). snakes that are coiled up to rest. íkina irreg.pl. ikínawaaka 3.poss. ikaanuutɨ́ɨni rt. ikaanuutɨɨ (t.v.) nɨ́kina (n.) referential term for pile up, put in pile, e.g., firewood paternal aunt; father’s sister, male on the ground or fruits on a table. or female ego. ▶ Gram. Vocative íkiaari irreg.pl. íkiaariwa (n.) counterpart: ikínaaja. Poss.pref. underdeveloped fruits; fruits that ikínaaja irreg.pl. ikínaajawaaka fall from a tree as if ripe, but have (n.) vocative term for paternal failed to develop to the point of aunt; father’s sister, male or female bearing much or anything in the ▶ ▶ ego. Gram. Referential way of edible flesh. Gram. counterpart: íkina. Poss.pref. (n.) ▶ ikija (n.) bundle of ijáwɨɨmɨ, irapay ikiníyaaka vomit. Gram. palm leaves, that has been rolled up This term is distinguished from the and tied tightly together to make closely-related form ikíniyɨ ‘vomit’ the load easier to transport, in that the latter is preferably typically carried for some distance possessed. on a person’s back with a tuuku, ikíniyɨ (n.) vomit. ▶ Gram. This tumpline. term is distinguished from the ikijáani irreg.pl. ikijaániwa (n.) closely related ikiníyaaka ‘vomit’ in variety of huitina, a plant species that the latter is not possessed, with several fleshy stalks that grow while ikíniyɨ is obligatorily up to 1m in height, each with a possessed. Poss.pref. single large, roughly triangular leaf. ikiníini rt. ikíni 1. (t.v.) vomit. This variety has elongated, edible ▶ Gram. The optional object starchy tubers of about 15cm in denotes or indexes the matter length and 4cm in diameter, with vomited up. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari yellow flesh and a soft thin skin. nu=asaakuraaná, Sci. Xanthosoma sp. nu=ikíniaakura. When she would ikijɨ́ɨni rt. ikíjɨɨ (t.v.) roll up and eat, she would vomit. 2. (i.v.) spurt, securely tie into an ikija (tercio or for liquid to shoot from an aperture compact cylindrical bundle) a load under pressure.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 105 ikínɨɨsana ikwani ikínɨɨsana ▶ Anth. Formerly a small mission irreg.pl. ikínɨɨsanawaaka (n.) settlement inhabited principally by deceased paternal aunt; deceased Iquitos, it grew over the course of father’s sister. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. the late 19th century into a major ikíiku irreg.pl. ikiíkuwa (n.) commercial center due to the otorongo, tigre, or Jaguar, largest Rubber Boom, which exterminated species of wild cat in Iquito most of the Iquitos living at the territory. Formerly the object of headwaters of the Pintuyacu River. considerable fear because of their According to current Iquito oral attacks on humans, the number of tradition, the Iquito people living at jaguars was drastically reduced in the site of the modern city fled the 1950s through the fur trade, there to escape a demonic jaguar and they are now only very rarely that had been devouring them in encountered. Sci. Panthera onca. their territory in the Pintuyacu ▶ Anth. Jaguars hold an important basin. place in Iquito oral tradition due to (n.) the role that a demonic jaguar ikíitu irreg.pl. ikiítuwaaka 1. played in driving the Iquito people an Iquito individual, a member of out of the headwaters of the the Iquito ethnic group. 2. the language of the Iquito people. Pintuyacu River to the Amazon ▶ proper, where they settled in the Anth. This name appears present day location of the city of originally to have been an exonym. Iquitos. Traditionally, Iquitos referred to themselves as kaaya ‘person’ (as did (t.v.) ikíini rt. íki prepare a load most other Zaparoan peoples, hence irapay (ikija) of ijáwɨɨmɨ ( ) palm the colonial era name ‘Gae’ used for leaves for subsequent bundling certain Zaparoan peoples), and (ikijɨ́ɨni), laying them out carefully while there were names in use to on the ground in a line of compact denote Iquito subgroups (e.g., stacks, with interleaved straps Kajiyuuri), there is no evidence of (often made of strips of tuuku an autonym for the Iquito people as carahuasca topa ( ) or paatíina ( ) a whole. The term ‘Iquito’ appears bark), so that it is possible to roll early in Jesuit chronicles, and the leaves into a cylindrical bundle seems to have been adopted and and then tighten the straps to make ▶ nativized as an autonym in the late the bundle more compact. Sem. 19th or early 20th century. This verb is often used metonymically to refer to the entire ikwani irreg.pl. ikwaniwɨya activity of harvesting palm thatch irreg.poss. íkwani. (n.) 1. adult and bringing it home. human male. 2. male, speaking of Ikíitu (prop.n.) the city of Iquitos, either humans or animals, of any regional capital of Loreto, which age. ▶ Gram. This noun can modify bears the name of the Iquito people. another noun, in expressions such

106 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ikwaniáasi ikwatiínaaja

as kuusi ikwani ‘male pig’ or iina tree, suppressing the growth of kuusi ikwani ‘this male pig’. potential competitors. ikwaniáasi irreg.pl. ikwaniaásiwa Ikwaniaasiyúumu (prop.n.) (n.) caimitillo de supay chacra, tributary of Mujariyúumu Creek, slender tree species whose trunks named for the ikwaniaasi (supay reaches some 15cm in diameter, chacra) located along one of its producing dark fruits with hairy banks; the watershed of this creek skins; notable for being the only was formerly noted for its tree species found in supay chacras, abundance of irapay palms. naturally clear areas in the forest, ikwaniikáani (n.) affectionate which bear the same name (i.e., vocative term for a single young ikwaniáasi); the bark of this tree man, whether kin or not, roughly was traditionally used to treat between 14 and 17 years old. arthritis and rheumatism, soaking it ikwasimɨ irreg.pl. ikwasimɨya in aguardiente and adding lemon irreg.poss. ikwásimɨ. (n.) conejito, and honey, the resulting liquid a species of Heliconia found mainly being drunk in small quantities in in wet depressions in the forest that the morning. Sci. Duroia hirsuta. grows up to 1.5m in height, with ikwaniáasi irreg.pl. ikwaniaásiwa two 1m long, slender leaves similar (n.) pampa remo caspi, tree to those of miríjaaja (mishquipanga) species found in inundating areas, which emerge parallel to each other growing to a diameter of some at the top of each stalk; these 80cm, with leaves very similar to leaves, which have pink markings the species of the same name found on their undersides, are prized for in supay chacras; the wood of this making kúsɨɨti (corn tamales or tree is used to make paddles. Sci. humitas), leaving pink marks on Duroia paraensis. the surface of the cooked corn; the ikwaniáasi irreg.pl. ikwaniáasiwa plant produces an especially (n.) supay chacra, an area of the fragrant yellow flower in season. forest which is naturally clear of socio.var. kwasimɨ. plants and vegetation except for ikwatiínaaja (n.) moenilla, very small plants and small trees of species of moena-type tree that the same same name (i.e., grows at the edges of bodies of ikwaniáasi), around which the water, especially lakes and the ground is amost entirely clear; creeks connecting them to rivers; according to Iquito oral tradition, some 10-15cm in diameter at its these areas are the chacras of the base, its branches grow horizontally naki imɨ́ɨni, a powerful forest being; over the water in the manner of according to botanists, these areas asinaja (pumapanga), floating on are clear because of a species of ant the water when it is high; which existis in a symbiotic distinguishable from the latter by relationship with the ikwaniáasi its dark bark, its longer, more

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 107 ikwaana imatáani

slender leaves, reminiscent of ikati of the tail and edging on the wings; (cunchi moena) and its fruits, which its face is black with light blue resemble those of the latter type of edging, and its head has a light blue moena. band and black cap. The species ikwaana irreg.poss. íkwaana. (n.) nests in subterranean burrows. Sci. 1. tahuampa, a seasonally Momotus momota. inundated low-lying area of the imakija irreg.poss. imákija. (n.) forest; these areas are especially pimple. rich in fish, which come to feed on imakiíjatáani rt. imakiíjata (t.v.) fallen plant matter. 2. flood. squeeze pimple, remove pimple. ikwaanɨ́ɨni rt. ikwaánɨɨ (i.v.) rise ▶ Gram. The verbal object is the and inundate, speaking of a body of body part from which the pimple is water, typically a river or a creek, removed, generally naamiya ‘face’. when it rises sufficiently to imakiijɨ́ɨni rt. imakiijɨɨ (i.v.) have inundate low-lying forest, resulting pimples or acne. in an ikwaana (tahuampa). ▶ Gram. (n.) bujurqui hacha The subject denotes or indexes the imakwaaja vieja body of water that rises. Ex. , species of fish that reaches Jɨɨ́tikari nu=ikwaánɨɨyaárikɨ some 15cm in length and is dark aasamu=na, kana=iikwaárikɨ blue in color, with multiple vertical niínaki tarawaajúuni=ánuura, dark stripes. It is generally found in kana=ijíkatatáani=íira iina oxbow lakes near tree trunks that náana, jɨɨ́tikari nu=aniaárikɨ. have fallen in the water; often seen When the creeks flooded, we went to near the surface of the water, it will work at night, in order to push out the hide under the trunk when logs, when it rained. Nanay disturbed. Sci. Heros efasciatus. dialect.var. jiitáani. ímani (n.) game caught in a trap, ikwaanɨɨtáani rt. ikwaanɨɨ́ta caught on a hook, or killed or (i.v.) stunned by a weapon or poison. irreg.pl. y experience flooding; ▶ for the rising waters of a river to Gram. Poss.pref.; the possessor is rise to the point of covering the the trap, weapon, or poison with land pertaining to a house or which the game was caught. Ex. settlement and to the point of Nu=asɨɨyaárikɨ nu=majáana submerging part, but not all, of that nu=tasikɨ ímani. He fed his wife house or settlement. the fish caught in his fishtrap. (t.v.) imaka irreg.poss. ímaka. (n.) imaniijúuni rt. imaniíjuu buduqui or Blue-crowned Motmot, deliver the killing blow or coup de bird species that reaches some grace or to a wounded animal or 40cm in length, with a long tail person. that makes up over half its length. imatáani rt. imáta 1. (i.v.) be lying It is generally dark orange in color, or sitting on a surface, speaking of with a greenish-blue upper surface composite object, i.e., an object

108 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary imatáani imaakɨɨtáani

with multiple parts, e.g., an axe imatáani rt. imáta (i.v.) lie (axe blade and handle), shotgun, or prostrate, be prostrate, be so baseball cap (bill and cap proper), weakened or debilitated, typically so that the object is in its most by illness that one lies unable to stable position, e.g., in the case of rise, walk, or do much of anything. an axe, that it be lying horizontally Rel. imatáana (n.) invalid, a person with its handle on the surface, confined to bed due to illness or rather than, say, standing in disability. vertical position with its handle imatɨ́niikíini rt. imatɨ́niiki (t.v.) leaning against vertical surface. respond argumentatively to ▶ Gram. This verb requires someone who is attempting to give imperfective aspect. Ex. Kaa=kija helpful advice or attempting to nu=nakusiaárikɨ náaji, calm down the participants in a “Kí=rimúsiija tɨɨ iina imátaa dispute. Rel. imatɨ́niikiáana (n.) kw=ariíkuma.” But he (the tiger) person who does not listen to didn’t know thus, “It’s my shotgun advice or criticism, always (i.v.) that rests on my shoulder.” 2. responding argumentatively. for a vessel with contents to be imatɨ́ɨni rt. imatɨɨ (t.v.) answer a sitting in its typical upright question, or respond to something position, prototypically, with the another person has said. contents at the bottom of the vessel, (t.v.) e.g., a cooking pot with food in it, imatɨ́ɨni rt. imatɨɨ make fall, said e.g., of tripping someone or although it is not essential that the ▶ vessel have contents. ▶ Sem. In this felling a tree. Sem. According to sense, the subject is sometimes not consultants, this verb is entirely a vessel, but instead the substance synonymous with imɨ́ɨni, and is or object contained in a vessel, in essentially a morphologically more transparent version of the latter. which case the use of this verb ▶ entails that the substance or object Gram. This verb requires the use is located within a vessel placed of the aspectual morpheme -yaárɨɨ. upright on a surface. The ímaaja 3.poss. nɨ́maaja (n.) 1. ▶ orientation of the vessel is critical esophagus. Gram. Poss.pref. 2. for the felicitous use of this sense; throat pouch of howler monkey. ▶ for example, even if the contents of Gram. Poss.pref. a given vessel are sufficiently sticky imaakɨɨtáani rt. imaakɨɨta (i.v.) so that they will remain in its nod or slump from side to side bottom when on its side or wholly when attempting to maintain an inverted, the use of this verb is not upright posture, e.g., sitting or licit. Ex. Iiná tɨɨ nu=tiínaaja walking, typically said of imátaa tii, kaa uumáana. That is individuals who are experiencing his tinaja (clay vessel) standing there, difficulty maintaining (it is) not large. consciousness due to, e.g., sleepiness or inebriation. Ex.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 109 imaakúuni imáani

Aákɨsiáana, tii nu=imaakɨɨ́taa. explicitly added to the clause as an Drunk, he was there nodding from oblique argument with the side to side (while squatting). postposition =nɨɨ́jina. (t.v.) imaakúuni rt. imaákuu gulp imáani rt. íma (t.v.) beat someone down food or drink quickly. Ex. in a game, argument, competition Iina aniita asáana, pɨyɨ́ɨni or fight. ▶ Gram. The object of the yaawɨ́ɨni=jina nu=imaákuuyaa verb is typically a possessed form of nu=asásana. That glutton, every iíkuku ‘body’, where the possessor is day he gulps down his food. the subject’s opponent in the imaánanakuuja (n.) general term competitive activity. This term for fish referred to as yahuarachi appears originally to have been and ractacara, plump silvery fish used with respect to spear duels, with thick scales that reach some 20 with the expession nu=ímaki cm in length; spending most of their nu=iíkuku ‘he beat him’, probably lives in oxbow lakes, they move to meaning something like ‘he put his rivers in large numbers to spawn, (opponent’s) body down (on the where they can be heard emitting ground)’ (cf. imáani ‘be lying on growling sounds underwater. Sci. surface’); this expression was Potamorhina latior (yahuarachi), subsequently generalized to include Psectrogaster amazonica (ractacara). other competitive activities. Ex. imaánanana rt. imaánana (adj.) Nu=ímaki nu=iíkuku. He beat fishy smelling, said not only of fish him (in the fight). but also of animals such as aquatic imáani rt. íma 1. (t.v.) eat soft boas. foods such as honey, manioc beer (t.v.) imáani rt. íma have a malady mash (sakɨ́ɨka), and certain fruits, to the degree that the sufferer is such as aguaje (nɨsikati), uvilla severely affected, speaking of (sawiti), and ripe plantains growths like tumors (pisaki), skin (samúkwaati aákusana), which do pustules (rapɨɨja), or fungal not require significant chewing. infections (iíwaaka), as well as Ex. Iina maayaarika nu=imakurá illnesses such as influenza or nuu, nu=imakurá iina kaimíitu. ▶ malaria. Gram. The subject That little girl ate it, she ate the corresponds to the malady, while caimito. 2. (t.v.) swallow solid or the object corresponds to the liquid. ▶ Gram. This sense requires person afflicted by it. Ex. Pisaki inceptive aspect -aárɨɨ. Ex. Jaa iina imaárikɨ=na nuu. He had a tumor raatiki maayɨɨka nuu, (and was unable to walk). nu=imaárɨɨ nuu. The little child imáani rt. íma (i.v.) care for eggs, had already drunk it, he had sitting directly on them, in the case swallowed it (all). 3. (t.v.) finish off of many bird species, or guarding food or drink. ▶ Gram. This sense them, as in the case of many fish requires inceptive aspect -aárɨɨ. Ex. species. ▶ Gram. The eggs may be Pɨyɨ́ɨni kí=karíjata nu=imaárɨɨ

110 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary imáani imɨɨjɨɨ́jina

nuu. They (the demonic stingrays) reaches a diameter of about 80cm, completely finished him off asI is tall for its diameter, and grows watched. branches only at the very top. It has imáani rt. íma 1. (i.v.) get caught small leaves and smooth reddish on a fish hook or in a trap, bark that peels off relatively easily, regardless of whether the trap but this species is not prized for any mechanism is lasso-like, like a particular use. Sci. Eschweilera sawúuna, or a crushing one, like a coriacea. ▶ taníiku. Gram. This sense requires ímaayɨ 3.poss. nɨ́maayɨ (n.) general perfective aspect -ki. 2. trachea, hard cartilaginous tube (i.v.) fall over, fall to the ground between the larynx and bronchial from an upright position, e.g., a tube of lungs, present in both tree or a person, be they standing mammals and birds, and especially still or in motion, e.g., walking. ▶ salient to Iquito hunters in the latter Gram. This sense requires for its length. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. momentary perfective aspect -rɨɨ. imɨráani rt. imɨɨ́ta drv.rt. imɨ́ra imáani rt. íma (i.v.) be lying or (t.v.) repeat, do again. ▶ Gram. sitting down on a surface, speaking This verb typically takes an irrealis of inanimate objects, with no non-finite complement indicating restriction on their physical the eventuality being repeated, but structure or their orientation, but the non-finite verb can be elided positioned so that they are in their when it is recoverable from context, most stable position, e.g., in the leaving only the object NP of the case of a paddle, lying flat on a elided verb. Ex. Nɨɨtamu imɨɨ́taki surface, rather than standing leaned nu=anɨ́ɨni. The vulture called to her up against a wall. ▶ Sem. Unlike its again. Ex. Imɨɨ́taki kíija. Give me counterpart imatáani, this verb does some again (lit. repeat me). not impose any restrictions on the physical constituent structure or imɨráani (adv.) again. Ex. Aákari orientation of its subject; k=iíkwaa kami imɨráani. Today I consequently, its use is sometimes will go there (upriver) again. considered infelicitous when the (i.v.) more restrictive verb imatáani could imɨrɨ́ɨni rt. imɨ́rɨɨ worsen, be used. Ex. Jawáari=na speaking of someone who is already nu=iikwaárikɨ=na tíira, tɨɨ ill. Ex. Kaa nu=raríini=íira nu=kusi imaárikɨ siiki=jina. nu=ampiisiítaaja, nu=imɨ́rɨɨ. Then he would go there, to where his Not having taken his medicine, he has cooking pot sat, in the restinga. gotten worse (more sick). imaati irreg.pl. imaatiwa irreg.poss. imɨɨjɨɨ́jina irreg.pl. imɨɨjɨɨ́jika ímaati. (n.) machimango irreg.poss. ímɨɨjɨɨ́jina. 3.poss. colorado, tree species that mainly nɨ́mɨɨjɨɨ́jina (n.) forehead. ▶ Gram. grows in inundating areas. It Poss.pref.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 111 imɨ́ɨka imujúuni imɨ́ɨka (n.) almendra, species of in the case of tamɨ́ɨna imɨ́ɨni, the ant tree that grows to 1m in diameter. species that lives in the trunk of the Its wood is heavy enough to sink in tamɨ́ɨna tree, attacking anything water, but is nevertheless used to that comes into contact with it; the make canoes and the bases relationship can, however, also be a (plantillas) of plank boats. Its round harmful one to the plant, as in the fruits, about 5cm in diameter, have case of náana imɨ́ɨni, a weevil that a green skin beneath which lies a bores holes in the trees in which it layer of soft white flesh that Iquitos is found. do not consider edible; this layer imɨ́ɨri irreg.pl. imɨɨ́riwa (n.) 1. surrounds a central seed which can general term for sieves or strainers. be split open to obtain the rich, 2. a type of large, flat sieve made oily, edible flesh inside. from segments of wood bound Traditionally, the dried fruit together in a square with nuriyɨ casings, which have numerous (tamshi) and then woven tightly short spines on the inside, were with tasiina (sinamillo palm fibers). collected from around trees and used as lice combs. Sci. Terminalia imɨɨtáani rt. imɨɨ́ta (t.v.) comb; catappa. free.var. sikwanaka. according to consultants Iquitos traditionally combed their hair imɨ́ɨka irreg.pl. of imɨ́ɨni principally to rid themselves of lice. (t.v.) imɨ́ɨni rt. imɨɨ strain with ▶ Gram. This verb is not reflexive; seive or strainer, e.g., to remove the object is the hair of the relevant fibers and pulp from diluted manioc person. mash when making manioc beer. imɨɨ́taari (n.) comb; traditionally, rt. imɨɨ (t.v.) make fall over, imɨ́ɨni Iquitos used the spiky seeds of speaking either of inanimate imɨ́ɨka (almendra) fruits as combs. objects, e.g., a tree, which one makes fall by felling it; or animate imuja irreg.poss. ímuja. (n.) a entities such as people, e.g., by traditional powdery corn meal tripping them. ▶ Gram. This verb made by toasting corn kernels and requires inceptive aspect -yaárɨɨ. then grinding them finely. Care had to be taken not to inhale the fine, imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. imɨ́ɨka (n.) madre or dry dust resulting from the ‘mother’, a being closely associated grinding, which could cause severe with a plant, or less commonly, coughing; it was typically eaten some other entity, such as a with soup or alone, moistened with geographical feature like a body of water. water; This being is typically understood as caring for entity with imujúuni rt. imujuu (i.v.) bend which it is associated, with the over horizontally; for the upper most common instance of this kind part of an entity that is normally of relationship being a symbiotic saliently vertically extended to one between insects and plants, as bend over towards the horizontal,

112 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary imujuutáani ináani

e.g., a tree whose upper part bends responsible for this smell causes towards the horizontal. severe itching. Its wood is used to imujuutáani rt. imujuúta (i.v.) be make dugout canoes and is used extensively or fully bent over or more generally as timber. Sci. inclined, speaking of entities that Ocotea obovata. are saliently extended in the inájaakɨ́ɨni rt. inájaakɨɨ (t.v.) vertical dimension, e.g., a person repeatedly frighten or startle. who is bent over at the waist, or a inajɨ́ɨni rt. inájɨɨ (t.v.) startle or tree that leans in its entirety frighten. towards the ground. inarɨ́ɨni rt. inaátɨ drv.rt. inárɨ (i.v.) imuki irreg.poss. ímuki. 3.poss. be startled. nɨ́muki (n.) a ridge running along inatáani rt. ináta 1. (t.v.) place the middle of a long convex object, something on a surface while it is in e.g., along the peak of a roof, along a container, such as a pot or bag, the middle of a canoe’s exterior providing that the container is put hull, or along the back of many fish down in its inherent or proper species. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. orientation, e.g., put manioc beer (n.) imúkina 3.poss. nɨmúkina mash on a table, contained in a cumbrera , the uppermost horizontal cooking pot. 2. (t.v.) place a pole in a thatched roof, which runs container that has an inherent or lengthwise along the peak of the proper orientation on a surface in roof, sitting in the notches where that orientation, e.g., place a pot or the sets of angled roof poles that a bottle upright on a table. support the sloping sides of the roof ináani rt. ína 1. (t.v.) place or put meet and cross at the peak of the in a location. ▶ Gram. The location roof. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. in which the object is placed, if (n.) imúuna avocado, cultigen expressed by an NP, must generally prized for its fruits; the liquid be licensed with a postposition. Ex. obtained from the grated seed, Nu=inakuraana nu=paápaaja either boiled or soaked in masíkuuka=jina. She put his fish aguardiente , is believed to be an on the smoking rack. 2. (t.v.) leave abortifacient and an effective someone or something in a place, treatment for snake bite when typically after having transported consumed. Sci. Persea americana. them or it there. ▶ Gram. The imúuna (n.) palta moena, species location in which the object is left, of moena-type tree that grows in if expressed by an NP, must rɨɨka (varillal) habitats, reaching generally be licensed with a some 1.5 in diameter, and whose postposition. Ex. Tɨɨti=tɨ broad leaves are reminiscent of kw=akúumi inaárɨɨkuráaja avocado (imúuna) trees. Its bark kiáaja? Well, where did my emits a sharp fragrant when cut, son-in-law leave you? Ex. and contact with the liquid Nu=anikurá

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 113 ináani iniija

nu=ináani=ánuura nu=iyɨkíira. or change position repeatedly, e.g., She came to leave it at her homestead. speaking of a restless child. ináani rt. ína (t.v.) lay egg. iniyana irreg.pl. iniiyaka, (n.) inikajɨ́ɨni rt. inikájɨɨ (t.v.) iniyanaka irreg.poss. iníyana. awaken, wake someone up. bridge; traditionally, Iquito bridges consisted of one or two tree trunks (i.v.) inikáani rt. iníka awaken, laid over relatively narrow creeks. wake up. free.var. aarɨna. inisíkini HDC pers.var. of anisíkina iniyáani rt. iníya (i.v.) cross a inísitáani rt. inísita (t.v.) widen a body of water, such as a river or cut, typically used in the context of lake, by any means, be it by bridge, felling a tree with an axe, when is boat, swimming, or simply wading, sometimes necessary to widen the if the water is sufficiently shallow. cut that one is making into the iniyaasi ELY pers.var. of niíyaasi trunk, in order to make it possible irreg.poss. iníyaasi. to continue cutting deeper into the (n.) trunk. dialect.var. anísitáani. iniyɨ irreg.poss. íniyɨ. any cord made by spinning or twining (i.v.) iniwɨ́ɨni rt. iníwɨɨ 1. move or fibrous material, but prototypically, change position within a relatively a strong cord or rope spun from circumscribed space, said of a kanuu (chambira palm fiber); this living being, e.g., a game animal straw-colored cord was the main that wakes and sits up when a form of cord or rope used hunter approaches, a person who traditionally by Iquitos, particularly changes position in bed; or an for uses in which the cord would be inanimate object, e.g., a chair that likely to stay dry, e.g., to weave is moved from one position to hammocks, or to hang or tie things (t.v.) another in a room. 2. move inside the home. something within a relatively (n.) circumscribed space, e.g., from one iniyuusi irreg.poss. iníyuusi. chambira part of a room to another, or from skein of spun cord, which one side of a patio to another. 3. has been prepared with slip knots (t.v.) induce someone to leave a so that it does not unravel or given place, typically their home, tangle, but so that when tugged on, and go somewhere else, e.g., to visit it releases a new length of cord that chambira someone. Traditionally, this can be worked with; cord expression was used primarily with is prepared in this way to facilitate reference to kuuráaka, who the weaving of hammocks. typically received visitors but rarely iniija irreg.pl. íniijaa irreg.poss. went to visit others, with the íniija. 3.poss. nɨ́niija (n.) 1. fruit; exceptional occasions that they did any fruit or fruit-like produce of a so being worthy of note. Rel. plant. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. seed iníwɨɨsɨ́ɨni (rt. iníwɨɨsɨɨ) (i.v.) move found within a fruit or a grain that

114 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary íniijataka inɨ́ɨku

grows without a fruit as such, e.g., smooth, swift motion away from rice. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. the body, followed by a shorter íniijataka irreg.pl. íniijataka (adj.) rolling gesture towards the body, loaded with fruit, speaking of any which serves to smooth the plant that has fruits or seeds above resulting cord. This same spinning the surface of the ground, e.g., technique can be applied to núriyɨ tamshi plantains, corn, or papaya. ( vines) to make extra-strong rope for securing especially heavy íniijaa irreg.pl. of iniija objects (e.g., logs), as well as to iniijɨ́ɨni rt. iniíjɨɨ (i.v.) fruit, non-traditional materials such as produce fruit, speaking of any plant cotton fiber. that produces fruits, seeds, or nuts iníini rt. íni arch.var. of iniijɨ́ɨni above the surface of the ground. iniisi irreg.poss. íniisi. (n.) wood ▶ Sem. Historically, this stem was a chips that result from cutting wood, pluractional, and the original especially with an axe. ▶ Gram. non-pluractional root, íni, is still Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. JPI only recognized by some speakers when sometimes shows a contrast encountered in texts; however, the between possessed and unpossessed pluractional sense of iniíjɨɨ now root allomorphs. appears to be wholly bleached. arch.var. iníini. iniisi irreg.poss. íniisi. 3.poss. (n.) ▶ (n.) nɨ́niisi flower. Gram. íniika affectionate referential Poss.pref. term for male babies. ▶ Gram. (i.v.) Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. This term is iniisíini rt. iniísii bloom, considered archaic by some current blossom, or flower; for a plant to speakers. put forth flowers. irreg.pl. of iniyana íniiki irreg.pl. íniikiwa (n.) bract or iniiyaka spathe, protective leaves that form inɨ́ɨki irreg.pl. inɨɨ́kiwa (n.) a sheath that covers a bunch of hammock rope; a thick rope made immature palm or plantain fruits, of chambira fiber attached to the which subsequently split open and ends of a hammock, used to fall off as the bunch of fruits suspend it from suitable supports. ▶ mature. Gram. Poss.pref. inɨ́ɨki irreg.pl. inɨɨ́kiwa (n.) choshna pequeño iníini rt. íni (t.v.) spin or twist or Olingo, small together fibers, threads, or similar nocturnal arboreal mammal that entities to make cord or rope. This often raises its young in holes of aguaje ungurahui technique, traditionally used or palms. It is principally to spin iniyɨ (chambira occasionally hunted, but is noted cord) from kanuu (chambira palm for its very tough meat. Sci. fiber), involves rolling the fibers Bassiricyon gabbii. HDC pers.var. together between the flat of one’s inɨ́ɨku. palm and one’s thigh with a inɨ́ɨku HDC pers.var. of inɨ́ɨki

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 115 inɨ́ɨni ipánaaka inɨ́ɨni rt. inɨɨ (i.v.) cease an ipakanɨ́ɨna (n.) small herbaceous undesirable behavior or leave off a plant, formerly cultivated but now bad habit, e.g., speaking of a rarely seen, used in treating person, cease drinking excessively, ipákanɨ́ɨni (vicio), a craving for soil due to heeding an elder’s advice; and other substances that is brought speaking of a dog, cease being on by severe anemia. The leaves aggressive, due to kind treatment; were crushed, their liquid extracted or speaking of a Paca, cease and filtered, and added in small devouring the manioc in a garden, quantities to strong manioc beer or due to being scared off with a water, which the afflicted person gunshot. would drink regularly until cured. inɨ́ɨsi irreg.pl. inɨɨsíika, inɨɨ́sika, ipákanɨ́ɨni rt. ipákanɨ (i.v.) suffer inɨɨ́siwa (n.) hammock; Iquitos from vicio, a craving to eat peculiar traditionally did not sleep on beds, foods, such as soil, bark, rotten but instead used hammocks, which wood, and charcoal, generally to were woven from cord made of due to severe anemia. Ex. Nɨyaka kanuu (chambira fiber). miíyaa nuu, iyaamiaákuji inɨɨsíika irreg.pl. of inɨ́ɨsi nu=ipákanii. She is pallid, because vicio (n.) Inkawɨɨ́raana she has . Rel. ipákaniáana a person who suffers from vicio. irreg.pl. Inkawɨɨ́raanawaaka (n.) (prop.n.) Iquito subgroup that ipakɨ irreg.pl. ipakɨwa espintana traditionally lived on the upper , species of tree that carahuasca reaches of Pintuyacu River; they resembles tuuku ( ). It constitute the majority subgroup in grows in areas of flooded forest to a the community of San Antonio de diameter of 10-15cm; its bark Pintuyacu. ▶ Anth. It was the comes off in long strips which are members of this subgroup that, used as tumplines; and its light and according to oral tradition, made an soft wood is used for roof poles. Sci. epic migration to the mouth of the Oxandra espintana. Nanay River to found the settlement ipakuuka JPI pers.var. of that eventually became the city of tipakuuka Iquitos. dialect.var. Iíjakawɨɨ́raana. ipana rt. ipa (adj.) 1. bitter, inkawɨɨ́raana (n.) variety of generally said of medicinal plants manioc, no longer cultivated, with such as aákuta (ayahuasca), or a rather short and pale stalk; it is ipánaaka (sacha tabaco). 2. strong, distinguished by the flesh of it speaking of alcoholic beverages, tubers, which darken when cooked. especially itíniija (masato, manioc ipaja irreg.poss. ípaja. (n.) bile, beer). yellow or green digestive liquid ipánaaka (n.) sacha tabaco, that fluid contained in the gall species of plant with a slender, bladders of animals and fish. squareiish, hollow stalk that grows ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. to some 1.5m in height, and has

116 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ipanɨtɨ́ɨni ipɨráani

leaves, seed pods, and tiny seeds all Plant, with a bulbous base and a reminiscent of tobacco plants. It tapering neck. Such vessels grows swiftly from seed and is typically had a hole made at the top generally considered a pest, so it is of the gourd’s narrow neck, which cut down whenever it appears in served as the top of the vessel, and gardens or near houses. Its bitter they were used principally to carry leaves were used to wean children and store water; these vessels by rubbing them on womens’ ceased being used in roughly the breasts; and the juice from its 1930s. dialect.var. maatarɨnaaja. pulped leaves was used to treat skin free.var. ipaaja. eruptions. ipaáni impf.rt. of ipaanɨ́ɨni (t.v.) ipanɨtɨ́ɨni rt. ipanɨtɨɨ set ipaanɨ́ɨni rt. ipaánɨ impf.rt. ipaáni something aside to ferment and (i.v.) ferment, typically said of the become alcoholic, generally cooked manioc or boiled corn speaking of manioc beer. free.var. mashes that are the base of ipaanúuni. alcoholic beverages such as manioc ipara (n.) mosca blanca, species of beer of corn chicha. act./mid. fly some 2mm in length that is ipaanúuni (active) free.var. mainly attracted by manioc beer ipaasíini. and cooked manioc. ipaanúuni rt. ipaánuu free.var. of (i.v.) ipárasíini rt. ipárasi be ipanɨtɨ́ɨni act./mid. ipaanɨ́ɨni covered with ipara flies, which are (middle) generally attracted to cooked ipaasíini rt. ipaási free.var. of manioc, including manioc beer ipaanɨ́ɨni mash (sakɨ́ɨka) and manioc beer, that has been left unattended for ípi impf.rt. of ipɨ́ɨni some time, and is beginning to ipija irreg.poss. ípija. (n.) spoil. Ex. Iina sakɨ́ɨka, Amazonan Pygmy Owl, the smallest nu=ipárasiki. The manioc beer owl species in Iquito territory, mash is covered with flies. measuring some 15cm in length, ipaaja free.var. of ipaaka irreg.poss. with a distinctive smooth, rounded ípaaja. head, and brown coloring except ipaaka irreg.poss. ípaaka. (n.) 1. for its pale belly and it pale chest Bottle Gourd plant, a species of that is vertically streaked with creeper that produces squash-like brown. Sci. Glaucidium hardyi. fruits that are generally bulbous at ipɨráani rt. ípɨɨta drv.rt. ipɨ́ra 1. their extreme end and taper to a (t.v.) strike a blow, or carry out an more slender neck where they attacking action, in the manner attach to the creeper. Sci. Lagenaria appropriate to implement used or siceraria. 2. bottle gourd, type of the entity carrying out the action, vessel made from a hollowed out e.g., for people, to hit with a fist or and dried fruit of the Bottle Gourd strike a blow with a spear; for

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 117 ipɨyáaka ípuki

biting animals, to deliver a bite. ripen, in the case of fruits that Ex. Anuu, iina=na mɨɨsaji soften when they ripen; in the taárikɨ=na kusiaamɨ, p=aátii transitive sense, by placing them in mɨɨsaji kusiaamɨ, aájapaki the sun or in warm water, as in the waarata mɨɨsaji ípɨɨtaárikɨ=na case of nɨsikati (aguaje), or by nuu. As for her, the woman who was placing them in a box or bag, as in tough, what we call a tough woman, the case of samúkwaati (plantains). no other woman could strike her. 2. Ex. Iina saati, jaa nu=ípii. This (t.v.) fight. ▶ Sem. This sense wild caimitillo (fruit) is ripening now. derives from the metonymic use of Rel. ipɨtɨ́ɨni (rt. ipɨ́tɨɨ) (t.v.) dissolve, the first sense to refer to the action melt, soften (something). Rel. ípɨɨja of fighting more generally. Ex. (adj.) dissolved, melted, softened, Kia=raatisaákari, raatiki ripened. dialect.var. nusíini. suwaata, kaa ipɨráani=jata. If ípɨɨtáana irreg.pl. ípɨɨtáapɨ you are going to drink, drink well, (aniimate) (n.) an aggressive and (n.) without fighting. Rel. ípɨɨtáana violent person who tends to get into fighter, someone who often engages many fights. in fisticuffs. ipɨɨti irreg.poss. ípɨɨti. (n.) (n.) ipɨyáaka heated water, hot ungurahui, a species of palm that water. grows abundantly in elevated sandy ipɨyaakúuni rt. ipɨyaákuu (t.v.) soils and in swampy soils in pour hot water over the skin of a low-lying areas. Its fruits, about dead animal in order to facilitate 7cm long, are shaped like olives the removal of its fur or feathers by and have a brittle shell below scraping the surface of the skin which is a thin layer of purplish, with a knife. oily flesh which in turn surrounds a ipɨyaakuutáani rt. ipɨyaakuúta large seed; the flesh is eaten by (t.v.) warm up a liquid to high itself, or with manioc or farinha, or temperature, but far short of is made into a drink. Muusajákwaa boiling, e.g., when warming up grubs thrive in the trunks of this soup to eat. palm, and the palm is felled both to promote the growth of the grubs ipɨ́ɨni rt. ípɨ impf.rt. ípi 1. (i.v.) and to collect them. Sci. Jessenia dissolve e.g., salt in water. Ex. Iina bataua. iisaja, nu=ípɨki aaka=jina. The (loc.n.) salt dissolved in the water. 2. (i.v.) ipɨɨtikajina rt. ipɨɨtika ungurahual, grove of ungurahui melt, e.g., tar or wax under ▶ exposure to heat. Ex. Iina (ipɨɨti) palms. Gram. The final wiíraaki, jaa nu=ípɨki pɨyɨ́ɨni. vowel of stem lengthens when That candle has completed melted. 3. followed by locative suffixes -ku, (i.v.) soften, e.g., hard clay when -ma, or -kúura. moisture is added to it, or noodles ípuki (n.) bundle made by or rice, when cooked. 4. (a.v.) wrapping something in fabric and

118 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ipukíini irija

tying the opposite corners of the ípuusi (n.) internal digestive organ fabric together. of fish; the first organ in which food ipukíini rt. ipúkii 1. (t.v.) make a arrives after being swallowed, bundle using a leaf, piece of cloth having the shape of a wide tube. or similar material, first laying the irákana (n.) pucacuro or fire ant, contents on the material, and then species of reddish-brown ant bringing the material together at a 1-2mm in length, considered the point and securing it by tying it, smallest ant in Iquito territory. either with a piece of cord, or Despite its tiny size, it delivers a similar material, or by tying the painful bite that can burn for a opposite corners of the material considerable time; generally found together, to create a compact in large numbers, often nesting in package. 2. (t.v.) wrap a person’s the trunks of trees, they are head in cloth; typically done for a considered a significant nuisance person suffering from a fever, with when they infest houses. Sci. the aim of protecting them from the Solenopsis sp. ▶ Anth. According to air, which is considered dangerous Iquito oral tradition, they can be at such times. driven away by the application of ipukiitáani rt. ipukiíta (t.v.) sit electric eel grease to the posts of covered with a blanket or similar the house, or by placing chewed up covering, either entirely covered, or manioc atop the house posts in with only one’s face showing; each corner of the house. typically said of people with high irámani dialect.var. of iyákuni fevers or who are otherwise unwell, íraaka 3.poss. nɨ́raaka (n.) 1. and who are trying to stay warm. wattle or malar, the flap of skin, ipurúuni rt. ipúruu (i.v.) fight; typically brightly colored, that this term applies both to fighting hangs down from the chin to the with weapons, such as spears, or throat of certain bird species, such without, e.g., wrestling or fisticuffs. as the paríiku (pucacunga) and the ▶ Gram. The subject’s combatant(s) kaakáraaja (chicken). ▶ Gram. can be included as an oblique Poss.pref. 2. dewlap, the loose fold argument with the comitative or folds of skin that hang from the postposition =jata. A plural subject chin to the throat of older people typically, but defeasibly, yields a and certain animals. ▶ Gram. reciprocal interpretation, i.e., that Poss.pref. the multiple participants denoted Chambira dialect.var. of by the plural subject are fighting iráaku sɨɨ́maaku each other. Ex. Na=ipúruuyaa tii. They are fighting there. Ex. irija (n.) earthquake; earthquakes Naa=kaa k=ipúruuyaá=kiyaa are sporadic in Iquito territory, kánɨɨka=jata, aájapaki. Neither with the last major one being in the do I fight with anyone, ever. late 1970s. Ex. Irija minikataki

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 119 irijɨɨtáani iríkumaji

iina níiya. The earthquake shook the land that separated two sections of earth. its course, as in a place where a irijɨɨtáani rt. irijɨɨ́ta (i.v.) produce large curve in the waterway bubbles as the result of an action in doubles back on itself. The the water, e.g., letting breath outcomes of this breaking through escape, struggling underwater, or are a shortcut in the waterway and disturbing the riverbed, which in an island; eventually, the large many cases leads to the release of curve of the river that is no longer gases produced by vegetation the main course of the river may trapped in sediment. Ex. Iina become an oxbow lake. pɨsɨkɨ, nu=irijɨɨ́taa iríkitɨ́ɨni rt. iríkitɨ impf.rt. iríkiti aaka=karikuma iyaamiaákuji (i.v.) break or tear, speaking of the nu=asiíkaa niíya=jina. The tapir foreskin of the penis. is producing bubbles underwater irikɨ́ɨni rt. iríkɨ (i.v.) go to a side or because it is stepping on the ground corner of an enclosed space, leaving (i.e., riverbed). the central space clear. irikataajúuni rt. irikataájuu 1. irikuma rt. iriku (loc.n.) side; a (t.v.) arrange or organize things, relative flat, vertically oriented put things into order. Ex. surface that does not correspond to K=irikataájuukura pɨyɨ́ɨni nuu an intrinsic front or back of an jaa. I organized all of it (my house) entity, e.g. the side of a house, a ▶ already. 2. (t.v.) fix or repair cup, or a human body. Gram. the something that is damaged or is not default form of this locative noun is functioning properly. act./mid. irikuma. irikatɨjɨ́ɨni (middle) =iríkumaji (postp.) next to, at the irikatɨjɨ́ɨni rt. irikatɨjɨɨ (i.v.) put side of; this postposition is reserved oneself in order, fix oneself up, e.g., for grounds that have inherent by neatening one’s hair, clothing, or orientations that distinguish a front makeup. act./mid. irikataajúuni and sides, with the postposition (active) indicating that the figure is located in proximity to one of the sides of iríkitáani rt. iríkita (t.v.) break the ground, without specifying the foreskin of the penis; according whether the figure is in contact to consultants, many Iquito men with the ground or not. Ex. Iina had tight foreskins that would tear ikwani, nu=takuúyaa painfully the first time they had iita=iríkumaji. The man is standing sex, if they had not been by the side of the house. deliberately torn beforehand. iríkumaji irreg.pl. iríkumajikɨya iríkiti impf.rt. of iríkitɨ́ɨni 3.poss. nɨríkumaji (n.) interior or irikitɨtɨ́ɨni rt. irikitɨ́tɨɨ (i.v.) break exterior corner formed by two through, speaking of a river relatively flat surfaces joining at breaking through a thin stretch of approximately right angles, e.g.,

120 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iríkura iritáani

two walls of a house, or the two hardened metal, e.g., of an axe edges of a table. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. head, by heating it and then iríkura irreg.pl. iríkukuya, immersing it in an acidic liquid, iríkukɨya (n.) the narrow side or like citrus juice. flat edge of an object, in the case irísina rt. irísi (adj.) mature, that the side is considerably shorter speaking of plantains that have in one dimension than in the other, reached their full size, and are e.g., the narrow side or flat edge of about to start ripening and turning plank, or the side of one’s torso. yellow. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. irísina rt. irísi (adj.) savvy, astute, Nu=iwɨɨ́taki nu=iríkura. She lay sufficiently worldly-wise not to be on her side. fooled or taken advantage of by irímaati irreg.pl. irímaatiwaaka others. 3.poss. nɨrímaati (n.) sister of male irisíini rt. irísi (i.v.) harden. ▶ ego. Gram. Poss.pref. irisíini rt. irísi (i.v.) menstruate for irímaatiisana the first time, experience menarche. irreg.pl. irímaatiisanawaaka irisíini rt. irísi (i.v.) grow large in 3.poss. nɨrímaatiisana (n.) diameter, speaking of plantains. deceased sister of male ego. (adj.) ▶ irisiiti irreg.pl. irisiiti having Gram. Poss.pref. experienced menstruation; this iririka (n.) garbage; relatively term is generally employed to small and light detritus, such as indicate that a woman has reached leaves, manioc peelings, and fruit reproductive age. Ex. Iina n=akɨ pits. anɨɨtɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná iipɨ waarata iririkajina (loc.n.) garbage heap; ɨɨyáapɨ na=kajíini=íira iina traditionally garbage heaps were mɨɨsaji irisiiti. Her father invited formed on a downslope near the their people to perform the menarche house (e.g., leading to a creek), and celebration for the menstruated were burned when the heaps woman (i.e., who had recently became large. menstruated for the first time). irítatáani rt. irítata (t.v.) leave irísina rt. irísi (adj.) 1. hard, trace of one’s passage by crushing speaking of materials such as stone, or breaking plants, e.g., by stepping metal, or wood. 2. immobile or on grass, or by forcing one’s way difficult to move, either in the sense through thick growth in the forest. of being stiff, e.g., a hinge that does (n.) not turn easily or an inflexible rope; iritáana irreg.pl. iritáapɨ ▶ or of being rigid and secure, e.g., a stepchild. Gram. Poss.pref. well-secured house post that does iritáani rt. iríta 1. (t.v.) take into not wobble. Rel. irisiinúuni (rt. one’s control an object with irisiínuu) (t.v.) harden, make more multiple constituent parts, e.g., an rigid; note that Iquitos formerly axe with a handle, a shotgun, or a

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 121 irítijina íriikɨɨta

basket full of manioc, without again, “Have all of our fellow folk specification of either the manner now gotten water (from the river)?” or the direction of any motion irítijina rt. iríti (loc.n.) abandoned involved. ▶ Sem. Although often residence site, referring specifically glossed by speakers in specific to the house and surrounding utterances as either traer ‘bring’ or cleared area, where successional llevar ‘take’, this verb does not plants have invaded and the forest exhibit any of the deictic has started to regrow. ▶ Gram. presuppositions that are inherent to Poss.pref. those Spanish glosses or to their English counterparts. Ex. iritɨ́ɨni rt. iritɨɨ (t.v.) boil, make K=irítaki ki=jírisi. I took hold of boil. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari my fishing spear. 2. (t.v.) take into nu=sɨɨmɨɨsiítarɨɨ=na, one’s control a vessel in its inherent kia=imɨɨ́taki iinami=jina upright position, prototypically, nu=iritɨ́ɨni. When it has cooled, with contents at the bottom of the (then) you put it back to boil on the vessel, e.g., a cooking pot with food cooking fire. in it, although it is not essential iriyaki rt. iriya (adj.) deserted and that the vessel have contents. ▶ silent, said of a dwelling and Sem. The subject of this verb is surrounding area whose inhabitants sometimes not a vessel, but rather are absent, whether temporarily, the substance or object contained in due to, e.g., being on a long trip; or a vessel, in which case the use of permanently, due to, e.g., having this verb entails that the substance moved elsewhere, or having died. or object is located within a vessel ▶ Gram. Despite functioning solely placed or held upright. The as an adjective, this root does not orientation of the vessel is critical take the typical adjectival for the felicitous use of this sense; inflections for number (i.e., -na, -mi, for example, even if the contents of -pɨ) and only takes the locative a given vessel are sufficiently sticky nominal inflections (i.e., -ki, -ku, so that they would remain in its -ma, -kíira). Ex. K=iíkiwɨɨ káami bottom when on its side or wholly iita iriyaku. I went upriver to the inverted, the use of this verb is not abandoned house. licit. Ex. Anuúrika nu=iritaárɨɨ (i.v.) nu=kwaakɨ́ɨna. He carried only his iriijɨ́ɨni rt. iriijɨɨ bubble, in kwaakɨ́ɨna (magic powder, in its the case that the bubbles emerge gourd). 3. (t.v.) dip out or scoop out one after the other in small a liquid using a vessel, removing a quantities. smaller portion from a larger íriikɨɨta (adv.) haltingly, in a stop quantity of liquid. Ex. Aajaa, and start fashion. Ex. Íriikɨɨta kina=imɨɨ́takwaa wɨɨrɨɨtáani, nu=iíkuuyaa, iyaamiaákuji “Jaa pɨyɨ́ɨni p=árata ɨɨyáapɨ nu=kɨɨrɨɨ́yaa. He is walking irítakura aaka?” OK, go and ask haltingly because he is afraid.

122 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iriikɨɨtáani Iruwaríkwaa iriikɨɨtáani rt. iriikɨɨ́ta (i.v.) move Unlike its counterpart iritáani, this in a halting manner, or move by verb does not impose any taking frequent detours, typically restrictions on the physical due to the need to work one’s way constituent structure or orientation through an area in which of its subject. Ex. Iriaárɨɨ pɨyɨ́ɨni movement is difficult because of kiipɨ kia=mɨra. Bring along all obstacles of which one must free your children. Ex. Na=íriki onself before advancing, e.g., kí=nawɨyini! They took my spirit walking through a dense area of (fotograph)! forest; or, in a canoe, paddling iríini rt. íri 1. (i.v.) boil. 2. (i.v.) through a part of the river that is bubble, in the case of many bubbles thick with submerged logs. emerging at the same time, as, for iríiku (n.) coccyx. ▶ Gram. example, boiling water or a Poss.pref. recently-opened soft drink. rt. íriita (i.v.) be snagged (t.v.) íriitáani iríini rt. íri take into one’s or stuck so as not to be able to control a being or an object without move, e.g., be snagged on a branch constituent parts, e.g., an axe head while walking through the forest, or or an empty basket, without be stuck on the top of a submerged specification of either the manner log when traveling by canoe along or the direction of any motion ▶ a waterway. Ex. Aámiikáaka involved. Sem. Although often kw=anítakura iina piyúuri, glossed by speakers in specific iyaamiaákuji nu=íriitakurá traer utterances as either ‘bring’ or káami nɨɨku. Yesterday I felled (for) llevar ‘take’, this verb does not the currasow, because it got stuck up entail motion on the part of the in the height (of the tree). speaker nor exhibit any of the irreg.pl. irɨwɨya irreg.poss. deictic presuppositions inherent to irɨwɨ írɨwɨ. (n.) 1. broad, flat, and these Spanish glosses or their relatively thin piece or part of English counterparts. Nevertheless, something, e.g., a plank cut from a this verb is frequently used to log, a slice of meat cut from a convey a sense of transporting the larger haunch, or a piece of fabric. verbal object between locations and 2. plank or board. 3. table. Rel. in a particular direction; the sense irɨ́wɨɨka (n.) small piece of motion may be explicitly (possessed). supplied by a verbal associated (t.v.) motion suffix such as -kwaa ‘go and irɨ́wɨtáani rt. irɨ́wɨta remove do’, or it may be conveyed by a broad, flat, and relatively thin discourse context; likewise, piece from a larger object, e.g., directional information may be remove a slice of meat from a conveyed either by discourse haunch. context or by an overt Iruwaríkwaa (prop.n.) postpositional or adverbial adjunct. Naamuutújuri woman born in the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 123 irúuna =isákuji

19th century, who lived in the surface of the water to attract the Nanay River basin, dying in the late fish; this method was sometimes 1940s; she was feared for being a combined with chumming using powerful siimana and numerous fish guts. deaths among the Iquito population (postp.) in the Nanay area were blamed on isakijiíraji on the other her witchcraft. side, directly across from the deictic center; indicates a point on the irúuna dialect.var. of siiyúuna other side of a ground that is irúuna ijírataaka fst.spch. irúuna saliently long and narrow, and (n.) shushupe jergón ijírtaaka or separates the space being discussed Velvety Lancehead, species of into two regions, e.g., a river or highly venomous pit viper that path; the point in question is reaches about 1.5m in length. Sci. located such that a line Bothrops brazili. perpendicular to the edge of the iruúnaaja (n.) paña muda, species ground, at the point at which the of piranha-like fish that reaches deictic center is located, passes both 20cm in length; grayish in color, it through the deictic center and the bears vertical stripes on its sides; point on the other side of the river. found primarily in oxbow lakes, it Ex. Anuu=na, nu=ikakuraaná is known for not making any aasamu isakijiíraji tíira, náaji. He sounds when hauled in with hook stuck it (a stick to serve as crosspiece and line, unlike most similar fish, for a weir) there, directly across on the characteristic from which the other side of the creek. derives its local Spanish name. Sci. (loc.n.) Serrasalmus sp. ísaku rt. ísa surroundings, space surrounding an object, e.g., a iruúnaaja (n.) White-Winged plant or house. ▶ Gram. The default Swallow, species of swallow, form of this locative noun is ísaku. reaching some 13cm in length, that Poss.pref. Ex. Kí=kwaatakurá is usually found along rivers and nuu=ísaku jaa. I weeded around it lakes and is often seen perching on (lit. its surrounding space). sticks and branches that emerge from the water. It has dark =isákuji (loc.postp.) 1. upriver of, coloring, between dark blue-green where both the figure and ground and black, on its head, back, wings, are conceptualized as having and tail, while it throat, chest, minimal salient extension, i.e., are belly, and sides are white. Sci. treated as being effectively point Tachycineta albiventer. like, e.g., one house upriver of irúuni rt. íruu (t.v.) a traditional another. 2. above, at a greater nocturnal fishing method for vertical elevation, where both the catching predatory fish like páasi figure and ground are (huasaco), in which a lure made of conceptualized as having minimal feathers was used to agitate the salient extension, i.e., are treated as

124 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary =isákujiita Isiaamajákwaa

being effectively point like, e.g., an the deictic center, cutting off access animal above one in a tree. (e.g., physical or visual) of someone =isákujiita (loc.postp.) 1. a little at the deictic center to the ground, bit upriver of. 2. a little above, at a e.g., a fence that is in the way of slightly higher elevation than. walking to the door of a house, or a crowd of people gathered listening =isákuma (postp.) across, from to a speaker that does not allow one side of a broad space or object someone at the deictic center to see to the other, irrespective of contact the speaker; often translated as with the object or space; this spatial ‘around’ or ‘in front of’. Ex. Iipɨ relation holds for a log that lies kaayaaka, na=takuúyaa across a creek, a narrow piece of iina=isakúura mɨɨsaji. The people cloth that lies across a table, or the are standing in front of (i.e., trajectory of a bird that takes off obstructing access to) the woman. Ex. from one side of a lake and flies Iina tánaki nu=iíkii across the lake to touch down on iita=isakúura. The fence is around the other side. the house. isakúuna (n.) tahuarí or papelillo (postp.) caspi, species of tree that mainly =isakwaji around, both grows in elevated areas with sandy in the static spatial sense, e.g., a soils; its trunk reaches up to 1.5m in fence being around house, or trees diameter, and its bark can be easily being around a house, and in the removed in large whole pieces; this dynamic spatial sense, e.g., a child bark was traditionally used to make running around a tree. kimakɨ (coshos), large troughs for isakwánaaja dialect.var. of water or manioc beer; the bark was siwánaaja also used to make men’s modesty =isámaji (loc.postp.) 1. downriver coverings and headdresses. Sci. of. Ex. Nu=íita iíkii Tabebuia sp. socio.var. sákuuna. kí=kurima=isámaji. His house is isakúuni rt. isákuu (t.v.) pass by downriver of my port. 2. below, at a or go around something by lower vertical elevation. deviating from a straight path and =isámajiita (loc.postp.) 1. a little skirting it, e.g., pass a tree by going downriver of. 2. slightly below, at a around its trunk on one side, slightly lower elevation than. skirting a lake by following its edge (i.v.) on one side, or going around a isáani rt. ísa urinate. Rel. (i.v.) snake on a path. isayúuni (rt. isáyuu) urinate repeatedly or frequently. euph.var. (postp.) in the way of, =isakúura piisíini. obstructing, or cutting off; indicates ísaasi 3.poss. nɨ́saasi (n.) bladder. spatial relationship of some figure ▶ relative to the deictic center and the Gram. Poss.pref. ground such that the figure stands Isiaamajákwaa (prop.n.) woman in the way of the ground relative to who lived on the upper Pintuyacu

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 125 isija isitíira

River in approximately the straining something, e.g., the mid-19th century, and sister to residue of manioc beer mash, or Riisamɨ́ɨni, a man about whom a after draining a beverage. ▶ Gram. number of tales are told. Poss.pref. isija (n.) an illness characterized by isinɨɨkɨɨtáani rt. isinɨkɨɨ́ta (i.v.) severe chronic cough that is called produce sounds of breaking asma in local Spanish; the branches and sticks, e.g., an animal described symptoms are consistent moving through vegetation, or a with tuberculosis or chronic tree falling. bronchitis. Many Iquitos were isinɨ́ɨni rt. isinɨɨ (i.v.) make a afflicted by this condition until the popping, snapping, or cracking 1960s and 1970s, when antibiotics sound, e.g., as said of, respectively, became available. popcorn, a breaking stick, or isijaati (n.) asmoso, a person who nearby lightning strike. suffers from isija, i.e., tuberculosis isítina rt. isíti (adj.) deep, as said or chronic bronchitis, both of which of vessels, holes, or bodies of water. are commonly called asma locally. ▶ Gram. As with all adjectives, the Ex. Iina paanáana, nu=síwɨɨraa root may take locative suffixes, nuúkiika isijaati. That medicine however, for a distal point that is man, he is visiting a man who suffers transverse to the direction of river from asma. flow, this root takes -kíira, not isikáani rt. isíka (t.v.) break a -kúura. Although isíti-ki rope-like object in two pieces. (deep-proximal) and isíti-ma act./mid. isikɨ́ɨni (middle) Rel. (deep-down) are used to isikaayúuni (rt. isikaáyuu) (t.v.) characterize deep places, e.g., in break multiple rope-like objects. rivers, speakers share a strong Rel. isikaajúuni (rt. isikaájuu) (t.v.) intuition that locations described break a single rope-like object with isítima are considerably multiple times or break multiple deeper. rope-like objects. Rel. isíkatatáani isitíira • from Sp. estera. (n.) type (rt. isíkatáta) (t.v.) break rope-like of mat adopted by Iquitos in the object composed of multiple parts, early 20th century, as contact with e.g., a fishing line with hook mestizos led them to abandon the attached. use of hammocks to sleep in; the isíki impf.rt. of isikɨ́ɨni use of these mats then waned during the 1960s, when (i.v.) isikɨ́ɨni rt. isíkɨ impf.rt. isíki commercially-manufactured mats break in two, speaking of rope-like and mattresses became more objects. act./mid. isikáani (active) common. These mats were made ísiku irreg.pl. isíkuka, isíkukwa from lengths of dried, soft, pulp 3.poss. nɨ́siku (n.) dregs, residue; extracted from the cores of the material that remains after branches of aguaje palms, which

126 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary isitɨ́ɨni isɨ́ɨku

were woven into a lattice with isiíkutaka (adj.) the quality of lengths of balsa tree bark. being afflicted by isíiku (sarna), a isitɨ́ɨni rt. isítɨɨ free.var. of skin malady that can cover large ajatatɨ́ɨni areas of a person’s body. (i.v.) isitɨɨnɨ́ɨni rt. isitɨɨ́nɨɨ (t.v.) make a isiikúuni rt. isiíkuu come to sarna concavity deep, e.g., when carving be afflicted with isíiku ( ), a out the interior of a dugout canoe. skin malady. isiwaaja (n.) Gray-fronted Dove, isiinɨ́ɨni rt. isiinɨɨ (i.v.) cough. species of dove reaching 27cm in isɨ (n.) species of small lizard that length; its back, wings and tail are reaches about 5cm in length and is light brown, while its head, chest, common in houses and surrounding and belly are gray-brown, with clearings in Iquito territory; ruddy cheeks. Often encountered covered in brown and gray feeding on the ground, they spook mottling, they are excellent easily and fly off noisily. Sci. climbers. Sci. Gonatodes sp. ▶ Leptotila rufaxilla. Anth. ísɨkɨ irreg.pl. isɨ́kɨya 3.poss. nɨ́sɨkɨ According to Iquito oral tradition, (n.) 1. skin of a person, or skin or its periodic hooting call stems from hide of an animal. ▶ Gram. the fact that when it was human, it Poss.pref. 2. tree bark. 3. rind, skin, was notoriously lazy, and or husk of a fruit or tuber. 4. shell, commonly begged out of making said of the integument of animals manioc beer by moaning and such as turtles, armadillos and complaining of a tooth ache. waáyuuri (carachamas). irreg.pl. isiíkuyuuri (n.) 1. isíiku isɨɨja irreg.pl. isɨɨya, isɨɨjaka (n.) sarna; general term for a type of pichico, Saddleback tamarin, a skin malady that can spread to small monkey species; its flesh is cover much of the body and can esteemed for its taste. Sci. Sanguinus last for many years, causing fuscicollis. significant itching. Until the pashaco introduction of antibiotics in the isɨɨja táraati lit. marmoset (n.) pichico shimbillo pashaco 1950s, a significant number of or de pichico Iquitos were afflicted by this species of tree whose condition; in fact, mention of their trunk reaches some 1m in diameter, particular susceptibility goes back and is logged for timber; its shimbillo to 18th century Jesuit chronicles. -like fruits, resembling Iquitos distinguished three varieties large, flat, bean pods, cluster in of this condition, based on whether small bunches, and contain a sweet, it manifested as a black, white, or black, viscous, sticky substance that red coloration of the skin, mɨɨ́nana is a favorite food of marmosets. Sci. isíiku, musútina isíiku, and aákusana Parkia igneiflora. dialect.var. pisíiku isíiku, respectively. 2. person táraati. suffering from sarna. isɨ́ɨku (n.) intimate friend.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 127 isɨɨkúuni isúuna isɨɨkúuni rt. isɨɨ́kuu (t.v.) make its trunk, branches, and leaves. This friends with another person. palm grows in areas which are isɨ́ɨni (n.) pucahuicsa, name inundated for much of the year, employed for two similar species of such as swamps or the edges of shuyo that live in leaf litter at the creeks and lakes, but specifically in bottom of lakes and slow-moving, areas where the flow of water is wide creeks. The first species is minimal, and it tends to form greenish in color, with a pale belly, extensive groves in areas of and reaches some 15cm in length. standing water, which serve as a The second, the pucahuicasa home for various species of fish, proper, is yellowish, with reddish including the prized asúwaja bujurqui amarillo belly, and reaches some 25cm in ( ). Its fruit, not length. Both species are edible to humans, is eaten by a characterized as being covered with variety of fish and by the mɨtiija, taricaya a layer of slime unusual for scaled turtle. Sci. Bactris sp. fish. Sci. Erythrinus erythrinus isunaajina (loc.n.) ñejillal, grove (pucahuicsa proper), Erythrinus sp. of isunaaja (ñejilla) palms, generally (other species). found in areas with shallow isɨɨya irreg.pl. of isɨɨja standing water. • iskaníira free.var. of maakánaaja isuuki irreg.pl. isuukiwa (n.) tigre from Sp. escalera. zúngaro, species of fish that grows isukiáaja (n.) victor día, to some 75cm in length, gray in bienteveo, or Great Kiskadee, bird color except for transverse black species that reaches 22cm in length, and white stripes on its flanks, and with yellow chest and belly, brown a white belly. Sci. Pseudoplatystoma back, wings, and tail, horizontal tigrinum. black and white striping on the isúuna (n.) maricahua, plant with head, and a small yellow cap. This powerful hallucinogenic effects that bird is commonly seen at forest was traditionally taken for edges, and its distinctive call is shamanic purposes. With the use of frequently heard, for which its this plant, shamans were reportedly Iquito name is an onomatopoeia; able to cure illnesses and perform this species name is sometimes superhuman feats like flying to applied loosely to other similarly heaven and other lands. The plant colored large flycatchers, such as was also the means by which the Lesser Kiskadee (Pitangus lictor). shamans obtained their powers to Sci. Pitangus sulphuratus. heal or cause harm through isunaaja (n.) ñejilla, species of witchcraft: the madre of the plant palm that is relatively short and would present the novice shaman, slender, reaching 4-5m in height, in a vision, a set of colored threads with a trunk that reaches 10cm in suspended in the air, each diameter and has spines covering corresponding to a different ability;

128 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary isuusi itíniija

the apprentice would select the one which the vessel is placed, when corresponding to the ability he cooking. wished to aquire, and this thread itáani rt. íta (t.v.) reinjure an would then enter his body through injury, e.g., a wound or sprain, his mouth, conferring on him the causing it to hurt again. ▶ Gram. desired power. The last shamans This sense typically requires the who knew how to use this plant are momentary perfective -rɨɨ. Ex. Iina believed to have died in the late náana aki, nu=itárɨɨ kí=pakɨsi. 19th century, so what we now That tree branch re-injured my wound know about its use is largely due to (when I bumped into it). legends. This plant is understood to impf.rt. of itɨ́ɨni be the female counterpart of íti saasakíkwaa (toé), the former íti impf.rt. of itɨ́ɨni having white flowers, and the íti impf.rt. of itɨ́ɨni latter, purple. Sci. Brugmansia sp. itíkari 3.poss. nɨtíkari (n.) 1. isuusi irreg.pl. isuusiwa (n.) ñejilla throat, conceived of as the de restinga, species of palm that indentation or the abrupt grows in areas that inundate, but narrowing between the chin and specifically in siiki (restingas), areas the main cylindrical portion of the of relatively higher ground that neck. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. any inundate only when the water is at portion of a roughly cylindrical its highest level. Unlike the similar object where it narrows abruptly, isuunaja, this palm does not form e.g., the region between the flared large groves, and the spines that end of a machete handle and the cover its trunk are found only at the main portion where it is gripped. joints, rather than covering it ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. entirely. It produces bunches of itikaríini rt. itikárii (t.v.) make an small, sweet, dark fruits of the color abrupt narrowing in an object, e.g., and shape of black olives; when it when carving a knife handle, to ages, the trunk turns black; and create a guard between the main when cut and dried, and then part of the handle and the blade; or scraped, the trunk formerly served in preparing a pair of roof poles so as a source of táaku, or wadding, that they are easier to nail together. used in muskets and home-made (n.) masato shotgun shells in the early 20th itíniija or manioc century. Sci. Bactris sp. beer, a fermented beverage with manioc as its principal ingredient. (i.v.) itaakúuni rt. itaákuu make It is made by first mashing a large or start cooking fire. quantity of cooked manioc itaakuutáani rt. itaakuúta (t.v.) normally in combination with a cause a flame to flare up beneath a sugar source, typically grated sweet vessel, typically by fanning or potato; traditionally, small portions blowing on an already lit fire over of this mash were thoroughly

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 129 itiniijɨ́ɨni itiyuutáani

masticated, which introduces Poss.pref. Rel. pari itípumana (adj.) amylase, present in saliva, into the wide-mouthed. mash, which facilitates the itípumaji (n.) opening, identified conversion of complex of part of the opening consisting carbohydrates to sugar. The mash is plane that separates a cavity from then left to ferment for several the space outside the cavity, e.g., days, acquiring the necessary yeasts the plane bounded by the lip of a from its environment. Once cooking pot. fermented, the mash is strained and itiyɨ (n.) foreskin of penis. diluted to prepare it for (adj.) consumption, resulting in a creamy, itiyɨki closed up, speaking of tart beverage with a low alcohol things which close by means of percentage. ▶ Gram. mass noun. shrinking the diameter of an opening, e.g., a drawstring bag, a (i.v.) itiniijɨ́ɨni rt. itiniíjɨɨ make flower, or the foreskin of a penis. manioc beer, speaking of the entire itiyúuni rt. itíyuu (t.v.) tie a process of harvesting the necessary simple knot, where the leading manioc, peeling, cutting, and section of the string, cord, or rope cooking it, mashing and is drawn in the direction opposite masticating the cooked manioc, to that which the string goes letting the mash ferment, and around the object being tied, once finally, diluting and straining the that leading section emerges from mash into drinkable form. the knot (e.g., counterclockwise if itipiáaka (n.) manioc beer mash the string goes around the object that has been masticated. ▶ Gram. clockwise). This type of knot is Poss.pref. frequently used to secure multiple itipíini rt. itípi (t.v.) chew cooked slender things together, one by one, manioc mash in preparing manioc in a string or bundle, e.g., palm beer mash (sakɨ́ɨka); the chewing of grubs, ears of corn, or palm pith, the mash introduces amylase, an when making sleeping mats. Note enzyme that facilitates the that tying a simple knot where the conversion of complex leading section continues in the carbohydrates into fermentable same direction, after leaving the sugars. knot, as the direction that the string goes around the object is referred to itípiitáani rt. itípiita (t.v.) put as marúuni. ▶ Gram. The object may something in one’s mouth, either either be the string, cord or rope entirely, e.g., a piece of food, or with which the knot is tied, or the partially, e.g., a cigarette. object secured by tying the knot. itípuma 3.poss. nɨtípuma (n.) itiyuutáani rt. itiyuúta (t.v.) tie mouth of a living being or a vessel, multiple knots in a string, rope, or speaking of the matter that forms similar object, with two particularly the edge of the cavity. ▶ Gram. salient instances of this being tying

130 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary itiyuutɨ́ɨni itɨni

a double knot, and knotting emerged from the shaman’s grave, together several objects using the almost exterminated the Iquito itiyúuni knotting technique; the population. The same term is latter was traditionally used to tie applied to the jaguar form of plam grubs together in strings to another figure in Iquito oral smoke them for preservation, ears tradition, a grandmother who could of corn to dry and store them, and transform into a jaguar at will, and tie together lengths of palm pith to who devoured her grandchildren; make sleeping mats. and again, to the eagle form of a itiyuutɨ́ɨni rt. itiyuútɨɨ (i.v.) knot; woman in Iquito oral tradition who for a piece of rope, cord or thread coveted others’ children (her own to knot itself. Rel. itiyuútɨɨsɨ́ɨni (rt. having died) and transformed into a itiyuútɨɨsɨɨ) (i.v.) become tangled. black hawk-eagle (maayitɨ́ɨsi) that stole children’s spirits. The ítiika (n.) affectionate referental association of this term with term for female babies. ▶ Gram. malevolent creatures like those Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. This term is mentioned is so strong that it is considered archaic by some current sometimes translated as endiablado speakers. ‘demonic’, but it important to note (t.v.) itiikúuni rt. itiíkuu that this term is also used to repeatedly dip out small portions indicate the successive forms of from a larger batch of liquid and species that undergo then pour them back into the larger transformations as part of their batch; this is generally done either lifecycle, such as butterflies (from to mix a substance, e.g., sugar, into caterpillars) and beetles (from a liquid, or to cool a hot liquid. grubs), as well as those that, in itíini rt. íti (t.v.) empty all the Iquito oral tradition, transform liquid from one vessel into another from one species to another, such as vessel, e.g., pour buckets of water the núriyɨ liana, which is believed ▶ into a barrel. Gram. The verbal to be part of the life cycle of the object is the liquid that is being muusaníkwaa giant hunting ant. emptied from one vessel to another. ▶ Gram. This noun often appears as itɨni irreg.pl. itɨni (n.) transformed the head of compounds indicating being or entity, any being whose the transformed being into which form is the result of a something or someone has transformation. ▶ Anth. This transformed, where the non-head characteristic is stereotypically element specifies the type of being, associated with demonic entities e.g, aana itɨni ‘entity tranformed who have transformed into animals, into a dolphin’. Ex. such as the jaguar (mɨyaara itɨni) Átiiji=na=jaa, kaa who, in Iquito oral tradition, was na=pariiyaárikɨ=na nuu the form taken by a powerful dead aamúuni, iyaamiaákuji shaman’s spirit, and after having taárikɨ=na júura uumáana, iina

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 131 itɨwɨ́naja ituwánaja

mɨyaara itɨni. Then they couldn’t itɨ́ɨni rt. itɨɨ (t.v.) carry multiple kill him, because he was really big, loads from one place to another, that transformed jaguar. Ex. e.g., loads of firewood. Rel. itɨɨtáani Maakatúuwa kuwasíini=jina, (rt. itɨɨ́ta) (t.v.) carry multiple loads itɨni kuúkikiaákɨ=na. In the of vessel-like objects, or objects speech of the ancestors, it had become constituted of multiple parts. a transformed being. itɨ́ɨni rt. ítɨ impf.rt. íti (i.v.) burn; itɨwɨ́naja ELY pers.var. of experience damage due to heat, ituwánaja either due to flames, speaking of, itɨ́wɨtɨ́ɨni rt. itɨ́wɨtɨɨ (t.v.) set e.g., a house that burns down, or a alight something that serves either hot substance, e.g., skin that is as a light source, e.g., a lamp or injured by contact with hot water; torch, or as a flame source with this term applies whether the which to set something else alight, damage is partial and relatively e.g., a match. superficial, or whether the object is entirely consumed. act./mid. itúuni free.var. of sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ itɨyɨ (active) Nanay dialect.var. karɨ́ɨni. (i.v.) itɨ́ɨni rt. ítɨ impf.rt. íti itɨ́ɨni rt. ítɨ impf.rt. íti 1. (i.v.) fall, transform one’s physical shape or fall through the air, with no form, said either of individuals with entailment that the subject of the magical powers, such as shamans, verb hits the ground (or similar who had the power to transform surface). ▶ Gram. This sense of the into animals, or of certain animal verb obtains when the verb bears species that Iquitos traditionally imperfective aspect. 2. (i.v.) fall to believed to transform from one the ground (or similar surface). species into another at certain ▶ Gram. This sense of the verb points in their life cycle, e.g., paasi obtains when the verb bears the huasaco ( ), a species of carnivorous associated motion suffix -wɨɨ. Rel. fish, that was believed to transform ítɨɨtáani (rt. ítɨɨta) (i.v.) fall (with no jergón into sajina ( ), a species of entailment of impact), in the case highly venomous snake; and of a container with contents, or a isula muusaníkwaa (a species of ant) multi-part object. that was believed to transform into rt. itɨɨnɨɨ (i.v.) thunder. núriyɨ (tamshi lianas). ▶ Gram. The itɨɨnɨ́ɨni (i.v.) thing into which the subject ítɨɨtáani rt. ítɨɨta hold back transforms can be expressed as an from engaging in a fight or from oblique argument with the attacking someone or something for posposition =íira. Ex. fear of the consequences. Nu=itɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=ná iisaja=íira. ituwánaja (n.) a partially burned She turned into salt. Rel. itiáana (n.) piece of firewood, whether it is lit person, typically a shaman, with or not; pieces of firewood like this the ability to transform into another are very useful in restarting a fire form, typically that of an animal. that has gone out, since the

132 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ituwanajáati iwarɨɨ́niita

charcoal on their ends catch fire iwánɨɨtáani rt. iwánɨɨta (i.v.) easily, especially when put close to groan or moan while asleep. Ex. one another. ▶ Socio. HDC, ELY, Jaari na=iwánɨɨtaki, “Jmm.” and JPI each report different Soon they were moaning, “Jmm.” variants for this word; this iwárajáani rt. iwáraja (t.v.) finish headword is JPI’s form. HDC off the last piece of something; pers.var. tawánaja. ELY pers.var. typically the last portion of food or itɨwɨ́naja. drink, but also said of other ituwanajáati Nanay dialect.var. of consumables, such as gasoline; and jinítaasi of the last part of an activity or task that has a definite completion (n.) minga itúyaaka 1. or work point. ▶ Gram. The verb may take party organized to burn a cleared either an NP object or an irrealis chacra and dried plot. 2. manioc non-finite clause complement. Ex. minga beer prepared for a or work Aákari k=iwárajaki nuu. Today I party organized to burn a cleared finished it off (a bottle of medicinal chacra and dried plot. tonic). itúuni rt. ítuu (t.v.) burn; cause iwarɨtɨ́ɨni rt. iwarɨtɨɨ (t.v.) care for damage with heat, either with someone as they are dying; the flames, speaking of, e.g., burning a prototypical case is holding cleared and dried garden plot, a hot someone in one’s arms as they die. substance, e.g., using boiling water iwarɨ́yaaka (n.) general term for to destroy an ant nest, or by indirect illness, sickness, malady, or disease. heat, e.g., as when strong sunlight free.var. iwarɨ́ɨni. burns skin or damages fruit; this term applies both when the damage iwárɨɨja free.var. of sakina is partial and relatively superficial, iwarɨ́ɨni free.var. of iwarɨ́yaaka and when the object is entirely iwarɨ́ɨni rt. iwɨɨ́rɨ impf.rt. iwɨɨ́ri destroyed. act./mid. itɨ́ɨni (middle) drv.rt. iwárɨ 1. (i.v.) be sick or ill. ▶ ituútaja (n.) variety of sakújaaja Gram. This sense requires that (piripiri), a medicinal plant, that the verb bear imperfective aspect. (i.v.) ▶ was traditionally used to ensure 2. die. Gram. This sense that a cleared and dried garden plot requires that the verb bear would burn completely when set perfective aspect. alight. The grated roots of the plant iwarɨɨ́niita (adv.) sickly; be were mixed with water, and then somewhat unwell and lacking sprinkled on the plot to be burned energy, typically due to a mild in the early morning; it was said illness, such as a cold, but also that the madre of the piripiri caused potentially for emotional reasons. wind to spring up, fanning the ▶ Gram. This word only appears in flames and causing the plot to burn the expression iwarɨɨ́niita iwíini ‘be well. Sci. Cyperus sp. unwell’, where iwíini inflects

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 133 iwárɨɨtáani iwaárika

normally with TAM morphology, something consisting of multiple e.g., iwarɨɨ́niita nu=iíkii ‘she is parts away from the deictic center, unwell’. Ex. Átiiji=jaa e.g., a vessel with something in it, kana=kutɨ́tɨɨrɨɨkurá, an axe (consisting of a head plus nu=aatiaákura, “Saakaa=aákuji handle), or a raft. kia=iíkii iwarɨɨ́niita?” Then the iwaana (n.) term that applies to day dawned (lit. we experienced the bee, hive, and honey of a dawn), and she was saying, “Why are species (or number of similar you unwell?” species) of bee, known in local iwárɨɨtáani rt. iwárɨɨta (i.v.) wilt Spanish as colmena, that produces and turn brown, speaking of all or abundant honey; it makes its nest in part of a plant, but especially the hollows of trees, forming a leaves. small, horn-like protrusion that iwatáani (n.) sacarita or extends from the tree and serves as trozadero, a point in the river an entrance to the hive; the bee where the river has broken through does not sting, and its honey is to create a shortcut between two believed to have medicinal points of the river that were properties, making its hives the formerly distant in terms of path most sought after for wild honey length along the river, but were collecting; it is believed to treated close in straight line distance, by rheumatism, nervous disorders, virtue of the river doubling back on weak bones, and anemia. itself, which is a common iwáani rt. iíkwa drv.rt. íwa (i.v.) occurrence in lowland floodplain go. ▶ Gram. An irregular rivers like those in Iquito territory; allomorph, iíku, occurs immediately knowledge of sacaritas, which are preceding the directional suffix mostly usable at times of relatively -maa ‘towards’. Rel. íwaasɨ́ɨni (rt. high water, can considerably speed íwaasɨɨ) (i.v.) go to various places. up river travel in the area. iwaárika (adv.) 1. again, but too iwatáani rt. iwáta 1. (t.v.) take an soon; to repeat an action after an individual away from the deictic unexpectedly or undesirably short center to some destination, or time since the previous realization travel somewhere with some of the action. Ex. Iwaárika individual, where the person is in nu=ásaa. He’s eating again (shortly some sense incapable of traveling after having just eaten). 2. never by themselves, and thus must be again. ▶ Gram. This sense appears taken by the subject of the verb, with verbs negated either with the e.g., due to not knowing the route, standard negation kaa, with the or being sick and weak, or because existential negation aájapaki, or their decision-making ability has with iinawaja ‘never’; in the first been stripped from them, as in the case, the adverb very often appears case of a prisoner. 2. (t.v.) take with a non-finite complement of

134 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iwítani iwíini

paajɨ́ɨni ‘be able’, although it is also period of time. ▶ Gram. This sense attested with finite imperfective does not entail that the subject of verbs. Ex. Kia=saákɨsaakari the verb is located at the predicated niwa, kaa kia=paájii kí=nikíini place at topic time. Ex. Iina iwaárika. If you talk about this, you waarata kusiaamɨ mɨɨsaji will never see me again. Ex. Kaa iikiaárikɨ káami Nɨɨkamúumu nu=mɨ́rɨɨyaárikɨ=na iwaárika. aájiku. The other brave woman like She never had children again. Ex. her lived upriver at the mouth of the Iinawaja nu=mɨyɨkɨ́ɨni iwaárika Chambira River. 4. (i.v.) be in a jaa. He never returned. state; copular verb for event-stage iwítani (adj.) the largest member, predicates, i.e., ‘temporary’ states or an exceptionally large member, (e.g., be sad). Ex. Ánasa k=iíkii, of a salient group of entities, e.g., iyaamiaákuji iina tipanɨɨri the largest house among a set of nu=asakura kí=maaya maníini. houses, the largest species among a I am angry, because the demonic (i.v.) set of similar species, or a stingray ate my teenage son. 5. particularly strong wind. live one’s life, full of the typical activities of a person’s daily (t.v.) iwitáani rt. iwíta live with existence. Ex. Kí=saakii someone in a household, typically jaátaaraata=na maakatúuwa one’s spouse, children, or elderly iikiaárikɨ=na pɨyɨ́ɨni maasiáana relatives, with a strong connotation aakaka anákaka=jina: that the subject of the verb cares for Takarnáaku, Anatimu, the objects of the verb. Nɨɨkamúumu, Muumúumu, iwíini rt. iíki drv.rt. íwi 1. (i.v.) be, Maasayuúmu=jina. I will recount live, exist; positive existential verb how our ancestors lived at the which predicates that a given entity headwaters of many rivers: the exists and, in the case of animate Nanay, Pintuyacu, Chambira, Momón entities, lives. Ex. Uumáata and Mazán Rivers. 6. (i.v.) itíniija iíkii. There is a lot of manioc euphemistic expression for having a beer. Ex. Kinaa kina=mɨra kutɨ́ɨ, sexual relationship with someone. ▶ átiiji imɨráani kaayaaka imɨráani Gram. In this sense, the verb iikiki maasiáana. You will bear obligatorily takes an oblique children, and from that once again argument expressing the person there will be many (people). 2. (i.v.) with whom the subject has sexual be located in a place; locative relations, bearing the comitative copular verb. ▶ Gram. This sense postposition =jata. Ex. Nuú kiaa entails that the subject of the verb jíwɨɨtaki iiti, nuú kiaa aámuu, is located in the predicated place at iyaamiaákuji nuu náaji aátiki, topic time. Ex. Nu=íita iíkii “Jaa kia=iíkiki kí=kurima=isámaji. His house is kí=majáana=jata.” If he finds you downriver of my port. 3. (i.v.) live in here, he will kill you, because he will a place, typically for prolonged

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 135 iwíini maasia iyákari

say thus, “You have been with my iwɨɨ́rɨsana (n.) poison, be it woman.” natural, e.g., of plants, or manufactured by humans. e.g., for iwíini maasia rt. iíki maasia blowgun darts. (i.v.) take a long time, when doing (i.v.) something; this expression often is iwɨɨtáani rt. iwɨɨ́ta be lying often used when the subject of the down. verb has been absent for an iyájasíini rt. iyájasi (a.v.) be unexpectedly long time. ▶ Gram. bored; be bored of or tired of some The verb in this construction thing or activity. ▶ Gram. This verb inflects with person and TAM may take either an NP or non-finite morphology as is typical of finite irrealis clausal complement. Ex. verbs. The activity characterized as Nu=iyájasii nu=kujímani. She is taking a long time is optionally tired of her companion. Ex. Jaa expressed as an irrealis non-finite k=iyájasiki Ikíitu=jina iwíini. I clause, with the nominalized verb have gotten tired of living in Iquitos. bearing the general locative iyájatáani rt. iyájata (t.v.) waste, postposition =jina. Ex. Jaari to permit something to become nu=iíkirɨɨ maasia. She had already useless, e.g., let food go bad or spill taken a long time (i.e., been away gasoline while pouring it. act./mid. checking their fishtrap). iyájatɨ́ɨni (middle) iwɨɨkɨ́ɨni rt. iwɨɨkɨɨ (i.v.) fall over iyájati impf.rt. of iyájatɨ́ɨni and get up repeatedly, e.g., an iyájatɨ́ɨni rt. iyájatɨ impf.rt. iyájati animal that has been shot but (i.v.) suffer a permanent loss, struggles to escape, or an extremely whether through damage to or inebriated person. destruction of an object, e.g., a iwɨɨkɨɨtáani rt. iwɨɨkɨɨ́ta (i.v.) house that burns down, through the stagger; walk unsteadily, almost death of someone, e.g., a family falling to ground, e.g., a child just member, or through a learning to walk or an extremely disadvantageous financial drunk person. transaction, e.g., a bet. act./mid. iyájatáani (active) (i.v.) iwɨ́ɨni rt. iwɨɨ be lying down iyajáani rt. iyája dialect.var. of stretched out straight, i.e., not in aríwatáani fetal position; this term applies to (postp.) both living beings lying down in iyákari time period or era this configuration (e.g., people, associated with an individual or a snakes, but not dogs, which curl group of people, e.g., the era of the Iquito ancestors, or the Incas, or the up) and inanimate objects with the ▶ right shape (e.g., logs, but not a pot period of Jesus’ life. Gram. The or a square piece of fabric). complement of the postposition is the individual or group of iwɨɨ́ri impf.rt. of iwarɨ́ɨni individuals who define the time

136 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iyákati iyámaana

period in question. Ex. Nuúkiika iyákuni katija dialect.var. of kaaya iikiaárikɨ=na kurajaayɨ lit. anaconda sweet maakatúuwa iyákari, iina=na potato akuumiaárikɨ nuúkiika mɨɨsaji iítiijiina, pɨ́=kujímani. There was iyakúura ELY pers.var. of iyikúura a man in the time of the ancestors, =iyakúura ELY pers.var. of who got together with a woman from =iyikúura here, a companion of ours. iyakuuraanɨ́ɨni rt. iyakuuraánɨɨ iyákati impf.rt. of iyákatɨ́ɨni (d.v.) cost, speaking of the particular quantity or amount that iyákatɨ́ɨni rt. iyákatɨ impf.rt. ▶ iyákati (i.v.) reproduce, speaking something costs. Gram. The of a set of living beings increasing subject is the thing whose cost is in number, e.g., the number of being predicated, with the person children one has, the number of for whom the cost is relevant, and animals one is raising, or the the cost itself being the two objects quantity of mosquitoes in a of the verb. Ex. Iina saáwiri, particular place. act./mid. nu=iyikuuraánɨɨkura kíija iyakatúuni (active) pɨyɨ́ɨni pɨ́=kurika. This machete cost me ten (lit. all our hands) (soles). iyakatúuni rt. iyakátuu (t.v.) JPI pers.var. iyikuuraanɨ́ɨni. increase the number or quantity of (n.) lisa negra living beings by reproduction, iyámaana , species lisa either domestic animals, such as of -type fish that reaches some chickens, or human beings, 30cm in length, and is generally especially family members. silvery in color, with a single black act./mid. iyákatɨ́ɨni (middle) horizontal stripe towards the tail. These fish are generally found in íyaki rt. íya ELY pers.var. of iyikíira flooded forest areas and in smaller creeks, but when water levels drop, iyákumasíini rt. iyákumasi they move to adjacent rivers. They dialect.var. of iyarakasíini are considered by Iquitos to be one iyakúmata HDC pers.var. of of the most tasty fishes in the iyarákata Pintuyacu River basin, and are more abundant in black water (n.) iyákuni irreg.pl. iyákuka tributaries than white water ones. anaconda, especially those Sci. Leoporinus moralesi. ELY encountered close to rivers or lakes; pers.var. iyámaani. those encountered away from these aquatic environments are iyámaana (n.) unidentified tree distinguished as iijakuuja. Sci. species found in elevated areas far Eunectes murinus. dialect.var. from rivers that grows to a irámani. Chambira dialect.var. considerble diameter; it is reprted kuraja. socio.var. yákuni. to have dark bark and hard wood.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 137 iyámaani íyaa iyámaani ELY pers.var. of preservation by salting, in which iyámaana case each side of the fish is iyarakasíini rt. iyarakási (i.v.) prepared by making parallel slices retalear hurry, do something quickly. Ex. some 3-4mm apart ( ), so Kana=iyarakásikura, kaa that salt can be rubbed into the kana=makɨ́ɨni=íira nakijina. We slices. hurried, in order not to sleep in the iyatáani rt. iyáta (t.v.) slice, cut forest. dialect.var. iyákumasíini. by slicing, rather than by chopping; iyarákata (adv.) quickly, rapidly. the cut need not be superficial, and HDC pers.var. iyakúmata. indeed may cut the affected object ▶ iyarakátina rt. iyarakáti (adj.) 1. into two pieces. Gram. If the slice energetic and active, as said of a is relatively superficial, the object hard-working person. 2. agile and takes the locative postposition quick, as said of individuals like =jina, while if the object is cut skilled soccer players and animals deeply or severed, it does not. Ex. like spider monkeys. socio.var. Íyaa iina=na, iina aana yarakátina. iyátarɨɨkiaakɨ́ iina iiyɨɨ, tsak, kabuuu, kabuuu, kabuuu. It iyásiika (n.) general term for grass. turned out that the dolphin cut the iyásiika imɨ́ɨni free.var. of níiya fishing line, tsak (sound of line being imɨ́ɨja lit. grass madre cut), kabuuu, kabuuu, kabuuu (sound iyásiikwaaja (n.) hierba cunchi, of it escaping; in this story, dolphins species of cotolo-type fish that are actually people, and carry reaches about 15cm in length and is knives). Ex. Jaari iina doctor mostly encountered in areas of iyátakiaakɨ́ nuu=jina, sak, sak, flooded forests. Its body is dark, but sak. The doctor cut him, sak, sak, sak densely covered in very small, pale (sound of the doctor cutting his skin, yellow spots, it has large spurs by as part of surgery) its pectoral fins, and it is considered íyaa (adv.) right then, at that an especially tasty fish. moment, at that point; this (n.) iyasúuri irreg.pl. iyasuúriwa clause-initial, normally bujurqui species of small -type fish sentence-initial, element indicates that is typically encountered in that the eventuality denoted by its shallow water near the edge of clause follows immediately upon rivers when the water level drops. the eventuality of the previous Measuring some 7cm in length, it is clause or sentence. A surprisal sense generally silvery in color, apart often, but not necessarily, obtains from green coloring on its cheeks. from its use. Ex. Íyaa iina iyataajúuni rt. iyataájuu (t.v.) níwiitaárɨɨ nu=kajiija. At that make multiple slices on on the moment he lifted up his axe and went surface of something, typically in off. Ex. Íyaa iipɨ=na tuújiikiaaná the context of preparing a fish for muutúuru aaka=jinakuma=ji,

138 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary íyaa iina iyaákari

sssrrr. Right then they heard a motor where river bank comes to an end from downriver, sssrrr. Ex. Íyaa=na and the river takes its place. ▶ Sem. n=arakíika aátikuraaná nuu, This term contrasts with íiyɨ ‘edge, “Ámaaja, pɨyɨ́ɨni pɨ́=kapii iina lip’, in that the latter refers to what paápaaja?” At that point his nephew can be conceived of as a one said, “Uncle, are we going to cook all dimensional edge or lip, e.g., in the this fish?” Ex. Íyaa nu=nɨtɨrɨɨ case of a table top, the line at nuu=ánuura, iiti=ánuura. At which the upper surface of the table that moment he ran to her, toward top and its side meet. In the case of here. const.var. íyaa iina. bodies of water, e.g., nunáani iyáaji íyaa iina const.var. of íyaa ‘river edge’, the edge and margin are those of the land, not of the íyaa kaájapaa (interj.) truly, water. ▶ Gram. While this form verily, in truth; this collocation is cannot cannot take locative typically encountered in narratives, suffixes, the related locative noun in sentence-initial position, and it is iíya(jina) can, and is in fact required typically used to introduce a to do so; in addition, the plural sentence that denotes an form for this noun corresponds to eventuality that is both subsequent that of the locative noun. Poss.pref. to and causally dependent on the Ex. Tɨɨtí tɨɨ takina iyáaji? Where is eventuality conveyed by the the lake edge? Ex. Nɨɨkɨrɨɨ kí=kusi previous sentence. ▶ Gram. The use iyáaji. The edge of my pot has of this interjection conditions the broken. ELY pers.var. íyaaji. appearance of the focus clitic =yaa ∼ =yaajaa. Ex. Íyaa =iyáaji (postp.) on or at the edge kaájapaa=ná=yaajaa, of, where the region indicated nu=jɨɨrɨɨkuraaná nu=juwáana, includes both the edge proper and kuumi juwáana, nuúkiika nuu the adjacent space of the ground. iíraana, nuúkiika iina iíraana, Ex. Na=siwaánɨrɨɨkuraaná iina=ánuura nu=iíkwaa aasamu=iyáaji. They arrived at the waarata mɨɨsaji. And verily, she edge of the creek. Ex. took hold of her lance, two lances, Nu=iwɨɨ́taakurá one for her and one for the other nu=tatɨɨ=iyáaji. She was lying on woman to whom she was going. the edge of her palmwood floor. íyaaji ELY pers.var. of iyáaji iyaákari (adv.) at the time, at that iyáaji irreg.pl. iíyaakɨya (n.) edge moment, at that point in time. or border, specifically an edge and ▶ Gram. Typically used to indicate the space adjacent to it, e.g., the the moment at which a change of region consisting of the edge and state occurs, and sometimes adjacent band of a tabletop, where yielding a sense of the endurance of the superior surface comes to an that state since that point. Ex. end and the side begins, or the edge Iyaákari=yaa and adjacent land of a riverbank, nu=kuúkirɨɨkuraaná pakana,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 139 iyáaki iyaasuújuusana

náaji jɨɨ́ta arama púriija, relation of the space being jawáari=na nu=irikuraaná iina indicated to the deictic center; it is paatíina, iina also common for these elements to nu=masɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná nu=mɨra. appear with diminutive When the achiote had become thick, morphology when the areas and like hand-strained mud, then he took distances are construed as relatively the balsa wood which he had asked small, e.g., iyaámɨɨka for a relatively his sons for. small interior space. Ex. Iyáaki tɨɨ, jɨɨ́ta iiti. It’s this size, like this here iyáaki rt. iyáa (dem.) this size; this (indicating a garden). Ex. Iyaámɨɨka element is used in utterances that tɨɨ. It’s this size (indicating the indicate areas (e.g., the size of a interior of a saliently small house). garden) or distances (e.g., the (d.v.) distance between two houses) and íyaakitáani rt. íyaakita order, command someone to do its use is accompanied by a gesture ▶ to indicate the area or distance in something. Gram. The NP object question; these gestures are of the verb is recipient of the order; typically deictic in nature, this verb may additionally take one indicating an area or distance of two types of complement clauses: perceptually accessible to both an irrealis non-finite clause speaker and hearer and that is indicating the content of the similar to the one the speaker command; or a direct speech report wishes to convey; for areas, the complement that presents the gesture consists of an arm extended utterance that conveys the in the direction of the object of command. Ex. Átiiji=na=jaa, ostensive reference, with fingers n=akúmiiti nu=íyaakitaárikɨ pointed roughly downward, with nu=kamaráani. Then his which the speaker draws a rough mother-in-law would order him to circle; for distances, a similar arm clear it (a garden). Ex. Íyaa and hand position is oriented iina=na nuúkiika máana towards the distal object used to íyaakitakiaakɨ=ná nu=majáana, exemplify the distance, and then “Wiija, míi itíniija.” Then an old drawn in the direction of the man ordered his wife, “Wife, make proximal object, and then back to manioc beer.” the distal object; if the area is iyaamiaákuji fst.spch. sufficiently small (e.g., talking yaamiaákuji, yaamaákuji (conj.) about the size of a box), it can also because. be indicated by hands that, held flat, mark the edges of the area. iyaasuújuusana ▶ Gram. This root obligatorily irreg.pl. iyaasuújuusanawaaka inflects with the -ki, -ku, -ma, and 3.poss. niyaasuújuusana (n.) kíira set of locative suffixes, deceased grandfather. ▶ Gram. corresponding to the spatial Poss.pref.

140 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iyikíira =iyikúura iyikíira rt. íyi (loc.n.) 1. the place nuu=iyikúura. They could not where a person lives, understood as defeat her because she defended both the house and the surrounding herself. Ex. Iyaamiaákuji kaa cleared and maintained area. kí=paajii k=iyikúura namíini... ▶ Gram. The default form of this Because I can’t defend myself... Rel. locative noun is iyikíira but it may iyikuuráana (n.) a person who take the full range of locative watches out for another’s safety. suffixes, including the proximal -ki; HDC pers.var. iyɨkúura. ELY note also that it takes the suffixal pers.var. iyakúura. form -kíira rather than -kúura for an iyikúura (n.) price. Ex. Iina orientation perpendicular to the saáwiri, nu=iyikúura tɨɨ pɨyɨ́ɨni river. Poss.pref. Ex. Niíkuku=ji pɨ́=kurika. The price of this machete na=siwaánɨrɨɨkurá iiti is ten (lit. all our hands) (soles). kana=íyiki. From the upriver path they arrived here, at our place. 2. =iyikúura (postp.) 1. thanks to; realm, world, or life; in this sense, due to, or because of, in the case used to contrast the realm of that the state of affairs for which humans, and all that that entails in the complement of the postposition terms of lifeways and manner of is deemed responsible is construed seeing the world, with the realms of as beneficial for one of the core other kinds of beings or life forms, arguments of the clause. Ex. e.g., fishes, animals, or demons. Iina=iyikúura kaaya, kaa ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. kí=maaya siísɨki. Thanks to this Nu=miitɨɨ́kiaakɨ=na itíniija person, my child did not drown. Ex. nuu, iina pɨ́=raatii iiti naajaa Nu=iyakúura iina señora, p=ɨ́yiki. She (the sacharuna) gave kí=nakúsii pɨyɨ́ɨni saakaaya iina him manioc beer, that which we also nu=paájuuyaárikɨ kíija. Thanks drink here in our world. HDC to this lady, I know everything that pers.var. íyɨ. ELY pers.var. íyaki. she taught me. 2. in favor of, on behalf of; indicates that the subject iyikúura (n.) safety or defense, of the clause with which the speaking of one’s physical safety or postpositional phrase is associated defense with respect to attack. realizes the eventuality denoted by ▶ Gram. This noun only appears as that clause on behalf of, or in favor the complement to a limited of, the complement of the number of verbs, including karíini postposition. Ex. Nu=jikatɨrɨɨ ‘watch’ and namíini ‘return blow’, nu=iyikúura. He came out in his with the resulting expressions behalf (i.e. defended him). Ex. conveying the idiomatic meaning of “K=iwɨɨ́rɨki defending oneself or looking out for naawaaka=iyɨkúura,” one’s safety. Poss.pref. Ex. Kaa nu=aátikuraaná nu=kaakɨ́ɨja. “I na=pariikurá nuu=jata will die on their behalf,” he said to his iyaamiaákuji nu=káriikura father. 3. against; indicates a spatial

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 141 iyikuuraanɨ́ɨni iyuúji

configuration in which the figure is soot, or a plate covered in grease pressed against the ground, e.g., after a meal. someone tied to tree trunk. Ex. iyújaakáani rt. iyújaaka (t.v.) call Anuu=jata=na someone lazy; due to the high nu=tanákiikuraaná esteem in which hard-working iina=iyɨkúura náana náaji. With individuals were held in traditional these (crosspieces) he tied them Iquito society, calling someone lazy crosswise against the (vertical) poles, was considered a serious insult. like so. Ex. Nu=ikakuraaná nuu free.var. iyújuukwáani. aaka=iyɨkúura. He stuck them into the ground (creek bed) against the iyújusana rt. iyújusa (n.) a lazy or (flow of the) water. 4. in exchange idle person. In traditional Iquito for. HDC pers.var. =iyɨkúura. ELY society, the quality of being pers.var. =iyakúura. hard-working was much esteemed, and the quality of being lazy was iyikuuraanɨ́ɨni rt. iyikuuraánɨɨ correspondingly censured and JPI pers.var. of iyakuuraanɨ́ɨni criticized. Ex. Aniwa taa suuwami íyɨ HDC pers.var. of iyikíira paajúuni: kaa na=kuúkikuma iyɨkúura HDC pers.var. of iyikúura iyújusapɨ. This is good to teach: =iyɨkúura HDC pers.var. of (that) they not become lazy people. =iyikúura iyújuukwáani rt. iyújuukwa íyɨɨja (n.) White-Eyed Parakeet, free.var. of iyújaakáani species of relatively large iyujúuni rt. iyuúju impf.rt. iyuúji long-tailed parakeet, measuring (i.v.) be lazy. some 35cm in length. Generally green, it has a noticeable white iyujúuni rt. iyuúju impf.rt. iyuúji drv.rt. iyúju 1. (i.v.) stay, remain in eye-ring, red on the bend of the ▶ wing and on the wing’s a location or place. Gram. This corresponding underside, and verb typically takes an optional variable red flecking on the throat. locative expression indicating the Often seen in flocks of around 20 location in which the subject stays. individuals, they sometimes attack Ex. Náaji nu=iyuújukuraaná coconut or cashew trees to eat their niíya=jina. So he stayed on the (t.v.) leaves. Sci. Aratinga leucophthalma. Earth. 2. stay or remain in a state, status, or relationship. rt. iyɨɨ́ta JPI pers.var. of iyɨɨtáani ▶ Gram. The object denotes the iyuutáani state or status in which the subject iyɨɨ́tina rt. iyɨɨ́ti (adj.) grimy or remains. Ex. K=iyuújukiaakɨ greasy, having a film or layer of najaápusɨ. I became (lit. stayed) an grime or oily dirtiness on the orphan. surface, e.g., a person covered in impf.rt. of iyujúuni sweat and dirt due to physical iyuúji labor, a cooking pot covered in iyuúji impf.rt. of iyujúuni

142 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iyuukínaaja íyuuti iyuukínaaja (n.) raised temporary to harvest fruit from the platform constructed next to a tree neighboring tree. Although this was to make it possible to fell it with an not commonly done, this term also axe at a higher point than would be applies to cut poles set into the possible simply standing on the ground for the same purpose. ground. íyuuni HDC pers.var. of iyúuni (t.v.) iyuukíini rt. iyuúkii iyúuni (n.) wave or ripple, a construct raised temporary platform disturbance on the surface of water, next to a tree to facilitate cutting it due, e.g., to the wind, or a passing with an axe at a higher point than watercraft. HDC pers.var. íyuuni. would be possible standing on the ELY pers.var. iyúuna. ground; such platforms were typically constructed to fell trees iyúuri dialect.var. of muyuuri with large buttress roots, which irreg.pl. iyúuriwa present a challenge to felling trees Iyúuri (prop.n.) woman born in the with an axe; now that chainsaws late 19th century, who lived much are common, platforms of this sort of her adult life in the settlement of are rarely used. Aakamáana, dying in the 1940s; the iyúuku (n.) Crested Owl, species of daughter of Siiwiíkaraaja, she was owl with distinctive horn-like given the Spanish name of Carmen feathers on its head. Sci. Lophostrix Yuri upon being baptized, and was cristata. socio.var. yúuku. noted for her fishing ability, including her ability to fish with a iyuukwana (n.) tambor soga, a harpoon, which was an unusual species of liana that grows in ability for women to develop. low-lying areas near waterways, known for its long and strong vines iyúusi (n.) nest of bird or mammal, that are valued for tying together e.g., rat or paca. rafts and barbacoas, or timber iyuutáani rt. iyuúta (t.v.) mark platforms. It has round, yellow, out the perimeter of a plot to be edible fruits that resemble ikaja cleared for a new nasi (chacra, (cocona) fruits, except that their garden plot) by cutting a narrow skin has a wrinkled appearance; the path that delineates the perimeter. fruits contain three large seeds Ex. Káami kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa iina surrounded by sweet flesh. kí=nasi iyuutáani, pɨyɨ́ɨni tíira. socio.var. yuukwana. There upriver (of us), I want to mark iyúuna ELY pers.var. of iyúuni the perimeter my garden, all (that iyúuna (n.) a climbable tree, area) over there. JPI pers.var. located close to a second tree that is iyɨɨtáani. not easily climbable (e.g., due to its íyuuti (n.) 1. rope attached to an diameter, a lack of suitable object and used to hold onto, move, branches, or being covered with manipulate, secure, or restrain it; spines), which is climbed in order this term applies to a wide range of

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 143 iyuutɨ́ɨni iyuutɨ́ɨni

referents, e.g., the bow rope of a canoe, a fishing line attached toa hook, and a leash around the neck of a dog. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. K=iímina íyuuti tɨɨ saámina; kí=siiwíika íyuuti sakumatáani kumakú tɨɨ. The (bow) rope of my canoe is new, however the (fishing) line of my fishhook is old. 2. strap or flexible handle, such as the shoulder strap of a bag, or the type of handle common to aluminum pots in the jungle, consisting of a curved piece of metal with the diameter of a thick piece of wire, passing through holes near the lip on opposite sides of the pot, in which the handle can rotate freely; note that this term cannot be applied to rigid, inflexible handles, which are typically referred to as túuku. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Aákari tuu, kí=kusi íyuuti riwakɨrɨɨ. Now look, the handle of my pot has bent. iyuutɨ́ɨni rt. iyuutɨɨ (i.v.) make waves or ripples in the water, e.g., a boat whose wake makes waves in the water, or a large school of fish swimming near the surface.

144 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iíjataka

iija (n.) altura, an area of high suffix, but only permits the suffixes ground that does not flood during -ku and -ma. the wet season and is typically flat (loc.n.) for some significant extension. iijakarikuma downslope; Areas of this sort are ideal locations slope that connects an area of for building houses and clearing higher elevation to an area of lower gardens. ▶ Gram. Although not a elevation, e.g., a hillside, or the locative noun per se, this noun often slope from a high river bank down bears a locative suffix, and out of to the water, in the specific case context, some speakers find it that the slope lies at a lower elevation than the deictic center. unacceptable without a locative ▶ suffix. Ex. Na=jíwɨɨtakiaakɨ=ná Gram. The root iijakariku exhibits iina iija, suwáani iija. They found some of the properties of a locative an elevated area, a good elevated noun, e.g., requiring a locative highland. Ex. Nu=maakarɨɨkiaana suffix, but it only permits the káami iijaku, siiki=nɨɨ́jina. He suffixes -ku and -ma. climbed up to the high ground, on top dialect.var. of restinga Iíjakawɨɨ́raana of the . Inkawɨɨ́raana irreg.pl. Iíjakawɨɨ́raanawaaka íija 3.poss. nɨ́ɨja (n.) tuber, e.g., of ▶ manioc or sweet potato. Gram. iijakuuja (n.) term used for Poss.pref. anacondas that live away from rivers or lakes, in more elevated (loc.n.) iijakarikuku upslope; areas; these anacondas are slope that connects an area of lower frequently associated with elevation to an area of higher depressions in which water elevation, e.g., a hillside, or the accumulates. Sci. Eunectes murinus. slope from the river up to the top of a river bank, in the specific case iíjataka irreg.pl. iíjataka (adj.) that the slope lies at a higher loaded with fruit, speaking of elevation than the deictic center. tuber-bearing cultigens that grow ▶ Gram. The root iijakariku exhibits underground, such as asúraaja some of the properties of a locative (manioc) and katija (sachapapa, noun, e.g., requiring a locative sweet potato).

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 145 iíjatáani iíjinaari iíjatáani rt. iíjata (t.v.) remove being conceptualized, in this sense, one or more manioc tubers from a as entities projecting from the plant, but without felling the plant ground, with the visible heavenly and removing the entire root body being the ‘tip’ of the entity. cluster, which is the typical manner Looking directly at the sun was of harvesting manioc. believed in traditional Iquito iijaaka irreg.poss. iíjaaka. (n.) society to have powerful effects; for diarrhea. example, one way to protect oneself from venomous snakes was to kill (n.) iíjinaji irreg.pl. iíjinakɨya end, one, cut off its head, and then peer point, or tip; extremum of an object directly at the sun through its that is saliently longer in one opened mouth, which was believed dimension, e.g., the tip of a pencil, to blind that species of snake to the the end of a log, the point of a person in question. Ex. Nu=kitɨrɨɨ needle, or the crown of a person’s niíya=jina karíini, head. Ex. Kuukwaná tɨɨ k=ijúuti nu=káriikiaaná iíjinaji, tikiná tɨɨ kí=naajuútaaja nunamija=iíjinaji, iíjinaji sakumatáani. The point of nu=asapɨ́ɨni=íira iina kaaya, my needle is sharp, however the point nu=káriitɨ́ɨni=íira naajaá nuu, of my pencil is blunt. atii nuú nuu=jina sikɨki náwɨɨta. =iíjinaji (postp.) 1. at the tip, end, He stopped looking at the ground, and or extremum of a ground that has looked directly at the sun, to fool the one dimension that is saliently man, to make him look also, and then longer than the others; the ground leap on him by surprise. in question may be a physical iijinajɨ́ɨni rt. iijinájɨɨ (t.v.) level entity, e.g., a stick, limb, or canoe; two or more objects which are or it may be a space, e.g., a lake, saliently longer in a single garden, or a clearing in the forest, dimension so that their ends are at provided that the space is saliently the same level, regardless of their extended in one dimension so that absolute length, e.g., posts of it has identifiable extrema. Ex. different lengths that are driven Nɨɨtamu ajiítii náana=iíjinaji. into the ground so that their tops The vulture is sitting at the tip (i.e., are level with each other; or hair top) of the tree. Ex. Iina ikwani, that is all cut to the same length, nu=takuúyaa nasi=iíjinaji. The although individual hairs are of man is standing at the end of the different lengths. garden. 2. directly at or towards, speaking specifically of the act of iíjinakɨya irreg.pl. of iíjinaji looking directly at a heavenly body, iíjinaari irreg.pl. iíjinaariwa, such as the sun, moon, or stars (but iíjinaariwaaka (n.) co-wife, other not flying entities such as birds or wife of a man with multiple wives; planes). This sense seems to spring in traditional Iquito society only the from the fact that these bodies kuuráaka or community leaders had

146 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iijɨ́ɨni iika tákaana

multiple wives, and this practice blocks the hole or open. This may was abandoned by the early 20th include swinging closed a hinged century. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref.; the closure (e.g., a doorway with a possessor is one of the other door, a box with hinged top), co-wives. putting a separate top over the iijɨ́ɨni rt. iíjɨɨ (i.v.) grow, speaking opening (e.g., of a pot), inserting a of tubers of plants such as manioc stopper (e.g., of a bottle), or laying and sweet potato. something over an opening (e.g., planks covering a hole). 2. (t.v.) iíjutáani rt. iíjuta 1. (t.v.) open cover something with a flexible, something or uncover it, so that a saliently two dimensional object, hole or opening becomes accessible, e.g., a person covered with a sheet. by moving a rigid object that covers or blocks the hole. This may iijuútaaja irreg.pl. iijuútaakami include swinging open a hinged (n.) 1. top, cover, or lid, e.g., of a closure (e.g., a doorway with a pot or a case. 2. door. door, a box with hinged top), iika irreg.poss. íika. 3.poss. nɨ́ɨka removing a separate top (e.g., of a (n.) 1. tooth or fang. ▶ Gram. pot), removing a stopper (e.g., of a Poss.pref. 2. beak. ▶ Gram. bottle), or removing something Poss.pref. 3. proboscis of biting lying over an opening (e.g., planks insects such as mosquitos and covering a hole). 2. (t.v.) uncover horseflies. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 4. something that is covered with a sharp point or edge of a piercing or flexible, saliently two dimensional cutting tool, e.g., the tip of a spear, object, e.g., uncovering a person or the edge of a knife or machete. covered with a sheet. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Rel. riwa iikana iijuwa irreg.poss. iíjuwa. (n.) (adj.) crooked-toothed. unidentified species of wasp iika ápiika irreg.poss. íika ápiika. measuring about 2cm in length, and lit. slanting roof pole tooth (n.) similar in shape to the more canine tooth. common ronzapa (íini), but with lit. tooth stone (n.) only a single yellow spot on its iika sawija dental plaque. abdomen, unlike the striped pattern of the ronzapa. Groups of this iika súniija dialect.var. of kwáani species make a shared nest by iika tákaana lit. naked tooth (n.) piling leaves on the ground, and detachable barbed spear tip tend to follow people who pass near tethered to the spear shaft with a it for a considerable distance, but long length of cord. These tips, generally do not attack them. which ceased being made in the iijúuni rt. iíjuu 1. (t.v.) close early 20th century, were carved something or cover it, so that a hole from peccary tusks set as barbs into or opening becomes blocked, by the tip of a spear shaft that would moving a rigid object that covers or detach when a speared animal ran

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 147 iikanásuuja =íiku

off. The spear shaft itself would manifested by regularly having often be released by the hunter visitors and providing them well after the line connecting the barb to with food and drink; the ability to the shaft ran out, so that the shaft do this is in turn directly related to served as a drag on the escaping the ability of such individuals to animal, which could then be more coordinate collaborative labor easily chased down and dispatched activities, which constitutes another with a direct blow to a vital part. prototypical trait of such ▶ iikanásuuja dialect.var. of kwáani individuals. Socio. This term can be used as a form of vocative iíkataka irreg.pl. iíkatakayuuri address, as well as referentially; in (adj.) 1. toothed, of non-humans, such cases, the plural form, iikiáapɨ, the quality of having teeth. 2. fully was traditionally used as a way of toothed, of humans, the quality of expressing respect, despite the having a full set of teeth. addressee being singular. iikaayɨ (n.) unidentified species of liana, that when chewed, iiku (loc.dem) 1. up here; anaesthetizes the mouth. The liana speaker-proximal locative is flexible and somehat flattened in demonstrative, where the location shape, and was traditionally of demonstrative reference is above employed to calm tooth ache. the addressee. 2. here upriver; iiki irreg.pl. iikiwa irreg.poss. íiki. speaker-proximal locative 3.poss. nɨ́ɨki (n.) 1. feces of human demonstrative, where the location or animal. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. a of demonstrative reference is substance encountered in beehives, upriver of the addressee. Ex. reportedly consisting of mixture of Átiiji=jaa, jɨɨ́ta kana=niíya=na, pollen and other substances, which kanáaja tɨɨ naaraatá=yaa iina was traditionally extracted and akúmari níiya iiku. Then, as (it is) mixed with honey and royal jelly as our land, we are the very owners of a treatment for colds and the land upriver here. 3. here rheumatism. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. outside; speaker-proximal locative demonstrative, where the location iikiáana rt. iikiáa (adj.) of demonstrative reference is accomplished and influential, said outside a vessel or enclosed space of a person, typically an older interior and the secondary deictic person, who is socially influential center (typically the location of the by virtue of being known as a hard addressee) is inside the enclosure. worker, and as a result, being well-provided with all the =íiku (postp.) on behalf of, due to, necessities of life, e.g., a house, because of; the referent gardens, tools, and ample manioc complement of this postposition is beer, and thereby holding a position the motive for the action carried of respect within the community. out by the subject of the verb to Traditionally, this position was which this postposition adds an

148 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iikujiíraji iíkuku

oblique argument, typically because exterior to the enclosed space, and of something that has been done to, the addressee interior to the or has befallen, that referent, or enclised space, e.g., speaking of a because of an action that the location outside a house, where the referent carried out that did not addressee is inside the house. directly affect the subject of the iikujiita (loc.dem) 1. here, closer verb. Ex. Anuu=na above; proximal locative anijíkɨrɨɨkuraaná nɨ́yini=íiku, demonstrative, where the location iyaamiaákuji tipanɨɨri asakurá of demonstrative reference is above nuu. He had gotten angry due to his the addressee but less far above the child, because the demonic stingray addressee than would be expected had eaten him. Ex. by virtue of some salient overall Kina=míini=íiku kinaá tikitaki. spatial frame of reference. 2. here, It is your fault (lit. due to your closer upriver; proximal locative doings), that you will be inundated. demonstrative, where the location of demonstrative reference is (loc.dem) iikujiíraji 1. up here, in upriver of the adressee but less far the upper part of an enclosed space upriver from the addressee than defined by a salient boundary, in would be expected by virtue of the case that the deictic center is some salient overall spatial frame located in the upper part of the of reference. space, and the addressee in the iíkuku rt. =iíku (loc.postp.) on or lower part, e.g., speaking of a ▶ location on the upper floor of a over the surface of. Gram. The multi-story house, where the walls default form of this locative of a house define the space, the postposition is =iíkuku; contrasts deictic center is located on one of with the similarly glossed =nɨɨ́jina the upper floors of the house, and by entailing that the figure cover, the addressee on one of the lower or be in contact with, the vast floors. 2. here upriver, in the majority or entirety of the ground upriver part of an enclosed space denoted by the complement of the defined by a salient boundary, in postposition. Ex. Jaa the case that the deictic center is nu=nu=kurika=iíkuku jiiniki located in the upriver part of the náaji, sáa sáa sáa. He rubbed it (a space, and the addressee in the shamanic powder) on his hands thus, downriver part, e.g., indicating a saa saa saa (sound of rubbing). Ex. location in the upriver part of a Nu=juunɨkiaakɨ=ná forest clearing, and where the iina=iíkuku paatíina, suwaata addressee is located downriver of naaraájuuja=na. He blew tobacco the location in question. 3. here smoke on the surface of the outside; speaking of a location balsawood (shafts), well magicked. exterior to an enclosed space, in the iíkuku rt. iíku irreg.pl. iíkukuya case that the deictic center is (loc.n.) 1. surface or outer layer,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 149 iíkukuuna =iíkumaji

whether of an inanimate entity or a sweat or body odor. ▶ Gram. living being. ▶ Sem. The use of this Poss.pref. term often implicates that the iíkuma rt. =iíku (loc.postp.) entirety of the surface of the entity along; indicates that a figure moves is relevant or is affected. ▶ Gram. over or along the surface of a Poss.pref. Ex. Nuu=jata ground that is relatively narrow in na=sajiki nuu=iíkuku, pa pa pa. comparison to its length, e.g., a With it (a hatchet), they cut its path, a bridge, a stretch of river, or surface, pa pa pa. Ex. Juu, mɨɨsaji a tree trunk. ▶ Gram. The default nikisawɨɨ́kiaana nasi, tii form of this locative postposition is nasi=iíkuma, natánaaja=waja iíkuma; when the locative selection pɨyɨ́ɨni suwáani asáani=íira jaa. is semantically contentful, its Wow, the woman arrived to see the choice reflects the direction of the garden, there over the whole surface path associated with motion of the garden, all cultigens, all ready (explicit or otherwise) of one the to eat already. 2. body of a human arguments of the clause. Ex. or animal. ▶ Sem. While this is the Na=iíkwakuraana tíira, most common way of expressing amakɨ=iíkuma. They went over the concept of ‘body’, it contrasts there, along the path. Ex. Jaari=na with náani, which specifically refers iina maníini nu=nɨtɨmaakurá to a whole body including its iina iniyana=iíkuma. Then the interior of flesh and internal organs. young man went running over the As such, this term is usually, but bridge. Ex. Nu=maakakiaakɨ=ná not necessarily, construed to refer naaraatá=yaa káami specifically to the surface of the iina=iíkuku náana. He climbed body, and not the body as a whole. right up the house post. Ex. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Na=tuújiikiaaná naami=ji Nu=itɨ́sawɨɨ́kari kiaa=iíkuku, nu=saaki=iíkuma=ji, pak puu, nuú kiaa ítuu. If it (the light of the pak puu, pak puu. They heard from rainbow) falls on your body, it will downriver, from along the straight burn you. Rel. iíkuku jiina (n.) stretch of river, pak puu, pak puu, pak anything that comes from, or off of, puu (the sound of someone paddling). a surface, be it liquid or solid, e.g., sweat that drips from a person’s =iíkumaji (loc.postp.) over or body, or vines that hang from the above; expresses a spatial surface of a tree trunk. relationship in which a figure of salient two-dimensional extent is iíkukuuna (n.) something located in a vertically superior pertaining to the surface of the position to the ground, and parallel body, be it something worn or held to the surface of the earth, such near the body, such as clothing or a that it would be intersected by a blanket, or something coming from line extending straight up from the the body surface itself, such as ground, but is not in contact with

150 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iikúuni =iíkwaji

the ground, e.g., a roof or a wide iíkwa míini (n.) lie, a verbal clould; the figure may also be the deception. Ex. Kaa kí=paajii trajectory of a moving figure, such iíkwa míini kia=saakɨɨníini. I that this postposition is felicitous can’t tell you a lie. for describing the trajectory of iíkwa míini rt. iíkwa mii (i.v.) lie. something that passes above the ▶ Gram. The verb in this ground, e.g., a flying bird. construction inflects with person iikúuni rt. iíkuu (i.v.) walk. Rel. and TAM morphology as is typical iíkuusɨ́ɨni (rt. iíkuusɨɨ) (i.v.) walk of finite verbs. Ex. Iíkwa back and forth. nu=miíyaa. She is lying. Rel. iíkwa (n.) iikúura (loc.dem) 1. here, further miiyáana liar. up; speaker-proximal locative =iíkwaji (postp.) partitive demonstrative, where the location postposition which indicates that of demonstrative reference is some of, part of, one of, or a few of further above the addressee than its complement participates in the would be expected by virtue of eventuality denoted by the verb some salient overall spatial frame and its core arguments. ▶ Gram. of reference. 2. here, further This postposition is frequently used upriver; speaker-proximal locative in numeral expressions in order to demonstrative, where the location indicate the number of digits, out of of demonstrative reference is the total number of digits on a hand further upriver of the addressee or foot, that are to be included in than would be expected by virtue of the gesture corresponding to the some salient overall spatial frame expressed numeral. Ex. of reference. Nu=sakɨ́ɨka=iíkwaji iikuúraata (adv.) 1. upward nu=puúriki. She hand-strained towards here; in the direction some of her manioc beer mash. Ex. opposed to gravity, towards a point Jaa kí=miiyaárikɨ náaji proximal to the primary deictic amáriyáana, pɨyɨ́ɨni center (typically position of pɨ́=titika=iíkwaji. I was 20 years speaker), where the secondary old (lit. all of our feet (and hands)). deictic center (typically position of =iíkwaji (postp.) by the end, from the addressee) is below the the end, off the end; this secondary deictic center. 2. postpostion indicates a spatial upriverward towards here; in the configuration in which the upriver direction, towards a point complement of the postposition is proximal to the primary deictic the ground for a figure that is in center (typically position of contact with a slender or narrowed speaker), where the secondary extremum of the ground, with the deictic center (typically position of figure extending away from the the addressee) is downriver of the extrememum in the general secondary deictic center. direction that the slender extremum

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 151 =iíkwaji iima

points, e.g., an earring hanging complement of this postposition. from an ear lobe, or the direction of ▶ Gram. Takes an irrealis non-finite the force of people pulling on a clause as its complement. Ex. rope. Ex. Kí=kásiitakura Kí=mɨyɨ́kɨwɨɨkura n=aniáasi=iíkwaji nuu. I grabbed kí=samúkwaati it by the tail. Ex. Iyaamiaákuji iritáani=iíkwaji. I returned after na=muusisaárɨɨkari iina getting my plantains. aasamu, jaari iina tipanɨɨri iíkwajiina rt. iíkwajii kásiitaki nuu, nu=titika=iíkwaji irreg.pl. iíkwajiipɨ (n.) any relative iiti, p=ánimɨ=iíkwaji. Because if or family member. ▶ Gram. they swam in creeks, then the demonic Poss.pref. stingrays grabbed them, by the foot, by our heel. iíkwajiipɨ irreg.pl. of iíkwajiina =iíkwaji (postp.) from. ▶ Gram. iíkwaami (n.) rumor about a ▶ In this sense, this postposition person. Gram. Poss.pref.; the appears only as a licenser of an possessor is the person whom the oblique argument of apɨrɨ́ɨni rumor concerns. Ex. ‘escape’, where its complement is a Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa kia=sanitáani, nominalized verb. Ex. Kw=apɨ́rɨɨ iyaamiaákuji jaari=na iwarɨ́ɨni=iíkwaji. I escaped death. kí=samɨɨ́rɨrɨɨkiaaná kia=iíkwaami tuujíini, kiáaja iíkwaji (n.) “uncle!”, “that’s taá=na kusiaamɨ=na. I want to enough!”; exclamation used to test you, because I am tired of hearing express an admission of defeat, e.g., these rumors about you, that you are in a fight. ▶ Gram. This element brave. bears person marking corresponding to the individual iikwáami (adj.) false or untrue, conceding defeat. This form has the speaking of the truth claim of a distribution of a noun, although the proposition. clearly historically-related form iima (loc.dem) 1. down here; now functions otherwise as a speaker-proximal locative postposition. Poss.pref. Ex. demonstrative, where the location Jaari=na nu=aátikiaaná nuu, of demonstrative reference is below “Jaarí tɨɨ k=iíkwaji, Saákisa.” So the addressee. 2. here downriver; then she said, “That’s enough for me, speaker-proximal locative Saákisa.” Ex. Jaa kitɨrɨɨkiaaná, demonstrative, where the location k=iíkwaji=na jaa! Stop already, of demonstrative reference is that enough for me! downriver of the addressee. 3. here =iíkwaji (postp.) after; indicates inside; speaker-proximal locative the eventuality denoted my the demonstrative, where the location verb and its core arguments of demonstrative reference is inside occurred subsequent to the a vessel or enclosed space interior eventuality denoted by the and the secondary deictic center

152 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iimajiíraji iímina

(typically the location of the of reference. 2. here, closer below; addressee) is outside the enclosure. proximal locative demonstrative, where the location of iimajiíraji (loc.dem) 1. down here, demonstrative reference is below in the lower part of an enclosed the addressee but less far below the space defined by a salient addressee than would be expected boundary, in the case that the by virtue of some salient overall deictic center is located in the spatial frame of reference. lower part of the space, and the addressee in the upper part, e.g., iímaatiíkwaaja (n.) speaking of a location on the lower Orange-cheeked Parrot, species of floor of a multi-story house, where parrot that makes its nest by the walls of a house define the digging a cavity out of arboreal space, the deictic center is located termite nests. Sci. Pyrilia barrabandi. on one of the lower floors of the (det.) house, and the addressee on one of iimi determiner expressing the upper floors. 2. here downriver, plural inanimate agreement. in the downriver part of an iimi (rel.pro.) that or which; plural enclosed space defined by a salient animate relative pronoun. ▶ Gram. boundary, in the case that the This relative pronoun appears at deictic center is located in the the left edge of a relative clause, downriver part of the space, and following the head of the relative the addressee in the upriver part, clause. Ex. Aajaa, e.g., indicating a location in the imɨɨ́tarɨɨkiaana=wajá iimi downriver part of a forest clearing, ariwáani, iimi kia=áriikwaki and where the addressee is located kia=aákɨsisaákari. OK, do those upriver of the location in question. songs again that you sang while you 3. here inside; speaking of a were intoxicated (with ayahuasca) location interior to an enclosed space, in the case that the deictic iimi (dem.) general demonstrative center is interior to the enclosed pronoun with plural inanimate space, and the addressee exterior to agreement; being a general the enclosed space, e.g., speaking of demonstrative, it does not exhibit a location inside a house, where the distance contrasts, being usable for addressee is outside the house. both speaker-proximal and speaker-distal referents. iimajiita (loc.dem) 1. here, closer downriver; proximal locative iímina (n.) dugout canoe, demonstrative, where the location traditional water craft of the Iquito of demonstrative reference is people (and most other Amazonian downriver of the addressee but less people), constructed by hollowing far downriver of the addressee than out a section of tree trunk; this term would be expected by virtue of specifically excludes craft some salient overall spatial frame constructed from planks.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 153 iiminɨ́ɨni iina iiminɨ́ɨni rt. iimínɨɨ (i.v.) make or of the addressee) is above of the construct a dugout canoe. secondary deictic center. 2. íimɨ irreg.pl. iímɨya (n.) leaf, downriverwards towards here; in speaking of a leaf attached to, or the downriver direction, towards a associated with, a plant. ▶ Gram. point proximal to the primary This noun must be be preceded by a deictic center (typically position of noun indicating the type or species speaker), where the secondary of plant to which it pertains. This deictic center (typically position of property distinguishes this form the addressee) is upriver of the from naamɨ, which cannot be secondary deictic center. preceded by a noun indicating the iina rt. ii irreg.pl. iipɨ (animate), type or species of plant to which iimi (inanimate) (rel.pro.) that or the leaf belongs. Poss.pref. Ex. Atii which; general number relative na=asaárikɨ iina aámɨɨka íimɨ, pronoun. ▶ Gram. This relative iina asúraaja íimɨ. Then (when pronoun appears at the left edge of there was nothing else) they ate a relative clause, following the airambo leaves and manioc leaves. head of the relative clause. Ex. iímɨtáani rt. iímɨta (t.v.) strip a Ki=kápuuyaa iina pɨ́=tasikɨ iina plant of its leaves. ELY pers.var. pajátɨrɨɨ. I’m patching our fish trap mɨtáani. that got holed. (anaph.pro.) iimɨ́ɨra (loc.dem) 1. here, further iina rt. ii general down; speaker-proximal locative number discourse anaphor; demonstrative, where the location anaphoric element whose of demonstrative reference is antecedent is a proposition or set of further below the addressee than propositions in the preceding would be expected by virtue of discourse. some salient overall spatial frame iina rt. ii irreg.pl. iipɨ (animate), of reference. 2. here, further iimi (inanimate) (det.) general downriver; speaker-proximal number definite or demonstrative locative demonstrative, where the adnominal determiner. ▶ Gram. As location of demonstrative reference a general number determiner, this is further downriver of the element may modify either a addressee than would be expected notionally singular or plural noun. by virtue of some salient overall iina rt. ii (dem.) general number, spatial frame of reference. general demonstrative pronoun; iimɨɨ́raata (adv.) 1. downward being a general demonstrative, it towards here; in the direction does not exhibit distance contrasts, opposed to gravity, toward a point being usable for both proximal to the primary deictic speaker-proximal and speaker-distal center (typically the position of the referents. ▶ Gram. As a general speaker), where the secondary number demonstrative this element deictic center (typically the position may be used ostensively or

154 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iina tíira íini

anaphorically with notionally this form in this sense is often a singular or plural referents. non-verbal element, but if it is iina tíira (dem.) speaker-distal verbal, it must appear in its demonstrative. Ex. Iina awásɨɨyɨ, event-nominalized form. Ex. Iina nu=ímaa iina ánaka mɨɨsaji, pɨyɨ́ɨni nu=kajasi tiíra=akájinakuúraji amakɨ. The ijakuraaná, pɨyɨ́ɨni, iinawaja vinesnake is lying across that path nu=kajasi, aájapaki. The woman’s over there. Ex. Káriirɨɨ! Iipɨ tíira tɨɨ head, all its hair had fallen off, all of kw=aátamajati. Look! Those there it, no hair at all, there was none. Ex. are my sisters. Pɨyɨ́ɨni nu=iipɨ ásaki, iinawaja nuúkiika apɨrɨ́ɨni. It (a stingray irreg.poss. iínami. (n.) iinami monster) will eat all of them, not even cooking fire. one will escape. 2. never; emphatic iinamináaja (n.) Yellow-billed negation of the future realization of Jacamar, species of bird reaching the eventuality in the scope of the some 19cm in length, with a long, element, indicating that the straight, yellow bill and a relatively eventually will not be realized at long tail. Its throat, chest, belly, any point in the future. ▶ Gram. and the underside of its tail are a The verb in the scope of this rusty red, while the rest of its element obligatorily appears in its plumage is an iridescent green event-nominalized form; this except for a cap of brown feathers. element often, but optionally, It is generally spotted in the appears with the adverbs iwaárika mid-canopy when its trilling call is ‘again’ or jɨɨ́tikari ‘when’. Ex. heard. Sci. Galbula cyanocollis. Iinawaja kana=asáani iina iinamináana dialect.var. of paápaaja! We are never going to eat kwaakɨ́ɨna lit. fire tree that fish! Ex. Iinawaja kí=nakarɨ́ɨni=na iwaárika iinana rt. iina (adj.) heavy. kiáaja. I will never want you again. (n.) iínari irreg.pl. iínariwaaka Ex. Iinawaja jɨɨ́tikari nu=sanɨ́ɨni. niece of female ego; daughter of He will never rise again (since he is female ego’s brother or sister. dead). ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. iinawaja (adv.) 1. none, not at all, íini irreg.pl. iíniwa (n.) ronzapa or not even one; emphatic or Sand Wasp, common species of exhaustive negation of the wasp that is notable for digging proposition in the scope of this burrows, especially in sandy soil, element, indicating that it was not where they sometimes congregate realized to even a small degree, in large numbers, making the hum holds true of even a single referent of their activity audible from (if countable), or even a small considerable distances. Measuring quantity (if mass). ▶ Gram. The some 4cm in length, they have element that appears in the scope of relatively thick, bee-like abdomens,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 155 iiníini iipanúuni

which are covered with black and for a lisa, with red on its face, and a yellow transverse stripes. Although body that tapers to an especially difficult to provoke, they are noted slender tail. Sci. Schizodon sp. for their painful stings. iínuunakíina (n.) quillosisa, term iiníini rt. iinii 1. (t.v.) mistake the applied to two distinct species of identity of something, believe tree that share the property of incorrectly that a thing or person is producing bright, yellow flowers. one person or thing, when it is in One species grows in siiki fact someone else or something (restingas, isolated elevated areas else. ▶ Gram. This sense takes an that remain above water in the wet NP complement indicating the season), reaches 1.75m in diameter mistaken identity. Ex. Kií=ta and has small leaves; its light but iiniíyaa kurɨ́ɨsi, niwa=aákuji durable white wood was harvested kí=rimúsii nuu=jina. I mistook it for sale to sawmills until the trees for a Dusky Titi, so I shot it. Ex. were depleted in Iquito territory. Atɨja=na, iina=na The other species grows in kia=iiniiyaákiaana inundating areas, with heavy and kí=nuukwasana=na kiáaja. Here softer, and thus less prized, red it is, that which you mistakenly think wood; it grows to 1m in diameter that I stole from you. 2. (t.v.) and has broad leaves resembling Mistakenly or incorrectly believe those of avocado trees in shape. Sci. something. ▶ Gram. This sense Vochysia vismiifolia. takes an indirect speech report iípanaka (n.) 1. heat, e.g., of a fire, complement expressing the or of the sun. 2. fever. erroneous belief. Ex. iípanana rt. iípana (adj.) hot, Kana=iiniiyaárikɨ, “Jaa having a high temperature. siwaánɨkiaakɨ=ná jaa, ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji.” We believed iípani impf.rt. of iípanɨ́ɨni erroneously, “She already arrived, in iipanɨ́yaaka (n.) sweat. the afternoon.” iípanɨ́ɨni rt. iípanɨ impf.rt. iípani iínuwa (n.) human foot. ▶ Socio. 1. (i.v.) feel hot, be hot, speaking of This term is considered archaic by a physical sensation or a bodily the current generation of eldest state. 2. (i.v.) sweat, either due to speakers, who indicate that it was feeling hot, or from other causes, last commonly used by their such as anxiety. act./mid. iipanúuni grandparents’ generation. (active) (i.v.) iínuunaki irreg.pl. iínuunakiwa iípanɨɨtíini rt. iípanɨɨ́tii feel (n.) caulla lisa, species of lisa-type hot frequently, whether on multiple fish, similar to the common karapisi; occasions on a single day, or on this species reaches up to 40cm in successive days. length, and is mainly found in iipanúuni rt. iipánuu (t.v.) warm smaller creeks. It has a broad head something up, most saliently a

156 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iipɨ iipɨɨ saputi

person or animal, e.g., by holding iipɨɨ irreg.pl. iipɨɨwa (n.) mono them in one’s arms or placing them coto or Red Howler Monkey, a by a fire, but also something large monkey species with a body inanimate, like a piece of metal or that reaches up to 70cm in length food. ▶ Sem. Since a dedicated and a prehensile tail that reaches lexical item exists for heating up almost 80cm in length. Reddish in food, tipanúuni, speakers express a color, they are noted for their large preference for using the more larynxes (especially in males), specific term when discussing the which they use when emitting the heating of food; however, all agree roaring vocalization for which they that this more general root is also are known during choruses around applicable in such cases. Ex. dawn. Sci. Alouatta seniculus. Nu=iipánuuyaa nɨyítiika. She is warming her little girl (against her iipɨɨ aríyasi lit. howler monkey (n.) body). act./mid. iípanɨ́ɨni (middle) testicle variety of amariyaaja, pijuayo palm, with pale gray fruits; iipɨ (rel.pro.) who, that or which; its Iquito name stems from the plural animate relative pronoun. perceived resemblance of the fruits ▶ Gram. This relative prounoun to the testicles of Howler Monkeys. appears at the left edge of a relative Sci. Bactris gasipaes var. clause, following the head of the relative clause. Ex. iipɨɨ ímaaja lit. howler monkey Nu=káriiyaárikɨ=na iipɨ=jina larynx (n.) type of capillejo, or taapɨ iitimɨra, iipɨ mɨra provisional carrying basket, made iikiaárikɨ=na. She would look at from a single ungurahui palm frond the other women who had children which is broken so that it bends at (lit. whose children existed). only one point, forming the bottom of the basket, and folded into a (dem.) iipɨ general demonstrative narrow V-shape, with the tips of the with plural animate agreement; leaves from either side of the frond being a general demonstrative, it woven together, resulting in a does not exhibit distance contrasts, roughly conical basket. being usable for both speaker-proximal and speaker-distal iipɨɨ saputi lit. howler monkey flu referents. (n.) whooping cough, a respiratory illness that causes severe coughing iipɨ (det.) plural animate definite and leaves people gasping for article. breath so strongly that their intake iipɨ́kana irreg.pl. iipɨ́kiaakɨ (n.) of breath was considered coto rumo, a variety of manioc that reminiscent by Iquitos to the is still cultivated in the San Antonio roaring of howler monkeys. In the area; it has large tubers with white early to mid-1950s, several flesh and purplish skin and matures epidemics of whooping cough in about six months. struck the community of San

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 157 iipɨɨ táraati iisaku ijúwatina

Antonio, resulting in the deaths of Nothocrax urumutum. ▶ Anth. many children and elders. According to Iquito tradition, these iipɨɨ táraati lit. howler monkey birds come out to sing in groups pashaco (n.) coto pashaco, species when it rains, and its bones are said of tree with large buttress roots that to be poisonous to dogs. grows in elevated areas far from iíruwana rt. iíruwa (adj.) 1. soft, rivers, growing to some 1.5m in as said of things such as ripe fruit, diameter. It has distinctive inedible mud, cotton fiber, and water. 2. fruits with an asymmetrical lump flexible, as said of things that bend, on one side, remiscent of the large turn, or rotate easily, e.g., a slender larynx of howler monkeys, from stick, a hinge in good condition, or which stems its name. Its pale a well-lubricated motor shaft. 3. smooth bark comes of relatively said of a person, the deprecated easily in large sheets and was quality of not being energetic and formerly commercially harvested of lacking initiative. Rel. for use in the tanning trade. Sci. iíruwanúuni (rt. iíruwánuu) (t.v.) Macoubea guianensis. soften. dialect.var. jiímana. =íira (postp.) in order to, for. iíruuja (n.) fishing bait of any ▶ Gram. The complement of this kind, be it fish, meat, or a postposition denotes or indexes the plant-based food, such as manioc goal or purpose for which the dough or bread. eventuality denoted by the iíruuku (n.) volantín, fishing associated verb is realized. If the implement consisting solely of complement is a noun or pronoun, fishing line to which a hook is it is often construed as a attached; the fishing line is typically beneficiary. Ex. Pɨ́=kunii nuu, quite thick, as this implement is p=asáani=íira=na. We are going used to fish for amariika (zúngaro), to roast it, for us to eat. Ex. Jaa and is typically wound around a nu=majáana aátiki, “Aákari length of balsa wood. ki=síratakwaa, ki=míini=íira iisaja irreg.poss. iísaja. (n.) salt. itíniija.” Then his wife said, “Now I (t.v.) am going to go harvest (manioc) to iisajúuni rt. iisájuu salt make manioc beer.” Ex. something, whether to flavor it or, Kí=masɨɨyaárikɨ sinaakɨ in greater quantities, to preserve it. kaakáraaja=jata kí=mɨra=íira. iisaku irreg.pl. iisákuka irreg.poss. I would buy clothes with chickens for iísaku. (n.) general term for rats my children. and mice. ▶ Gram. This form exibits íiri irreg.pl. iíriwa (n.) montete or an unusual alternation, in which Nocturnal Currasow, a rufous the non-plural form is toneless, but galliform ground bird that reaches the plural form bears tone. some 70cm from head to tail and iisaku ijúwatina irreg.pl. isaku stands some 45cm tall. Sci. ijúwatipɨ lit. spiny rat (n.) species

158 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iísakwaka iísuuja tamɨɨríina

of rat whose body is about 20cm in assault by a patron’ mayordomo, in length, with a relatively short tail, a which he attacked her with a white chest, and stiff, bristly red machete. hairs. Sci. Makalata rhipidura. iísuuja irreg.pl. iísuuwa (n.) iísakwaka (n.) 1. sweetness. 2. general term for the three species of honey. smaller armadillo found in Iquito iísakwana rt. iísakwa (adj.) 1. territory. Iquitos readily distinguish sweet. 2. unfermented, usually with these three species, often hunted reference to itíniija, or manioc beer for food, by their appearance, but mash. Rel. iísakwanúuni (rt. indicate that only one name is used iísakwánuu) (t.v.) sweeten. to refer to all three species. Sci. Cabassous unicinctus, Dasypus iisana rt. iisa (adj.) salted, novemcinctus, Dasypus kappleri. generally for purposes of food (n.) preservation, and typically too salty iísuuja irreg.pl. iísuuwa for immediate consumption, general term for cockroaches. requiring washing to be able to eat. iísuuja ajápaka lit. armadillo Rel. iisaanúuni (rt. iisaánuu) (t.v.) wasp (n.) carachupa avispa, salt something, e.g., soup (for species of black wasp that reaches flavor), or meat (to preserve it). 2.5cm in length, and is notable for iisaaka irreg.poss. iísaaka. (n.) its long, dangling limbs. It attacks urine. easily when disturbed and its sting is unusually painful. Its Iquito (and iísaana rt. iísaa (adj.) bland, local Spanish) name comes from without flavor. the appearance of its nest, which is iísiki impf.rt. of iísikɨ́ɨni built on the exterior of a tree trunk iísikɨ́ɨni rt. iísikɨ impf.rt. iísiki 1. in the form of a tapering bulge up (i.v.) faint or lose consciousness. 2. to a meter in length, reminiscent of (i.v.) suffer an epileptic fit. Rel. the shell of an armadillo. Sci. iísikiáana (n.) epileptic, person Synoeca sp. suffering from epilepsy. iísuuja ánaasi (n.) carachupa iisikɨ́ɨni (n.) epilepsy. uza, species of very small mosquito Iísuuja (prop.n.) a woman born in typically encountered in the forest. the 19th century, who died in the According to Iquitos, this species of 1920s, and lived at various sites mosquito is found in large numbers near the mouth of the Chambira in armadillo burrows. River, and points on the Pintuyacu iísuuja tamɨɨríina lit. armadillo River upriver of the confluence of aguajillo (n.) aguajillo, species of Chambira and Pintuyacu Rivers. palm that grows in moist soils, such Given the Spanish name Carmen, as that of the rɨɨka (varillales) she was renowned for her bravery habitat type, low-lying areas near and abilities as a spear duelist, and bodies of water, or around is remembered for surviving an depressions in elevated areas, in

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 159 iísuuwa iiti

which water accumulates; its leaves palm fruit bunch that has been and fruits are very similar in form stripped of its fruits. aguaje to those of the nɨsikati ( ) iita apísikaka irreg.pl. of iita ápisi palm, but smaller, the fruits iitakajina rt. iitaka (loc.n.) human reaching only 5-7cm in length, with settlement with multiple houses, very small, fine scales; several from small settlements of only a trunks, reaching about 25cm in handful of houses to large cities. diameter, grow from a single root (adj.) cluster, and unlike aguaje trunks, iitakaasi homebody, the are covered in spines. Sci. characteristic of rarely leaving the Mauritiella armata. home; in traditional Iquito society this is a rather pejorative iísuuwa irreg.pl. of iísuuja characterization, as it indicates that iita irreg.poss. íita. (n.) 1. house or the person is lazy or shiftless, since hut; a long-term dwelling intended being a homebody entails that the to last for many years. Traditional person does not leave the house to Iquito houses consisted of solely a farm, hunt, fish, or engage in other roof, which came down from a very productive activities. Ex. Iina tall peak to meet the ground, with mɨɨsaji iitakaasi, kaa nu=jikátii openings at either end, which could jɨɨ́tikari nu=iíta=jina=ji. That be sealed relatively effectively as ‘stay-at-home’ woman, she never protection from mosquitoes, and leaves her house. Ex. Tii cooking fires on the ground, near k=iíta=jina, maasiáana tákusi which people hung their iitakaasi iíkii tii. There in my hammocks. In the early 20th house, lots of house spiders live there. century Iquitos began to build the iitaari irreg.pl. iitaariwa irreg.poss. kind of house that is now iítaari. (n.) crisneja, a panel of ubiquitous in Peruvian Amazonia, roof thatch made of the leaves of with a raised pona floor and walls. the ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm. The 2. above-ground nest of social leaves are woven onto a lath of tatɨɨ insect such as termites or wasps. (cashapona) wood about 1.5m long, iita ápisi irreg.pl. iita apísikaka lit. resulting in relatively stiff piece of house's empty fruit bunch (n.) thatch about 40cm in width, ready ishpanero, the lowest row of iitaari to be tied to a roof frame. From the (crisnejas) of thatch in a roof, from mid-20th century until the late which the rain drips; these are the 2000s, when ijáwɨɨmɨ plants near first to decay, due to their exposure the community were depleted, to the weather. ▶ Anth. The literal crisnejas were one of the major meaning of this compound is cash products produced in the explicable by virtue of the fact that Iquito community of San Antonio. the first row of thatch wears iiti (loc.dem) here; quickly, soon coming to have a speaker-proximal locative stringy appearance resembling a demonstrative. Ex. Nu=iikiaárikɨ

160 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iitimɨra iitiirakumaana

iiti, kaa nu=iikiaárikɨ tíira. She wishes to indicate, e.g., for the was here, she wasn’t there. length of an object; or by holding iitimɨra irreg.pl. of mɨɨsaji one palm parallel to the ground, to irreg.poss. iítimɨra. ▶ Gram. This indicate the height of an object. Ex. term cannot be used as the plural Iitiiná tɨɨ. It’s this size (with gesture). form of mɨɨsaji if that term refers Ex. Na=apárakuraana paápaaja either to a non-human female, or to titikáani=jina a non-adult human female. na=kánɨɨsi=jinakuma, juu, iitiina kánɨɨsi. They began to pile up iítiijiina (n.) person or thing that fish in their net bag, wow, a bag like pertains in some salient way to the this (indicating large size with deictic center (i.e., ‘here’); often gesture). Rel. iitiinuurika (dem.) used to refer to people from the like this (small). community in which the speaker is located, but also applicable to, e.g., iitíini dialect.var. of namíini a motor part that belongs to a iitíira (loc.dem) here, further away; location being indicated by the proximal locative demonstrative, speaker. Ex. Iina kaaya, iítiijiina where the location of tɨɨ. That person is from here. demonstrative reference is further iitiijiíraji (adv.) this side, the from the origo than would be region on the same side as the expected by virtue of some salient deictic center of a region divided overall spatial frame of reference. into two parts by broad intervening iitiírakuma (adv.) up to here; space, which can be traveled word accompanying gesture through or over with little indicating up to what point on difficulty, e.g., a river, a road, ora one’s body something reaches, garden; this term cannot be used if typically used to indicate up to the intervening entity either what point water reached when prevents movement by blocking the standing or floating in it, thus way, e.g., a house, or if it requires providing information about the significant climbing, e.g., a hill. height or depth of the water. (adv.) iitiina rt. iitii irreg.pl. iitiimi iitiírakuma here, along this (inanimate), iitiipɨ (animate) path; a speaker-distal spatial adverb (dem.) this size; this element that indicates a path along which indicates the size of a linear some activity, typically a motion, is dimension of some object, e.g., the realized. Ex. Iina pɨsɨkɨn length of a stick, the diameter of a nu=masikura iitiírakuma. The bowl, or the height of a person, tapir fled along here (indicating a accompanied by a gesture with path). one’s hands. The gesture typically iitiirakumaana rt. iitiirakumaa consists of holding both hands irreg.pl. iitiirakumaami (dem.) perpendicular to the ground, this circumference; this element is separated by the distance one accompanied by a gesture that

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 161 iitiíraata iíyajina

indicates the size of the iíwaaka (n.) athlete’s foot; circumference of the relevant extremely itchy fungus that appears entity, e.g., a bowl, a body, or a between the toes, especially in the tree trunk; the gesture typically wet season when people often walk consists of holding apart the hands barefoot through muddy and and curving the fingers and thumbs swampy areas. Iquitos traditionally of both hands, as if grasping the tended to attribute the appearance object or, in the case of a larger of this malady to the ‘bad blood’ of object like a tree trunk, holding those afflicted, or to the pernicious one’s arms apart and curving them effects of rainbows (see muúkwaayɨ) towards each other, as if embracing on the water in which people the entity. Ex. Uumáana samuu, stepped, and treated it with the iitiirakumaana náaji. A large froth derived from crushing and paiche, like this (indicating its rubbing the leaves of muúkwaayɨ circumference with a gesture). Rel. naamɨ between their hands. (dem.) iitiirakumaanuurika this iíwaasi 3.poss. nɨɨ́waasi (n.) flat circumference (for something animal tail, be it vertical or relatively small). horizonal in orientation, e.g., of a (adv.) fish, bird, dolphin, or a manatee. iitiíraata towards here; ▶ indicates a path of motion oriented Gram. Poss.pref. towards the deictic center. Ex. iíwɨɨti dialect.var. of iíwuuti Náaji kia=iíkumaa, kaa iíwuuti (n.) species of kia=iíkwakuma tiirɨɨ́raata, patiquina-type plant with broad naa=kaa=jaa iitiíraata. Thus you leaves that are mottled green and will walk; don’t walk towards there, white that grows creeping over nor towards here. clear areas. Traditionally, it was iitɨ́ɨni rt. iítɨɨ (i.v.) build or used to kill a species of small worm construct a house. that infested the skin of domestic animals, by grating the stalk of the (n.) sapana iitu irreg.poss. íitu. plant and placing the pulp on the mama , a species of large black affected part of the skin. dialect.var. worm that reaches some 30cm in iíwɨɨti. length and 1cm in diameter. It lives iíyajina rt. iíya (loc.n.) edge or in clayey soils (tipáaka) in relatively border of a region, schematized as a elevated areas far from rivers, and two-dimensional surface, e.g., the constructs a chimney-like structure edge of a chacra or a river, where above its burrow that reaches up to the edge is conceptualized as 25cm in height. Sci. Martiodrilus sp. including both the boundary at iíwana rt. iíwa (adj.) itchy. Ex. which the referent in question is Kiaá nuu ínaki tɨɨti taa iíwana located, and the region immediately kiaa=íira. You put it wherever is adjacent to it. ▶ Gram. This is the itchy. locative nominal counterpart of the

162 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary iíyaakɨya iíyuu

non-locative nominal form iyáaji trunk, covered in blunt thorns, ‘edge’; its default form is iíyajina. reaches some 10cm in diameter. It Poss.pref. Ex. Tíira grows long tubers reminiscent of nu=sikɨɨyaárɨɨkura kíija, aasamu very long manioc tubers, which are iiyakúura. There he left me, on the used to treat manioc stalk cuttings edge of the creek. Ex. Nu=íita iíkii to assure that the resulting manioc aasamu iíyaku. Her house is on the plants grow well. These tubers are edge of the creek (upriver). grated and the pulp mixed with cocona iíyaakɨya irreg.pl. of iyáaji ikaja ( ) and water; the resulting mixture is poured over the (interj.) iíyaasɨja “thank you!”, a tied bundles of manioc stalk conventional expression employed cuttings, prior to planting them. to thank someone. iíyɨɨkaka (n.) scum, dirtiness on iiyaasúuja the surface of something, e.g., on irreg.pl. iiyaasuújawaaka 3.poss. water, as when the level of a body (n.) niiyaasúuja referential term of water drops, or on the skin of an for grandfather; mother or father’s ▶ ▶ unwashed person. Gram. father, male or female ego. Gram. Poss.pref. Vocative counterpart: siisíija. Poss.pref. free.var. siisíija. iiyuwa irreg.pl. of iiyɨɨ irreg.poss. iíyuwa. íiyɨ irreg.pl. íiyɨwa, íiyɨka, íiyɨkɨya (adj.) 3.poss. nɨ́ɨyɨ (n.) 1. lip of human or iíyuu 1. be permeated, animal. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. the suffused, or impregnated with, e.g., one-dimensional edge of a space manioc meal flour that is conceived of as a two-dimensional permeated with water by virtue of extension, such as a garden or river; having been soaked in it, or meat or the thin edge of that is permeated with smoke by virtue of being smoked over a fire. three-dimensional object, e.g., the ▶ lip of a pot, or the lip of the side of Gram. This element forms a canoe. ▶ Gram. This sense adjectival compounds with nouns, contrasts with íyaaji ‘edge, border’ obligatorily appearing as the head in that the latter refers to an edge of the compound. The resulting as well as the two- or compounds can function both three-dimensional space adjacent to predicatively and attributively. 2. it. Poss.pref. be completely covered in something, e.g., a child who spends iiyɨɨ irreg.pl. iiyuwa irreg.poss. íiyɨɨ. all his time by a firepit and is (n.) 1. general term for lianas and completely covered with ashes can vines. 2. rope or cord of any type. be said to be pukiti iíyuu or iiyɨɨ náana irreg.pl. iiyɨɨ naánaka similarly, a person who is covered lit. rope tree (n.) species of small, with sarna can be said to be isíiku unidentified tree with small leaves iíyuu. 3. be curado with a medicinal that grows to some 3m in height; its plant; this typically refers to the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 163 iiyuuwaajina iiyuuwaajina

outcome of a process in which a person consumes a medicinal plant, typically for an extended period of time, and keeps a rigorous dietary regimen, which results in the conferral of some effectively magical power (e.g., the ability to fly) on the patient. This process can also be applied simultaneously to a physical object (e.g., manioc plants, fish hooks, or spears) to confer on the object a desirable quality (e.g., grow well, catch many fish, or knock aside thrown spears without fail, respectively). Rel. isíiku iíyuu (adj.) covered with sarna (skin malady). Rel. iisaja iíyuu (adj.) salted, e.g., soup, or preserved fish. Rel. anajaka iíyuu (adj.) smoked, smoky, e.g., a smoked fish, or a cloth that has spent much time near a cooking fire. iiyuuwaajina rt. iiyuuwaa (loc.n.) sogal or vine tangle, an area of the forest where lianas, typically of multiple species, grow in such profusion and so densely that it is impossible to pass through without using a machete. ▶ Gram. The default form of this locative noun is iiyuuwaajina.

164 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ɨɨ́jɨkɨya

ɨ́ɨ (interj.) interjection that indicates suffixes -ku and -ma, the root agreement with, affirmation of, or undergoes tone shift, surfacing as consent to an interlocutor’s ɨɨ́jaku and ɨɨ́jama, respectively. Ex. utterance. ▶ Socio. This interjection Iina jɨɨ́timijaarikɨɨká tɨɨ aákusana is not used by all speakers. nuu=jina, iina taana kaá tɨɨ aákusana, aájapaki tɨɨ nu=íniija ɨ́ɨja (n.) hard central part of a nu=ɨɨjakúura. Some are red; others cylindrical object, typically the are not red, and do not have seeds shungo or hard heartwood of a tree, inside them. Ex. Iina kaaya, but also said of other objects with kɨɨ́raka=aákuji, roughly similar geometries, such as nu=tikiaárɨɨkiaakɨ=na tíira, the hard wire inside a plastic-clad iimi=ɨɨjakúura electrical cable. Note that shungos sɨɨ́saramaajɨtáami náana. This are prized for use as house posts. man, from fear, entered there, inside ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. (i.e., among) the three trees. ɨɨ́jakɨya ELY pers.var. of ɨɨ́jɨkɨya ɨɨ́jaana rt. ɨɨ́jaa (adj.) 1. ɨɨ́jakúura 3.poss. nɨɨ́jakúura (n.) poorly-behaved, rude, or the solid or hollow interior part or disrespectful, said of individuals center of an object or being who regularly violate social norms conceived of as a three-dimensional by, e.g., starting fights, hassling ▶ entity. Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Kiaá members of the opposite sex, or iina iriki nɨ́niija n=ɨɨjakúura=ji. touching things that are not their You remove the seeds from the centers own. 2. daring or fearless, said of (of the fruits). animals that hunt or scavenge ɨɨjakúura rt. =ɨ́ɨja (loc.postp.) despite the presence of humans, inside, in the case that the figure is e.g., eagles that snatch chickens contiguous or almost so with the from human settlements, or matter that surrounds it, e.g., an domestic animals that grab food internal organ in the human body, from tables or serving dishes with or someone squeezed into the people present. cavity of a tree. ▶ Gram. The ɨɨ́jɨkɨya (n.) temporal midpoint; default form of this locative approximate midpoint of a time postposition is ɨɨjakúura With the period (e.g., a day) or temporal

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 165 ɨɨjɨɨ ɨɨmana

midpoint of an activity (e.g., others. ▶ Anth. When used to sleeping). ELY pers.var. ɨɨ́jakɨya. indicate the presence of an ɨɨjɨɨ (interj.) yes; interjection that individual living among a group of serves as an affirmative response to people resident in an area, the a question. Ex. “ɨɨjɨɨ,” iina mɨɨsaji requirement of a linear aátikiaakɨ́ nuu. “Yes,” the woman arrangement of the objects said to him. constituting the ground can be understood as being satisfied due to ɨɨjɨɨ́jina irreg.pl. ɨɨjɨɨ́jinakɨya (n.) the fact that Iquitos traditionally center or midpoint of a referent lived along rivers (a linear pattern), construed as a surface, e.g., the and even now, in a large center of a table top or garden. community like San Antonio de ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni iina Pintuyacu, houses are for the most ɨɨjɨɨ́jinakɨya irɨwɨ, suúkwaraki tɨɨ. part arranged linearly along the All the planks’ centers are dirty. river. ▶ Gram. The default form of =ɨɨjɨɨ́jina (postp.) in the ‘exact’ this locative postposition is middle or center of a ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma. Ex. Nu=ajiítii two-dimensional region or space, na=ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma. She is sitting between e.g., a table top or a garden, where them. Ex. Iina=na nakɨ, iina the region indicated is tightly máana iikiaárikɨ tii, waarata centered on the middle of the kaayaaka ɨɨjɨɨ́kujina, anuu region; this term contrasts with taárikɨ=na siimana. The father, =jíritijina in that the latter applies the elder who lived among his fellows, to a larger area in the middle of a he was a shaman. 2. in or at a group given region. Ex. Taana kaaya activity or event, e.g., a party or iikiaárikɨ nu=isákujiita, taana drinking session. Ex. iikiaárikɨ nu=isámajiita, taana Maayaasíini=ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma nu=iíkii. iikiaárikɨ na=ɨɨjɨɨ́jina. One person He is at the party. lived a bit upriver of another, another ɨɨjɨɨ́tina rt. ɨɨjɨɨ́ti pers.var.of anana lived a bit downriver of another, and ▶ another lived right between them. Ex. Socio. This variant is attributed Iina manɨti, nu=imátaa by JPI to his grandmother Piírnaja, irɨwɨ=ɨɨjɨɨ́jina. That clay bowl is and is generally perceived as resting right in the center of the archaic by current speakers. wooden table. ɨɨmana irreg.poss. ɨɨ́mana. (n.) ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma rt. =ɨɨjɨɨ́ku (loc.postp.) charapilla, tree species with slender 1. in the middle of, between, fruits 10cm in length that are edible among; to occupy a position when roasted or boiled. Growing between or among two or more primarily in areas with clayey soil, objects that constitute a ground its trunk can reach 1.5m in whose configuration is roughly diameter. Its white wood is used linear, e.g., a person or a house both for planks and for plantillas standing between two or more (bases of plank boats), while the

166 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ɨ́ɨni ɨɨyáana

wood from its small buttress roots ɨɨti irreg.poss. ɨ́ɨti. (n.) maquisapa or is used to make manioc mashers White-bellied Spider Monkey; (ajátaari). Sci. Dipteryx micrantha. covered in long black hair, it has a ɨ́ɨni rt. ɨɨ 1. (i.v.) fly, whether said of small head with red facial skin, its living creatures or mechanical torso reaching some 55cm in devices. 2. (i.v.) flow, said of air. length, with long, lanky limbs, and Rel. ɨ́ɨja (adj.) flown, said, among a long prehensile tail. It is prized as other things, of fledglings that have a game animal and was hunted out left the nest. of the territory around the community of San Antonio before ɨ́ɨni rt. ɨɨ 1. (d.v.) name, give a name the memories of even the oldest to something or someone. Ex. residents. Sci. Ateles belzebuth. Niwa=aákuji na=ɨɨkurá (n.) Nɨɨkamúumu nuu. For that reason ɨɨtíkana irreg.pl. ɨɨtíkiaakɨ maquisapa rumo they named it (the river) , a variety of ‘Nɨɨkamúumu’. 2. (a.v.) call, use a manioc with large and notably particular name or term in long, slender tubers that somewhat reference to someone or something. resemble the limbs of ɨɨti, or spider Ex. Nu=ɨɨ́yaaka, atií=yaa monkeys. The skin of the tuber is aákari=íira, na=ɨɨ́yaa iina white and the stalk of the plant nɨɨsina=na ‘maayitɨ́ɨsi’. Her name, turns silvery gray when older. to this day, they call that eagle ɨɨ́yaaka (n.) name, whether the ‘maayitɨ́ɨsi’. proper name of a person or place, ɨ́ɨri irreg.pl. ɨ́ɨriwa (n.) pupa of or the non-proper referential insects that have a chrysalis phase, designation for an entity in the world, e.g., for a tree species. such butterflies, moths, and beetles. ▶ ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Gram. Poss.pref. ɨɨ́tatáani rt. ɨɨ́tata (t.v.) remove or ɨɨyáana rt. ɨɨyáa irreg.pl. ɨɨyáapɨ (n.) paisano lower a cooking pot from a cooking 1. or fellow; person of fire. ▶ Gram. The first person the same salient group, e.g., the same ethnic group, residence group, subject proclitic conditions the root ▶ allomorph uútata-. or age grade. Gram. This word is never used alone, but forms part of ɨɨtáani rt. ɨɨ́ta 1. (t.v.) remove a construction with the postposition something from a container, e.g., a =árata, which obligatorily bears a basket or a bag, and place that person prefix as its complement, thing on a surface, typically the e.g., kw=árata ɨɨyáana ‘my fellow’, ground. ▶ Gram. The first person or p=árata ɨɨyáapɨ ‘our fellows’. 2. subject proclitic conditions the root person with same name. ▶ Gram. allomorph uúta. 2. (t.v.) serve a This sense has same constructional portion of food by removing it from restrictions as the first sense. a vessel. ▶ Gram. The first person subject proclitic conditions the root allomorph uúta.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 167 jaraaka

=ja (grammatical clitic) Clitic that vein of a nɨɨ́kamɨ (chambira) leaf or marks a phrase that is coreferntial the flexible part of the leaf, after with the following relative clause. the latter has been stripped away jákɨɨ irreg.pl. jákɨɨwa (n.) from the former, but it is also used mazamorra, a gruel or thick soup for other similar straggling fibers, made from grated plantain or such as those left around the trunk fariña by nɨsikati (aguaje) palm fronds as manioc, or , to which fish or ▶ meat is typically added. they grow. Gram. Poss.pref. jakɨ́ɨni rt. jákɨɨ (i.v.) make jákɨɨ japakɨ́ɨni socio.var. of ajapakɨ́ɨni (mazamorra) gruel. irreg.pl. japakɨ́ɨya jamɨ́kiji JPI pers.var. of jaámɨɨkiji japakɨ́ɨya irreg.pl. of japakɨ́ɨni ▶ janaka (n.) offshoot of a plant, járaki (n.) firewood. Gram. mass either of a plant which naturally noun. propagates by producing offshoots jarakíini rt. jarákii (i.v.) make from runners, such as wild cane firewood; cut or split larger pieces (miyajáana) and plantains of wood into pieces suitable for (samúkwaati); or an offshoot using in a cooking fire. resulting from the secondary (n.) garanadilla, or passion regrowth of a plant after it has had jaraaka fruit, vine with edible fruits. These its stalk or trunk cut down. ▶ Gram. vines used to be abundant along the Poss.pref. banks of the Chambira River, but (i.v.) janɨ́ɨni rt. janɨɨ become decades of over-harvesting of the moldy, said, e.g., of bread, manioc, fruit, which required pulling down or meat. the entire vine from the tree in janɨɨwɨ irreg.pl. janɨɨwɨya (n.) 1. which it grew, have made this plant down; small, soft feathers that rare now. The leaves of the plant grown near the skin of birds, under were used by Iquitos to treat their larger feathers. ▶ Gram. certain types of skin fungus which Poss.pref. 2. small fibers clinging to take the form of dark patches on the edge of something; the skin and are believed to result prototypically, this term refers to from ‘impure’ blood; the treatment the small fibers left on either the consists of boiling the leaves,

168 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary járaakatáani =jata

cooling the liquid, and then touched (one of his dead companions) drinking it. Sci. Passiflora sp. with the enchanted balsawood -- wow! járaakatáani rt. járaakata (i.v.) =jata (postp.) 1. with, in the cluck in the manner that chickens ▶ do when laying eggs. company of. Gram. In this sense, the postposition takes an NP (t.v.) jaráani rt. jaata drv.rt. jara complement which denotes or remove multiple seeds, kernels, indexes the entity that the subject grains, beans or small fruits from of the associated verb accompanies. the cob, bunch, pod or similar Ex. Kánɨɨka nakarɨɨ́yaa kií=jata entity to which they are attached, iwáani? Who wants to go with me? e.g., corn kernels from a cob, grains Ex. Átiiji=na, nu=iíkikiaakɨ=na of rice from a head, or ipɨɨti jɨɨ́timi amáriyaana iina=jata ungurahui pijuayo ( ) or amariyaaja ( ) mɨɨsaji. So then he lived some years racimo palm fruits from their áasi ( ). with that woman. 2. while, with; act./mid. jarɨ́ɨni (middle) used to indicate temporal overlap ▶ jaritáani rt. jarita (t.v.) choose, between eventualities. Gram. In select, or pick out individuals from this sense, the postposition takes an a group or pile, e.g., the particular NP complement that denotes an fish one wants to eat from a large eventuality which overlaps with the haul, spoiled corn kernels that one eventuality denoted by the main intends to discard, or a person one verb and its arguments, often wants for a soccer team. indicating the manner in which the latter eventuality is realized; this rt. jaatɨ impf.rt. jaati drv.rt. jarɨ́ɨni complement almost always includes járɨ (i.v.) detach, speaking of an event-nominalized verb. Ex. multiple small seeds, kernels, “Nu=aátiki kíija, “Kaa=na, grains, beans, or small fruits nɨtɨɨ́ni=jata=na detaching from the cob, bunch, pod k=iniyaárɨɨkiáana.” He said to me, or similar entity to which they are “No, I am going to cross running.” attached, e.g., corn kernels from a Ex. Iinawaja nuúkiika yaawɨ́ɨni, cob, grains of rice from a head, or kaa nu=pariiyaárikɨ kaa ipɨɨti (ungurahui) or amariyaaja asaáni=jata iwíini. Not even a (pijuayo) palm fruits from their áasi single day could he live without (racimo). act./mid. jaráani (active) eating. Ex. Náaji kia=kumɨki jɨɨ́ta =jata (postp.) with; indicates that kí=kumɨkiáakɨ, something serves as an instrument tarawaajuúni=jata. Thus you will or tool. Ex. Nu=kápuu imɨráani grow up, as I grew up, working. Ex. niíya=jata nuu, suwa kápuuja. Naa=na=tarawaájuuyaárikɨ kaa He filled it (the hole) up with soil kuwasiíni=jata. Similarly, they again, well filled up. Ex. worked without arguing. Ex. Nu=tipiaárikɨ=na iina=jata Naaraatá=yaa na=ɨɨ́ni=jata paatíina naaraájuuja, juu! He na=katarɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 169 jatɨníini jawɨ́ɨni

iina=iíkwaji amariyaaja, jawarákuuti (n.) general term for naawaaká=yaa the types of edible grubs found in sɨɨ́saramaajɨtáapɨ. And thus while dead trees and shelf fungus; flying by they harvested the pijuayos, typically white and 1-2cm long. those same three (brothers). jawáari (adv.) then, subsequently, afterwards; indicates that the jatɨníini rt. jatɨni (t.v.) ignore or eventuality denoted by the clause act insensitively, without regard to in which the adverb appears occurs another’s words or feelings, e.g., subsequent to the eventuality take food after being told that one denoted by the previous clause. cannot have any, chat up a second This adverb is often used when the woman after another woman has eventualities involved constitute already made her affections clear, step in a larger process, or when act in a friendly fashion to someone they are are seen as connected who has made their dislike plain, episodes or events that form part of continue to act in a certain manner a larger arc of events. Ex. after having been criticized for it or Iyaakarí=yaa counseled against it. ▶ Gram. The nu=kuúkirɨɨkuraaná pakana, object of the verb is the person náaji jɨɨ́ta arama púriija, whose words or feelings one jawáari=na nu=irikuraaná iina ignores. Ex. Iina mɨɨsaji, paatíina, iina kí=jatɨ́nii nuu, iyaamiaákuji nu=masɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná nu=mɨra. nu=sikɨɨkura kíija. That woman, I When the achiote had become thick, am ignoring her, because she dumped like hand-strained mud, then he took me. the balsa wood which he had asked is jawakɨ́ɨni rt. jawakɨɨ 1. (i.v.) dry sons for. up, speaking of a quantity of fluid o jawaárika JPI pers.var. of waárika liquid, e.g., a pot full of water, or a jáwɨɨna (n.) period of low water; puddle. 2. (i.v.) dry out, speaking of the period during which the water the throat, e.g., due to talking a in rivers and their tributaries is great deal or due to eating, near their lowest level, typically for especially dry foods such as fariña some two months during the height or ground corn. ▶ Gram. The dry season. During this time, work subject of the verb denotes or that requires relatively high levels indexes the throat that experiences of water, such as logging, is drying out. typically suspended in favor of jawana rt. jawa (adj.) dry, e.g., seasonal activities including fishing dry firewood, a washed shirt that and clearing new gardens. has dried, or the interior of a vessel jawɨ́ɨni rt. jaákɨ impf.rt. jaáki formerly filled with liquid that is drv.rt. jáwɨ (i.v.) drop, speaking of now dry due to the evaporation of the level of water in a vessel or in a its previous contents. body of water, such as a river or

170 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jaa jaámanana

lake. ▶ Gram. The subject of the jaakiwa irreg.pl. of jaakika verb denotes or indexes the body of jaakíini rt. jaákii (i.v.) grow in water whose water level drops. size, speaking of the buttocks. In ▶ jaa (adv.) already. Gram. In traditional Iquito society, large constructions with 1-state verbs, buttocks were considered attractive, i.e., activity verbs such as ajirɨ́ɨni ‘be and it is said that at least some sitting’, or takúuni ‘be standing’, women who were unsatisfied with this particle often produces a the size of their buttocks would, 2-state meaning, e.g., for the verbs when looking at the full moon, slap given here ‘sit down’ or ‘stand up’, their buttocks so that they would or accompanies activity verbs that grow in size in imitation of the have had a 2-state interpretation moon. ▶ Gram. The subject denotes induced by other means, such as or indexes the possessor of the the momentary perfective -rɨɨ; in buttocks in question. construction with 2-state verbs, this jaámanakɨ́ɨni rt. jaámanakɨɨ 1. particle often produces a (i.v.) choke on food that is stuck in perfect-like meaning; in negative one’s throat, either a soft food that polarity clauses, this particle yields cannot be swallowed due to in conjunction with the negative insufficient moisture, or something element a sense of ‘no longer’ or that blocks the throat entirely, and ‘not anymore’. Ex. Jaa cannot be swallowed, e.g., a fruit nu=pajátɨrɨɨ. It has gotten a hole. pit. ▶ Gram. An NP denoting or Ex. K=irikataájuukurá pɨyɨ́ɨni indexing the food causing the nuu jaa. I had arranged everything blockage can be introduced by an already. Ex. Kutatáani=aákuji oblique argument with the kíija, kaa makɨɨníita k=iíkii jaa. instumental postposition =jata. In the early morning (around 4am), I Ex. Iina maaya, nu=jaámanakɨ́ɨ am no longer sleepy (i.e., I have asúraaja=jata; iina taana maaya, become wakeful). nu=kɨ́ɨ paápaaja niíki=jata. That jaákaa irreg.pl. of jaakáana child choked on (too much) manioc; jaakáana irreg.pl. jaákaa, the other child choked on a fish bone. jaakaánaka (n.) mono blanco or 2. (i.v.) for a pipe, tube, or similar White-fronted Capuchin monkey; object to be blocked, typically by hunted for food, and considered by something soft, e.g., paper or cloth, Iquitos to be a somewhat humorous such that the flow of air or fluid is creature. Sci. Cebus albifrons. entirely blocked. ▶ Gram. The dialect.var. waasiaárika. Chambira substance causing the blockage can dialect.var. wásiamɨ. play.var. be introduced by an oblique kwaata kariyáana. argument with the instumental jaáki impf.rt. of jawɨ́ɨni postposition =jata. jaakika irreg.pl. jaakiwa (n.) jaámanana rt. jaámana (adj.) buttock. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. tight-fitting, said of something

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 171 jaámɨɨkiji jaari

inserted into an opening, e.g., a sense is typically employed when cork in a bottle, or a nail hammered the subsequent eventuality is in into a piece of wood. some respected motivated by, or jaámɨɨkiji (n.) 1. left arm and causally related to, the prior hand. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. left side. eventuality. Ex. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref.; in this sense, the Na=ɨɨyaárɨɨkiaákɨ=na; jaari possessor is typically the first na=aárɨɨrɨɨkiaákɨ=na. They took person plural inclusive. JPI pers.var. flight; and then they passed by. 3. jamɨ́kiji. completely; in clause-final position, this element indicates that the jaámɨɨna rt. jaámɨɨ (adj.) eventuality denoted by the left-handed, said of a person who predicate has already reached its prefers to use their left hand over final state or end point at the their right for most single-handed relevant point in time. With stative tasks. and two-state predicates, this sense (interrog.) jáana which; indicates that the state or result has interrogative used to question been reached by the relevant which of a set of entities is the affected entity; with activity relevant one; used with both predicates, it indicates that the inanimate and animate entities. Ex. activity has come to its termination, Jáana tɨɨ kia=itíniija, kw=árata resulting in a perfect-like ɨɨyáana? Which is your manioc beer, interpretation. Ex. my fellow? Ex. Jáana ariwáani Nu=saátarɨɨkuraaná kia=nakarɨɨ́yaa? Which song do nu=maánakaja, jɨɨ́tikari you want? Ex. Nu=nakusitɨɨkura nu=mɨjɨrɨɨkurá jaari. She poured kíija jáana taa nɨyaaka. She out her chopped manioc, once it was acquainted me with which (man) is well cooked. Ex. her husband. Nu=aatiaárikɨ=na iipɨ jaanɨ́ɨti free.var. of aanɨ́ɨti maniínikuuri raatiki jaari, “Kií jaari (adv.) 1. already; indicates kina átuu.” He said to the youths that the eventuality denoted by the who had drunk, “I will now counsel clause with which it appears began you.” prior to a relevant temporal reference point. Ex. Jaari=na jaari (interj.) “it’s done!”, “that’s pɨ́=raatikiaaná kia=itíniija. We it!”, or “that’s enough!”, have already drunk your manioc beer. interjection expressing an 2. so then; in clause-initial position, evaluation that some activity is this element indicates that the complete or that something is of eventuality denoted by the sufficient quantity; also used associated clause occurs subsequent interrogatively to inquire if some to the eventuality in the preceding activity is complete or if something clause. ▶ Sem. Unlike jawáari, is of sufficient quanity. Ex. which has a similar function, this Jaari=na, pɨyɨ́ɨni, pɨyɨ́ɨni

172 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jaátaaraa jiki

kana=miíyaa aaka. That’s it, and 3m in length, the most absolutely all of us have water. common coloration in the San jaátaaraa free.var. of jaátaaraata Antonio area is a tan-gray color with distinct oval patterning on the jaátaaraata JPI pers.var. of sides and back. Sci. Boa constrictor. jɨɨ́taaraata free.var. jaátaaraa. rt. jikata 1. (t.v.) remove jaátaaraata JPI pers.var. of jikatáani something or someone from a jɨɨ́taaraata place, e.g., an object from a bag, an jaátaaraatina rt. jaátaaraati JPI animal from an enclosure, or a pers.var. of jɨɨ́taaraatina person from a community. 2. (t.v.) irreg.pl. jaátaaraatimi remove or extract a substance from (inanimate), jaátaaraatipɨ something, e.g., by rendering fat (animate) from a piece of animal skin, or by jaati (n.) general term for bats; draining latex from latex-producing Iquitos traditionally believed that tree. 3. (t.v.) obtain something for all bats were omnivorous, and that one’s own use, e.g., a piece of land all fed on the blood of animals. or the rights to its use. ▶ Socio. This jaati impf.rt. of jarɨ́ɨni sense is calqued by JPI from sacar jaatika asaakúuna lit. bats' food Spanish which has this as one (n.) sacha parinari, species of tree of its senses, apart from its main that grows in inundating areas and ‘remove’ sense. free.var. jimatáani. produces small flat fruits, jikati impf.rt. of jikatɨ́ɨni reminiscent of ɨɨmana (charapilla) jikatɨ́ɨni rt. jikatɨ impf.rt. jikati 1. fruits, which measure about 5cm in (i.v.) leave or depart from a length; these edible sweet fruits location, be it briefly, e.g., leaving a turn yellowish-green when ripe, house to visit a neighbor, or on a and are eaten by bats when on the long-term or permanent basis, e.g., tree, from which derives the name leaving one community to live in of tree, or by fish, when they fall another. Ex. Iiti=ji, jɨɨ́ta into the waters of the tahuampas kí=jikátii iiti=ji=na, k=iíkwaa that surround them during the tíira kí=iyikíira. From here, when I fruiting season, from which derives leave from here, I go there to my their alternate name. Sci. home. 2. (i.v.) rise above the Schistostemon reticulatum. JPI horizon, said of celestial bodies pers.var. paápaka naasíina. especially the sun and moon. Ex. free.var. paápaka simɨráana. Na=ɨɨyaárɨɨkiaakɨ=ná, jaawuu irreg.pl. jaawuuwa • from na=nakusíini=íira tɨɨti=ji iina Sp. jabón. (n.) spao. jikátii nunamija. They (the jaayɨ (n.) mantona or boa de la shamans) flew off, to know from altura, species of boa found in where the sun rises. free.var. elevated regions away from rivers; jimatɨ́ɨni. reaching up to 15cm in diameter jiki impf.rt. of jikúuni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 173 jíkija jikúuni jíkija socio.var. of ijíkija jikutíini rt. jikútii 1. (i.v.) make a irreg.pl. jíkiwa forked or Y-shaped object, typically by cutting a suitably shaped jíkiwa irreg.pl. of jíkija segment of branch from a plant or (t.v.) jikuníini rt. jikúnii (d.v.) send tree. 2. place a forked or something to someone. ▶ Gram. Y-shaped support under something The non-subject arguments express to prevent it from leaning or falling (i.v.) the theme and recipient arguments over. 3. straddle an object, of the verb. standing over it, e.g., a fallen tree trunk. ▶ Gram. This sense requires jikuriáaka (n.) uchiyacu, a that the object bear a postposition. traditional spicy stew made from a If the associated motion suffix -rɨɨ is base of strongly fermented manioc added to this root, the resulting beer, in which was put considerable stem is construed as indicating that quantities of hot pepper, and a the subject stepped over the object. variety of types of fish and meat; it Ex. Nu=jikútiirɨɨ was common for single pot of náana=isákuma. He stepped over jikuriáaka to be kept going for the tree. weeks at a time, continually jikútiitáani rt. jikútiita (t.v.) be replenishing the pot with meat, Y-shaped or bifurcated in form, e.g., fish, and manioc beer. a branch that splits into two smaller jikutáani rt. jikúta (t.v.) break branches, a person who stands with apart, speaking of an object that is their legs splayed apart, or a person roughly Y-shaped, e.g., the fork of who walks with their legs bowed. branch, a partially split piece of jikuukúuni rt. jikuúkuu (t.v.) tell firewood, or the joint of an animal someone repeatedly to leave the at the point where it joints the house, usually said of someone who body. Rel. jikútatáani (rt. jikútata) repeatedly tells a person they live (t.v.) break apart a Y-shaped object with, especially a spouse, to leave with multiple parts, e.g., break permanently; note that it is not open the jaw of a game animal entailed by this verb that the (which is composed of the jaw plus person in fact leaves. teeth), or break off a tree branch (t.v.) that has fruit on it. jikúuni rt. jiku impf.rt. jiki send one or more people to some jíkuti (n.) fork, any Y-shaped location, often, but not necessarily, object, typically the natural fork of with the intention that they carry a tree, where two branches join; the out a task at the destination. same term applies to man-made ▶ Gram. The object indexes or forked objects of roughly similar denotes the individual(s) sent. Ex. shape, e.g., the end of a house post, Atii=ná=yaajaa, in which a notch has been cut to na=jikukiaakɨ=ná maasiáana rest a roof pole. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. kaaya tíira=ji Lima=jina=ji. At

174 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jimákaayɨ jimɨɨtɨ́ɨni

that point they sent many people from jimɨ́ɨni rt. jimɨɨ 1. (i.v.) enter or Lima. Ex. Kí=jikuki asúraaja penetrate, speaking of something síratáani=ánuura nuu. I sent her relatively sharp and slender that is to harvest manioc. snugly in contact with the jimákaayɨ (n.) zarza, species of surrounding material, e.g., a green creeper some 3-4cm in splinter that enters a finger or a diameter that spreads along the harpoon tip that enters a fish. 2. (i.v.) ground in open areas such as be inserted or be stuck in, chacras, purmas, and paths, and speaking of something sharp and climbs trees when it encounters slender that is inserted in such a them; notable for it curved, sharp way as to be snugly in contact with spines. the surrounding material, e.g., a machete that is slid between the rt. jimata free.var. of jimatáani slats of a wall for safe-keeping, or a jikatáani act./mid. jimatɨ́ɨni harpoon tip that is stuck in the flesh (middle) of a fish. Ex. Ijúuti jimɨɨ́yaa jimati impf.rt. of jimatɨ́ɨni kw=áwasi=jina. The thorn is jimatɨ́ɨni rt. jimatɨ impf.rt. jimati stuck in my toe (lit. digit). act./mid. free.var. of jikatɨ́ɨni act./mid. jimúuni (active) jimatáani (active) jimɨɨsi (n.) xipohid process, the jimaakija (interj.) “alright!”, cartilaginous tip of the human “OK!”, exclamation of the speakers sternum, or breastbone. intention to act. jimɨɨti (n.) type of callampa, a jimɨ́nati (n.) general term for species of soft brown shelf fungus tábanos or horseflies, blood sucking that reaches some 5-8cm in length flies that mainly feeds on forest and grows in clusters on fallen tree mammals, but can be a serious trunks. It was formerly prepared patarashca human pest in the dry season, and eaten as ijiika ( ), but delivering a painful bite. Sci. is now rarely consumed, due in part Tabanus spp. to its association with indigenous foodways. jimɨ́nati ánaaja lit. horsefly trunk callampa (n.) soga de tábano, species of jimɨɨti iriáaku lit. carrier (n.) liana whose fruits were species of small, pale squirrel; traditionally the reputed source of it name is inspired by the similarity jimɨ́nati or horseflies, these insects of its tail to the shelf fungus jimɨɨti callampa emerging from the fruits of the ( ). Sci. Sciurillus pusillus. plant. It appears that this belief jimɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. jimɨɨ́tɨɨ 1. (i.v.) springs from an unidentified and collide, e.g., a boat with a trunk. rarely-encountered species of liana ▶ Gram. With a plural subject a with soft yellow fruits, which when reciprocal interpretation is opened, often reveal a large yellow available; the object collided with fly similar to a jimɨ́nati. is otherwise added to the clause as

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 175 jimúkiaakɨ jimúuni

an oblique argument, typically with inserting a stopper into a bottle, or the locative postposition =jina. 2. inserting a manioc tuber into a (i.v.) alight or land, speaking of a basket that is already quite full. bird that lands to perch on ▶ Socio. The form ikáani is something, typically a branch. 3. characterized by some speakers as a (i.v.) land, speaking of a canoe or dialect variant of jimúuni, but in boat that runs up onto a river bank fact it only overlaps with this first or similar geographical feature. sense of jimúuni; therefore it seems jimúkiaakɨ irreg.pl. of jimúkwana more accurate to consider ikáani a form, with a restricted dialectal jimúkwana irreg.pl. jimúkiaakɨ distribution, that is not entirely (n.) replanted manioc stalk; stalk equivalent to jimúuni. Ex. from a harvested manioc plant that Ki=jímuu iijuútaaja is replanted in the soil at the time wuutíiya=jinakuma. I stuck the that the former is harvested. stopper in the bottle. Ex. jimuúkujina Nu=paajámani, (loc.n.) irreg.pl. jimuukuúkujina nu=jímuukuraaná nu=juwáana burial place, grave or cemetery. tii tasikɨ=jina, jimuukúuni rt. jimuúkuu (i.v.) nu=pajatáani=íira nuu. Her lament a recently deceased lover, he stuck his spear into the fish individual, cry repeatedly and trap, to make a hole in it. 2. (t.v.) prolongedly for a recently deceased put or place en entity such that it is person; in traditional Iquito society, surrounded by some substance, e.g., it was expected that family by immersing something in water, members would lament the burying it the ground, or placing it deceased, crying loudly and in a pile of ashes. Ex. Jaa repeatedly in the presence of the nu=muútaa iina nu=kuúriki body, between the person’s death iina nu=jímuukiaakɨ́ tii and their burial the next day; it was niíya=jina. He is digging up the also expected that friends and money that he buried there in the neighbors would join these ground. Ex. Kia=jímuuyaa naami lamentations, surrounding the aaka=jina iina sinaakɨ írɨwɨ. body, in order to ‘help’ the family You’ll put the piece of fabric down of the deceased lament. into the water. 3. (t.v.) bury a ▶ jimúuni rt. jímuu 1. (t.v.) insert, deceased person. Sem. Although stick in; insert an entity in a this sense might appear to be manner that results in direct simply a subsense of the previous contact between a significant more general sense, this more portion of the entity being inserted specific sense is in fact much more and the surrounding material, salient to speakers as a meaning typically requiring some pressure to associated with this root than the complete the action, e.g., driving a previous more general sense is. Ex. sharpened stick into the soil, Na=jímuukiaakɨ=ná tii

176 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jimuutáani jinakuma

iita=jinakuma nuu. They buried elements which condition the him there inside the house. act./mid. appearance of =jina. Ex. jimɨ́ɨni (middle) Kana=siwaánɨrɨɨkiaakɨ́ Sanantuúni=jina. We arrived in jimuutáani rt. jimuúta 1. (t.v.) San Antonio. Ex. Kí=saakɨɨ́niiyaa consume a liquid by dipping a kináaja jaátaaraata maakatúuwa relatively dry food such as cooked iikiaárikɨ=na iiti Anatimu=jina. manioc or bread into it, and then I will tell you how our ancestors lived eating the liquid-covered dry food. here on the Pintuyacu River. Ex. Eating this way is especially salient Sɨɨ́sanurika aaka kina=saatarɨɨ as the manner in which jikuriáaka, nami samaku=jina. Pour a little a tradional spicy stew with a base bit of water there inside, in the gourd. of manioc beer, was eaten with cooked manioc. ▶ Gram. The object =jinaji (postp.) than, in the sense ▶ of the verb denotes the liquid that of comparison. Gram. This is consumed. Ex. Tipanuútaki postposition attaches to the kiina pɨ́=jikuriáaka; nominal constituent denoting the kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa nu=jimuutáani. standard of comparison in the MISSING 2. (t.v.) insert something comparative construction. Ex. with multiple constituent parts into Júura uumáata nu=nakúsii something else, e.g., stick an pɨɨ́=jinaji. He knows much more umisha (celebratory palm hung than us. Ex. Ikíiku tɨɨ júura with presents) into the ground; or uumáana, kuuja=jinaji. Jaguars insert one thing into another thing are bigger than ocelots. that consists of multiple constituent jinakuku (n.) upward-oriented parts, e.g., slip a knife into a gap in body cavity, generally, the vagina the wall of a hut in order to keep it (saápara) or rectum (niriyáaku). safe, the multiple parts of the wall ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. being the vertical slats and the jinakuma rt. jinaku (loc.n.) horizontal cross-pieces that bind interior; the inside or interior space them together. ▶ Sem. This sense is of an entity, which can contain also used idiomatically to indicate another entity, e.g., the interior the construction of a house. spaces of cooking pots, canoes, =jina (postp.) at, on, in. ▶ Gram. houses, holes and cavities, or even This postposition has fairly minimal the bodies of animals and humans. spatial semantic content, denoting a ▶ Gram. The default form of this general proximal spatial locative noun is jinakuma; the relationship. It also is required in a non-default forms jinaku-ma and variety of grammatical contexts, jinaku-ku are construed as denoting such as event-nominalized the lower and upper parts, complements of aparáani ‘begin’; respectively, of an interior space, these requirements are described in e.g., the space near the floor and the entries pertaining to the near the roof, respectively, inside a

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 177 jinakuma jinítaasi

house. Poss.pref. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, aniíkiaaná=yaa iina mɨtiija apárakuraana aasamu=jinakuma=ji. Then the riníkiinɨ́ɨni=jina, jɨɨ́tikari demonic stingrays were coming from iípanaka pariirɨɨkurá the downriver part of the creek. nuu=jinakuma jaari. Then the jinakuna (n.) chontaquiro, tree turtle began to struggle, when the heat species mainly found in inundating penetrated its interior. areas and purmas), reaching 1m in jinakuma rt. jinaku (n.) term used diameter; the heartwood of this tree rather indistinctly to refer to a is very hard and dark red in color, range of internal organs, such as and is used for house posts. Sci. the stomach, bladder, and heart. Diplotropis sp. free.var. pɨyarúuna. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. jinítaaku Chambira dialect.var. of jinakuma rt. =jinaku (loc.postp.) jinítaasi 1. inside, in the interior space of an jinitáani rt. jiníta 1. (t.v.) grate, object with a cavity, e.g., a house or typically said of foodstuffs such as ▶ a cooking pot. Gram. The default manioc, plantains, and sweet form of this locative postposition is potatoes. 2. (t.v.) rub something in =jinakuma; the choice of a locative a scraping or abrading manner, suffix is determined by the e.g., when sharpening a machete. 3. orientation of the cavity with (t.v.) strike two flint stones, respect to the opening of the cavity. jinítaasi, against each other with Ex. Nu=kásiitaki nu=mɨra, glancing blows in order to produce nu=ajirɨtɨ́ɨ iímina=jinakuma sparks. 4. (t.v.) light a match. naa. She took hold of her children irreg.pl. jinítaariwa, and had them sit in the canoe. Ex. jinítaari jinítaarika (n.) grater; Jaari nu=iíkwakiaakɨ tíira traditionally, the spiny aerial root naki=jinakuma. Then he went into of the tatɨɨ (pona) palm was used to the forest. 2. in a section of a river grate foodstuffs such as manioc, or a similar body of water, or in a plantains, and sweet potato. In the river basin, relative to the deictic early 20th century, the technique of center. ▶ Gram. The choice of making graters from metal cans locative suffix is determined by the punctured by nails was introduced, position of the figure relative to the and these eventually replaced tatɨɨ deictic center, i.e., =jinakuma for a roots, remaining the principal type figure downriver of the deictic of grater to the present. center, and =jinakuku for a figure upriver of the deictic center. Ex. jinítaasi (n.) 1. flint stones, stones Nu=iriaárikɨ kanáaja that give off sparks when struck kaamiíraata Anatimu=jinakuku. against each other; these were used They took us upriver, to the upper by Iquitos as a way to start fires Pintuyacu River. Ex. Jawáari=na until the introduction of matches in náaji iina tipanɨɨri the early 20th century. 2. match.

178 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jíniija jírisi

Nanay dialect.var. ituwanajáati. line towards the complement of the Chambira dialect.var. jinítaaku. postposition, with no entailment jíniija (n.) fish bait made from that the complement is reached. kneaded manioc, or less frequently, Ex. Juu, tii nu=nikikiaakɨ=ná amariyaaja (pijuayo) fruit; the nu=jinɨ́ɨra aniáana iina mɨɨsaji kneading renders the bait elastic nu=akuumiaárikɨ. Ah, there he and resistant to dissolving; this kind saw coming towards him the woman of bait is mostly used to capture he had married. nujija (mojarra), a class of small jipáani (n.) breast bone; fishes that typically serve as bait for traditionally the breastbones of larger carnivorous fish. certain animals, such as tapirs, jiniijúuni rt. jiniíjuu (t.v.) roll deer, and pacas, were considered a doughy substance into long, slender delicacy, and were smoked and set segments, typically as part of the aside, and since they tended to last traditional practice of ceramics, longer that the other parts of the which employed the coil method, animal, eaten after the rest of the ▶ by which a vessel was formed by flesh had been consumed. Gram. coiling long slender clay segments Poss.pref. of this type to build up the sides of jipaanɨ́ɨni rt. jipaánɨɨ (t.v.) the vessel. remove breastbone or sternum, jiníini rt. jiíni drv.rt. jíni 1. (t.v.) typically as part of butchering an knead, said, e.g., of kneading a animal. piece of cooked manioc into a jipɨkɨ́ɨni rt. jipɨkɨɨ (i.v.) wrinkle doughy consistency to use as due to contraction, resulting in a fishing bait, or in traditional relatively taut wrinkled surface, pottery manufacture, of kneading e.g., the skin around a healing kusáaka (apacharama) together wound, a sheet of plastic exposed to with clay, or more recently, of flame, or a hide that is inadequately kneading bread dough. 2. (t.v.) rub stretched as it dries. Rel. jipɨ́kɨtina a substance or object across or onto (adj.) wrinkled. the surface of an object with one’s jírisi • from Sp. flecha (see Note). hand, as when polishing a cooking (n.) flecha or small fishing spear, pot with ashes or sand, when one is whose shaft is made from rubbing a table with a cloth to miyajáana(isana) and typically clean it, when one is rubbing soap bears a barbed tip of one, two, or onto a piece of clothing in order to three points made from wash it, or when one is applying a cold-hammered nails; despite its cream to one’s skin. name in local Spanish (‘arrow’), it jinɨ́ɨka free.var. of sakatiika is neither fletched nor fired from a =jinɨ́ɨra (postp.) towards; bow. ▶ Socio. This form is likely indicates that a path of motion is from the Spanish term flecha, but directed in a more or less straight its atypical loanword phonology

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 179 jirisíini jitíini

(i.e., the expected form would be small area in the ‘exact’ center of a jiríisi), suggests that the borrowing surface. ▶ Gram. The default form may have been mediated by of this locative postposition is another indigenous language. jíritijina. Ex. Na=aamɨ́yaakitaa jirisíini rt. jirísii (i.v.) make a jírisi iita=jíritiku, na=kutɨ́tɨɨni=íira (flecha), a type of small fishing áriwáani. They walked back and spear. forth in the middle of the house, in order to meet the dawn singing. jirítijina irreg.pl. jirítikajina fst.spch. jírtijina (loc.n.) chest; this jirítikajina irreg.pl. of jirítijina term both serves as a general term jiritikúura (n.) interior of the for this body part and one that chest; the locus of thought and specifically denotes the surface of emotions according to Iquito the chest, contrasting with tradition. Ex. jirítikúura which specifically Nu=saminiíjuuyaárikɨ denotes the interior of the chest. nu=jíritikúura taamaárika nuu. ▶ Gram. This form is clearly He thought it to himself (lit. inside his historically a locative noun, chest alone). exhibiting both now non-productive locative suffix alternations (i.e., jirítiikɨ irreg.pl. jirítiikɨya (n.) jíritikúura ‘interior of chest’) and a abdominal wall; the section of locative suffix plural form; muscle and skin between the ribs synchronically, however, it no and pelvis, generally used with longer bears the full range of respect to game animals; this body locative suffixes, suggesting that it part was traditionally prized for has undergone a process of consumption after it was ▶ lexicalization. Socio. Some well-smoked. speakers, especially ELY, gloss this term as meaning ‘chest’, but also jíritiíkuku rt. =jíritiíku (loc.postp.) use it to refer to the location of along the middle; internal organs in general, e.g., the indicates that the figure either stomach. Ex. Nu=namáti=iíkuku moves along or is located nu=jiínitaki, naajaá lengthwise along the central line of nu=jirítijina. He rubbed it on his an extended object, where the arms, and also his chest. central line is parallel to the longest dimension of the ground, (loc.postp.) jíritijina rt. =jíriti in lengthwise along the middle of a the middle or center part or region river. ▶ Gram. The default form of of a space conceived of as a this locative postposition is two-dimensional surface, e.g., the =jíritiíkuku. surface of a table, garden plot, or river; the region indicated by this jitíini rt. jiti (i.v.) warm oneself by term is relatively broad, in contrast sitting next to a fire or by sitting in with ɨɨjɨɨ́jina which indicates a quite the sun.

180 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jitiitáani jiinakaníini jitiitáani rt. jitiíta Inkawɨɨ́raana =jina, while if they are both in dialect.var. of kapíini motion, the object takes =jata. jitúuna (n.) 1. sacha caimitillo, tree jiímana rt. jiíma dialect.var. of species with small fruits some 10cm iíruwana in diameter that closely resemble in jiimaaki irreg.pl. jiimaakiwa (n.) color and form those of saati corpse or cadaver; the body of a (caimito). Mostly growing in dead person; this term is generally low-lying inundating areas, the used with respect to the body that is trunk reaches some 1m in diameter. being watched over during a wake 2. balatillo, tree species that grows and that is buried the next day. in elevated areas far from rivers or creeks, with a general form and jiimaaki nɨɨ́jina fruits similar to sacha camitillo (see irreg.pl. jiimaakiwa nɨɨ́jina lit. (n.) above), but with somewhat smaller upper surface of corpse grave, fruits that reach 7-8cm in diameter. referring specifically to the surface of the grave where, for example, jitúuni (n.) species of edible brown family members come to visit their grub (suri), about 10cm in length, deceased family members on that lives in standing trunks of dead holidays such as Todos Santos. ungurahui palms; it is gathered when encountered but is not avidly jíina (n.) 1. full grown penis of an ▶ sought like the other types of suri. adult human or animal. Gram. ▶ Socio. Consultants believe the Poss.pref. 2. protruding entryway of local Spanish term for this species certain bees’ and wasps’ nests of suri, i.e., jetón, is based on the whose form roughly resembles that ▶ Iquito term. of a penis. Gram. Poss.pref. dialect.var. siwísiaaja. jiwíriku (n.) Short-Crested and/or Dusky-Capped Flycatcher, bird jiinaka irreg.pl. of jiinakaníini reaching some 20cm in length, wtih jiinakaníini irreg.pl. jiinaka (n.) brown head, back, and wings, gray general term for edible caterpillars throat, and dirty yellow chest and of a number of species, each of belly. Sci. Myiarchus sp. (M. ferox or which is associated with a M. tuberculifer). particular species of tree on which jíwɨɨtáani rt. jíwɨɨta 1. (t.v.) meet it is normally found, including or encounter, e.g., person on a path sisiwɨ́ɨti (chingonga), tipakɨɨti and an animal in the forest. 2. (t.v.) (caucho masha), puujáana find an object that has been lost. 3. (cafesillo), tipájaana (achiotillo), (t.v.) collide or crash, e.g., two and awáaja (machimango del canoes in the river, or a canoe altura). These caterpillar species against a submerged tree. ▶ Gram. generally appear for a few weeks If the object with which the subject in August, when the taniwni of the verb collides is stationary, it cicada is singing ▶ Anth. According takes the locative postposition to one Iquito oral tradition, these

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 181 jiinakaari jɨyúuni

species of edible caterpillars turn jiitáani rt. jiita Nanay dialect.var. of not into moths or butterflies, but ikwaanɨ́ɨni shirui rather into the suukwariija ( ) jiitáani rt. jiita (i.v.) draw last fish that is sometimes found in deep breath and die. puddles in the forest, relatively far jiiti (n.) callana avispa, species of from any other body of water; large yellowish-cream-colored wasp other, inedible species of that reaches 4-5cm in length; its caterpillars were considered to be distinctive nest is umbrella-shaped the source of moths and butterflies.. and can reach up to 30cm in jiinakaari irreg.pl. jiinakaariwa diameter, with each cell having its (n.) ‘caterpillars’ style of weaving own opening on the underside. iitaari, crisneja thatch, in which the rt. jɨyɨɨ (t.v.) enjoy ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm frond stems jɨyɨ́ɨni consuming something or engaging that wrap around the palm wood in some activity, e.g., smoking, to a lath are tied so that bunches of great degree. ▶ Gram. This verb some five stems at a time are tied may take either an NP or an irrealis slanting in different directions non-finite clause complement. Ex. (mirror reflections of each other), Nu=jɨyɨɨ́yaa junɨ́ɨni. He greatly yielding a repeating W-pattern over enjoys smoking. Ex. Nu=jɨyɨɨ́yaa the lath; the name of this style is itíniija. He really likes manioc beer. said to derive from the fact that this W-pattern resembles the pattern of jɨyɨɨsíini rt. jɨyɨɨ́si (t.v.) enjoy caterpillars clustered on tree trunks. excessively, consume excessively, be obsessed with, engage in an jíini rt. jii (t.v.) suck in order to activity to an excessive degree, e.g., extract liquid, whether from hard eating, smoking or sex, due to material, e.g., sugarcane, or from enjoying or craving it beyond soft material, e.g., the flesh of normal bounds. ▶ Gram. This verb sawiti,(uvilla) fruits. may take either an NP object or an (i.v.) jiinɨ́ɨni rt. jiinɨɨ get an irrealis non-finite clause erection. complement. Ex. Iina jiipúuni rt. jiípuu (t.v.) insist that kw=átuuyaa kiaája=raa, someone eat or drink a great deal, niaatíija, nu=jɨyɨɨ́sii=na nikíini repeatedly forcing servings of food nu=tasikɨ. Like I told you, mother, or drink on them, especially manioc he likes visiting his fishtrap too much. beer. jɨyúuni irreg.pl. jɨyúuniwa (n.) jiipuutáani rt. jiipuúta (d.v.) give species of cunchi-type fish that someone a disproportionately large reaches about 25cm in length; portion or share of something, brown in color, except for its pale especially food. Ex. Nu=niaatíija belly, and a single dark transverse jiipuútaki asasana iina maaya stripe on each side; noted for iwɨɨriáana. His mother gave extra having long feelers, spurs that can food to her sick child. inflict painful wounds, and an

182 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jɨɨ jɨɨ́ta

especially hard head; found mostly frequently and repeatedly jerks up in lakes, and generally only the line to attract the attention of captured with the use of fish, or repeatedly tugging ona nuúruu(barbasco). person incapacitated by drink to get (t.v.) jɨɨ (interj.) “wow!”, exclamation them to follow a path. 2. expressing wonderment, often, but draw multiple things behind one, not necessarily, colored by a said of hens who have multiple measure of dismay. chicks following them. jɨ́ɨka (n.) sandy soil; almost all soil jɨɨ́ta (comp.) that; complementizer in the Pintuyacu River basin is of for finite complement clauses of this type, in which platains and nakarɨ́ɨni ‘want’ whose subjects are sugarcane do not grow well. non-coreferential with those of the matrix clause. ▶ Gram. See jɨɨka yúumu lit. sandy soil creek previous entry regarding tonal (n.) creek or river draining an area melody. Ex. Aniwa=aákuji with sandy soil, and typically kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa jɨɨ́ta kiaá sandy-bottomed, with clear or black kw=ampiísii naajáaja. That is water; such bodies of water tend to why I want that you cure me too. have large beaches along their banks during the dry season, when jɨɨ́ta (conj.) 1. since; expresses a the water level drops significantly. causal relationship between two jɨ́ɨni rt. jɨɨ (t.v.) pull, drag or haul, propositions, where the cause is presupposed by the interlocutors. move something by exerting a force ▶ in the direction of its motion, from Gram. This form has an aberrant a point along the intended path, tonal melody in that it exhibits a e.g., pull out a tooth, pull down final HL melody, rather than either vines, or a drag boat. having the expected HLL melody, i.e., jɨ́ɨta, or being entirely toneless. (loc.n.) jɨɨ́nijina irreg.pl. jɨɨ́nikajina The melody it exhibits is what one varadero or portage, a crossing would expect of the form jɨ́ɨta in a point between two bodies of water, position where it is subject to or different stretches of the same subordinate clause-final or body of water, as in the case of a topic-final intonation, which sharply curving river, along which induces a melody shift to the right. water craft, typically dugout However, even in isolation (e.g., in canoes, are dragged. elicitation), the form exhibits the jɨɨniwiitáani rt. jɨɨniwiíta 1. (t.v.) ‘shifted’ melody. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta=na pull or haul repeatedly in a nu=káriikiaakɨ́ confined area; prototypically said of nu=namásikaraata, atii=na pulling up grass or weeds in a nu=iyuújukiaakɨ=ná. Since she garden, but also applicable to other looked behind her, there she stayed. similar activities, such forms of Ex. Jɨɨ́ta kia=saakɨkurá hook-and-line fishing, in which one niwa=na, kaa kia=paájii

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 183 jɨɨ́tatáani jɨɨ́taaraata

iwaárika kí=nikíini. Since you tikiki=wajá kia=iyikíira? Well, talked about it, you won’t be able to how am I going to enter there into see me ever again. 2. like, similar to, your house? free.var. jɨɨ́taaraa. JPI in the manner of. ▶ Gram. This pers.var. jaátaaraata. sense frequently co-occurs with náaji ‘thus, in this manner’ jɨɨ́taaraata (conj.) since; immediately preceding it. Ex. clause-initial clause-linking element Atii=na=jaa, which introduces a clause that na=apárakiaakɨ=ná iina provides a reason for the natáani=jina amariyaaja, eventuality denoted by an adjacent naaraatá=yaa jɨɨ́ta nu=iíkii clause. ▶ Gram. Unlike aákari. So then, they began to plant iyaamiaákuji, the reason denoted by pijuayo, just as there are (pijuayos) a clause introduced with this up to this day. Ex. Íyaa element is presupposed, either kaájapaa=ná=yaa jaari previously introduced in the nu=takuúrɨɨ, náaji jɨɨ́ta discourse or otherwise present in kí=takuúyaa. Truly, he had stood the common ground. Ex. up, just like I am standing. Aákɨsikapɨ kaayaaka, jɨɨ́taaraata jɨɨ́tatáani rt. jɨɨ́tata (t.v.) pull, taá ipana iina itíniija. The people haul, or drag a vessel, e.g., a canoe were inebriated, since the manioc beer or pot, or an object consisting of was strong. Ex. Jɨɨ́taaraata multiple parts, e.g., a generator. nu=paasiíjuuyaaraaja pɨ́ɨja iiti nu=ímɨɨjɨɨ́jina, atii=na jɨɨ́tatáani rt. jɨɨ́tata (t.v.) pull out; ki=maákata káriiyaákiaana remove something from something nu=naamiya. Since jaguars else relatively solid by pulling it, hypnotize us here in their foreheads, e.g., harvest manioc tubers by (it happened) then (when) my late pulling the root stock out of the father looked in his face. JPI pers.var. ground, or pull a fishing spear out jaátaaraata. of a fish. jɨɨ́taaraa free.var. of jɨɨ́taaraata jɨɨ́taaraata (conj.) like, as, in the jɨɨ́taaraata (interrog.) how; way of. ▶ Gram. This conjunction interrogative word that questions introduces a finite dependent clause the manner in which an eventuality that indicates the manner in which is realized. Ex. the eventuality denoted by matrix Kí=kuwasiitaakurá nuu, clause is realized; note that it is “Jɨɨ́taaraata kia=kuúkikura much more common to use jɨɨ́ta to uumáana kiáaja?” I talked with express this meaning. Ex. her, “How did you get so big?” Ex. Nu=áriikwakiaana jaátaaraata Kí=saakɨɨ́niiyaa kiáaja nu=áriikwakiaaná jɨɨ́taaraata kana=tánii inɨ́ɨsi. I nu=ákɨsisaákari. He sang how they will tell you how we weave a sang when they were intoxicated (with hammock. Ex. Jaátaaraata kií tíira ayahuasca).

184 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jɨɨ́taaraata jɨɨ́tikariina jɨɨ́taaraata (interj.) “how”, period’, conveying the sense of ‘a interjection that expresses surprise, long time’; when this element wonderment, or admiration about appears with a negative polarity some eventuality. ▶ Gram. This element such as kaa, aájapaki, or interjection appears in iinawaja, the combination conveys utterance-initial position, preceding the sense of ‘never’. Ex. Kíija a well-formed independent kuúkii kia=kujímani jɨɨ́tikari sentence. Ex. Iitimɨra -- jɨɨ́taaraata yaawɨ́ɨni. I will be your companion na=maayaásiaakuráaja! The for endless days. Ex. Kiáaja, kaa women -- how they joked! kana=tuújiiyaárikɨ jɨɨ́tikari jɨɨ́taaraatina rt. jɨɨ́taaraati (adj.) kia=ariwáani. You, we have never any kind, whatever kind. Ex. heard your song. Niwa=aákuji kaaya iikiíkiaana jɨɨ́tikari (interrog.) when. Ex. nuukwáana, aámuuyáana, Jɨɨ́tikari kia=mɨyɨ́kɨkwaa=wája? pɨyɨ́ɨni jɨɨ́taaraatina kaaya And when are you going to return? pɨ́=nikii. That’s why there are jɨɨ́tikari (conj.) when. ▶ Gram. thieves and murderers, all types of This conjunction introduces a finite people we see (in this world). dependent clause that indicates jɨɨ́taaraatina rt. jɨɨ́taaraati temporal overlap with the events of (interrog.) what type or quality; the matrix clause. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari=na interrogative that questions either a iina pɨɨ́kɨkiaakɨ=na itɨ́ɨni quality associated with a referent, niíya=na, na=mɨyɨ́kɨkiaakɨ=ná e.g., whether it is red, heavy, short, imɨráani. When the earth finished etc.; or its type within a burning, they came back again. superordinate category, e.g., as jɨɨ́tikariina rt. jɨɨ́tikarii (adj.) used to inquire what species of earlier, older; the first of a pair of snake has been killed, after being things which have undergone the informed that a snake has been same change of state, e.g., being killed. Ex. ... kaaya -- cooked, in the case of manioc, or jɨɨ́taaraatina kuuta? -- being killed, in the case of game nu=nikiaárikɨ uumáata siwaaraa meat. Note that this term expresses naki jinaana. ... (he was) a person sequentiality without denoting a -- of what sort anyway? -- (who) saw greater temporal duration per se, lots of demons of the forest. JPI and is not employed to quantify the pers.var. jaátaaraatina. free.vars. age of things or people as such. Ex. jɨɨ́tina, jɨɨ́tirina. P=ásaa iina asúraaja jɨɨ́tikariina. jɨɨ́tikari (adv.) however long, for We will eat this older manioc. an indefinite, and generally jɨɨ́tikariina rt. jɨɨ́tikarii (interrog.) significant temporal duration. of what time, since what time; ▶ Gram. In positive polarity interrogative that questions how clauses, this adverb often appears much time has elapsed since some with the noun yaawɨ́ɨni ‘day, time relevant refererence time, with

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 185 jɨɨ́timi jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni

roughly the sense ‘how old’; for (animate) (interrog.) what size. example, this word could be ▶ Gram. This interrogative appears employed to ask how old some as the subject of a copular smoked meat is, i.e., how much construction in which the object is time has elapsed since it was either the entity whose size is being smoked, or how old an infant is, questioned; or a noun denoting the i.e., how much time has elapsed relevant dimension or part of the since their birth. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikariiná entity that is being questioned. Ex. tɨɨ kiáaja? How old are you? (lit. of Jɨɨ́tinuuriká tɨɨ kia=íita? What what time are you?) size is your house? Ex. Jɨɨ́tinuuriká jɨɨ́timi (adj.) some, an indefinite tɨɨ nu=parina? How wide is it (lit. but plural number of inanimate What size is its width)? entities; intonation and discourse jɨɨ́tipɨ (adj.) some, an indefinite but context often yield produce plural number of animate entities; inference that the number is large. intonation and discourse context jɨɨ́timi (interrog.) how many, often yield an inference that the speaking of inanimate entities; number is large. interrogative used to inquire about jɨɨ́tipɨ (interrog.) how many, the number of inanimate countable speaking of animate entities; referents. free.var. jɨɨ́tirimi. interrogative word used to inquire jɨɨ́timijaarika irreg.pl. of about the number of inanimate jɨɨ́tinuurika countable referents. free.var. jɨɨ́tiripɨ. (adj.) jɨɨ́timijaarika a few; a small (adj.) but indefinite number of inanimate jɨɨ́tipɨjaarika a few; a small referents. but indefinite number of animate referents. jɨɨ́tina free.var. of jɨɨ́taaraatina jɨɨ́tipɨjaarika irreg.pl. of jɨɨtinákwaa irreg.pl. jɨɨtinákuka jɨɨ́tinuurika (n.) marimari, tree species with a jɨɨ́tirimi free.var. of jɨɨ́timi straight trunk that grows to some 1.75m in diameter but has few jɨɨ́tirina rt. jɨɨ́tiri free.var. of branches; found in areas of greater jɨɨ́taaraatina elevation, away from rivers, it has jɨɨ́tiripɨ free.var. of jɨɨ́tipɨ hard yellow wood that sinks in jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni rt. jɨɨtɨ́tɨɨ (i.v.) get free water, and is harvested and sold from a sharp implement that is commercially in Iquitos; the wood piercing the referent; of slender trees is sometimes used prototypically, a fish getting free plantillas to make the , or bases, of from a fishing spear, but equally plank boats, although the heavy applicable to an animal getting free nature of the wood is a drawback. from a spear or a person getting jɨɨ́tinuurika irreg.pl. jɨɨ́timijaarika free from a knife that has been (inanimate), jɨɨ́tipɨjaarika driven into them.

186 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni justaá jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni rt. jɨɨtɨ́tɨɨ (i.v.) move in a junɨɨnɨɨkɨɨtáani rt. junɨɨnɨɨkɨɨta group, e.g., a group of chicks (i.v.) blow gently, speaking of a following their mother. breeze. juntaasíini rt. juntaásii • from Sp. júnɨɨna (n.) 1. breath. ▶ Gram. juntar. (t.v.) gather together in a Poss.pref. Ex. Atii iinawaja=na pile, e.g., fallen nɨsikati (aguaje) nu=iritɨ́ɨni nu=júnɨɨna nuu. fruits, harvested manioc tubers, or Then she didn’t even let her breathe garbage. (lit. take her breath). 2. smell or odor. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta juríini (n.) a demonic kia=nakarɨɨ́sana=na, aákari manifestation in the form of an kiaá nu=júnɨɨna mɨɨ́rataki. As (he animal; these manifestations either is) your beloved, now you have to take the form of animal sounds, tolerate his smell. including vocalizations and sounds of their passage; or glimpses of the júnɨɨna iríini rt. júnɨɨna íri lit. animal, which when investigated, take breath (i.v.) breathe. ▶ Gram. reveal no trace of the animal in The verb in this construction question. Experiencers of these inflects with person and TAM manifestations may become morphology as is typical of finite seriously ill due to the harm verbs and júnɨɨna bears the wrought by the demons during appropriate possessor proclitic. Ex. these encounters. ▶ Gram. This Kaa nu=paajiaakurá nu=júnɨɨna form appears with either a iríini suwaata. She couldn’t breathe possessive prefix or a referential NP well. Ex. Nu=írii nu=júnɨɨna. He that denotes the type of animal that is breathing. the demonic being manifests. Poss.pref. Ex. Atii=ná=yaa junɨ́ɨni rt. juúnɨ impf.rt. juúni ajapaka juríini=árata nikisáana drv.rt. júnɨ 1. (a.v.) smoke, e.g., a nu=imaárɨɨkiaakɨ=ná iipɨ pipe or cigarette. ▶ Gram. The kaayaaka. Right then the wasp-like (optional) object of the verb demons overwhelmed the people. denotes or indexes the thing being juríini irreg.pl. juriíniwaaka (n.) smoked. 2. (a.v.) blow tobacco resident of a given area or region. smoke on someone or something, as ▶ Gram. This noun is obligatorily part of a shamanic rite, typically preceded by another noun denoting performed to cure someone of an the region of area of which the illness, but also done to confer person is a resident, e.g., magical powers on physical object. Takarnáaku juríini ‘resident of the Ex. Nu=juúnɨkiaakɨ=ná Nanay River area’. iina=iíkuku paatíina, suwaata naaraajúuja=na. He blew tobacco justaá • from Sp. fustán. (n.) smoke on the surface of the fustán a type of underskirt or slip balsawood (shafts), well magicked. formerly worn by women under

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 187 juwáana juuma iwíini

their dress, which ceased being to ones where they are dismayed by used in approximately the 1940s. some state of affairs. juwáana irreg.pl. juwaa, juu (interj.) “hello!”, “hey!”, juwáanaka (n.) spear; interjection used at the beginning traditionally the principal weapon of an interaction to greet someone, used by Iquitos for both hunting or to attract their attention, e.g., and warfare. This spear was made when approaching someone’s house from the wood of mature in order to speak to them, or in amariyaaja (pijuayo) palms due to response to a conversational its superior hardness, and were opening of a similar sort, similar to typically sharpened at both ends, the use of “yes” or “yeah” in with multiple barbs (kuyaja) carved English. ▶ Gram. This interjection out of the wood to improve the is normally produced above the chances that it would remain in any normal pitch range for a speaker, animal it struck. They were roughly often in a falsetto voice. Ex. Juu, triangular in cross-section, with one kw=árata ɨɨyáana Ruríinsa, jaa side of this triangle being longer kia=iníkarɨɨ? Hey, my fellow than the others and intended to rest Lorenzo, have you woken up already? against the palm of the hand in a Ex. Juu, saakaá tɨɨ, ajáaja? Yeah, defensive posture during spear what is it, husband? duels. Some spears had finely (n.) species of suri, or edible woven grips of basket-like material, juuja palm grub, about 5cm in length, and others were sometimes generally white, like most suri, but decorated with bright feathers near distinguished from other species by the barbs at each end. its reddish head, and by having (t.v.) juwɨtɨ́ɨni rt. juwɨtɨɨ lower small, limb-like appendages near something from a higher to a lower the head; this species is reportedly location. only found in extremely rotten juwɨ́ɨni rt. juúku impf.rt. juúki (ipɨɨti) ungurahui palm trunks. drv.rt. júwɨ 1. (i.v.) go down or juúkaka (n.) a type of soil found come down, move from a higher on riverbeds or riverbanks, location to a lower one, e.g., by consisting of mud or sand mixed climbing down a ladder or tree, with decomposing leaves and other walking down steps or a hillside, or plant matter; it is believed that boas by jumping or flying to lower make their nest in this type of soil. position. 2. (i.v.) embark in or get into a canoe or similar vessel. juúki impf.rt. of juwɨ́ɨni juu (interj.) “wow!”, exclamation of juuma iwíini rt. juuma iíki (i.v.) wonderment of either positive or joke around, behave cheerfully. negative affective valence, thus ▶ Gram. The verb in this being used in situations ranging construction inflects with person from when a speaker is impressed and TAM morphology as is typical

188 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary juúmana júura

of finite verbs. Ex. Kaa juuma several hundred closely-clustered k=iíkii. I’m not joking around. individuals; the sight of these juúmana rt. juúma (adj.) 1. caterpillars was traditionally said to cheerful, merry, jovial, the quality be a bad omen, signifying that one’s of habitually comporting oneself in family members would soon be a cheerful manner. 2. funny, gathering in a large group to bury entertaining, speaking of a person, someone; the froth produced by the quality of bringing laughter and these caterpillars is said to be good humor to those around them, even for treating splits in the soles of the those who are unhappy or suffering. feet that may occur when walking barefoot. juúmaasíini rt. juúmaasi (i.v.) cheer up, become happy and juúni impf.rt. of junɨ́ɨni cheerful after having been either júura (interj.) “truly!”, “really!”, sad or angry. employed to assert or affirm the juúmaasiitáani rt. juúmaasiita truth of some claim, often in (t.v.) express or display affection or response to a question regarding its fondness for another, e.g., by veracity; this element is also used hugging or caressing them, or by interrogatively to query the truth of gestures such as smiles, or if a dog, an assertion. Ex. “Júura=na, wagging the tail. kuuna?” “Júura!” “Truly, juúmɨyɨ (n.) a faint rumbling or cousin?”“Truly!” Ex. Júura=kija, crackling heard in the sky, kia=aámuu pɨsɨkɨ, Ruríinsa! But reminiscent of the sound of a truly, you have killed a tapir, Lorenzo! burning chacra, that typically lasts júura (adv.) 1. very, a degree for an hour or more and is often modifier for qualities and states. associated with light rain; it is Ex. Átiiji=na=jaa, kaa possibly some sort of thunder, but na=pariiyaárikɨ=na nuu speakers are uncertain. aamúuni, iyaamiaákuji Traditionally this sound was said to taárikɨ=na júura uumáana, iina be the sounds of souls burning, mɨyaara itɨni. Then they couldn’t with the rain being their tears, and kill him, because he was really big, people were reported to cry when that demonic jaguar. 2. truly, really. hearing this sound, imagining the Ex. Kwaasɨja=na, Saákisa, júura souls of their dead kin suffering. kia=nakarɨɨ́yaa ipɨráani? OK, Ex. Kinaa tuújii iina juúmɨyɨ; Saákisa, do you really want to fight? na=ítuuyaa nawɨyini. Listen to júura (adj.) true or real; an that sound of burning; they’re burning exemplary instance of a category. a soul (of a recently-deceased person). Ex. Anuu=jina=ji iina taana, juúmɨyɨ (n.) species of hairy iina kuukiaárikɨ júura siimana, caterpillar about 2cm in length, p=aátii siimana. From the other off-white in color, noted for moving (medicinal plant), they became true across the ground in groups of shamans, what we call shamans.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 189 juúraami júuti juúraami (adj.) true, speaking of the truth claim of a proposition. júuri irreg.pl. juúriwa (n.) sapo regatón or Gladiator Treefrog, species of treefrog that reaches up to 12cm in length, best known by its loud and distinctive call, which it often produces in large choruses near bodies of water, and is said to be reminiscent of the thrumming beat of regatones, the oared commercial vessels that used to ply lowland Amazonia in the early 20th century, before motors became ubiquitous. It is olive or tan in color, with a pale belly and dark bands on its unusually long legs and flanks, and is considered edible. Sci. Hyla boans. júuti free.var. of mɨyaara júuti irreg.pl. juútika, juútiwa

190 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kajata

kaimíitu • from Sp. caimito. (n.) may be an archaism; speaker ELY caimito, cultivated fruit tree employs it in a single text, and is introduced to Iquito territory in the very clear about its form and early 20th century. It is quite meaning in that context, but similar to saati, a wild tree species. otherwise she uses the much more Its bright yellow fruits have a thick common kájapaarika. but soft rind that exudes a very (n.) 1. hair or fur on any part sticky resin and contains several kajasi of the body. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. large seeds covered with bristles or stiff hairs, as, e.g., on the translucent sweet flesh. Sci. Pouteria backs of peccaries. ▶ Gram. caimito. ELY pers.var. kaiimíita. Poss.pref. 3. feather. ▶ Gram. kaiimíita ELY pers.var. of kaimíitu Poss.pref. Rel. ririíkɨtɨ kajasina kajani irreg.pl. kajaniwa (n.) 1. (adj.) curly-haired. Rel. kajasijaaka general term for macanas or (adj.) hair-covered, said of soft knifefishes, a type of slender, fruits, and women’s vulvas. eel-like fish without notable scales, (adj.) that has a long fin running along kajasi áraka the quality of the underside of its body. Different being covered in hair, bristles, or a species exhibit a variety of head hair-like integument, e.g., a human shapes and colorations, though body part, the bodies of certain most tend to be muddyish grays or species of caterpillars, or the leaves browns, and measure from 25cm up of certain plant species. to 1m in length. Due to their small kajata (adj.) hairy. ▶ Gram. This mouths, these fish tend to be adjective is attested only as the barbasco captured using nuúruu ( ), non-head element of adjectival and are typically cooked in ijiika compounds, where the head noun is patarashcas ( ). Sci. Gymnotus spp. 2. typically a body part bearing the macana species of , muddy brown subject-nominalizing suffix, with in color, whose somewhat tubular the entire compound expressing the body reaches some 25cm. Sci. quality of having a hairy version of Gymnotus sp. the body part in question. Rel. kájapaki ELY pers.var. of kajata jíritiyáana (n.) hairy-chested kaajapaárika ▶ Socio. This form person.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 191 kajátaja kajíini kajátaja dialect.var. of kijátaja kajinani must be employed as a kajátana dialect.var. of kijátaja modifier of the animal-denoting noun, where the word kajinani can rt. kajata (t.v.) pluck or kajatáani be possessed, e.g., kí=kajinani pull out hairs, bristles, or feathers. kaakáraaja ‘my chicken’. Ex. kajati impf.rt. of kajatɨ́ɨni Átiiji=na nuúkiika mɨyaara kajatina rt. kajati (adj.) hairy or iikiaárikɨ=na tii iita=jina, iipɨ furry, speaking of a person, or more kajinani kaayaaka iikiaárikɨ=na typically, an animal, with a tii. So then, they say, there was a dog significant quantity of hair or fur, that lived there in a house, the pet of e.g., a long-haired breed of dog. the people who lived there. Ex. Kí=kajinani kaakáraaja iyákatii. kajatɨ́ɨni rt. kajatɨ impf.rt. kajati My chickens are increasing in number. (i.v.) lose hair, bristles, or feathers, Ex. Niínaki kí=makɨɨtaki Yenny generally by their falling out kajinani síruku. Last night I dreamt naturally. ▶ Gram. The subject is of Jenny’s pet howler monkey. the person or animal who is losing (n.) their hair, bristles, or feathers. kajíyaaki irreg.pl. kajíyaakiwa a variety of corn with black, white, (n.) wild cacao, the kajikúuna and yellow kernels. wild counterpart of cultivated cacao; known to Iquitos Kajiyuuri irreg.pl. Kajiyuuriwaaka (prop.n.) traditionally, their elongated yellow Iquito subgroup that fruits were collected to eat the flesh traditionally lived in the Chambira off their seeds, which, unlike the River basin. cultivated variety, are pale in color. kajiija lit. hafted (n.) axe, referring Sci. Theobroma cacao. specifically to a complete axe consisting of an axe head with its kajinani irreg.pl. kaajiya (n.) handle. domestic animal or pet, any animal (n.) deliberately raised by humans, be it kajiika species of slender lisa a typically domestic animal, such as -type fish, measuring some a dog or chicken, or a wild forest 20cm in length, that inhabits animal that has been captured in oxbow lakes. It has a dark-colored order to be raised. ▶ Gram. In back and pale sides and belly, with addition to serving as an a single lengthwise stripe along independent lexical item, this word each side, and a noticeably forked also plays a critical role in tail. Sci. Laemolyta sp. possessive constructions where the kajíini rt. kájii 1. (t.v.) perform the possessum is an animal. It is not kajíini menarche celebration in grammatical for many animals to honor of a particular young woman. be directly possessed, so for ▶ Gram. The object corresponds to possession of an animal to be the young woman in whose honor expressed by either a possessive the celebration is held. Ex. Iina prefix or a free NP, the word n=akɨ anɨɨtɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná iipɨ

192 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kajíini kajɨɨ́waani

waarata ɨɨyáapɨ na=kajíini=íira respected elder woman of the iina mɨɨsaji irisiiti. He father group, the participants sang this invited their people to perform the song while circling around the menarche celebration for the young woman in a ring. 3. general menstruated woman (i.e., who had term for traditional group dances, recently menstruated for the first including those which involve time). 2. (t.v.) lead a group dance of performing songs, and applied to a traditional nature, especially one traditional Iquito group dances, the in which the participants form a traditional group dances of other ring that turns, like the dance of the indigenous groups, and traditional kajíini menarche celebration. mestizo group dances, such as that ▶ Gram. The object corresponds to performed for the annual the group of people led in the celebration of the patron saint the dance. community of San Antonio. (t.v.) kajíini rt. kaji free.var. of kaníini kajíini rt. kájii raise a domestic animal, whether for food, kajíini (n.) 1. traditional menarche as in the case of chickens or pigs, or celebration; one of the most as a pet, be they typical domestic important traditional Iquito pets, such as dogs, or wild animals celebrations, it was held shortly who have been captured when after a young woman’s first young, such as parrots or monkeys. menstruation, with the entire Ex. Ki=kájiiyaárikɨ kuusi, community invited, and friends and kaakáraaja. I raised pigs and relatives called from more distant chickens. Ex. Ki=kájiiyaárikɨ settlements to participate. The pɨsɨkɨ niyini tíira. I raised a tapir central events of the celebration calf there. were the performance of kajíini kájiiyáana irreg.pl. kájiiyáapɨ song and dance, and the young (animate) (n.) leader of the woman having hot pepper rubbed singing and dancing performed on her gums, and in her eyes, to during kajíini menarche celebration. ensure that she have a long life and This role was typically filled by a that her teeth and eyes would respected older woman of the remain strong. As part of the community, who was also celebration, each participant responsible for rubbing hot pepper painted a stripe on the young on the gums and in the eyes of the woman’s body, eventually covering young woman as part of the rite. her entire body. This celebration (i.v.) ceased to be performed in kajɨ́ɨni rt. kajɨɨ grow new approximately the 1910s, when hairs, bristles, or feathers, typically patrones began to exert strong after having lost them for some influence on Iquito society. 2. The reason. song performed during the kajíini kajɨɨ́waani (n.) one the largest menarche celebration. Led by a species of cunchi-type fish,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 193 kajútina kakuti

reaching some 40cm in length. It is pineapple crown. It is often host to dark-colored, and has a distinctive a species of frog of the same name, forked tail, as well as long feelers considered its imɨ́ɨni (madre), from by its mouth, and spurs by its which the plant probably takes its pectoral fins. This species lives in name. Sci. Aechmea sp. rivers, and forms large groups to kakatáani rt. kakata (t.v.) cuddle feed in areas of flooded forest or hold someone affectionately during the wet season. while lying down, either with the kajútina rt. kajúti (adj.) prickly or arms, or with a leg thrown over urticating, said of insects with their body. stinging or irritating hairs, such kakaajúuni rt. kakaájuu (t.v.) tarantulas and certain types of carve a piece of wood so that it is caterpillars, as well as certain roughly rounded in shape, e.g., the plants that have irritating hairs on handle of an axe or paddle, or the their leaves, such as kúrija bottom of a canoe. The process of mullaca ( ), or on their stalks, such making something more smoothly caña brava as miyajáana ( ). or exactly round (suwanajúuni) kakámatíini rt. kakámati (t.v.) often follows this when completing hug or embrace repeatedly, either a the process of its manufacture. single individual multiple times, or (n.) ▶ kakuna species of multiple individuals. Gram. While parinari-type tree that grows mainly it is likely that historically there in elevated areas with clayey soils, was a non-pluractional root kakama far from rivers. It is noted for is ‘hug, embrace’ (cf. kakatáani straight trunk, which can grow to ‘cuddle’.), no such root exists in the almost 2m in diameter, and was modern language, with this sense formerly harvested for timber, and now expressed by kiwáani, lit. ‘hold is now rare as a result. Traditionally tightly against one’s chest’ the bark of this tree was used to kakánaaka (n.) species of small make torches. The bark was frog known to inhabit the small stripped off in large sheets, dried, pools of water held by the leaves of beaten to make it more pliable, kakánaaka bromeliads. The frog’s rolled into sections some 1m long name is probably onomatopoeic, as and then bound into tight cylinders Iquitos reproduce its call as which were lit at one end for use. kakakaka. kakuti (n.) 1. sand, speaking of kakánaaka (n.) species of sacha relatively pure white sand, as piña or bromeliad that grows on opposed to sandy soil, jɨɨka. trunks and branches far above the ▶ Gram. mass noun in this sense. ground. Its tapered leaves as edged Ex. Kiaá nuu ínaki kakuti=jina with small spikes and it produces a náaji, taása=jina, taniija náaji, bright red flower that grows uumáana táasa. You put them upwards from its center like a (harvested turtle eggs) in sand thus, in

194 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kakúuja kami

a basket, woven (tightly) like this, a friends and neighbors are invited, big basket. 2. beach; in Iquito to assist in this task. ▶ Gram. In its territory, large beaches emerge transitive use, the verb takes as its during the dry season, when the object a noun or pronoun denoting river drops sufficiently to reveal the the chacra that will result from the white sand that has accumulated in clearing process. Ex. Jaari the interior of the curves of the nu=anímaakiaaná iina=ánuura river during the rainy season. kaaya kamáraa. He came towards ▶ Gram. count noun in this sense. the person who is clearing (some Ex. Taana kakutijina land). Ex. Jaarí tɨɨ kuuta suwáani, kana=siwaánɨrɨɨ imɨráani. We p=ánɨɨtɨ́ɨni=íira p=árata arrived again at another beach. Ex. kaayaaka, kí=kamaráani=íira Átiiji=na iina kaaya, pɨ́=nasi. Perhaps it (i.e., the manioc nu=nɨtɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=ná imɨráani beer prepared for the minga) is ready tíira kakutikúura. After that, the for inviting our neighbors, so that I man ran again to the beach there. can clear our chacra. kakúuja dialect.var. of makúuja kamarɨ́yaaka (n.) 1. minga (n.) yupurina or organized to clear land, generally kamámani chacra leoporina, species of lisa-type fish for a new . 2. manioc beer minga that reaches 35cm in length; it body prepared for a land-clearing . is transversally striped with yellow kamarɨ́ɨta (n.) area or plot of land and black and its belly is yellow. It cleared of vegetation. Typically lives in larger rivers but enters such cleared areas are destined to areas of flooded forest in significant become chacras, but the term also numbers to feed. Sci. Leoporinus applies to areas cleared for other fasciatus. purposes, e.g., for a forest shelter. kamaráani rt. kamara (a.v.) clear kami (adv.) 1. there upriver. an area of standing vegetation, ▶ Gram. This is the anaphoric typically as part of the process of counterpart of káami, used to refer making a nasi (chacra), but also to an upriver location already applicable to the clearing of established in discourse. Ex. Jaari vegetation for other purposes, such iina ikwani nu=iíkwakuraana as making space for a shelter in the káami nu=tasikɨku forest. ▶ Anth. The clearing of a nu=nikíini=ánuura, new chacra is a time- and jɨɨ́timi=aákuji nu=pajátii labor-intensive process that sámɨɨra. Íyaa iina=na involves felling both smaller nu=siwaánɨrɨɨkiaaná kami. The vegetation and large trees, all of man went upriver to his fish trap to which is left to dry for subsequent check on it, because of how many burning. It was traditionally times it kept developing holes. So then common, and is still common, for he arrived there upriver. 2. up there. people to hold a minga, to which ▶ Gram. This is the anaphoric

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 195 kámiji kamíkiika

counterpart of káami, used to refer space, and where the deictic center back to a vertically superior is located on one of the lower floors location already established in of the house. Ex. Atii=na discourse. 3. out there. ▶ Gram. nu=saákii jɨɨ́taaraata nu=iíkii This is the anaphoric counterpart of kamijiíraji. Then he told them how káami, used to refer back to an they lived up there (i.e., in heaven). exterior location already 3. there outside, out there; exterior established in discourse. to an enclosed space, e.g., a house, that serves as a ground, where the kámiji (adv.) from upriver. location of demonstrative reference ▶ Gram. The expected form to is located outside the enclosed express this meaning would be space, and the deictic center is compositional káami=ji, with the located inside the enclosed space. corresponding naami=ji ‘from downriver’; the latter is indeed the kamíjiita (loc.dem) 1. there, a little attested form, but the former seems above; distal locative to have been replaced with the demonstrative, where the location form based on the anaphoric of demonstrative reference is above element kami. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, the origo (generally, the speaker), aaka siwaánɨrɨɨkiaana kámiji but less far above the origo than tasikɨku=ji. Then, water arrived would be expected by virtue of from upriver, from the fish trap. some salient overall spatial frame of reference. Ex. Naajaa kamíjiita, kamijiíraji (loc.dem) 1. there naajaá iimajiita, upriver, in the upriver part of an nu=tijakakuraaná suwaata iina enclosed space defined by a salient paatíina. Also a little above, also a boundary, in the case that the little below, he cut the piece of balsa deictic center is located in the wood nicely. 2. there, a little downriver part of the space, e.g., upriver; distal locative speaking of something located in demonstrative, where the location the upriver part of a clearing in the of demonstrative reference is forest, where the transition upriver of the origo (generally, the between the cleared space and the speaker), but less far upriver of the forest defines the space, and where origo than would be expected by the deictic center is located in the virtue of some salient overall downriver part of the clearing. 2. spatial frame of reference. Ex. up there, in the upper part of an Kana=kamíjiita kakuti enclosed space defined by a salient anáka=iíjinaji ajatátɨɨ. We are boundary, in the case that the going to land a little upriver, at the deictic center is located in the lower upriver tip of the beach. part of the space, e.g., speaking of something located on the upper kamíkiika (adv.) 1. upright, floor of a multi-story house, where straight; for something to be the walls of a house define the oriented perfectly vertically, at

196 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kamíkiikaana kamuúnaari

ninety degrees to be the ground, opened up. 2. variety of cord spun and upwards with respect to the from undried kámiiyɨ fiber, which origo (generally to position of the was traditionally used as fishing speaker), e.g., a house post that is line. being positioned in constructing a (n.) achuni house. 2. for something to be kamɨ irreg.pl. kamɨya straight, horizontal to the ground, or South American Coati, a species and aligned so as to point either of raccoon-like mammal with a straight upriver or straight uphill. long snout and long, ringed tail. It 3. go directly to an upriver or is noted by Iquitos for its widely upward destination, without omnivorous habits. Sci. Nasua stopping at any intermediate points. nasua. kamíkiikaana rt. kamíkiikaa kámɨɨti (n.) renaco or Strangler (adj.) straight, not bent or curved, Fig, term employed for two speaking of rigid, slender objects, reportedly distinct species of such as sticks and tree trunks. Ex. creeping plant, one that is Na=siwaánɨrɨɨkura mákisikúura, parasitical, and hangs from the na=apárakuraaná paatíina canopy of large trees, and another jaritáani=jina jaa, iina taa which is rooted in the ground, kamíkiikaana, jɨɨ́ta n=akɨ growing in an arc, before rerooting átuukurá naa. (When) they arrived and forming another arc, eventually at the purma, they began to select the creating a dense and impenetrable balsa wood, that which was straight, tangle of vines and roots. Both as their father had told them. species produce fruits that are eaten kamíkuku (adv.) 1. along the way, by animals, and when they fall into going upriver; indicates that the water, by fish. The second species eventuality denoted by the clause tends to grow in low-lying areas, was realized repeatedly by the near water, and can set down roots subject while moving in a trajectory in bodies of water, making small in the upriver direction, e.g., creeks impassible. The underwater fishing. 2. along the way, while root tangles of this plant can be an going uphill; indicates that the important refuge for many species eventuality denoted by the clause of fish, such as sarɨɨti and simaki. was realized repeatedly by the Sci. Ficus sp. Rel. kámɨɨtikajina (loc.n.) subject while moving uphill. Strangler Fig patch. kámiiyɨ irreg.pl. kamiíyɨwa, kamuúnaari kamiíyɨka (n.) 1. fresh, green irreg.pl. kamuúnaariwa (n.) fronds of the nɨɨ́kamɨ (chambira) simplest style of weaving iitaari, palm, whose leaves are still quite crisneja thatch, in which all of the tender and soft as a result of the ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm frond stems frond having only recently emerged that wrap around the palm wood from the top of the trunk and lath are tied off in the same fashion,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 197 kana= kaniyúuja niaatíija

yielding a uniform diagonal ‘barber contexts requiring a free pronoun, pole’-like pattern. including verbal object function. kana= (pro.) we (exclusive), us kanaajúuni rt. kanaájuu socio.var. (exclusive); first person plural of aakanaajúuni pronoun, exclusive of addressee. kanaárika (pro.) we (exclusive) kana= (pro.) our (exclusive); first only, us (exclusive) only; first person plural possessive pronoun, person plural exhaustive focus exclusive of addressee. pronoun, exclusive of addressee. Ex. Kanaárika asá=kiyaájaa. We kanasi (n.) lobo del río or Giant alone have eaten. Otter. Reaching almost 2m in total • length, they are mostly kanaasíini rt. kanaásii from Sp. ganar (t.v.) reddish-brown in color, except for . win game or their throats, which have white competition. mottling whose pattern varies from kaniyúuja (n.) general term for individual to individual. Formerly leafcutter ants, a class of ants that common in Iquito territory, they harvests pieces of leaves, which are were encountered in large groups in taken to the nest to grow fungus on lakes, but are now rarely seen, them for food. The prototypical having been heavily hunted for species to which this term is their pelts in the 1950s. Sci. applied is one that constructs a Pteronura brasiliensis. subterranean nest. Sci. Atta spp. kanasi asásana lit. giant otter's kaniyúuja niaatíija lit. leafcutter food (n.) lobo isma, dish prepared ant madre (n.) 1. madre de using fresh small fish or slightly curhuince, or Painted Antnest Frog, rotten fish, cooked for a prolonged a species of frog some 5cm in time, until the flesh dissolves and length, mostly black, with two the bones become soft. Salt and hot yellow stripes towards the edges of peppers are added, yielding a thick, its back, and back red-orange spots spicy, and strong-tasting sauce into on thighs and groin. Iquitos readily which cooked manioc can be recognize its call as heard dipped. With regular reheating, this exclusively near arboreal leafcutter sauce can be kept indefinitely. ant nests, but identify the source of the call as a type of snake (see next kanati impf.rt. of kanatɨ́ɨni sense). Sci. Lithodytes lineatus. 2. kanatɨ́ɨni rt. kanatɨ impf.rt. kanati leafcutter ant queen. Iquitos who HDC pers.var. of kanɨtɨ́ɨni have seen such queens consider kanáaja (pro.) we (exclusive), us them to be a kind of small snake (exclusive); first person plural that protects the leafcutter ant pronoun, exclusive of addressee, colony, and attribute to it the used for information-structurally vocalizations produced by the prominent functions such as topic Painted Antnest Frog (see above and focus, and in other grammatical sense).

198 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kaniyuujúuni kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨsi kaniyuujúuni rt. kaniyuújuu kaniijɨ́ɨni rt. kaniíjɨɨ (t.v.) use a (i.v.) gather edible leafcutter ants. hook to pull something toward one. The species that is gathered in this kaníini rt. kani (t.v.) haft or put a way constructs subterranean nests handle on a tool that has a long and is extracted by inserting shaft as a handle, especially an axe. anakújum bijao ( ) into the nest free.vars. kajíini, sirijúuni. opening, which the ants grip onto • canero (n.) with their mandibles, enabling kaníiru from Sp. . canero them to be pulled out. Once or candiru, species of sufficiently agitated, the ants slender fish some 5cm in length, swarm out, upon which they are about which considerable modern scooped up in large numbers. The folklore has accumulated across collected ants are typically Amazonia, centering on the prepared by toasting them in a pan supposed tendency of this fish to until they are crunchy. swim up the urethras of those unwise enough to urinate while kaniija (n.) hook or hook-like tool submerged in water inhabited by used to pull something toward one. this fish; in the modern Iquito The prototypical traditional version of this folklore, the fish, example of such tools is made of a once in the urethra, begins to bite long pole, to which a suitably the surrounding flesh, causing the angled stick is tied, and it is used to person to bleed to death. Sci. pull bunches of amariyaaja Vandellia sp. (pijuayo) and pájaati (chambira) kanɨti impf.rt. of kanɨtɨ́ɨni palm fruits off the trunks of the kanɨtɨji impf.rt. of kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨni palms on which they grow. Other instances include a hook with a kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨni rt. kanɨtɨjɨ impf.rt. (t.v.) handle some 1m long, cut from a kanɨtɨji fst.spch. kantɨjɨ be single fork of a branch, used in unwilling to be separated from weeding and clearing grass, which someone, generally following them allows one to pull vegetation around wherever they go; toward one in order to cut it with prototypically, a child who is one’s machete without putting unwilling to be separated from one’s hands in danger. Another their mother but also said of, e.g., one spouse who is unwilling to be such device, which is not a hook as ▶ such, consists of a narrow V-shaped parted from the other. Gram. The fork tied to a long pole that is used verbal object denotes or indexes the to pull down single támuu (guaba) person from whom the subject is fruits. Note that fish hooks (siiwíika) unwilling to separated. are not members of this set of tools. kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨsi irreg.pl. kanɨtɨjɨɨ́siwaaka fst.spch. kaniijɨ́ɨni rt. kaniíjɨɨ (i.v.) make a kantɨjɨ́ɨsi (n.) a person who is kaniija, a type of hook-like tool. unwilling to be separated from

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 199 kanɨtɨ́ɨni kanɨɨrana

someone and follows them around kánɨɨka (indefinite pronoun) wherever they go; prototypically, a someone. ▶ Gram. This indefinite child who is unwilling to be pronoun only appears in negative separated from their mother. polarity contexts, yielding the sense ‘no one’. Apart from the standard kanɨtɨ́ɨni rt. kanɨtɨ impf.rt. kanɨti negation element kaa, the negative (t.v.) fst.spch. kantɨ 1. release, let polarity context can be provided by go of something that is maintained the emphatic or exhausative in one’s grip or control through negation element iinawaja, the conscious effort, such a bow rope negative existential aájapaki, and that one is holding on to, or an the prohibitive verbal suffix -kuma. animal that is struggling to escape. Ex. Kaa kánɨɨka nakusiaakura Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari=na iina náaji, saakaaya miíyaa kíija. kanɨtɨrɨɨkiaakɨ akíraja tíira Nobody knew that, what I had. Ex. nakijina nuu=na, kaa Naa=kaa k=ipúruuyaá=kiyaa nu=nakusiaárikɨ=na tɨɨtiíra=ji kánɨɨka=jata. Nor do I fight with akíraja iritarɨɨkurá nuu. When the anyone. Ex. Aájapaki kánɨɨka ɨ́ɨni. wind let go of him there in the forest, Nobody at all flies (nowadays). Ex. he didn’t know to where the wind had Kaa kia=saakɨɨ́niikuma=na (t.v.) taken him. 2. allow someone kánɨɨka nuu. Don’t tell this to to go or depart from some location. anyone. Ex. Niwa=aákuji iinawaja pɨ́=kanɨtɨ́ɨni aákari pɨ=sájiri kanɨɨrami (adj.) shameful or iiti=ji. Therefore, never will we let embarrassing, said of an utterance go of our grandmother from here. or action that has the quality of HDC pers.var. kanatɨ́ɨni. causing shame or embarrassment. ▶ Gram. This adjective, kanɨ́wɨɨja (n.) cascajo, a soft morphologically plural, has no sedimentary rock found on and near singular form; the expected form, the riverbeds of small creeks and at kanɨɨrana, has a different meaning salt licks. In the absence of harder (‘pertaining to another’), such that stones in Iquito territory, this this adjective is number-neutral. sedimentary rock was often used for (adj.) sharpening metal tools in the early kanɨɨrana rt. kanɨɨra 20th century. free.var. sikiáaja belonging or pertaining to another sawija. JPI pers.var. kanúwɨɨja. person and therefore being worthy of suitable respect, which is shown kánɨɨka (interrog.) who; by, for example, not touching or interrogative used to question the making use of it without their identity of an animate argument. permission. Entities having this Ex. Kánɨɨka nakarɨɨ́yaa kií=jata quality include both physical iwáani? Who wants to go with me? possessions and, notably, spouses. Ex. Kaa kí=nakúsii kánɨɨka taa ▶ Gram. This adjective, kiáaja. I don’t know who you are. morphologically singular, has no

200 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kánɨɨri kanuúmɨ

distinct plural form; the expected from hand-spun kanuu (chambira form, kanɨɨrami, has a different palm fiber). meaning (‘embarrassing’), such that kanɨɨsíini rt. kanɨɨ́sii (i.v.) make this adjective is number-neutral. one or more kánɨɨsi (jicra), a type of kánɨɨri irreg.pl. kánɨɨriwa (n.) the net bag. smallest of the three species of vampire bat found in Iquito kanɨɨya ELY pers.var. of kanuuyɨ territory, measuring up to 8.5cm in kankaasíini rt. kankaásii • from length, and known by Iquitos to Sp. cangar. (t.v.) roast, typically feed on birds, including domestic fish or a piece of meat, by spearing fowl. This species is believed by it on the point of a sharpened stick, some to attack people, seeking to and holding it over the fire. eat their eyes. Sci. Diyphylla Kantáasi (prop.n.) man of the ecaudata. Maájanakáani subgroup, originally kanɨɨrɨ iwitɨ́ɨni rt. kanɨɨrɨ iwitɨɨ from the Chambira River basin, (t.v.) be made embarrassed or who lived for a long time at an ashamed by someone else’s actions. oxbow lake some 3 hours downriver ▶ Gram. The subject of this verb of San Antonio by peque peque denotes the person whose actions motor, and a short distance upriver are the reason for the feelings of from the community of Saboya, by shame or embarassment, and the virtue of which that lake received object denotes the person who the Spanish name Cantashi. Born in experiences those feelings. The verb the mid-19th century, he died in in this construction inflects with the first decade or two of the 20th person and TAM morphology as is century. He was given the Spanish typical of finite verbs. Ex. Kanɨɨrɨ name Laureano Cantashi, and was nu=iwitɨɨ́yaa kíija. He made me the grandfather of Piisíruuja. feel ashamed. (t.v.) kanúwɨɨja JPI pers.var. of kanɨɨrɨ míini rt. kanɨɨrɨ mii kanɨ́wɨɨja commit a sexual transgression, especially adultery or incest. kanuu irreg.pl. kanuuwa, ▶ Gram. The verb in this kanuuwɨya (n.) chambira palm construction inflects with person fiber; this fiber is extracted from and TAM morphology as is typical the cogollo, or immature palm of finite verbs. Ex. Júura kanɨɨrɨ frond bud of the nɨɨ́kamɨ (chambira) miiyáana taa=jaa kiáaja. Truly, palm, and is subsequently dried in you are an adulterer. Rel. kanɨɨrɨ the sun before being spun into cord miiyáana (n.) person who commits for hammocks, bags, and other adultery or incest. woven items. Traditionally this was the principal source of fiber for kánɨɨsi irreg.pl. kánɨɨsiwa, woven items. kánɨɨsika (n.) jicra, traditional net bag with shoulder strap, woven kanuúmɨ dialect.var. of kanuuyɨ

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 201 kanuuyɨ kapíwari kanuuyɨ (n.) víbora chambira or which remains trapped by the Green-striped Vine Snake, a leaves, steaming the manioc. non-venomous and very slender kapíjiisi (n.) type of clay pot arboreal snake that reaches some traditionally made for steaming 1.5m in length. Off-white to manioc, distinguishable by the pale-green in color, with a large lip around its mouth, which longitudinal green stripe on each made this type of pot easier to side of its body, it is notable for the move onto and off of cooking fires. large size of its eyes in comparison kapiríini rt. kapírii 1. (t.v.) to its head. Traditionally, these repeatedly take food out of a dish snakes were used to treat children or vessel using one’s hand. 2. (t.v.) to prevent conjunctivitis; when touch something repeatedly, often spotted, they were captured alive, with a strong connotation of held horizontally, and rubbed back touching something with illicit and forth against the closed eyes of intentions, especially the genitals of the child, while the adult said, another person. three times: Siuuu, kaa kia=pariíyaa iwaárika karijákika kapítiaa (n.) King Vulture, the miini, náaji jɨɨ́ta iina kuni, ‘shuuu largest vulture species in the San (blowing), you will never get Antonio area (and referred to as a conjunctivitis, just like this snake’. condor), with distinctive white Sci. Oxybelis argenteus. ELY pers.var. shoulders and wing tops, and a kanɨɨya. dialect.var. kanuúmɨ. fleshy red and yellow face. Itis rarely seen, typically when feeding kapíjiija (n.) steamed manioc; on large carrion. It is said that the manioc prepared by placing peeled flies that infest carrion serve as tubers in a cooking vessel with a scouts for this vulture, letting it small amount of water in the know where food is to be found, bottom and then sealing the top the and the maggots infesting the vessel with, typically, anakújumɨ carrion are spicy peppers for the (bijao) leaves; when heated, the vulture. Sci. Sarcoramphus papa. water serves to steam, rather than HDC pers.var. tapútiaa. boil, the manioc. ▶ Gram. Behaves kapíwari (n.) ronsoco or capybara, like a mass noun. the world’s largest known rodent, reaching up to 1.3m in length and kapijíini rt. kapíjii (t.v.) steam 65kg in weight. Pale brown, stocky, manioc; cook manioc by steaming and pig-like in overall body shape, it, rather than boiling. A small it has a blunt muzzle and small amount of water is placed in a pot ears. Principally nocturnal in Iquito filled with manioc and carefully territory, it is typically found near covered and sealed with, typically, water and is considered a pest for anakújumɨ (bijao) leaves. The water feeding on sugarcane and rice. quickly boils and turns to steam, Iquitos traditionally avoided eating

202 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kapíini karásiika

capybara flesh, not liking its stuffing something into the reportedly grassy flavor, but it is opening, block of the opening of a now considered edible. Sci. tiímaaka (majás) burrow by Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris. pushing dirt and leaf litter into it, kapíini rt. kapi 1. (i.v.) cook or or close a hole a wall by placing a prepare food, irrespective of the sheet of plastic over it. act./mid. method employed. 2. (i.v.) cook by kapɨ́ɨni (middle) boiling or steaming, e.g., manioc, kapúuni rt. kápuu (t.v.) complete ▶ rice, fish, or meat. Inkawɨɨ́raana planting a garden. Sem. dialect.var. jitiitáani. Contemporary speakers understand this meaning of this verb, in kapɨsi free.var. of pakɨsi ▶ Gram. relation to the other meaning of Poss.pref. kapúuni, as stemming from their kapɨsíini rt. kapɨ́sii free.var. of conceptualization of planting a pakɨsíini garden as filling up the open space kapɨsiiti (n.) species of cicada that of that garden, such that completing is known for singing loudly at dusk. the planting of a garden equates to It was traditionally believed that if filling up the garden with plants. someone with a wound repeated, karanakiáana according to one source kapɨsi, irreg.pl. karanakiáapɨ (animate) kapɨsi, kapɨsi ‘wound, wound, fst.spch. karnakiáana (n.) timid or wound’, or, according to another, shy person who avoids talking with ampisii kíija kí=kapɨsi ‘heal my or interacting with others. wound’, then the wound would heal karánakíini rt. karánaki fst.spch. more quickly. A variant of this kárnaki (i.v.) feel embarrassed or belief required that the cicada be ashamed, typically because of rubbed against the wound while having done something for which these utterances were repeated. one is morally or socially culpable. kapɨ́ɨni rt. kapɨɨ 1. (i.v.) close up, Rel. karánakitɨ́ɨni (rt. karánakitɨɨ) speaking of a space, opening, or (t.v.) shame or embarrass. hole, e.g., a path that has become karápisi (n.) lisa colorada, species overgrown and impassable; a water of lisa-type fish that reaches pipe that has become blocked with 25-30cm in length, and is typically detritus; or a hole in a plank that encountered in areas of flooded has been filled in by a spider web. forest. Generally pale in color, it 2. (i.v.) close up and heal, speaking lacks the dark side markings of of an open wound. act./mid. most lisa species, but is notable for kapúuni (active) the red coloring on its neck, belly, kapúuni rt. kápuu (t.v.) fill, plug, and tail. Sci. Schizodon sp. or cover hole or opening, e.g., fill a karásiika (n.) achiote or annato, hole in the ground with soil, plug species of small tree that grows to a the opening of a bottle or pipe by diameter of 20cm in Iquito

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 203 karásiina =kari

territory, and produces prickly dark and that unfertilized eggs arise red seed pods. The seeds are because the wind has mated with covered with pasty reddish-orange the hen, which results in an egg flesh, which Iquitos, like many that does not develop into a chick, Amazonian peoples, traditionally hence the alternative name akíraja used as a body pigment and to dye naaki, ‘wind egg’. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. kanuu (chambira palm fiber). The dialect.var. wiíraaki. free.var. leaves are also used to treat akíraja naaki. conjunctivitis by soaking them in karaákiya (adv.) rich-smelling, the water overnight, and dripping the characteristic appetizing smell of resulting viscous liquid in the eyes heated or burning fat or oil, e.g., of the sufferer. Sci. Bixa orellana. from the fat of meat dripping into karásiina free.var. of tipájaana the fire while grilling or smoking it, or from cooking oil or fat while karata anákana rt. karata anáka ▶ (adj.) bald-headed, due having using it for frying. Gram. This been shaved. adverb typically modifies apiráani ‘smell’. karatijaaka (adj.) hairless, said of karaákiyaana rt. karaákiyaa a woman’s vulva. ▶ Gram. The (adj.) reflective, said of mirrors, inferrable adjectival root, karati shiny metals, and polished surfaces ‘hairless’, no longer exists in Iquito. in which one can see reflections. karatikíina rt. karatikíi (adj.) karaawaasíini rt. karaawaásii • hairless, said specifically of a man’s from Sp. clavar. (t.v.) nail, drive a penis and genital area. ▶ Gram. The nail into an object. ▶ Gram. The inferrable adjectival root, karati first vowel is often reduced or ‘hairless’, no longer exists in Iquito. elided in normal speech. karatina rt. karati irreg.pl. karatini irreg.pl. karáawɨya • from (adj.) karáawɨ (inanimate) ripe, big, good Sp. clavo. (n.) nail, the to eat, said specifically of támuu manufactured object typically guaba ( ) fruits, and the similar fruits employed for fastening pieces of shimbillo of the various species. wood together. (n.) káraaki an ear of corn that is =kari (postp.) during; in or at the still fresh and green when the other time of. ▶ Gram. The complement ears in a given crop have dried and of this postposition denotes or become hard. When the entire crop indexes an event that overlaps is harvested, these are separated temporally with the eventually out to cook and eat on the cob. ▶ denoted by the remainder of the Gram. Poss.pref. clause. Ex. Nu=iwɨɨ́rɨkura káraaki (n.) unfertilized chicken ikwaana=kari. He died during the egg. ▶ Anth. Iquitos traditionally high river time. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni believed that hens only lay eggs domingo yaawɨɨ́ni=kari, when impregnated by a rooster, nu=paájuuyaárikɨ kanáaja

204 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary =kari karikuma

ariwáani. Every Sunday, he taught karijɨ́ɨni rt. karijɨ impf.rt. kariji us to sing. (i.v.) lose one’s vision by progressive deterioration of the =kari (postp.) below, at the edge visual sense. act./mid. karijúuni of; expresses a spatial relationship (active) involving a ground that has salient horizontal extension and is taller karijɨ́ɨsi (n.) species of stinging than the figure, where the figure is caterpillar that reaches 4-5cm in not located underneath the length and is covered in long horizontal extension of the ground, stinging hairs arranged in but at the point close to the limit of longitudinal red and yellow stripes. the horizontal extension of the Traditionally, it was believed that ground, e.g., a cat located not looking at it would cutipar children, under the table, but on the ground leading their vision to fail at an near the point on the ground early age, as reflected in its name. corresponding to the edge of the (adj.) table. Ex. Na=mɨyiti karijɨ́ɨsi vision-impaired, iikiaárikɨ=na nuúkiika said of individuals who see poorly. náana=kari, iina ɨɨ́yaaka taa karijúuni rt. karíjuu (t.v.) blind amanáati, uumáana náana=na. someone, either temporarily, e.g., Their shelter was below a tree (below by shining a bright light in their the point corresponding to the edge of eyes, dripping hot pepper juice in its branches), that (tree) whose name them, or wrapping a cloth around is tornillo, a big tree. them; or permanently, as when the karijákika (n.) conjunctivitis, an eyes are injured in an accident. illness that causes the eyes to act./mid. karijɨ́ɨni (middle) become red and painful and karikuma rt. =kariku (loc.postp.) produce abundant sleep. ELY below; postposition indicates that pers.var. karijɨ́kika. the figure is located below the =karíjata (postp.) in the presence complement, which denotes a or sight of, in front of; indicates referent construable as a two-dimensional surface, e.g., a that the circumstances denoted by ▶ the verb and its core arguments table or roof. Gram. The default were witnessed by the complement form of this postposition is of the postposition. =karikuma; the locative forms =kariku-ku and kariku-ma indicate kariji impf.rt. of karijɨ́ɨni that the figure is in the upper or karijiáana irreg.pl. karijiáapɨ (n.) lower part, respectively, of the person with poor vision. region defined by the ground and some relevant lower surface. Ex. ELY pers.var. of karijɨ́kika Iina ikwani, taniijá tɨɨ karijákika náana=karikuma. That man is karijɨɨja (adj.) blind. caught under the tree.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 205 karikuma karíkuuyáana karikuma rt. =kariku (loc.postp.) future, such as the death of a on a slope; this postposition relative. ▶ Gram. The subject of the indicates that the figure is located verb denotes the bad omen, while on a section of sloping ground that its object denotes the individual is, or forms part of, its complement, who experiences the bad omen. Ex. e.g., a hillside. ▶ Gram. The default Iina síruku, nu=karíkuu kíija, form of this locative postposition is iyaamiaákuji sinakija iíyuu ɨta karikuma; the locative forms kuúkii. That Woolly Monkey was a kariku-ku and kariku-ma distinguish bad omen for me, because it was whether the figure is uphill or infested with worms. 2. (i.v.) downhill, respectively, of the experience a bad omen, speaking of deictic center. Ex. Jaari the person who sees the nu=maakarɨɨ káami phenomenon that is interpreted as a iija=karikuku. He climbed up the bad omen. Ex. hillside. Kia=karíkuuyaákiaana, niaatíija, iyaamiaákuji=na =karikumaji (postp.) kia=ijáki iina júuti. You are underneath; this postposition experiencing a bad omen, mother, indicates that the figure is located because you stabbed the Tiger Heron. below, and in contact with, the complement, which in turn denotes karíkuuyáana a ground construable as a irreg.pl. karíkuuyáami two-dimensional surface, e.g., a (inanimate); karíkuuyáapɨ table or roof. Ex. Jaari (animate) (n.) bad omen; a sign nu=tiítɨɨsawɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná that something bad is about to iímina=karikumaji. Right away happen, typically, the death of a they (the demonic stingrays) had family member. ▶ Anth. Iquitos come and attached themselves traditionally recognized a large beneath the canoe. inventory of possible bad omens, of karikúuni rt. karíkuu 1. (t.v.) be a which the following is a sample: the bad omen, speaking of something twitching of a dead animal or fish that, when seen, is by Iquito (presaged the death of a family tradition interpreted as a bad omen, member); a hollow, reverberating e.g., encountering fresh blood along boom heard in the forest (presaged the spine of a well-cooked fish the burial of family member); when one opens it up; seeing an repeatedly wounding but failing to animal come to life after it has been kill an animal (presaged that a shot and apparently killed; or family member would die in pain); finding a game animal to be killing an animal only to find it infested with maggots when killed. infested with worms (presaged that It was traditionally believed that one’s father would die); or having seeing bad omens of this sort an owl or Laughing Falcon sing presaged a tragedy in the near near a house several times

206 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kariniwɨɨtáani kariiníini

(presaging that a resident of the kaaya, náaji jɨɨ́ta kia=káriiyaa house would die). kií=jina. He would look at the other kariniwɨɨtáani rt. kariniiwɨɨ́ta person, just like you are looking at me. fst.spch. karniiwɨɨ́ta (i.v.) look all Ex. Nu=kariíniiyaákiaana nuu. (t.v.) directions, look all around in a He looked at him. 2. “look!”, confined space, or visually inspect imperative form used to direct an all of a set of contextually relevant addressee’s attention to something entities. Ex. Iitimɨra, ikwaniwɨya, visible. Ex. Káriirɨɨkiaajá iina na=kariniiwɨɨ́taa mɨtiija mɨra! Oh, look at those taricaya niíya=karikuku — tɨɨ́tiiji? The hatchlings! Ex. Káriirɨɨ men and women look in every kw=anáka=raa, Kuuraátika! direction at the sky — from where Look at my head, Kuuraátika! 3. (i.v.) (would the flying shamans come)? look someone in the face. Ex. Nu=káriirɨɨ kí=kaakɨ́ɨja • carioca (n.) kariyúuka from Sp. . naamiya. He looked my father in his carioca , chicken that lacks feathers face. 4. (t.v.) have a look at, check on its neck. on, or inspect. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari taa karíini rt. kárii 1. (i.v.) look. suwáani nuu=íira=na, kiaá nuu ▶ Gram. The transitivity of this kárii. When it is better (the itchy verb depends on the sense in which spot), you will have a look at it. Ex. it is used. When used with its basic Wíija, káriiwɨɨ pɨ́=tasikɨ. Wife, go meaning in a non-imperative and have a look at our fish trap. 5. utterance, this verb functions (i.v.) be awake. intransitively, and the entity looked karíini (n.) visage, facial at must be licensed by a appearance. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. postposition or by the benefactive (i.v.) applicative -nii. In imperative karíini rt. kárii appear to utterances, however, the verb have a trait, look as if one has a functions transitively. When the specified trait, e.g., look or appear object is specifically a possessed old, look or appear wrinkled, look form of naamiya ‘face’, the verb is or appear like a woman (e.g., in the case of an effeminate man). also transitive, and is construed as ▶ meaning ‘look at [possessor of Gram. The trait associated with naamiya] in the face’. Finally, in the the appearance of the verbal sense ‘have a look at, check on, or subject is expressed by an adverb. inspect’, the verb is also transitive. Ex. Mɨɨsaji=árata na=káriiyaa. Ex. Nu=káriikwaákiaakɨ=ná They look like women. naa=níwaji. She looked behind kariiníini rt. kariínii 1. (t.v.) stare, them. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, jaari watch, or look at prolongedly. Ex. n=arakíika káriikuraaná Nu=kariíniiyaárikɨ=na iina nu=iímina=jinakuma. Then his paápaaja tii aasamu=jina. He nephew looked inside the canoe. Ex. watched the fish there in the creek. 2. Nuú iina=jina kárii waarata (t.v.) watch over or care for, which

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 207 =karíira kásami

may involve care-taking duties that kárɨɨtáani rt. kárɨɨta (i.v.) fall extend far beyond merely watching short, not be enough, or be over someone or something, e.g., insufficient in some respect, e.g., feeding and cleaning up after a sick for a quantity of food or drink to be person. This term is employed insufficient for a given number of specifically when the activity is for people, or for a piece of wood to be the benefit of the animal or person too short in a given dimension, e.g., being watched over, but not in length, to serve a desired purpose. cases where the activity can be ▶ Gram. The object denotes or construed as inimical to the indexes the entity or activity that is interests of the person being insufficient, while the subject watched over, e.g., when guarding denotes the entity, typically a a prisoner. Ex. Nu=kutɨɨyaárikɨ person, affected by the nɨyini, kaa insufficiency. The thing that falls nu=kariíniiyaárikɨ=na nuu. She short or is insufficient can also be would bear children, but she didn’t denoted by an event-nominalized know how to care for them. verb if the activity denoted by the =karíira (postp.) below; verb is conceived of as involving postposition that indicates that the the cumulative satisfaction of a figure is located in the lower part of need that involves a desirable the space below the complement, quantity of the activity in question, which denotes a ground construable e.g., sleeping or eating. Ex. Iina as a two-dimensional surface, e.g., a mɨtiija ki=kárɨɨtarɨɨ (asáani), table or roof. ▶ Socio. This kw=arakíika. That turtle is what I postposition is employed only by lack (eating), nephew. Ex. Iina JPI and replaces kariku-ma in the kaaya nu=kárɨɨtarɨɨ asáani. This kariku-ku/-ma/-maji set of locative person hasn’t eaten enough. Ex. postpositions. Ki=kárɨɨtarɨɨ makɨ́ɨni. I haven’t slept enough. kariitáani rt. kariíta (a.v.) watch others while they eat, typically with kásami (n.) 1. one’s possessions; the hope that they will offer this term may refer to the totality of something to eat; generally one’s possessions, or to a considered rude behavior. contextually relevant subset kariitáani rt. kariíta (i.v.) recover thereof, e.g., all of one’s possessions from being intoxicated by alcohol, in a given boat. ▶ Gram. There is ayahuasca, or some other drug. no singular form of this noun. karɨjɨ́ɨni rt. karɨɨ́jɨ impf.rt. karɨɨ́ji Poss.pref. Ex. Nu=atɨɨtɨɨ́yaa drv.rt. karɨ́jɨ (i.v.) be thirsty. pɨyɨ́ɨni iimi nu=kásami. He is placing all his things in a line. 2. karɨɨ́ji impf.rt. of karɨjɨ́ɨni goods; in the context of the karɨ́ɨni rt. kaátɨ Nanay dialect.var. patrón-peón relationships that of itɨ́ɨni drv.rt. kárɨ formed the basis of economic life in

208 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kasi namijana kasirtɨ́ɨni

the Iquito communities for much of physical control; typically said of the 20th century, this term also living beings, e.g., game animals, in referrred to the goods owned by the the case of a human hunter; or patrón with which he compensated prey, in the case predatory animals his peones. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. or demonic beings; also extended kasi namijana rt. kasi namija lit. metaphorically to the acquisition of gray-eyed (adj.) cataract-eyed; the other entities, such as money or quality of having cataracts, which sexual partners. Ex. Atii=na=jaa, manifest as cloudiness in the iina paápaaja cornea. nu=kásiitaárikɨ=na, iímina amɨ́yaja=na, pɨyɨ́ɨni (adj.) kasina rt. kasi gray or nu=kapiaárikɨ nuu. Then, those ash-colored. fish he had caught, a canoe load, he kasina sikiáaja (n.) venado cooked them all. 4. (t.v.) infect, cenizo or Gray Brocket Deer, a afflict, said of illnesses and species of grayish-brown dear that maladies. ▶ Gram. In this sense, the stands some 1m tall at the shoulder verbal subject is an NP denoting or and has straight, horn-like antlers. indexing the illness, while the Sci. Mazama gouazoubira. object denotes or indexes the kasíratáani rt. kasírata (t.v.) stab person affected by it. Ex. Aákari something with a spear without nu=kásiitaakurá=yaa kíija, iina releasing the spear, i.e., without iwarɨ́yaaka. Just recently it is throwing it. infecting me, this illness. (n.) kasíratáani rt. kasírata fst.spch. kasirii irreg.pl. kasiriiwa kasírta (t.v.) steer canoe from the unidentifed tree species that stern, using a paddle in a manner reaches some 1m in diameter, and similar to a rudder. whose wood is used to make dugout canoes, and is also cut for planks. It kasiráani rt. kásiita drv.rt. kasíra produces very sweet, edible, round, (t.v.) 1. grab; grasp; carry out the greenish-gray fruits that that reach action of closing a hand around some 8cm in diameter. something in order to grasp it. (prop.n.) Cashirimo ▶ Gram. This sense typically bears Kasiríimu , a perfective aspectual marking. Ex. tributary of the Chambira River, on Jaari=na Iísuuja kásiitaki the right bank (when traveling nu=juwáana. Then Iísuuja grabbed upriver), about half an hour of peke peke her spear. 2. (t.v.) grasp, hold, travel by motor from the typically in one’s hand. ▶ Gram. mouth of the Chambira. This sense typically bears kasirtɨ́ɨni rt. kasirtɨɨ (t.v.) hit, in imperfective aspectual marking. the sense of reaching and Ex. Iina sakújaaja nu=kásiitaa. successfully striking a target with a He is holding the piripiri. 3. (t.v.) range weapon, e.g., shotgun or catch, capture, or bring under one’s spear, or with a blow.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 209 kasiíniika katɨ́ɨni kasiíniika (n.) variety of huitina, a katáawa • from Sp. catahua. (n.) plant species with several fleshy catahua, species of tree that grows stalks that grow up to 1m in height, in elevated areas with clayey soils, each with a single large, roughly far from rivers, reaching 1.5m in triangular leaf. This variety has diameter. Its wood is used for elongated, edible starchy tubers timber, canoes, and to make bases with purple flesh. Sci. Xanthosoma for plank boats, while its sap is used sp. in the treatment of maladies kásiiri irreg.pl. kásiiriwa (n.) 1. believed to be due to witchcraft, moon. 2. month. applying it to the surface of the affected part. Sci. Hura crepitans. kásiiri ipɨráani nunamija-jata lit. the moon is fighting with the kati impf.rt. of katɨ́ɨni sun (clause) occur, speaking of a katija (n.) term applied to two solar eclipse. This expression distinct cultigens: 1) sachapapa a reflects the traditional belief that a somewhat lumpy starchy tuber with solar eclipse occurs when the moon, a grainy texture that comes in both believed to be a cold and white and purplish-fleshed water-filled entity, attempts to varieties; and 2) sweet potato overcome its rival, the sun; (camote), a tapered tuber with fortunately, this effort always fails, pinkish, sweet flesh; the former is since were the moon to succeed, the simply eaten, boiled or roasted in world would be covered by a coals, while the latter is an devastating flood. ▶ Gram. The important ingredient in masato, or verb ipɨráani exhibits TAM marking manioc beer, serving as a source of appropriate to the eclipse event. sugars for the fermentation process. sachapapa irreg.pl. kataraka • from Sci. Dioscorea trifida ( ), kataraa camote Sp. catalán. (n.) Ringed Kinfisher, Ipomea batatas ( ). the largest species of Kingfisher katɨ́yasi (n.) gap-toothed person, a found in Iquito territory, reaching person with many gaps in their some 32cm in length. The males teeth. have a gray-blue head, back, and katɨyáaku (n.) a gap in the teeth; wings, with a red chest and belly, the empty space left when one or and fine barring on the underside of more teeth are lost. ▶ Gram. the tail; the female differs in having Poss.pref. a blue bib bordered in white. Sci. katɨ́ɨni rt. katɨ impf.rt. kati 1. (i.v.) Megaceryle torquata. fall off or break off, said of fruits or katáani rt. kata (t.v.) harvest or tubers that are attached to a trunk, gather a fruit from tree or palm, or branch, or root stock at a relatively a grain from its plant. act./mid. small point, e.g., a bunch of palm katɨ́ɨni (middle) Rel. katatáani (rt. fruits that falls from their trunk, a katata) (t.v.) harvest a fruit with its támuu fruit that falls from a branch, stalk attached. or a single manioc tuber that breaks

210 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kawáayɨ aniáasi kaa aatiáana

of from its root stock when it is element occurs obligatorily appears being pulled from the gound. 2. in its non-finite event-nominalized (i.v.) for a tooth to fall out. form. If the subject of the clause is act./mid. katáani (active) third person, and not expressed by kawáayɨ aniáasi free.var. of a referential noun, it is omitted nawɨyinakaaja lit. horse tail (that is to say, third person pronouns do not surface to express kawɨɨ́naari (n.) llambina, a species the subject). Ex. Kaa aatiáana of slender toothless bottom-feeding iwarɨ́ɨni. She wouldn’t have died. fish with small silvery scales that Ex. Kaa aatiáana tíira iwáani reaches up to 15cm in length. It is kíija. I wouldn’t have gone there. 2. distinguishable from the similar utterance-initial fixed expression kaawaánaari (boquichico) and sipari used to make extremely polite (yaraquí) both by its smaller size requests; minimizes a negative face and plain tail. Sci. Potamorhina threat to the addressee by hedging altamazonica. the request as a reverse polarity (negation) kaa no or not; negation ability question; although speakers particle. Ex. Kaa, have some difficulty in translating kw=átuuyaa=kija kiáaja, this expression, they tend to gloss it aníkuma tíira=ji. No, I’m telling as “are you not able to...” (“no sería you, don’t come here. capáz de...”), or “how could it not kaa aríwatɨɨyáana irreg.pl. kaa be...” (“cómo no sería...”). ▶ Gram. aríwatɨɨyáapɨ (animate) (n.) The verb of the clause bearing this disobediente person, someone who element must appear in its does not follow orders. non-finite event-nominalized form. kaa aatiáana (prtcl.) 1. fixed Ex. Kaa aatiáana tíira iwáani expression that imparts a kiáaja=na kurikúura, counterfactual conditional meaning kia=nikíini=íira, to the clause in which it appears. kia=nikisakari iímina tíira, ▶ Gram. This element only appears p=ɨwáani=íira iipɨ=níwaji in clause-initial position, and pɨ́=kujímaka? How about you go although the clause in which it down to the port to have a look, occurs may be linked to a second perhaps you will see a canoe there, for clause that supplies the state of us to go (following) behind our affairs on which the companions. 3. fixed expression counterfactuality depends, it need used by shamans in incantations to not do so, being a potentially command some being or entity to complete sentence in its own right. do something or undergo some In such a case, the additional state change; the fixed expression of affairs on which the imparts the illocutionary force of a counterfactual conditionality directive to the utterance that depends is inferred from context. follows it, and is directed towards The verb of the clause in which this the entity being manipulated by the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 211 kaa karanakiáana káaji námati

shaman. Ex. Siuu, kaa káaji ajírɨna lit. sloth seat (n.) aatiáana=na jawɨ́ɨni=na kiáaja, asiento de pelejo or ‘sloth seat’, náaji jɨíta iina taa=ná paatíina unidentified species of liana notable jawana. Shuu (onomatopoeia of for being unusually flat and broad, shaman blowing), dry up, like this, measuring some 15-20cm in width which is dry balsa wood. and some 3cm thick. JPI pers.var. kaa karanakiáana irreg.pl. kaa káaji ijírɨna. karnakiáapɨ lit. unashamed person kaaji ámaaka lit. axe pole (n.) fst.spch. kaa karnakiáana (n.) species of zúngaro-type fish that person who habitually does or says reaches approximately 1m in shameful things, but does not feel length, notable for its long and shame or remorse about them. slender tail, from which its name kaá tɨɨ (interj.) “Oh no!”; derives. Mostly gray, with a pale interjection expressing surprise and chest, it is generally captured with dismay at the arrival of news of an hook and line in deep parts of the unfortunate occurrence. river. Sci. Sorubimichthys planiceps. kaajapaárika (adv.) fortunately, kaaji ámaaka lit. axe pole (n.) axe luckily. Ex. Atii=na iina handle. makwaati nu=aátikiaakɨ=ná káaji ánaasi lit. sloth mosquito (n.) nuu, “Kaajapaárika species of small mosquito, bluish in kia=iníkarɨɨ.” Then the toad said to color and with long legs, that the man, “Fortunately, you woke up.” buzzes noisily when it flies. ELY pers.var. kájapaki. Encountered in shady areas of the kaajáani rt. kaaja dialect.var. of forest, it is said to feed on sloths by kijáani biting them on their exposed noses. káaji (n.) species of large stinging káaji ijírɨna JPI pers.var. of káaji caterpillar, said to reach 10cm in ajírɨna lit. sloth seat length, whose hairs deliver a very káaji námati irreg.pl. káaji painful sting. Grayish in color, it namátikaka lit. sloth arm (n.) tends to hang from the undersides plátano bellaco, variety of plantain of leaves or branches, both features that produces very thick, long, and káaji similar to sloths, , as reflected unusually curved fruits. Plants of in its name. this variety generally only produce káaji (n.) pelejo or Southern three bunches of plantains, much Two-toed Sloth, sloth species that fewer than other varieties. Sci. reaches about 95cm in length and Musa sp. dialect.var. níiki ríwaasi. 8.5kg in weight, and is generally káaji námati irreg.pl. káaji creamy brown in color. Sci. namátikaka lit. sloth arm (n.) Choloepus didactylus. Maájanakáani species of shimbillo with dialect.var. wásiuuja. particularly large fruits about 25cm kaaji (n.) metal axe head. in length, and curved into a

212 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary káaji támuu káami

semicircle. Its trunk reaches some and 2nd person possessors, though 80cm in diameter, and the fruits are less so for 3rd person possessors), located high in the tree and so with the result that the latter sought after due to their size and referential root is now relatively sweetness that the trees were rare in everyday speech, although it formerly felled to reach them, is common in traditional narratives. making them very rare now. Sci. Inga sp. dialect.var. káaji támuu. kaakɨɨ́jɨɨsana dialect.var. of maákata káaji támuu dialect.var. of káaji irreg.pl. kaakɨɨ́jɨɨsanawaaka námati lit. sloth guaba ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. kaajírɨwɨ irreg.pl. kaajírɨwɨya, kaajírɨwɨka lit. piece of axe (n.) kaakuusíini rt. kaakuúsii (t.v.) piece of metal, especially steel or rub or massage a body part to iron. alleviate pain. kaajiya irreg.pl. of kajinani káami (loc.dem) 1. up there; • kaajuu irreg.pl. kaajuuwa from locative demonstrative which Sp. cajón. (n.) 1. box. 2. coffin. indicates that the location of kaakáraka irreg.pl. of kaakáraaja demonstrative reference is above kaakáraaja irreg.pl. kaakáraka the origo (generally, the speaker), (n.) chicken. e.g., on an upper floor of a house, or uphill. Ex. kaakáraaja muúruwa lit. chicken Nu=maakarɨɨkiaana káami quitamuro (n.) cuchipe, a iijaku, siiki=nɨɨ́jina. He climbed frequently fatal illness suffered by up to the high ground, on top of the chickens, whose symptoms include restinga. 2. upriver there; locative red spots on their faces. demonstrative which indicates that • cacao (n.) kaakáawu from Sp. . the location of demonstrative cultivated cacao; variety of cacao reference is upriver of the origo introducted to Iquito territory in (generally, the speaker). Ex. the 20th century as a cash crop. Sci. Kia=pariíyaa kuuta k=ináani Theobroma cacao. káami k=íyiku, Nɨɨkamúumu kaakɨ́ɨja irreg.pl. kaakɨɨ́jawaaka anáka=jina? Can you perhaps take (n.) 1. vocative term for father. 2. me upriver to my place, in the referential term for father (see headwaters of the Chambira river? 3. Sociolinguistic note). ▶ Gram. outside there; locative Poss.pref. in this sense. ▶ Socio. demonstrative which indicates that Historically, kaakɨ́ɨja was the location of demonstrative exclusively a vocative term, with reference is inside a vessel or akɨ being its referential counterpart; enclosed space. Ex. Aniwa=aákuji in the course of the 20th century, taa kaá tɨɨ inásana pɨ́=sinaakɨ however, the former has come to be káami pakariku. This is why our used referentially (especially for 1st clothes are not put there on the patio.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 213 kaamíira kaapaasíini kaamíira (loc.dem) 1. there, kaanawara further up or above; distal locative irreg.pl. kaanawarawaaka (n.) demonstrative where the location casual friend; reportedly originally of demonstrative reference is an archaic term for non-kin with further above the origo (generally, whom one is on friendly or intimate the speaker) than would be terms. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. expected by virtue of some salient káani (n.) spirit companion of overall spatial frame of reference. shaman that comes to him in 2. there, further upriver; distal dreams or trances to inform him of locative demonstrative, where the important things, especially the location of demonstrative reference causes of illnesses of patients he is is further upriver of the origo treating. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. (generally the speaker) than would kaániwaaka (postp.) after. be expected by virtue of some ▶ Gram. This element appears in salient overall spatial frame of temporal sequence clause-linking reference. constructions in the irrealis kaamiíraata (adv.) 1. non-finite clause that expresses the upriverwards, in the upriver temporally anterior eventuality. direction; the attribute of a path of The subject of the two clauses must motion to be oriented in an upriver be coreferential, and this element direction. 2. upwards; the attribute appears following the non-finite of a path of motion to be oriented verb in the temporally anterior upwards. clause. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, nu=iíkuuyaárɨɨkiaakɨ=ná kaanaji (n.) one’s safety or nu=kuwasíini kaániwaaka, tíira self-defense. ▶ Gram. Both this niíkuma. Then he walked off, after noun and its variant, naatimɨ́ɨra, are speaking to her, along the path. only known to appear as (t.v.) complements to the verb karíini kaántaakɨ́ɨni rt. kaántaakɨɨ ‘watch’ as part of a threaten to carry out an action, typically of a violent nature. conventionalized expression which ▶ indicates that the subject of the Gram. This verb may take a verb is watching out for their safety non-finite event nominalization as against either an immediate threat its complement. Ex. Iina ikwani, (e.g., during a spear duel), or a nu=kaántaakɨɨ́yaa waarata suspected one (e.g., after having kaaya. That man is threating another received a death threat). Poss.pref. person. Ex. Nu=kaántaakɨɨkurá Ex. Jaa Saákisa naajáaja, masíini. She threatened to run away. nu=niíkirɨɨkiaaná nu=juwáana, kaapaasíini rt. kaapaásii • from nu=karíini=íira nu=kaanaji. Sp. capar. (t.v.) castrate; generally Then Saákisa too, she raised her spear done to pigs in Iquito territory, but to defend herself (lit: to watch her equally applicable to other animals, safety). free.var. naatimɨ́ɨra. and even humans; some Iquitos

214 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kaapɨɨta kaasiáasa

believe that certain other color, it has a small yellow patch on indigenous groups would do this to its forehead, a large yellow patch boys they captured from their on its cheek, a small orange patch enemies, so that they would get fat on its wings, and red and yellow and be suitable to be slaughtered markings on the underside of its for cannibalistic feasts (it should be tail. pointed out that there is no kaasi (n.) sajino or Collared evidence to believe this is true). Peccary, the smaller of the two kaapɨɨta (adv.) at any moment; peccary species; this species is characterizes a state of affairs as disinguished by a thin, pale ‘collar’ something that is likely to occur at around its neck, and reaches a any moment, e.g., the arrival of weight of some 35kg. Found in someone who is overdue. This smaller groups that the larger adverb can have a warning or anitáaki (huangana) or admonitory sense when White-lipped Peccary, often of characterizing a potentially fewer than ten individuals, this dangerous state of affairs, e.g., a species is considered the tastier of child climbing a tree. Ex. Iina the two species. Sci. Tayassu tajacu. síruku rimúsiija, kaapɨɨta nuu kaasi katija lit. collared peccary itɨ́wɨɨ. That shot woolly monkey, it sweet potato (n.) variety of will fall at any moment. sachapapa that was formerly kaara irreg.pl. kaarawaaka (n.) cultivated by Iquitos. It was not a referential term that expresses favored variety, since it tended to sympathy for a person who is in make the mouth itch unless very exigent circumstances, e.g., well cooked. poverty, or has suffered a kaasi siriija lit. collared peccary misfortune, e.g., death of a spouse bird (n.) White-Flanked Antwren, or a severe injury; reminiscent of bird that reaches some 10cm in local Spanish pobrecito or English length, and is overall black, except ‘poor guy/woman’. for white spots on wings and tail kaáraaja (n.) Dusky-headed tip, and some white streaking on Parakeet, species of mostly green underside. It is encountered in the parakeet that reaches some 25cm in vicinity of creeks, near the ground, length, and has a gray head with a alighting on stalks and branches, large white eye-ring. These birds and notable for its chattering call, often visit village edges and which Iquitos find reminiscent of gardens in noisy flocks of 5 to 10 the clattering of kaasi or Collared birds. Sci. Aratinga weddellii. Peccary tusks. kaáruukwaaja (n.) kaasi táraati free.var. of taasíita pashaco Orange-winged Parrot, species of táraati lit. collared peccary short-tailed parrot that reaches kaasiáasa • from Port. cachaça. 33cm in length. Mostly green in (n.) aguardiente, trago, or cashasa,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 215 kaasimajáana káawsi

a distilled alcohol made from use this term for conta (Attalea sugarcane, widely consumed in tesmannii) palms, this word is most much of Peruvian Amazonia. likely a borrowing of Loreto catirina kaasimajáana (n.) species of Spanish , a term that is used carahuasca-type tree most regionally for Orbignya polysticha commonly encountered in purmas, and Scheelia spp. palms, but which shapaja reaching a diameter of only 15cm. are also referred to as , and Its wood is used for roof poles, and which are quite similar in form to its bark, which strips off easily, is the palm species denoted by used for tumplines and provisional kaatiríina. rope. When its bark is stripped it (n.) boquichico emits an odor reminiscent of the kaawaánaari , scent of kaasi or Collared Peccaries, bottom-feeding fish species that can which is reflected in the name of reach to 50cm in length, with a the tree. Sci. Guatteria sp. sucker mouth, silvery, scaled body, and tail with fine, horizontal, kaasiija (n.) variety of sakújaaja alternating yellow and black (piripiri), a medicinal plant, that stripes. Uncommon in the was traditionally used to treat dogs Pintuyacu River basin, this species to improve their ability to hunt is generally found in larger rivers kaasi, Collared Peccaries. During such as the Nanay. Sci. Prochilodus the treatment, the dog was kept nigricans. tied up and was only fed cooked manioc, without salt, into which káawsi • from Sp. caucho. (n.) 1. the grated tubers of this plant were caucho, species of latex-producing mixed; its chest and forehead were tree that was one of the most prized also painted with karásiika or species of such trees during the achiote. Sci. Cyperus sp. Rubber Boom of the late 19th and • cachimbo kaasíimpu from Sp. . early 20th centuries. The method (n.) pipe for smoking tobacco; employed for harvesting the latex introduced to Iquito territory in the of this species required that the tree early 20th century with the more be felled, leading to its extirpation general use of tobacco. in Iquito territory by the 1920s or kaatiríina (n.) conta, species of 1930s, with the result that few palm strongly reminiscent of niraasi present-day Iquitos have seen one. (shapaja) that grows in areas with Apart from its latex, it produces an clayey soil; its leaves are used to edible fruit. This species was weave matákaari (cumbas), or essentially absent from the coverings for roof peaks. Its small Pintuyacu River basin, being edible fruits are prized for their oily restricted to the clayey soils of the flesh which also often contain small Chambira River basin. Sci. Castilla suri, or edible grubs. Sci. Attalea ulei. 2. the natural rubber harvested tesmannii. ▶ Socio. Although Iquitos from the káawsi tree.

216 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary káawu kia= káawu (n.) pavo pishco, huayero, the peón, effectively keeping the or Purple-throated Fruitcrow, a latter in a quasi-slave-like debt species of black bird that reaches relationship with the patrón. 33cm, with the male exhibiting a ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. in this sense. distinctive purple neck ruff. Often kaaya amuútaja lit. that with heard in elevated areas far from which one kills people (n.) variety rivers, it is rarely seen, due to its of sakújaaja (piripiri), a medicinal tendency to forage in the canopy. plant, that, according to Iquito oral This bird’s name is based on its tradition, was used to kill people. cawing song, while its alarm call Reportedly the killer would grate sounds like raspy coughing. Sci. ▶ the bulbs of the plant, and rub them Querula purpurata. Anth. on his body, after which he would According to Iquito oral tradition, blow (aruúkíini) in the direction of this bird was once a woman who the intended victim (who need not cheated on her husband. When her be in sight) and say jaa kia=iwɨɨrɨki husband discovered her betrayal, ‘you’re dead’ three times, upon he killed her lover and cut off his which the victim would become ill penis, cooking it and serving it to and die, sometimes within a day. his wife as a meal, except for the Sci. Cyperus sp. head of the penis which he waited kaaya nikiiti lit. person seer (n.) to show to his wife after she had variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti (chacruna), a consumed the meal, who began to medicinal plant, that is said to spit and vomit in disgust. This was induce the ability to see kɨɨ́wasiija, the source of its cough-like call, demonic souls of the dead, and after the woman transformed into a siwaara, demons. To induce this bird. ELY pers.var. sanɨrɨ. JPI magical ability, the plant was pers.var. sɨnɨrɨ. chewed, some of the juice was swallowed and the resulting pulp kaaya irreg.pl. kaayaaka (n.) 1. was rubbed in the eyes. Sci. person or human being. 2. peón, Psychotria viridis. someone working for a patrón (paaturuu). The classic patrón-peón kaayaaka irreg.pl. of kaaya relationship flourished in Iquito kaayɨ́ɨni rt. kaáyɨɨ (t.v.) take territory from the beginning of the someone on as a peón (kaaya). 20th century but began to wane in kí= (pro.) I, me; first person the 1950s, largely disappearing by singular pronoun. the 1980s. The peón was generally kí= (pro.) my; first person singular advanced material goods, from possessive pronoun. working implements to clothing (pro.) and other personal affects, for kia= second person singular which the patrón charged pronoun. exorbitantly high prices in kia= (pro.) second person singular comparison to the wages he paid possessive pronoun.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 217 kianɨ́ɨni kimakɨ kianɨ́ɨni rt. kiaanɨ impf.rt. kiaani =kija (grammatical clitic) but. drv.rt. kiánɨ (i.v.) become fat. ▶ Gram. This clitic is a kiáaja (pro.) you; second person second-position enclitic, and it singular pronoun, used for bears a mobile HLL tonal melody. information-structurally prominent kijátaja (n.) adze; hafted tool used functions such as topic and focus, to remove layers of wood, and in other contexts requiring a especially important for carving free pronoun, including verbal dugout canoes. dialect.vars. object function. Ex. kajátana, kajátaja. Nu=aátikiaakɨ=ná iina taana kijáani rt. kiija drv.rt. kija (t.v.) nu=aátamajani, “Kiáaja, kiáaja carve or work wood by removing amáriyaaja aákusana katarɨɨ.” He layers off a given piece, decreasing said to his other brother, “You, you it width and bulk, e.g., using an pijuayo will harvest red .” Ex. adze in the latter stages of making a Kánɨɨka taa=na kiáaja? Who are dugout canoe to reach the desired you? (he said) thickness for the hull and gunwales, kiaájaati (n.) species of legendary or in shaping a house post with a chacruna-type plant that looked machete so that extraneous lumps like a bijao and was, according to are removed, or in reducing the oral tradition, used to confound blade of a paddle to its desired one’s enemies. The plant’s leaves width and shape. dialect.var. were said to have been chewed, kaajáani. some of its juice swallowed, and the kimakáani rt. kimáka (t.v.) pulp rubbed on one’s body, and if compress or flatten plant matter, an attack on an enemy settlement e.g., stamp down on cuttings to planned, on one’s spear. When the reduce the size of a pile, trample enemy was encountered, the plant undergrowth in an area to clear it left them befuddled, only able to somewhat, or press down on a layer say kiáaja, kiáaja, kiáaja ‘you, you, of ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) leaves in putting you’, and leaving them open to together an ikija bundle to carry. attack. Sci. Psychotria viridis var. kimakɨ (n.) cosho, a type of trough kiaani impf.rt. of kianɨ́ɨni traditionally made from the bark of kiaárika (pro.) you (singular) the isakúuna (tahuarí) tree, and alone; second person singular used to store large quantities of exhaustive focus pronoun. Ex. liquid, such as manioc beer or Kiaárika=na manánuumaari=na water. To make one, cuts were kia=árata mɨɨsaji=na. You alone made in a rectangular piece of bark are always bothering your fellow so that the two ends could be women. Ex. Kiaárika=jaa niwa folded upward to make the sides of nakusikí=yaa, iina taa kiáaja. the trough, the overlapping pieces Only you are going to know what you were pierced and tied together with are. núriyɨ (tamshi), and iwaana kɨriija

218 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kimakɨ́ɨni kinikíira

(beeswax) or kɨriija (tree pitch) was postposition is an entity from which used to seal the holes and gaps. an argumentof the associated verb These containers continued to be has been unwillingly separated by made until about the 1940s. the subject of that verb. kimakɨ́ɨni rt. kimákɨɨ (t.v.) make kiniki (loc.dem) 1. here, near a kimakɨ (cosho) trough. addressee; addressee-proximal kina= (pro.) 1. second person locative demonstrative, where the plural pronoun. 2. location of demonstrative reference is both relatively proximal to the kina= (pro.) 1. second person speaker (but still more proximal to plural posessive pronoun. 2. the addressee) and located kináaja (pro.) 1. second person horizontally with respect to the plural pronoun, used for speaker. 2. here, near addressee; information-structurally prominent addressee-proximal locative functions such as topic and focus, demonstrative, where the location and in other contexts requiring a of demonstrative reference is both free pronoun, including verbal relatively proximal to the speaker object function. 2. highly respectful (but still more proximal to the pronominal form for second person addressee) and located singular referents, used for prependicular to the direction of information-structurally prominent flow of the river with respect tothe functions such as topic and focus, speaker. and in other contexts requiring a (loc.dem) free pronoun, including verbal kinikíira 1. there, at the object function. ▶ Gram. The use of same level, near addressee; this plural pronoun as a means of addressee-proximal locative conveying respect to a singular demonstrative, where the location referent is part of a broader pattern of demonstrative reference is of using plural forms as the located both distally and respectful counterparts of singular horizontally away from the speaker forms. with respect to the gravitationally-oriented spatial (pro.) kinaárika 1. you (plural) reference frame. 2. there, in a alone; second person plural direction perpendicular to the river, exhaustive focus pronoun. Ex. near addressee; addressee-proximal Kinaariká=yaa locative demonstrative, where the kí=raritɨɨyaákiaana. Only you location of demonstrative reference (plural) am I inviting to drink. 2. you is located both distally from the (singular) only; highly respectful speaker and in a direction second person singular exhaustive perpendicular to the direction of focus pronoun. flow of the river with respect tothe =kiniji (postp.) postposition that speaker. Ex. “Aákari=na denotes that the complement of the kí=mɨyɨkiíkiaaná=yaa kinikíira

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 219 kiniku kinimɨ́ɨra

p=ɨyakíira. Just now I am returning point proximal to the secondary there to our place. deictic center (typically position of kiniku (loc.dem) 1. up there, near the addressee), where the origo addressee; addressee-proximal (typically position of speaker) is locative demonstrative, where the downriver of the secondary deictic location of demonstrative reference center. 2. upwards, in the direction is both distal from the speaker and opposed to gravity, towards a point above the speaker. Ex. Mátaka taá proximal to the secondary deictic kiina imatáaja kiniku center (typically position of nu=pakarikuji. That’s a addressee), where the origo leaf-covering there, put over the door. (typically position of speaker) is 2. there upriver, near addressee; below of the secondary deictic addressee-proximal locative center. demonstrative, where location of kinima (loc.dem) 1. down there, demonstrative reference is both near addressee; adressee-proximal distal from the speaker and upriver locative demonstrative, where the of the speaker. Ex. Jaa kinaá location of demonstrative reference kiniku kárii, tɨɨ tipanɨɨri asakurá is both distal from the speaker and iina kí=maaya. Be careful there below the speaker. Ex. Iiti upriver, where the demonic stingray kia=kinima=ji maakarɨɨ. To ate my child. here, from there below, climb up. 2. kinikúura (loc.dem) 1. there, there downriver, near addressee; further up; addressee-proximal addressee-proximal locative locative demonstrative where the demonstrative, where the location location of demonstrative reference of demonstrative reference is both is distal from the speaker, and both distal from the speaker and above the speaker and further downriver of the speaker. above the speaker than would be kinimɨ́ɨra (loc.dem) 1. there, expected by virtue of some salient further down; addressee-proximal overall spatial frame of reference. locative demonstrative where the 2. there, further upriver; location of demonstrative reference addressee-proximal locative is distal from the speaker, and both demonstrative where the location below the speaker and further of demonstrative reference is distal below the speaker than would be from the speaker, and both upriver expected by virtue of some salient of the speaker and further upriver overall spatial frame of reference. of the speaker than would be 2. there, further down river; expected by virtue of some salient addressee-proximal locative overall spatial frame of reference. demonstrative where the location kinikuúraata (adv.) 1. of demonstrative reference is distal upriverwards towards addressee; in from the speaker, and both the upriver direction, towards a downriver of the speaker and

220 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kinimɨɨ́raata kiti

further downriver of the speaker 2m in diameter, but its wood is than would be expected by virtue of heavier and red in color, tending to some salient overall spatial frame sink in water. Sci. Virola spp. of reference. kisijuutáani rt. kisijuúta 1. (t.v.) kinimɨɨ́raata (adv.) 1. carry something, typically an downriverwards towards there; in infant, in a kísiika (aparina, baby the downriver direction, towards a sling). 2. (t.v.) carry in the arms in point proximal to the secondary front of the body, e.g., an infant or deictic center (typically position of a bundle of sticks. addressee), where the origo kisiriikuutáani rt. kisiriikuúta (typically position of speaker) is (i.v.) bare or show the teeth, either upriver of the secondary deictic as a smile, or as an aggressive center. 2. downwards, in the display, as in the case of many direction opposed to gravity, animals. towards a point proximal to the (n.) aparina secondary deictic center (typically kísiika , a type of sling position of addressee), where the traditionally used to carry babies origo (typically position of speaker) close to their mother’s breast, made is above of the secondary deictic of a length of fabric, some 50cm in center. width and 1.5m in length, whose ends are sewn together to create a kirísɨɨja (n.) Yellow-crowned loop that is worn over one shoulder Parrot, species of short-tailed parrot and under the opposite arm. that reaches 35cm in length, notable for its yellow forehead and kisɨ́ɨni rt. kiísɨ impf.rt. kiísi drv.rt. the red markings on its shoulders. kísɨ (i.v.) become thin or slender, Sci. Amazona ochrocephala. typically said of a person or animal who has lost body weight, but also kiríini rt. kiri (i.v.) fart. applicable to things that have (n.) kisaati term applied to two become slender for other reasons, cumala distinct species of -type e.g., a swollen limb whose swelling trees that bear similar fruits. The has gone down. first grows in low-lying areas, has (n.) soft white wood that floats, and is kitáaka irreg.pl. kitáakayuuri harvested for timber, with a trunk teenage girl, typically 12 to 18 that reaches 1m in diameter, and years old. The prototypical kitáaka exterior roots that arc down from does not yet have a husband or the trunk to the ground but do not children, therefore females in this form buttress roots as such. Its age group with children are fruits reach 5cm and burst when typically not referred to with this ripe, scattering their seeds. The term; in contrast, older childless second variety grows in elevated women may be referred to with this areas with clayey soils and has term. reddish-yellow leaves, and grows to kiti impf.rt. of kitɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 221 kitɨ́ɨni kíyuuna kitɨ́ɨni rt. kitɨ impf.rt. kiti (t.v.) repeatedly (either a single person cease; stop performing some action, repeatedly, or multiple people). e.g., clearing a garden, with no kiwɨɨ́nari irreg.pl. kiwɨɨ́nariwaaka implication regarding any possible (n.) niece of male ego; male ego’s completion of the task; or cease to brother’s or sister’s daughter. be in some state, e.g., being sick or ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. cold. ▶ Gram. This verb cannot take kíyɨɨna (n.) depression, concavity, a nominal object, but can take a or sunken part in a surface, non-finite irrealis clause. Ex. prototypically the ground, which in Niwa=aákuji nu=kitɨkiaakɨ́ the rain forest environment of paajúuni jaa. Because of that he Iquito territory tend to fill with stopped teaching. Ex. Iina=wajá water, but equally applicable to anapa, atii nu=ɨɨ́yaa, iinawaja depressions in other surfaces, nu=kitɨ́ɨni nu=námaku including vertical ones, such as tree amuutáani. But the macaw, there he trunks, or even the skin of animals flies, and he never stops flapping his and people, e.g., smallpox scars in wings. the skin. (t.v.) kiwakíini rt. kiwákii (t.v.) kíyɨɨtaníini rt. kíyɨɨtánii squeeze together multiple long, make depression or indentation, e.g., by denting a pot or carving a slender, and relatively rigid objects ▶ transversely to their length, e.g., hollow in a piece of wood. Gram. hold someone tight with their arms The object takes the general trapped against their torso, or locative =jina. squeeze irapay leaves together in kíyɨɨtáani rt. kíyɨɨta (i.v.) be order to tie them into a bundle for sunken: for part of surface to be transport. depressed or sunken with respect to the surrounding part of the surface, kiwáani rt. kiika drv.rt. kiwa 1. whether the surface be horizontal (t.v.) hug or hold something tightly or otherwise. against one’s chest using one’s kíyuuka (n.) coccoon, the arms, e.g., a person, to express protective container in which beetle affection, an animal to subdue it grubs and caterpillars and keep it from escaping, or a metamorphose into their mature, fraying bundle, to keep it from winged, phase. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. falling apart. 2. (t.v.) grasp or hold kíyuuka dialect.var. of kíyuuna an quantity of small things tightly ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. in one’s hand, so that they do not (i.v.) scatter, e.g., a bunch of kanuu kiyuukúuni rt. kiyuúkuu (chambira fibers), a small faggot of form cocoon, speaking of beetle sticks, or a fistful of corn kernels. grubs and caterpillars. Rel. kiwaakúuni (rt. kiwaákuu) kíyuuna (n.) fontanel, the soft and (t.v.) embrace or hold to one’s chest sometimes somewhat depressed

222 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kíija kiisatúura

spot at the top of a baby’s crown. kiipɨ (dem.) plural animate ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. dialect.var. addressee-proximal demonstrative; kíyuuka. a demonstrative used to index multiple animate entities located kíija (pro.) I, me; first person close to the addressee. ▶ Gram. singular pronoun, used for Plural animate addressee-proximal information-structurally prominent demonstrative. functions such as topic and focus, and in other contexts requiring a kiírika (pro.) I only, me only; first free pronoun, including verbal person singular exhaustive focus object function. Ex. Aákari, kíija, pronoun. Ex. Kiírika miitɨɨsaákari mɨrajaarika, kí=jawɨtɨɨ́yaa iina k=itíniija, pɨɨ́ nuu raatiki aaka. Now, I, children, I will dry up nuúkiika amáriyaana, kaa this water. Ex. Ki=tásiiyaakura nu=paájii jɨɨ́tikari pɨyɨ́ɨni. With tíira nuu, nu=tásiiyaakurá only me serving my manioc beer, we naajaa kíija iiti. I was waiting for can drink it for a year and we will her there, and she was waiting for me never finish it. here. kiísana rt. kiísa (adj.) thin, kiijawaja pers.var.of kiiwaja slender, or skinny, generally said of ▶ Socio. Consultant JPI remarked humans or animals when they have that this is a more old-fashioned lost weight, but also applicable to guaba counterpart to the more fruits, such as támuu ( ), when modern-seeming kiiwaja. they are not as thick and plump as could be. This term is not (dem.) kiimi plural inanimate applicable to inanimate entities that addressee-proximal demonstrative; do not grow or do not change size a demonstrative used to index on their own. multiple inanimate entities located (n.) Gray-necked close to the addressee. ▶ Gram. kiisara Wood-Rail or unchala, species of Plural inanimate largely terrestrial bird that stands addressee-proximal demonstrative. about 35cm tall, with a relatively kiina rt. kii irreg.pl. kiimi long neck and beak, and short (inanimate), kiipɨ (animates) cocked tail; generally (dem.) general number reddish-brown in color, except for addresee-proximal demonstrative; a its gray neck and bib. It has a very demonstrative used to index an loud and distinctive call consisting entity (either animate or inanimate) of see-sawing hoots or caws, often located close to the addressee. realized as a duet between a pair of kiiníiya • from Sp. guineo. (n.) birds. Sci. Aramides cajanea. guineo, variety of sweet plantain, kiisatúura • from Sp. guisador. (n.) measuring up to 10cm in length, guisador or turmeric, cultigen introduced to Iquito territory in the introduced in the early 20th early 20th century. century, used as food coloring, and

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 223 kiísi kɨraájuuna

more recently, to dye kanuu denotes or indexes the shorter of (chambira palm fiber) a bright the two objects. Ex. Iina yellow for the manufacture of kia=maaya, nu=kɨ́jɨɨtaa iina goods intended for the tourist trade. taana maaya. Your son is shorter The plant grows to some 25cm tall, than the other child. with broad leaves, with the kɨkɨtáani rt. kɨkɨta (t.v.) hold onto rhizomes being harvested. The a person with one arm across their liquid from boiled rhizomes was shoulder, while standing side by also formerly used as a treatment side. for hepatitis. Sci. Curcuma longa. (t.v.) kiísi impf.rt. of kisɨ́ɨni kɨnitáani rt. kɨníta push or lift a heavy load, which is attached (interj.) kíisi “puppy!”, “here to, or supported by, a tumpline, up puppy!”, interjection used to call onto someone’s back, so that they the attention of a puppy. can secure the tumpline on their kíisi (n.) puppy, an immature dog, forehead. ▶ Gram. The object principally a term of affection. Ex. denotes or indexes the load lifted. Kí=miiyaa kuupɨ mɨyaarakɨɨka kɨníini rt. kɨɨni drv.rt. kɨ́ni (t.v.) kíisi. I have two puppies. shove, give something that is close kiiwaja (interj.) 1. “give it!”; to rolling, sliding, or falling over, or interjection used to communicate a otherwise easily displaceable, a directive to an addressee that they sharp and sudden push, so that it give the speaker some contextually moves, e.g., causing the thing ▶ relevant object. Gram. This pushed to roll, slide, or fall over. interjection bears no morphology, Rel. kɨnitáani (rt. kɨníta) (t.v.) push but can optionally take a nominal vessel, e.g., canoe or cosho. complement. 2. “and me?”, “but dialect.var. ijikáani. what about me?”, interjection that (n.) expresses that the speaker feels kɨraájuuna species of chimicua inappropriately excluded, -type tree that mostly overlooked, or forgotten in the grows in clayey soils, its trunk concurrent state of affairs. reaching a diameter of some 50cm. pers.var.kiijawaja. This tree produces edible red fruits, roughly the size and shape of (n.) kɨ́jɨsi 1. general term for olives, which are covered with thin, bayucas , or hairy caterpillars, all of soft, hair-covered skins that are which are presumed to sting. 2. typically peeled to reveal sweet bayuca , species of caterpillar that flesh similar in flavor and reaches some 2cm in length with consistency to that of paaríkwana white stinging hairs. (coconilla). Its long leaves reach kɨ́jɨɨtáani rt. kɨ́jɨɨta (t.v.) be some 40cm in length, and its trunk, shorter in height or length than when cut, produces a thick, white another object. ▶ Gram. The subject resin. Sci. Pseudolmedia sp.

224 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kɨráani Kɨrɨwɨɨti kɨráani rt. kɨɨta drv.rt. kɨra 1. (t.v.) kɨrɨkɨ́kɨta (adv.) with a popping, peel, remove the exterior layer of a snapping, crackling, or crunching tuber, fruit, or vegetable. 2. (t.v.) sound, e.g., when someone walks skin, remove the skin of an animal. across a pile of slender dried sticks, 3. (t.v.) unwrap something that has or when chewing fariña (manioc a close-fitting wrapper consisting of meal). a single piece, e.g., a candy kɨrɨ́tatáani rt. kɨrɨ́tata (t.v.) wrapper, packet of crackers. separate, tear apart, or tear off, act./mid. kɨrɨ́ɨni (middle) speaking of an entity that was kɨriija (n.) general term for both attached to something else by a traditional pitch and commercially region of contact conceived of purchased chunks of hard pitch. either as two-dimensional surface, Both are used to seal holes and gaps e.g., a piece of paper glued to a in iímina (canoes), and are wall or a chunk of clay that forms especially important for the part of larger piece of clay; or as a construction of waatiiruu (botes one-dimensional line, e.g., part of a enfalcadas, plank boats), which sack connected to the remainder of became increasingly common from the sack by a seam. The action the 1980s on. The traditional pitch, denoted by the verb, in these which is still made occasionally, respective cases, is tearing the requires obtaining the white latex paper off the wall, tearing off the sap from trees such as anuuti (leche chunk of clay, or tearing apart the caspi), sisiwɨ́ɨti (chingonga), or sack at the seam. act./mid. kɨrɨtɨtɨ́ɨni tipakɨɨti (caucho masha) and (middle) cooking it until it thickens and kɨrɨtɨtɨ́ɨni rt. kɨrɨtɨ́tɨɨ (i.v.) detach, acquires the necessary texture, fall off, tear apart, speaking of turning black in the process. If something attached to something available, a small quantity of sirɨ́ɨti else adhesive, sewing, or similar copal ( ) is added, which more means, e.g., a piece of paper glued quickly brings the pitch to the to a wall or a part of a sack desired texture. connected to the remainder of the kɨriijúuni rt. kɨriíjuu (t.v.) apply sack by a seam. The action denoted hot pitch, prototypically, to the by the verb is, in each case, the seams or cracks of a canoe or plank paper falling off the wall or the boat, in order to seal them and sack tearing apart at the seam. prevent leaking. act./mid. kɨrɨ́tatáani (active) kɨriijúusi (n.) a metal pot used for Kɨrɨwɨɨti (prop.n.) name of a heating and melting pitch; once woman born in the mid-19th used for this purpose, the pot is century, who died in the early 20th essentially impossible to fully clean, century, and lived the last decades so it comes to be dedicated to this of her life at a site on the Pintuyacu particular function. River, 4 to 5 hours upriver of San

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 225 Kɨrɨwɨɨti Iwatáani kɨsɨríini

Antonio by peke peke motor, and a consequence of the interior of the small distance downriver of Puma object shrinking in size, e.g., the Quebrada. skin of certain fruits, such as ikaja cocona Kɨrɨwɨɨti Iwatáani (prop.n.) a ( ), when they become overly sacarita, or riverine shortcut, that ripe; or as the surface of the object formed in the early 20th century loses its elasticity and tautness, e.g., near the site called Kɨrɨwɨɨtiku, the skin on the limb or face of an roughly 4-5 hours upriver from San elderly person. Ex. Iina ikaja Antonio and just downriver of aákusana, nu=kɨsɨkɨɨ́yaa. Those Puma Quebrada. Considered ripe coconas are getting wrinkly. Ex. dangerous for several decades due K=imɨɨjɨɨ́jina jaa nu=kɨsɨkɨ́ɨ. My to the strong current there, the forehead has already become sacarita has now widened to the wrinkled (with age). degree that it has become the main kɨsɨna rt. kɨsɨ (adj.) strong with course of the river and is no longer respect to pulling forces, said of dangerous. slender objects, such as ropes and Kɨrɨwɨɨtiku (n.) a site on the vines, and essentially Pintuyacu River were a woman two-dimensional objects, such as named Kɨrɨwɨɨti lived, some 4-5 leaves or pieces of fabric. Objects hours upriver of San Antonio by with this quality may exhibit peke peke motor, and a small elasticity (those that do not would distance downriver of Puma be additionally considered irísina Quebrada, near the where the ‘hard’), but they do not break under sacarita called Kɨrɨwɨɨti Iwatáani significant force. formed in the early 20th century. kɨsɨnɨɨkúuni rt. kɨsɨnɨɨ́kuu (i.v.) kɨrɨ́ɨni rt. kɨɨ́tɨ impf.rt. kɨɨ́ti drv.rt. talk loudly, speak with raised kɨ́rɨ 1. (i.v.) peel, speaking of the voices, or shout, e.g., when skin, e.g., from sunburn. 2. (i.v.) speaking in anger. ▶ Sem. This verb shed one’s skin, speaking of snakes specifically entails that the verbal that molt their skin, or insects that subject is producing words and molt their exoskeleton. act./mid. utterances, and not merely kɨráani (active) screaming unintelligibly (cf. kɨsɨ́kɨtina rt. kɨsɨ́kɨti (adj.) ruruukúuni). Rel. kɨsɨnɨɨkuutíini (rt. wrinkled and relatively loose or kɨsɨnɨɨkuútii) (i.v.) shout repeatedly slack, speaking of a surface layer at one another. that hangs somewhat loosely on the kɨsɨríini rt. kɨsɨ́rii (t.v.) close, entity it covers, e.g., the skin of an patch, or darn a hole in a woven old person, or the skin of an overly object, such as a basket, net bag, cocona ripe ikaja ( ) fruit. woven sack, or clothing, by tying kɨsɨkɨ́ɨni rt. kɨsɨkɨɨ (i.v.) become together individual fibers or threads wrinkled and loose, speaking of the on opposite sides of the hole, and surface of an object, typically as a then weaving additional fibers

226 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kɨtɨ kɨyɨɨtáani

through the weave of the object and and shamanic practices, in which across the hole. Rel. kɨsɨriitáani (rt. vomiting was induced by the kɨsɨriíta) (t.v.) repair hole in a full consumption of aákuta (ayahuasca); sack (or similar container). such cleansing is often considered kɨtɨ (n.) sp salamanca grande or necessary in order to exercise Tropical House Gecko, species of shamanic powers, such of those of gecko that is a somewhat mottled healing or clairvoyance. Ex. Kaa tan in color and reaches up to 13cm kana=iíkwasaákari=na in length. According to Iquito atii=ná=yaajaa, kinaa traditional beliefs, these geckos are kapiíniikiaana aákuta kanáaja, dangerous to infants, since they can kana=kɨyátataaja=na, insert their tail into a baby’s kana=iwáani=íira kamijiíraji fontanel (soft spot), killing them. suwáani kana=marasi, kaa Sci. Hemidactylus mabouia. suúkwarana. Before we go, cook ayahuasca for us, our purge, in order (t.v.) kɨyátatáani rt. kɨyátata to go to heaven (with) clean guts, not vomit for someone else’s benefit as dirty. Ex. Kí=kɨyátaa part of certain traditional curative kí=sikitáani=íira kí=marasi. I practices, in order to cure that am going to vomit (purge) in order to person’s illness. This practice clean my guts. typically involved drinking aákuta rt. kɨɨka drv.rt. kɨya (t.v.) (ayahuasca), but was sometimes kɨyáani spit something out of the mouth, also achieved by eating soft fresh e.g., a beverage or food with a river mud, which is believed to be disagreeable taste, or masticated especially nauseating. This practice manioc, as part of making a batch was typically carried out by of manioc beer mash. parents, especially mothers, to cure the illness of their child, because it kɨyaáwina (n.) cedro, a prized was believed that eating certain hardwood tree species that, in foods was the cause of certain Iquito territory, grows in elevated illnesses, especially thrush and areas with clayey soil and reaches diarrhea, and so a parent vomiting up to 2m in diameter. Highly on their child’s behalf would commercially valuable, trees of this cleanse the child’s body of the species were completely logged out illness-causing agent. ▶ Gram. The of most of Iquito territory in the subject denotes or indexes the 20th century; they are now only person who vomits, while the object found in remote areas of the denotes or indexes the person who Chambira River basin. Sci. Cedrela benefits from this action. odorata. ELY pers.var. kɨyaawina. kɨyatáani rt. kɨyáta (i.v.) purge kɨyaawina ELY pers.var. of onself; vomit in order to cleanse the kɨyaáwina body of contaminating elements. kɨyɨɨtáani rt. kɨyɨɨ́ta (t.v.) rub a This action is associated with ritual liquid, paste, or powder on a

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 227 kɨɨna kɨɨ́raki iwíini

surface, e.g., a cream on one’s skin, piece of cement, such that air or oil on the metal of a shotgun, or salt fluid cannot flow through it easily. on fresh fish in order to preserve it. kɨ́ɨra (interj.) “my god!”, “shit!”, (n.) kɨɨna irreg.pl. kɨɨpɨ guilty interjection indicating that the party, a person guilty of a serious speaker is startled in a negative crime against another person, such manner, e.g., due to fear, after as murder, rape, theft, or the killing ▶ having narrowly escaped serious of a domestic animal. Gram. injury, or due to being shocked by Poss.pref.; the possessor corresponds someone’s offensive behavior. Ex. to the person who was affected by Kɨɨra nu=apɨɨ́taki kíija. My God, the crime, e.g., iina kɨɨna ikwani it almost got me (speaking of a river ‘person who committed a crime monster that almost grabbed the against this man’, or to the crime speaker). Ex. Kɨɨra, iina ásaki itself, e.g., nu=aamúuni kɨɨna ámaaja! My God, how my uncle eats! ‘person guilty of his/her murder’. (thought his nephew) Ex. Anuu taa iina kɨɨna mɨɨsaji. (n.) He is the woman’s assailant (lit. the kɨɨ́raka fear. Ex. Kɨɨ́raka woman’s guilty party). Ex. Anuu taa miíyaa kíija. I am afraid (lit. fear nu=aamúuni kɨɨna. He is the one has me). guilty of her murder. kɨɨ́raki lit. frightening or dangerous kɨɨnaajúuni rt. kɨɨnaájuu (t.v.) place (n.) 1. frightening or make thinner, speaking of dangerous place; e.g., a house something that is roughly plank-like which spirits frequent, or a rough in shape, such as the gunwales of a section of the river. 2. canoe, the side of a clay cooking menstruation; a woman’s period. pot, or, of course, a wooden plank. ▶ Sem. The semantic extension of kɨɨ́naana rt. kɨɨ́naa (adj.) thin, the sense ‘dangerous or frightening speaking of something relatively place’ to ‘menstruation’ is explained flat, like a plank, a piece of cloth, or by contemporary speakers as the side of a canoe. arising from the traditional Iquito view that women were more likely kɨ́ɨni rt. kɨɨ 1. (i.v.) choke on to conceive when menstruating, something sharp that gets stuck in thereby making sexual activity the throat by its point, e.g., a fish more perilous at such times. spine or a sharp piece of bone; in such cases, the flow of air is kɨɨ́raki iwíini (i.v.) menstruate. typically not entirely blocked. Ex. ▶ Gram. The verb in this Kí=kɨɨ paápaaja niíki=jata. I construction inflects with person choked on a fishbone. 2. (i.v.) be and TAM morphology as is typical partially blocked, speaking of a of finite verbs. Ex. Kɨɨ́raki pipe, tube, or similar object that is nu=iíkii. She is menstruating. Rel. partially blocked by something, kɨɨ́raki iikiáana (n.) menstruating often something hard, e.g., a broken woman.

228 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kɨɨ́rana kɨɨyapɨ kɨɨ́rana rt. kɨɨ́ra (interj.) “whoa!”, someone who is afraid of going interjection used to express places alone, or one who tends to amazement, often also of an apalled flee when unknown people or alarmed nature. Ex. “Jɨɨ, approach. kɨɨ́rana=jaa, iina samúkwaati kɨɨ́ti impf.rt. of kɨrɨ́ɨni mɨɨ́nakáana, suwa ípɨɨja!” “Wow, (n.) whoa! These browned plantains (are) kɨɨ́wasiija soul of a deceased good and ripened!” person that has been transformed into a demonic creature. ▶ Anth. (adj.) kɨɨ́rana rt. kɨɨ́ra frightening Iquito oral tradition relates that the or scary. Ex. Kɨɨ́rami tɨɨ iina kɨɨ́wasiija is a spirit raised from the kí=makɨki. My dream is frightening. grave of a recently deceased kɨɨrɨ́ɨni rt. kɨɨrɨɨ (a.v.) fear; be person, leading some speakers to afraid of some entity, e.g., a jaguar, speak of this spirit as a second form or of some state of affairs, e.g., of soul, one being the nawɨyini, walking in the forest. ▶ Gram. This which passes on to the next world verb can take either an NP object or when we die, and the second being a non-finite irrealis clause as its the kɨɨ́wasiija, which remains in the complement to express the entity or body after death. According to one situation that is feared; these belief, the kɨɨ́wasiija rises from the arguments may be omitted if grave when the souls of its recoverable from context. Ex. previously deceased relatives come Nu=kaajiya nu=sirikuma, to stamp on the body’s grave, mɨyaaraa, niwa=aákuji=na asking “Why are you sleeping so nu=kɨɨrɨɨjiaárikɨ=na kaa much?”, to rouse this soul to niínaki. Her dogs at her side (while accompany them. Another belief is she slept), because of that she was not that the kɨɨ́wasiija are the souls of afraid of the night. Ex. those who have committed sins like Kí=kɨɨrɨɨyaákiaana káami iwíini incest when alive, and remain on kiírika, niwa=aákuji=na the earth after death as a kw=anikurá iiti, iitaka=jina punishment. In either case, the iwíini=ánuura. I am afraid of kɨɨ́wasiija comes to take the form of living upriver by myself, and because dangerous animals, such as jaguars of that I came here to live in the and snakes, which attack their village. Ex. “Kia=kɨɨrɨɨyaákiaana, family members in the forest if máaya, niwa=aákuji kia=aátii encountered there. It is also said náaji,” n=ani imatɨɨyaárikɨ náaji that kɨɨ́wasiija could be raised by nuu. “You are afraid, daughter, and shamans to extract vengeance on that is why you speak thus,” her others, by causing them to attack mother responded to her thus. selected victims. kɨɨrɨɨyáana irreg.pl. kɨɨrɨɨyáapɨ (n.) kɨɨyapɨ (n.) general term for coward; cowardly or excessively tarantulas of a wide variety of fearful person or animal, e.g., species. Sci. Theraphosidae.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 229 kujímaka kukwana námikɨ kujímaka irreg.pl. of kujímani house posts. It has a sweet, edible, kujímani irreg.pl. kujímaka (n.) soft-skinned yellow fruit, roughly companion, typically, someone the size and shape of ipɨɨti (ungurahui) fruits. Sci. Terminalia with whom one lives, someone with ▶ whom one frequently carries out oblongata. Socio. According to cojón activities (e.g., hunting), or consultant JPI, the name huayo someone who accompanies one on is a local term derived from a long trip. Also extended, the Iquito name for this species. however, to inanimate entities that kujuniijúuni rt. kujuniíjuu (t.v.) are paired with each other, e.g., beat someone with one’s fists, letters in a word. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. punching repeatedly. kujíini rt. kújii 1. (t.v.) live with kujuniiwɨɨtíini rt. kujuniiwɨɨ́tii (i.v.) have fist fight, punch each someone, either in the same ▶ household, or as a neighbor. Ex. other repeatedly. Gram. This verb Jaari iina aátikiaakɨ=na requires a plural subject. maákata nuu, “Kií kiaa iriaárɨɨ kujúuni (n.) 1. fist. ▶ Gram. k=iyikíira, kia=kujíini=íira Poss.pref. in this sense. 2. punch, a kíija.” Then that ancestor said to blow with a fist. him, “I will take you to my home, so kuki impf.rt. of kukúuni that you’ll live with me.” 2. (t.v.) kuki impf.rt. of kukúuni accompany someone in an activity, (i.v.) often, but not necessarily, involving kukujaakɨ́ɨni rt. kukujaákɨɨ travel or movement to another squawk, typically said of chickens location. Ex. Kí=paanii nuúkiika when alarmed, e.g., when they see maaya iina=jaa ki=kújiikwaa a raptor. síratáani=ánuura. I am going to kukúuni rt. kuku impf.rt. kuki look for a young woman who will go (t.v.) walk into, collide with, or and accompany me to harvest bump against while in motion, with (manioc). Ex. Ki=kújiiyaákiaana enough force to cause injury, e.g., a kaakɨ́ɨja, kw=ániitáani=íira iina tree, while walking through the ▶ paápaaja, forest. Gram. The object kí=parijatáani=íira=na nuu. I obligatorily takes the locative will accompany my father, to carry postposition =jina. Ex. the fish, to help him. Rel. kújiiyáana Kí=kukurɨɨ náana=jina. I collided (n.) companion (of a short term with a tree. nature; cf. kujímani). kukúuni rt. kuku impf.rt. kuki (i.v.) kujúnii irreg.pl. kujúniiwa (n.) break into pieces, speaking of yacu shapana or cojón huayo, tree something relatively brittle, such as species with smooth yellow bark a clay vessel or mirror. act./mid. and a high crown of branches, kukwáani (active) whose wood is used to make boats, kukwana námikɨ lit. frog species and whose heartwood is used for eyebrow (n.) species of

230 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kukwanárasi kumaku

shimbillo-type tree with edible kukwanárasi) frog. Sci. Psychotria fruits with one side tapering to a viridis var. relatively fine edge, that measure kukwaaja (n.) sapo puquiador, some 15cm in length. The trees are species of tree frog known to sing relatively small, with their trunks during the dry season, with a reaching only 20cm in diameter, distinctive musical hooting that can but have many branches. Its name be heard great distances. Sci. stems from the fact that the narrow Leptodactylus sp. ▶ Anth. According edge of the fruit resembles the to Iquito oral tradition, this call is eyebrow ridge of the kukwanárasi produced while the frog is sitting at frog. Sci. Inga sp. the edge of its pool of water, which kukwanárasi (n.) sapo rallador or in perspectivist fashion, is its Crested Forest Toad, species of toad cornfield, in order to scare off mottled brown toad that reaches maátaaka or locusts, which are some 7cm in length and has threatening its crop. distinctive ridges above its eyes. It kukwáani rt. kukwa (t.v.) break is notable for its song, which something relatively brittle, such as Iquitos liken to the sound of a clay vessel or a mirror, into something being grated. Sci. Bufo pieces. act./mid. kukúuni (middle) margaritifer (typhonius). ▶ Anth. Rel. kukwatáani (rt. kukwata) (t.v.) According to Iquito oral tradition, break vessel with contents into the sound of it song originates in pieces. the fact that in the distant past, (adv.) when it was a person, it was kuma promptly or soon; industrious in grating katija, or within an expected or appropriate sweet potato, for its manioc beer time frame. Ex. Anuu mash. dialect.var. kukwanaati. iyuújukiaajá kuuta, niwa=aákuji nu=aniíjii kaa kuma. She kukwanárasi (n.) stye; small apparently stayed, that is why she abscess that appears on the edge of isn’t coming quickly. the eyelid. This term is said to stem from the similarity seen between kumakija irreg.pl. kuumaki (n.) this afflication and the eyebrows of general term for suri, or edible the frog species of the same name. beetle grubs. These grubs, which range from 2cm to 10cm in length, kukwanaati dialect.var. of depending on the species of beetle, kukwanárasi are harvested from the trunks, or in (n.) kukwanaati variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti some cases, the fruits, of palm trees, chacruna ( ) used in the preparation and are prized for their very high ayahuasca of aákuta ( ); this variety fat content. has somewhat smelly leaves and (n.) reportedly has the effect of making kumaku old man. those that consume it hear the song kumaku (adj.) old, speaking either of the kukwanaati (also of objects or living beings.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 231 Kumaku Ásaaja kumi

Kumaku Ásaaja lit. old man's broadening evident in the second eaten (thing) (prop.n.) Viejo sense may be a contact-induced Cocha, lake located some 3km phenomenon. downriver of the community of San kumáani (n.) God; term used for Antonio, on the opposite bank from the Christian God and, in the community, and connected to traditional narratives, the principal the main river by a small waterway. diety in traditional Iquito society. The Iquito name reportedly stems ▶ Gram. This noun conventionally from an incident where long ago an takes the first person plural old man consumed an amazing inclusive possessive marker pɨ́=. quantity of food on the banks of free.var. Taataayúusa. this lake. kumakusíini rt. kumakúsii (i.v.) kumaániisana (n.) become old, speaking of men. irreg.pl. kumaániisanawaaka referential term for deceased (n.) kumakúusi ‘old timer’, paternal uncle. affectionate vocative form used with old men. kumaati irreg.pl. kumaatiwaaka, kumaatika (n.) old woman. kumáani irreg.pl. kumaániwaaka (n.) 1. paternal great-uncle; kumaati pájiiti lit. old woman's referential term for father’s father’s jaw (n.) unidentified species of brother, male or female ego. bright yellow wasp that measures ▶ Gram. Vocative counterpart: some 1cm in length and most ámaaja. Poss.pref. 2. general frequently stings people during the referential term used for uncles dry season. The nest is described as (maternal or paternal), or any adult hanging from the underside of male of a person’s parents’ branches, having the form of a generation or older, to whom one dome made of earth, some 15cm in wishes to refer to with respect and diameter, with a flat, projecting affection; traditionally there was a edge at the bottom that resembles a very warm relationship between a jaw. This distinctive nest is said to father’s brother and his nephews resemble a wrinkled cheek stuffed and nieces, and in the context of with something, as when women this relationship the latter often masticate manioc to make beer used this term instead of the more mash, as reflected in the name. This specific referential terms for uncles species of wasp resembles the more (i.e., ákuma ‘maternal uncle’ and common siikiyúuni but is a little paati ‘paternal uncle’). ▶ Gram. longer, and with a somewhat more Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. The use of this bulky body. term in the second broader sense kumaatíini rt. kumaátii (i.v.) strongly resembles the use of become old, speaking of a woman. Spanish tío in the region (and elsewhere), suggesting that the kumi impf.rt. of kumɨ́ɨni

232 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kumɨníini Kunímaaja kumɨníini rt. kumɨni (t.v.) raise a trunks of trees, its attachments human child or young animal, resembling snake fangs. Its leaves typically to adulthood. ▶ Gram. are used to treat snakebite, either Historically, probably formed with by boiling them and drinking the the benefactive applicative -nii, but cooled liquid, or by pulping them now clearly lexicalized. and drinking their juice. kumɨtɨ́ɨni rt. kumɨtɨɨ (t.v.) raise, (n.) grow, or make grow, whether as kuni pakɨti lit. snake butterfly chicharra machaco machacuy the result of human intervention, or or e.g., by fertilizing plants or feeding Dragon-headed Bug, species of children; or as the result of a insect which looks somewhat like a natural process, e.g., the effect of moth, except for its head, which rain on plants. carries a large, but hollow and light-weight growth that mimics kumɨ́ɨni rt. kumɨ impf.rt. kumi the head of a reptile. It is said (i.v.) grow, said of humans, (erroneously) to have a stinger on animals, and plants, or their parts its chest which can deliver a fatal such as hair, feathers, or leaves. sting and, probably influenced by kunajɨ́ɨni rt. kunájɨɨ (t.v.) toast or widespread Amazonian folklore, roast meal-like substances many current-day Iquitos believe constitued of small particles, e.g., that the only effective cure for this fariña, corn kernels, or coffee beans. sting is to have sex. Often found on marupá kuni irreg.pl. kuniwa (n.) general trunks of maatɨ́yuuti ( ), it is madre term for snakes. said to be the imɨ́ɨni ( ) of this tree. Sci. Fulgora sp. kuni anákaasi (n.) species of spider whose body reaches some Kunímaaja lit. swallowed by snake 4cm in length with a leg-span that (kuni ímaaja) (n.) Cocha Cunimaja, can exceed 10cm; quite aggressive, or Cunimaja Lake, an oxbow lake they will rear up and extend their near the Pintuyacu River, about half two fore-limbs together on either an hour of travel downriver by peke side in a threatening gesture, peke motor from the community of revealing yellow and brown bands San Antonio, and on the same side on the underside of their limbs; of the river as the community. their bite is extremely painful. Sci. ▶ ▶ Anth. The name of the lake Phoneutria sp. Anth. According to derives from a storied event in the Iquito oral tradition, these spiders late 19th or early 20th century in are transformed from the heads of which one of two youths who went dead snakes, whence this species’ fishing there was eaten by aboa. name. This lake is now quite shallow, a kuni iíkaka lit. snake teeth (n.) fact associated with the belief that muela de víbora, species of creeper the boa that was the madre of the with broad leaves that grows on lake was driven to flee from it due

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 233 kunitaaka Kuriásɨɨja

to excessive use of barbasco in the These patties were placed in the course of the 20th century. bottom of a clay pot that was put kunitaaka (n.) smoked directly on coals and heated to the patarashca; a type of ijiika point that the ceramic itself began (patarashca), or bundle of food to glow red. The resulting cakes wrapped in leaves, that is cooked were wrapped in leaves and by placing it on a rack above a fire, remained edible for many days. where the heat and smoke, but not kunɨɨríini rt. kunɨɨ́rii (i.v.) make direct flames, cook it. kúnɨɨri patties out of manioc dough kunitaakɨ́ɨni rt. kunitaákɨɨ (i.v.) for cooking. wrap leaves around foodstuffs to kuraja Chambira dialect.var. of make kunitaaka a type of iyákuni patarashca made specifically for kuraja kapíriiki irreg.pl. kuraja smoking food over fires. kapíriikiwa lit. boa toucher (n.) (t.v.) kuníini rt. kuni roast by san pedro, species of fish that placing directly in, or very close to, reaches 15cm in length, covered the coals of a fire, e.g., a peeled with glittering scales that are plantain placed among the coals, or sufficiently tough to turn aside a fish speared on a stick and held ▶ harpoon points; its flanks and tail just above the coals. Gram. In the are tinged red. specific case of a roasting manioc kurajaayɨ irreg.pl. kurajaayɨwa tuber, the verb kuwaniijúuni is used (n.) camotillo or boa camote, a for roasting it with its skin on, and creeper that grows in gardens, kutíini is used for roasting it peeled. climbing the trunks of manioc and In the specific case of roasting other cultigens and inhibiting their something on a stick, the borrowed growth; it produces bright red verb kankaasíini is used by some flowers and small inedible black speakers. dialect.var. raníini. fruits. dialect.var. iyákuni katija. rt. kunɨɨ (i.v.) swerve; kunɨ́ɨni (t.v.) suddently and unexpectedly diverge kurátatáani rt. kurátata from a trajectory, e.g., one boat tear open a container, e.g., a bag, that swerves to avoid colliding with an envelope, or the wrapping of a another on the river, or a kicked package. soccer ball which diverges from its kuráani rt. kuuta drv.rt. kura path due to a gust of wind. Also (t.v.) tear, e.g., fabric, leaves, said of the motion of a falling star. paper. act./mid. kurɨ́ɨni (middle) kúnɨɨri irreg.pl. kúnɨɨriwa (n.) Kuriásɨɨja (prop.n.) Maájanakáani torreja, type of traditional manioc man, also known as Kuriyáani, who cake made from cooked manioc was born in roughly the 1860s and that was subsequently pounded into lived in the Chambira river basin dough and shaped into patties before moving to the new 10-15cm across and 2-3cm thick. community of San Antonio in the

234 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kúrija kúrina

1910s, where he died in the 1930s. the wrists, upper arms, and below free.var. Kuriyáani. the knees. Last worn in the 1940s kúrija (n.) 1. mullaca, species of or 1950s, they were woven out of chambira bush that reaches 1m in height, iniyɨ ( fiber cord) and with small, sweet purple berries decorated with seeds. that reach some 1cm in diameter, kurika (n.) hand, from the wrist to and leaves that are covered with the fingertips. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. small hairs, generally growing in Nanay dialect.var. awánaka. grassy areas. Sci. Clidemia hirta. 2. kuríkɨɨja (n.) loro daran-daran or aguaymanto bolsa mullaca or , Blue-Headed Parrot, species of species of bush that reaches 2m in parrot that reaches some 27cm in height, with sweet, edible fruits length; green except for blue head, some 1.5cm in diameter, yellow neck, and bib, and side tail feathers, when ripe, that are surrounded by a and red vent. A bird of this species papery envelope. Sci. Physalis plays a pivotal role in the myth that angulata. recounts how a demonic jaguar at kúrija free.var. of paaríkwana one point caused a large group of kurija irreg.pl. kurijakɨya, kurijaka Iquitos to flee from the headwaters (n.) wrist or ankle. ▶ Gram. of the Pintuyacu River to the site of Poss.pref. the modern city of Iquitos: once the jaguar had been killed by a (t.v.) kurijatáani rt. kurijata grandmother who had remained dislocate any joint in the body (e.g., ▶ behind, she made a hoop of the finger, wrist, or shoulder). Gram. jaguar’s claws by fitting the tip of This active transitive verb is used one into the base of the other and when speaking of the action of an placed it around the neck of her pet agent in dislocating a joint; to kuríkja, which was instructed to speak of a joint becoming search out the Iquitos who had fled, dislocated, the middle form is used. so that they knew it was safe to act./mid. kurijatɨ́ɨni (middle) return. Sci. Pionus menstruus. kurijati impf.rt. of kurijatɨ́ɨni kurima rt. kuri (loc.n.) port, a kurijatɨ́ɨni rt. kurijatɨ impf.rt. place at the river’s edge where kurijati (i.v.) become dislocated, canoes are regularly moored and speaking of any joint in the body which serves as a regular access (e.g., finger, wrist, or shoulder). point to the river for bathing, ▶ Gram. The subject of the verb washing, and getting water; denotes or indexes the dislocated traditionally, each house typically joint. act./mid. kurijatáani (active) had its own port. ▶ Gram. The kurijaakɨ irreg.pl. kurijaakɨwa, default form of this locative noun is kurijaakɨya (n.) traditional kurima. adornments in the form of bands kúrina (n.) mullaca caspi or some 5cm in width, worn around mullaquilla, species of slender tree

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 235 Kuriyáani kurukukúuni

with pinkish leaves that grows in kurɨ́ɨsi (n.) species of purmas in areas with clayey soils; it machimango-type tree that mostly has hard heartwood that is used for grows in varillales and inundating house posts. areas. It reaches about 1.25 in diameter, its branches start Kuriyáani free.var. of Kuriásɨɨja relatively low on its trunk, and it kurɨsɨ́ɨni rt. kurɨ́sɨɨ (i.v.) make a produces bell-shaped fruits whose Christian cross, e.g., to serve as bottom falls off, scattering seeds grave marker. that are eaten by pacas and other animals. Its bark peels off easily kurɨtɨɨja (n.) Amazon Whiptail, and is used for tumplines, and it species of lizard that is common has dark brown heartwood that is around human habitations. used for house posts. Measuring up to 35cm in length, its head and upper neck are brown, kurɨ́ɨsi (n.) muscle cramp. with darker mottling, while the rest kurɨ́ɨsi irreg.pl. kurɨɨsíika (n.) of the body is typically green, mono huapo (or simply huapo) or sometimes shading to blue towards Monk Saki Monkey, species of the belly, with transverse lines of monkey with extremely long but white spots along the sides. Sci. coarse and somewhat sparse fur Ameiva ameiva. that is gray to black in color. The kurɨ́ɨni rt. kuútɨ impf.rt. kuúti fur is somewhat curled, and stands drv.rt. kúrɨ (i.v.) tear, e.g., fabric, away from the body to give leaves, paper. act./mid. kuráani seemingly reasonable bulk to a (active) quite thin body, which can measure almost 50cm in length, with a fluffy kurɨ́ɨni rt. kúrɨɨ (t.v.) eat all tail of similar length. Iquitos available food by oneself, without traditionally believed that the flesh, leaving anything for others; this is and especially bones, of this typically used in contexts where monkey will drive dogs mad and others expect to have a share of a kill them if they eat them. Sci. given quantity of food, especially Pithecia monachus. dialect.var. family members. ▶ Gram. The kwaríyuuja. objects of the verb denote or index the person who has had no food left kuruja (n.) beeswax. for them, and, optionally, the food kurukukúuni (n.) Tropical that was finished off. Screech Owl, species of owl that kurɨɨníini rt. kurɨɨ́nii (d.v.) leave reaches 23cm in length; grayish or food for another, taking care not to reddish-brown in color, it is notable eat all of an available quantity of for its horn-like ear tufts and its food. Ex. Nu=kurɨɨ́nii call, for which its Iquito name is a samúkwaati nu=majáana. He left reliable guide. It was traditionally (set aside) plantain for his wife. said that the call of this bird

236 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kúrusu kusiúuri

presaged a visitor. Sci. Megascops ashes were ground into a fine choliba. powder, which was added to clay kúrusu • from Sp. cruz. (n.) cross; before it was formed into vessels, in the religious symbol of the order to render the fired clay less Christian faith, as found in brittle. Sci. Licania sp. churches and cemeteries. kusi (n.) cooking pot, either a traditional ceramic cooking pot, or kurúuku irreg.pl. kuruúkuya (adj.) a metal one. worn or old, said of anything made of fabric, but especially clothes. kusi pákɨɨti (n.) species of spider that lives in a solitary burrow in the kusákuuja (n.) Ruddy Pigeon, one ground, where it awaits prey; when of the larger pigeon species in disturbed, the spider suddenly Iquito territory, slightly exceeding retreats, closing behind it a 30cm in length, and reddish-brown trapdoor-like covering which may in color. Sci. Patagioenas subvinacea. close with an audible pop. It was kusakúuni (n.) Plumbeous Pigeon, traditionally believed that this the largest pigeon in Iquito sound would cause people who territory, reaching some 32cm in heard it to become ill, unless one length and gray-brown in color. could promptly return to the same kusakúuni aákuta lit. plumbeous place without hearing the sound. Its pigeon ayahuasca (n.) suelda con effects could be forestalled, suelda, a parasitical plant that however, by marking the sole of attaches to the trunks of trees and one’s foot with a hot coal in a cross grows as a creeper. The leaves are shape. This spider was also boiled to make a beverage that is gathered in large numbers to eat, believed, on the basis of the the spiders being toasted for strength with which the plant consumption. attaches to its host, to speed the kusiaamɨ irreg.pl. kusiaamɨya healing of broken bones. Sci. (adj.) brave; prototypically, but not ▶ Phthirusa adunca. Anth. According exclusively, in the sense of being to Iquito oral tradition, this creeper unfraid of fighting, and as such, a is planted by kusakúuni (Plumbeous quality traditionally attributed to Pigeon), who is said to eat its fruits kuuráaka or leaders, who acquired and become intoxicated from them, and maintained their positions in as if from aákuta (ayahuasca). part by their ability and willingness kusáaka (n.) apacharama, tree to face other men in physical species whose trunk reaches up to confrontations. 1m in diameter, and whose bark kusiúuri • from Sp. cushuri. (n.) was traditionally used in the cushuri or Neotropic Cormorant, manufacture of ceramics. The bark species of long-necked, dark brown, was stripped from the tree, dried, aquatic bird that measures some and then burned, and the resulting 70cm in length and has a long and

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 237 kusíini kutɨtɨ́ɨni

noticeably hooked beak; rare in the they counted dawn, morning, noon, Pintuyacu River basin. Sci. afternoon, night, and midnight; those Phalacrocorax brasilianus. were their words (for time). kusíini rt. kúsii (i.v.) make a clay kutíija (n.) peeled manioc that has pot. been roasted in coals. kúsɨɨti (n.) tamal or humita, a dish kutíini rt. kútii (t.v.) roast peeled consisting of ground dry or green manioc in a cooking fire; once a corn ground, respectively, and manioc tuber is peeled, a space is wrapped into a packet of ikwasimɨ opened for it among the coals, so leaves about 20cm long and 10cm that it can cook from the radiant wide, and then boiled, so that the heat of the coals. Rel. kutiijúuni (rt. corn becomes a solid cake. kutiíjuu) (t.v.) roast multiple peeled kusɨɨtíini rt. kusɨɨ́tii (i.v.) make manioc tubers in a cooking fire. kúsɨɨti, i.e., corn tamales or kutɨtɨ́ɨni rt. kutɨ́tɨɨ 1. (i.v.) dawn, humitas, shaping the corn cakes speaking of a new day. ▶ Sem. In and wrapping them in leaves, prior this sense, the notional subject must to boiling them. be ‘the day’, which is expressed kusuja (n.) water-filled cyst that either by a noun phrase, (iina) forms below the surface of the skin, yaawɨ́ɨni, or by the third person sometimes producing quite a large subject clitic nu=. Ex. Yaawɨ́ɨni protuberance. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. kutɨ́tɨɨrɨɨ, jɨɨ́ta aákari=na, nu=aátii kíija... Another day (adv.) kutatáani aákuji in or dawned, like today, and he says to me madrugada during the , or pre-dawn ... 2. (i.v.) wake up and experience hours, between approximately 2am ▶ ▶ the start of a new day. Gram. In and 5am. Gram. Although this sense, the subject must denote kutatáani is clearly a nominalized something other than ‘the day’, verb, neither that form nor the typically, but not necessarily, a inferrable root is now a viable free human experiencer. When form or root, respectively; the accompanied either by a erstwhile nominalized form is subordinate clause with an presumably related to kutɨtɨ́ɨni event-nominalized verb, or by a ‘dawn (v.)’. resultative participle, the subject of kutatáani=aákuji (n.) dawn and the main verb is understood to be the pre-dawn hours. Ex. realizing the eventuality denoted by Kana=maakatúuwa, the subordinate clause, or na=sanitaárikɨ resultative participle, while the day kutatáani=aákuji, taariki, níiya begins; this typically yields the jíritiku nunamija, inference that the eventuality was ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji, niínaki, ninɨ́ɨni being realized all night long or, in ɨɨ́jakɨya; anuu taárikɨ=na the case of resultative participles, na=kuwasíini. Our forefathers, that the denoted state was achieved

238 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kutɨ́ɨni kuwariikuutáani

during the night. Ex. K=iyɨkíira participial form, kuwaniija, ‘roasted kana=kutɨ́tɨɨrɨɨ nuu=jata. At my (manioc, in skin)’, (and not house we woke up with him (there). kuwaniijúuja or kuwaniijɨ́ɨja), Ex. Íyaa iina=na, jaari=na together with the fact that the two itíniija kutɨ́tɨɨrɨɨkiaaná suwáani. synonymous modern roots end in And then the manioc beer woke up the active and middle pluractional ready (lit. good; i.e., well fermented suffixes, -juu and -jɨɨ, respectively, it and ready to drink). seems clear that historically the kutɨ́ɨni rt. kutɨɨ (a.v.) give birth, relevant root was kuwáani, ‘roast speaking of both humans and manioc (in skin)’, but the animals. ▶ Gram. The optional pluractional form came to displace object denotes or indexes the the monomorphemic root in having offspring to which the woman or the basic non-pluractional meaning. animal has given birth. Ex. Similarly, although speakers accept Kí=maaya, kí=kutɨɨkiaakɨ both kuwaniijúuni and kuwaniijɨ́ɨni kí=maaya iiti Sanantúuni=jina. as active verbs, without a consistent My child, I gave birth to my child here preference for one or the other, in San Antonio. these two verbs were presumably once an active/middle pluractional kutɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. kutɨɨtɨɨ (t.v.) care for pair, with the former being the a woman while she is giving birth. active, and the latter the middle. kutɨɨtɨɨyáana free.var. kuwaniijɨ́ɨni. irreg.pl. kutɨɨtɨɨyáapɨ (n.) midwife. kuwariikúuni rt. kuwariíkuu kúwaku 1.poss. of awaku (i.v.) speak repeatedly, when said of (adj.) kuwana rt. kuwa an individual who speaks hard-working and industrious, said repeatedly to herself or another specifically of a person’s character; person; speak repeatedly and traditionally, the prototypical simultaneously, when said of manifestation of these character multiple individuals. ▶ Gram. This traits was an impressive dedication verb can be understood either as to clearing, planting, and reflexive, e.g., said of a very drunk maintaining swidden gardens. person who intermittently babbles kuwaníija (n.) manioc that has to himself; or as intransitive, with been roasted in a fire with its skin an unexpressed but contextually on; the steam inside the skin cooks understood addressee. the tuber. kuwariikuutáani rt. kuwaniijɨ́ɨni rt. kuwaniíjɨɨ kuwariikuúta (i.v.) speak free.var. of kuwaniijúuni repeatedly to a recipient, utter kuwaniijúuni rt. kuwaniíjuu words repeatedly at someone or (t.v.) roast a manioc tuber in the something; unlike kuwasiitáani ‘talk coals of a fire with its skin on. to one another’, this verb is ▶ Gram. On the basis of the existing reserved for cases in which the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 239 kuwasíini kuwíini

addressee does not respond or chat up a person of the opposite significantly, as when, e.g., sex. someone is haranguing or kúwaaja (n.) liver. ▶ Anth. In criticizing someone, or when a traditional Iquito society, the liver shaman is reciting a incantation. was reportedly understood to be the locus of thought, emotion, and kuwasíini rt. kuwasi 1. (i.v.) speak moral judgement. ▶ Gram. or talk. ▶ Gram. The recipient of Poss.pref. the talk expressed by this verb can be expressed by an NP licensed by kuwaajɨ́ɨni rt. kuwaájɨɨ (i.v.) the comitative postposition =jata. behave properly or reform oneself, Ex. Nu=kuwasiaárikɨ=na typically after having been naaraatá=yaa jɨɨ́ta counseled or punished for bad na=kuwasiaárikɨ. He (a shaman’s behavior. spirit reincarnated as a jaguar) spoke kuwitɨ́ɨni rt. kuwitɨɨ (t.v.) change exactly like they spoke. Ex. Kaa or alter a quality or characteristic kia=nakusisaákari iipɨ=jata of some object, e.g., make kuwasíini kaayaaka, kaa something red, or make something na=paájii náaji nakusíini, wider. Ex. Júura parina saakaaya taa kia=saminiijúuni. kí=kuwitɨ́ɨ nuu. I made it wider. If you don’t know how to talk to the kuwíini rt. kuúki drv.rt. kúwi 1. people, then they won’t know what (cop.) will be; copular verb used in (a.v.) your thoughts are. 2. argue or irrealis contexts, e.g., for future criticize, talk in an critical, angry, temporal reference, optatives, or argumentative fashion. Ex. prohibitives, and conditionals. Ex. Naa=kaa jaa Suwáani niaatíija=jaa kia=aátamajati=jata, kuúkimaa. She will be a good saakaa=aákuji kiaa kiaa mother. Ex. Kiaá amátanana aátamajati kuwasikí=waja? And kuúkirɨɨ, kia=kuwíini=íira not with your sister either; why would kuuráaka, iyaamiaákuji kiaá you argue with your sister? pɨyɨ́ɨni nakusiki, jaátaaraata kiaá kuwasíini (n.) 1. language. 2. iipɨ íyaakitaki, pɨ́=kujímaka iíkii speech. 3. word. iiti p=ɨ́yiki. You have to be strong, to be chief, because you have to know kuwasiitáani rt. kuwasiita 1. about everything, (including) how you (t.v.) talk to someone with a goal in should govern those who live here mind, e.g, to make a request, plan where we live. Ex. Kuúkikuma an activity, or arrange the sale or iyújusana! Don’t be lazy! Ex. purchase of something. ▶ Sem. This Kuupɨ=tɨ kuúkii kí=maaya, verb tends to have connotations of nuúkiika mɨɨsaji, nuúkiika positive relations between the two ikwani. I would have had two conversing people, thus yielding the children (lit. two would have been my sense below. 2. (t.v.) verbally court children), a girl and a boy. Ex. Kíija,

240 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kuwíini kuyɨ́ɨsi

iina kia=aátirɨɨ náaji kíija, “Tɨ́ 4. stinger of bee or wasp. ▶ Gram. kuwitɨɨ́rɨɨ mɨɨsaji kiáaja, kií kiaa Poss.pref. akuúmiki.” It’s me, the one to whom (n.) avispa solo you said thus while passing, “If only kuyajatíini , you were a woman, I would get largest species of wasp in Iquito together with you.” Ex. Manaja territory, reaching some 5cm in kuúkisakari kiaája=jaa, jaa length, and black in color, with a kí=nikii pupuja tikíini iiti metallic blue sheen. A solitary wasp iita=jinakuma jaa, iyaamiaákuji known for hunting large spiders, it jaa ɨ́ta manaja kiáaja. If you get paralyzes them with its sting and pregnant, and I see a pygmy owl enter then drags its victim home to its here inside the house, it will be burrow. The body of this wasp, patarashca because you are pregnant. 2. (cop.) dried near the fire in a , be; this form of the copular verb is is used in a treatment intended to used in subordinate clauses. Ex. improve dogs’ hunting ability: the Jɨɨ́tikari kí=kuukiaárikɨ dried body of the wasp is powdered sɨɨ́sanurika=na, wáari and put in the dogs food, after kw=aníriti iríkiaakɨ kíija which the dog is tied up for three nu=iíta=jina. When I was little, days and fed a diet exclusively of my aunt took me into her home. manioc. (n.) kuwíini rt. kuúki drv.rt. kúwi kuyajaati protruding navel. (t.v.) become, experience a change Kuyajaati (prop.n.) woman who in quality, nature, or status. ▶ lived in the 19th century, dying in Gram. The entity experiencing the 1910s. Little is known about the change may be either animate her, except that her name is or inanimate, and the complement attributed to her having a may either express a quality protruding navel. concept, e.g., become pregnant or become fermented, or express an kuyɨ́ɨsi lit. Blue-Throated entity concept. e.g., become a chief Piping-Guan (n.) an affectionate or become the moon. Ex. term for men with white hair, Naawaaka naajáaja, stemming from the bird with the na=kuukiaárikɨ=na siimana iiti same name, which has white niíya=jina tɨɨ p=ɨɨ́kii. They also, feathers on its head. they became shamans here on the kuyɨ́ɨsi (n.) pava or Blue-throated earth where we live. Piping-Guan, galliform bird that kuyaja (n.) 1. navel, belly button. reaches some 70cm in length; a ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. flower pod of commonly hunted bird, it has plantain, often remaining below the distinctive long white feathers on it bunches of plantains as they grow. head that reach its upper neck, pale ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 3. barb of an blue flesh on its face, and darker arrow or spear. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. blue wattles. Sci. Pipile cumanensis.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 241 kuyɨ́ɨsi amáriyaaja kuujúuni kuyɨ́ɨsi amáriyaaja lit. by each pectoral fin. Sci. Oxydoras Blue-throated Piping-Guan pijuayo niger. (n.) pijuayo variety of amariyaaja, kuyuútina rt. kuyuúti (adj.) palm, whose distinctive fruits are striped or stripey, specifically in the yellow with vertical white stripes, case of lengthwise stripes. reminiscent of the pale stripe on the kuyuutíini rt. kuyuútii (i.v.) have heads of kuyɨ́ɨsi, Blue-throated lengthwise stripes, e.g., a striped Piping-Guans. Sci. Bactris gasipaes shirt, or smaller markings arranged var. in stripe-like formations, such as the markings markings of pacas and Kuyɨɨsiyúumu lit. Blue-throated (prop.n.) juvenile tapirs. Piping-Guan creek a small (n.) creek, with no name in Spanish, kuuja general term for the two that connects Pava Cocha (which species of smaller spotted wild cats has no Iquito name) to the in Iquito territory, the Ocelot, Pintuyacu River; it is located a which reaches some 95cm length, short distance upriver of the and the Margay, which reaches confluence of the Pintuyacu and some 70cm in length. Sci. Leopardus Chambira Rivers, on the same side pardalis, Leopardus wiedii. of the river as the community of kuujúuni rt. kuújuu (t.v.) punch, San Antonio. Two accounts are deliver a blow with a closed fish. ▶ given for the origin of its name: by Gram. The object obligatorily one account, the creek was named takes the locative postposition after an old man called Kuyɨ́ɨsi (for =jina. Ex. Kuújuu nuu=jina, his white hair) who used to live námii nuu náaji jɨɨ́ta nu=kuújuu along its banks; by another, its kiáaja=jina. Punch him, return the name came from the fact that many blow just like he punched you. kuyɨ́ɨsi (Blue-throated Piping-Guans kuujúuni rt. kuújuu (t.v.) block, or pavas del monte) were found in be in the way, impede. The obstacle its vicinity. may be something that literally blocks movement or otherwise kuyúkuyu (n.) turushuqui, species impedes an activity, or it may be of dark-colored catfish-like fish that more metaphorical, as when a child reaches some 1m in length, that is is underfoot and distracts someone rare in the Pintuyacu River basin, in a way that impedes them in and not particularly prized, due its carrying out a task. ▶ Gram. The flesh having a peculiar musty subject of the verb denotes or flavor. Its mouth is reminiscent of indexes the impeding entity and the the sucker mouths of carachama, object the entity affected. Ex. Kaa and it has a single line of short, kí=paajii aarɨ́ɨni iyaamiaákuji sharp spurs, running longitudinally iina náana nu=kuújuuyaa kíija. I down the center of each side of its can’t pass, because this tree is body, and a pair of long, hard spurs blocking me.

242 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kuukisaákari kuumáaka kuukisaákari (adv.) 1. perhaps, kuukwana rt. kuukwa (adj.) maybe; epistemic modal possibility sharp, speaking of either an edge or adverb employed in the contexts of a point, e.g., of a machete or alternatives that are being weighed, harpoon tip. Ex. Kuukwaná tɨɨ where it is uncertain which one k=ijúuti iíjinaji, tikiná tɨɨ holds. Ex. Na=aátikiaákɨ=na, kí=naajuútaaja iíjinaji “Kuukisaákari aasamu=jina sakumatáani. The point of my nu=itɨ́wɨɨ, jɨɨ́ta kaa nu=nakúsii needle is sharp, however the point of musíini=na, nu=siisɨki.” They my pencil is blunt. said, “Perhaps he fell in the creek, kuukwaata (adv.) sharply or and since he doesn’t know how to pointily. Ex. Kuukwaata swim, he drowned.” 2. or, nor; kuukúuja tɨɨ iina paaniiwɨ. That disjunction employed for knife is sharpened sharply. constituents ranging from NPs to kuumaki irreg.pl. of kumakija full clauses; this disjunctive sense is (n.) often, but not necessarily, kuumakímari species of combined with the epistemic modal nocturnal ant that measures some possibility sense given above. Ex. 3-4mm, with a dark body and Kiaá nuu paaniki makísi=jina, slightly reddish head, notable for kuukisaakari kia=nasikúura. constructing very shallow tunnels, You look for it in a purma, or maybe visible under the surface of the in your garden. Ex. Mɨɨsaji ground, as transit routes out from pɨ́=paanii pɨ́=nakarɨ́ɨni=íira their nest. They are very aggressive, nuu; kaa=waa pɨɨ́ nuu swarming anyone who breaks open kujuuniíjuu, kuukisaákari pɨɨ́ one of these tunnels, and delivering nuu majaki, kaa. We look for a painful bites. They are also noted woman (i.e., a wife) to love her, not for their tendency to raid palms suri to hit her, nor to whip her, no. with growing them, which they attack and consume. kuukíwaku (adv.) two places or (n.) variety of locations, whether two places on a kuumakiija sakújaaja (piripiri), a medicinal single object, or two different plant, that was believed to make locations in space, e.g., where loads suri grow abundantly in felled could be placed. palms. The bulbs of the plant were (t.v.) kuukúuni rt. kuúkuu grated and rubbed on the head and sharpen edge or point, e.g., of a handle of the axe that would be machete or harpoon tip. used to fell the trunk. Sci. Cyperus kuúkuusi (n.) a type of evil spirit sp. that takes the form of a skeleton kuumáaka (n.) cumaca, a species that attacks people in the forest. of liana that reaches some 5cm in kuukwaka (n.) sharp edge or diameter and hangs from the upper point, e.g., of a machete or harpoon branches of tall trees; when cut, it tip. produces a thick red sap. This bark

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 243 kuumi kuuráaka

of liana was traditionally used in ánii kuupɨkiiraata.” Then the youth the same way as the bark of the said, “You know, elder, we were sinakina (palometa huayo) tree to coming together.” make a black lacquer used to coat kuuraríina • from Sp. curarina. the interior part of clay vessels and (n.) curarina, species of bush with gourds, and the surface of paddles, broad leaves, from whose crown to protect them from damage by grow yellow flowers. Reaching liquids. Sci. Ichnosiphon sp. some 2m in height, it grows mainly (num.) kuumi rt. kuu two, in the in inundating areas, and its leaves case of inanimate referents, i.e., have medicinal uses. They are things that are not living beings boiled, with the resulting bitter capable of independent motion. cooled liquid consumed to treat kuuna irreg.pl. kuunawaaka (n.) colds and flu, malaria, diarrhea, cousin, general referential term and snake bite, among other insensitive to the gender of the afflications. Sci. Potalia amara. referent or the gender of the kuuráaka irreg.pl. kuuraákawaaka individual with respect to whom • from Sp. curaca. (n.) curaca, the kinship relationship is chief, or local ‘big man’, a reckoned. ▶ Gram. Vocative leadership role that arose in the late counterpart: aakuuna. Poss.pref. 19th and early 20th centuries, in kuunɨɨ́sana the context of increasing contact irreg.pl. kuunɨɨ́sanawaaka (n.) with mestizo society, which was deceased cousin. significantly mediated by patrones. kuupáara free.var. of sɨrɨ́ɨti • from Oral history indicates that Iquito Sp. copal. curacas played an important role as intermediaries between the kuupíkuuja (n.) pihuanero or patrones and the rest of the Iquito Musician Wren, species of brown population, but that relationships bird that reaches 14cm in length, between curacas and patrones were with a short tail. It is rarely seen, not always smooth. Oral tradition but noted for its distinctive and also suggests that a curaca’s complex multi-note song. Sci. influence over his fellow Iquitos Cyphorhinus aradus. generally resulted from a (num.) kuupɨ rt. kuu two, in the combination of his charisma, case of animate referents, i.e., physical intimidation grounded in living beings capable of fighting ability, and his pivotal role independent motion. as intermediary with the patrones. kuupɨkiiraata (adv.) realize an The curacas are not known to have activity as a pair, do something as a ruled over any large settlements; group of two people. Ex. Atii=na rather, their power was most iina aátikiaana maníini, concretely reflected in their access “Kia=nakúsii, máana, kanaa ɨ́ta to trade goods and the number of

244 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kuuráaka makwaati kwakúsiaaja

wives one was able to have and kuutanaakáana (adv.) “how maintain. surprising!”, “wow!”, sentence-initial adverb expressing kuuráaka makwaati lit. chief frog the remarkable or surprising nature (n.) unidentified species of frog of the eventuality denoted by the whose call is said to resemble the sentence it introduces. phrase pɨɨ́kwaa, kuuráaka! ‘let’s go, chief!’. kuúti impf.rt. of kurɨ́ɨni kuuwaa (n.) 1. game animal, kuuraasuu free.var. of akánataaja animal that is hunted for food. Ex. irreg.pl. kuuraasuuwa • from Sp. Pɨyɨ́ɨni kuuwaa, sikiáaja, corazón. ▶ Socio. Although a mɨyaara, iina nu=nikiaárikɨ loanword from Spanish, this form is nu=aámuuyaárikɨ nuu. All game in fact more commonly used by animals, deer, jaguars, what she saw, current Iquito speakers than the she killed. 2. meat, i.e., flesh original Iquito term. conceptualized as food. Ex. Aajaa, kuúriki • from Q. kuriki. (n.) kií=tɨ=jaa kiaa=jata money. iikwaárɨɨkiáaja, kí=nikíini=íira iipɨ kaayaaka iina miitɨɨ́yaa kuusáana • from Sp. cocina. (n.) kiáaja iina kuuwaa turiija. Well kitchen; clearly separate cooking then, I’d better go with you, so I can areas in homes were adopted by in see these people who give you smoked the mid-20th century as the meat. household fire lost its important as an area for sleeping and socializing Kuuwaa Níiki lit. game animal (prop.n.) as well as cooking. Now kitchens bone man born in the tend to built as additions on the mid-19th century, renowned for sides of the principal house being a skilled fighter with a spear; structure, or as smaller separate he lived in the headwaters region of buildings. the Pintuyacu River, and died around the time that San Antonio • cushi (n.) kuusi from Q. . pig. was founded in 1911. He is kuuta (adv.) maybe, perhaps, remembered for a song, which had might. Ex. Tiirɨ́ɨra the line maakwaárika, kia=paakɨki nu=makɨkiaaná kuuta=na. siikiíkuku ‘careful, you are going to Perhaps she slept a little further away. step on something sharp along the restinga Ex. Iina aátikiaakɨ́ waarata tawɨ edge of the ’. nuu, “Kia=pariíyaa kuuta kwakúsiaaja (n.) huishhuincho or k=ináani káami k=íyiku, Screaming Piha, a gray bird that Nɨɨkamúumu anáka=jina?” The measures some 25cm in length with other mestizo said to him, “Can you its somewhat long tail, generally perhaps take me upriver to my place, found in areas away from large in the headwaters of the Chambira rivers, inhabiting the midstory of river?” the canopy. Although rarely seen,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 245 kwarákiija kwarɨ́ɨni

its distinctive and startlingly loud kwarana (n.) hamaca huayo, whistling call is one of the classic species of tree whose trunk reaches sounds of the forest. These birds up to about 80cm in diameter, and reportedly tend to be found near is best known for its distinctive creeks, making it possible to use edible fruits, which hang from a their calls to find creeks if one is long stem about 10cm in length. lost in the forest. Sci. Lipaugus The fruits themselves, which were vociferans. ▶ Anth. According to traditionally gathered when they Iquito oral tradition, this bird’s call ripened and fell from the tree, are is its response to thunder, which is roughly tubular, 15cm long and often too distant for humans to 5cm in diameter, with soft skin and hear. Iquito oral tradition also fibrous husks, which when split indicates that this bird, when it open reveal rich, oily, nut-like dies, transforms into the nɨ́sira or seeds. Sci. Couepia dolichopoda. Black-Necked Red-Cotinga. kwaráani rt. kwaata drv.rt. kwara (i.v.) kwarákiija (n.) camu camu, weed; carry out maintenance chacra species of bush that grows near the on a nasi ( , swidden), edge of still or slow-moving bodies especially by removing weeds. of water, and produces small fruits kwariku (n.) coro coro or Green about 2cm in diameter, which turn Ibis, dark green wading bird red when ripe; traditionally Iquitos typically encountered near water ate these tart fruits with salt. Sci. that reaches about 58 cm in length. Myrciaria dubia. It is notable for its long, dark, curving bill and for its distinctive (n.) capirona kwarákiina , species hooting, which it is said to produce of tree whose wood is valued for from areas of flooded forest when firewood, as it burns well even the water is rising. Sci. when fresh. Its trunk, which Mesembrinibis cayennensis. reaches up to 1m in diameter, is dialect.var. of covered with green bark, which kwariku sapáani sikɨɨtakúuni lit. Green Ibis worm used in a traditional treatment for hernias: first, a piece of bark the kwaríyuuja dialect.var. of kurɨ́ɨsi size of the hernia is cut from the kwarɨ́ɨni rt. kwarɨɨ (i.v.) need to tree, then the bark is replaced and do something, or need to have fixed in place with a previously something done, have not yet done unused sewing needle, and finally, something or have not yet had a black thread is wrapped around something necessary or important the trunk to further secure the piece done. ▶ Gram. This verb takes a of bark. It was believed that as the non-finite irrealis clause asa bark healed and reattached the cut complement, but cannot take an NP piece, the hernia associated with complement. The complement the cut piece of bark would heal. clause can be elided if recoverable Sci. Calycophyllum spruceanum. from context. The subject of the

246 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary kwarɨɨníini kwaakɨ́ɨna

matrix verb denotes or indexes the equally applicable to spaces entity which either needs to do illuminated by artificial light. something, if the verbal complement is intransitive, or kwaakɨ́ɨna (n.) polvora caspi or needs to have something done to it, pusanga caspi, species of relatively if it is transitive. Ex. Kí=nasi low tree whose trunk grows to kwarɨɨ́yaa=na kwaráani. My about 50cm in diameter. Its wood is garden needs to be weeded. Ex. oily and burns even when fresh, Kí=kwarɨɨ́yaa Ikiítu=jina making it valued as firewood. Its iwáani. I need to go to Iquitos. pale bark is covered with a dusty powder, which is the primary kwarɨɨníini rt. kwarɨɨ́nii (t.v.) ingredient in the pusanga ‘love lack something that one is in need magic’ powder of the same name. of, e.g., food to eat, or a machete to dialect.var. iinamináana. clear a garden. ▶ Gram. The subject of the verb denotes or indexes the kwaakɨ́ɨna (n.) 1. a type of powder thing lacking, and the object the with magical properties, the person or thing lacking it. Ex. Kaa prototypical instance being the kuuwaa kwarɨɨ́niiyaárikɨ kíija. I powder used by non-shamanic didn’t lack meat. Ex. Kuumi kusi individuals to work love magic, kwarɨɨ́niiyaa kíija. I lack two pots. made with the fragrant powder kwasimɨ socio.var. of ikwasimɨ from the bark of the kwaaḱna irreg.pl. kwasimɨya (polvora caspi) tree. Typically made by men, it was necessary for kwasini irreg.pl. kwasiniwa (n.) the woman who was the intended choshna grande or Kinkajou, target to have direct contact with species of nocturnal arboreal the powder for it to be effective, mammal with smooth, reddish and was often cast in her face by brown fur and prehensile tail. It is the man enamored of her. The man considered edible and is valued for had to follow a specific diet while its white body fat. Sci. Potos flavus. preparing it, which if violated, led kwaaki irreg.pl. kwaakíwaku (n.) the man to go insane. This term is 1. a clear space, a space free of also applied to powders used by vegetation, e.g., a recently cleared shamans, of now unknown and burned garden, the patio preparation, which they used to surrounding a house, or a supay accumulate and store their power chacra (ikwaniaasi), a clear area in for later use. 2. small gourd into the forest resulting from the which shamans placed powders activity of certain ant species with magical powers (see sense qwsfe. 2. an illuminated, brightly above), typically used by breaking lit space; perhaps originally used to it open and blowing the powder at refer to open, and thus bright, areas the person or thing they wished to in the forest, this term is now affect.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 247 kwaana kwaátaraku kwaana rt. kwaa (adj.) 1. well-lit, without obstacle or impediment. illuminated, bright, or easily Ex. Kwaata nu=káriiyaa. She sees visible. 2. clear of plants or clearly. obstructions, generally said of an kwaata anákana rt. kwaata area that has been cleared for a nasi anáka irreg.pl. kwaata anákapɨ lit. (chacra, swidden), or a path from cleared (i.e. cleared of hair) head which plants have been cleared. (adj.) naturally bald, either entirely kwáani irreg.pl. kwaániwa (n.) so, or with a small fringe of hair. perrito de dios or Mole Cricket, kwaata kariyáa rt. kwaata species of cricket that makes its kariyáana lit. clear-looking one burrows in sandy soil and leaf (adj.) the quality of having a litter, and sings in the small hours receding hairline that leaves the of the morning. Iquitos would front of the head bare. traditionally say, when they heard kwaata kariyáana rt. kwaata its song, kwáani ísaa, ‘the Mole kariyáa irreg.pl. kwaata kariyáapɨ Cricket is urinating’ (i.e., it has lit. clear-looking one (n.) person gotten up to urinate). Also who sees well, person with good according to tradition, the song was vision. the cause of cavities in teeth, its kwaata kariyáana play.var. of song being the sound of a drilling jaakáana irreg.pl. kwaata action in the affected person’s kariyáapɨ lit. clear-looking one (i.e. tooth, perhaps the source of its cleared of hair) alternate names (see below). (n.) sapo dialect.vars. iikanásuuja, iika kwaata nɨkíjaati machín súniija. , species of frog whose call, which resembles the call of the kwaarɨ́yaaka (n.) 1. minga White-fronted Capuchin, is said to organized for weeding a chacra. 2. announce the coming of high water manioc beer prepared for a during the wet season. Sci. weeding minga. Leptodactylus sp. (interj.) kwaasɨja “OK!”, “alright!”, kwaátaraku (n.) manacaracu or “fine!”, a much-used interjection Speckled Chachalaca, galliform bird typically indicating assent or that reaches 60cm in length, agreement; it can also serve as a generally brown, with pale back channel interjection to speckling on breast and neck, and a indicate simple acknowledgement small red dewlap. Found near of an utterance in the preceeding bodies of water, it has a raucous, conversational turn. braying call that it tends to produce kwaata (adv.) 1. clearly visible, in the late afternoon, often inciting easily visible. Ex. Iina náana, tíira other individuals within earshot to nu=ímaa, kwaata nu=nikísaa. respond. Sci. Ortalis guttata. The treetrunk is over there (and) it is clearly visible. 2. clearly or freely,

248 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary majitɨ́ɨni

majániiwɨɨtáani rt. majániiwɨɨ́ta majáana irreg.pl. mɨɨ́saa (n.) wife, (t.v.) throw an opponent to the referential term. ▶ Gram. Vocative ground repeatedly while fighting. counterpart: wíija. Poss.pref. majáani rt. maja 1. (t.v.) whip, majániiwɨɨtáani rt. majániiwɨɨ́ta strike something relatively flexible (i.v.) repeatedly cast fishing line against something else. 2. (t.v.) and hook into water, a fishing clear a young mákisi (purma, fallow technique effective for certain types swidden) by swiftly felling the of fish. saplings and undergrowth with a majarúwaaka (n.) general term machete, in contrast to the much for small fishes (typically 10cm or more protracted process of clearing less, and often much less) of a wide an area of more established forest, variety of species, including some which requires felling trees with an (t.v.) species that can grow to large sizes axe. 3. give an electric shock, ▶ and other species that remain small. speaking of electric eels. Gram. Such fish are typically encountered This sense typically takes takes the in small creeks, typically captured momentary perfective -rɨɨ. using nuúruu (barbasco, fish majaánɨɨsana poison) and typically prepared and irreg.pl. majaánɨɨsanawaaka (n.) consumed in the form of kunitaaka, deceased wife. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. patarashca smoked . majaatayɨ (n.) whip or lash. májaaka (n.) blood. ▶ Gram. mass majaatáani rt. majaata (i.v.) whip noun. Nanay dialect.var. naanaka. or cast a fishing rod forward so as to flick its attached line, weight and majaakɨ́ɨni rt. majaákɨɨ (i.v.) hook out into the water. bleed. ▶ Gram. The subject of the majiti impf.rt. of majitɨ́ɨni verb may either be the person or animal who is bleeding or the body majitɨ́ɨni rt. majitɨ impf.rt. majiti (i.v.) part or injury that is bleeding. suffer a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion. Iquitos májaana rt. májaa (adj.) raw or consider miscarriages to be due uncooked, speaking of meat, fish, typically either to an injury suffered or plant matter foods. by the mother (e.g., a fall or

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 249 májiiti makika

physical abuse) or an illness májuuku irreg.pl. májuukuwa (n.) suffered by her, but also attribute Short-tailed Nighthawk, species of them to the mother being unable to dark-colored insectivorous bird satisfy food cravings. seen at dusk and often mistaken for májiiti (n.) bee larva. Among the a bat due its body shape and flight species that Iquitos are familiar habits. Sci. Lurocalis semitorquatus. with, the larvae are housed in a makajaya HDC pers.var. of layer of cells filled with royal jelly makɨjɨyɨ found below the section of the hive • macambo occupied by honey-holding cells. makáampu from Sp. . (n.) macambo ▶ Gram. Poss.pref.; the possessor is , a cultivated tree the hive to which the larva belongs. species introduced to Iquito territory in the early 20th century. (n.) majuu irreg.pl. majuuwa Its large fruits, which reach some charichuelo , tree species that grows 30cm in length, resemble cacao in a variety of environments and fruits but with more rounded ends, reaches up to 1.5m in diameter. It and its somewhat sweet flesh is best known for its edible round surrounds large edible seeds, which yellow fruits, about 6-8cm in are typically roasted or fried before diameter, which have a thick rind eating. Sci. Theobroma bicolor. that holds 2 or 3 seeds covered with sweet flesh; the fruits are eaten bya maki impf.rt. of makɨ́ɨni variety of monkeys and, when they maki impf.rt. of makɨ́ɨni fall to the ground, by Pacas (tiímaaka), but they are not often makijuutáani rt. makijuúta (i.v.) harvested, since the tree must be harvest manioc for the first time felled to obtain them. Sci. Garcinia from a relatively recently planted macrophylla. garden, typically some 6 months after planting; traditionally the májuuku irreg.pl. májuukuwa (n.) woman who owned the garden chambira cord bundle, a method of would invite other women to join storing chambira cord that kinks it her on this occasion, harvesting a less severely than simply winding it large quantity of manioc to make into a ball. A rod-like core is first substantial batch of manioc beer made by coiling the cord around a which friends and neighbors were loop that has been collapsed into a invited to drink. length that serves as the core; once the rod-like shape is relatively makika (n.) immature manioc rigid, the remaining cord is tubers that have grown sufficiently wrapped lengthwise on the rod in a that they can be harvested and figure-eight pattern, with the cooked, but have not yet reached extrema of the figure-eight their full size; these tubers are anchored against the ends of the much softer than ther mature rod. counterparts, and are generally

250 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary makina makitáani

only harvested when mature Its flat pods contain seeds about manioc is not available. 1cm diameter, arranged makina rt. maki (adj.) unripe or longitudinally in the pod and not fully mature, speaking of surrounded by very sweet flesh, cultigens, e.g., asúraaja (manioc), with flat fleshless segments amariyaaja (pijuayo), samúkwaati between the seeds. Formerly (plantain), or támuu (guaba) fruits. abundant in the San Antonio area, this species is now rare due to the sarna (n.) makina isíiku lit. unripe practice of felling the tree for its obero sarna blanca , , or vitiligo, a fruits. Sci. Inga sp. skin malady in which pale, purma depigmented patches appear on the Mákisiyúumu lit. creek (prop.n.) body; these patches neither hurt not a small creek located a itch. It was traditionally believed few kilometers downriver of the that this malady was caused by community of San Antonio, and on failing to follow dietary restrictions the same side of the river; its source aguajal associated with the consumption of is an , and according to aákuta (ayahuasca). free.vars. Iquito oral tradition, it had a small sakina isíiku, musútina isíiku. Iquito settlement along its banks in the late 19th century; being very makina kásiiri lit. green (unripe) small, this creek was never given a (n.) moon new moon; the Spanish name, although its Iquito extremely slender very first phase name could be faithfully glossed as of the moon. Purma Quebrada. (n.) makínaata area in the process makísiina (n.) pichirina, term of being colonized by riverside applied to two similar species of successional plants; in Iquito trees, one that grows in inundating territory these are typically the low, areas and on river banks, with sandy areas on the interior side of broad leaves and rough brown bark, river bends, with the primary and another that grows in elevated successional species being asinaja areas, especially in purmas, with pumapanga tangarana ( ), tamɨ́ɨna ( ), small leaves with smooth bark. The and a number of lianas. former species reaches a diameter mákisi irreg.pl. makísiwa (n.) of 40cm and is used for roof poles, purma, a nasi (chacra, swidden) while the latter does not grow large whose crops have been mostly or enough for this purpose; both entirely harvested, and that is in species produce a thick yellow sap the process of reverting to that is used to treat certain types of secondary forest. skin fungus. Sci. Vismia spp. mákisi támuu lit. purma Inga sp. makitáani rt. makita 1. (t.v.) (n.) purma shimbillo, species of harvest young, not fully grown shimbillo-type tree that grows in manioc tubers, typically from a purmas and in clayey-soiled forests. relatively recently planted garden

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 251 makiijáani makɨ́ɨni

in which the plants have not yet repeatedly in a strong manner, had time to mature. 2. (t.v.) harvest generally as a nervous tic, but also unripe fruits. in cases when something is makiijáani rt. makiíja 1. (t.v.) put irritating the eye. Rel. (n.) out flame source, such as a cooking makɨsiniiwɨɨtáana person who fire or a kerosene lamp. 2. (t.v.) suffers from a nervous tic that turn off electrical aparatus, e.g., causes them to wink or blink lightbulb or radio. frequently. makɨjɨyɨ (adv.) backwards or makɨsiitáani rt. makɨsiíta (i.v.) reverse, specifically in the case of close eyes. spinning cord (iníini), especially mákɨɨja Chambira dialect.var. of chambira cord (iniyɨ); instead of the amákɨɨja irreg.pl. mákɨɨya, principal spinning gesture being mákɨɨjaka away from the body, the gesture is makɨɨka (n.) mosquito net, directed towards the body, adopted by Iquito people in the resulting in cord with left-handed, early 20th century. rather than right-handed chirality; the resulting backwards-spun cord makɨɨ́kujina free.var. of makɨ́naaja irreg.pl. makɨɨ́kukajina is considered by some to be prettier ▶ than normally spun cord, although Gram. Poss.pref. it is more difficult to make. HDC makɨɨna (adv.) in one’s sleep, pers.var. makajaya. while sleeping. ▶ Gram. The fact makɨ́naaja (n.) sleeping place; this that this element bears a possessive term is generally applied to regular marker but does not require a sleeping places, such as one’s bed, postpositional licenser suggests that or places at which one regularly it has some of the grammatical sleeps on hunting and fishing trips, properties of a locative noun. Ex. where one may have built shelters. Kaa kiaá=tɨ iníkarɨɨ, ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. free.var. kia=kúwaaja ɨ́tɨ kiaa makɨɨ́kujina. átuukiáana, kií=tɨ kiaa aámuu makɨ́rajina rt. makɨ́ra kia=makɨɨna. If you had not woken irreg.pl. makɨ́rakajina (loc.n.) a up, your heart (lit. liver) would have riverside or forest site regularly told you that I would kill you in your used as a place to sleep, often sleep. Ex. Kí=makɨɨna, involving the construction of guardiawaaka inákiaakɨ kíija temporary shelters, i.e.mɨyiti waatiiruu=jinakuma. In my sleep, (tambos), by fishermen and hunters the recruiters put me inside the boat. on fishing and hunting trips that makɨ́ɨni (n.) dream. take them away from their homes makɨ́ɨni rt. makɨ 1. (i.v.) go out or for many days at a time. extinguish itself, speaking of a makɨsiniiwɨɨtáani rt. flame source such as a cooking fire makɨsiniiwɨɨ́ta (i.v.) blink or a candle. 2. (i.v.) for the sun to

252 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary makɨ́ɨni makúuja

dim, for sunlight to diminish and or for multiple individuals to sleep become less strong, e.g., due to simultaneously. ▶ clouds. Gram. This sense requires makɨɨníita (adv.) sleepy. ▶ Gram. inceptive aspect -aárɨɨ. This adjective is only known to makɨ́ɨni rt. makɨ impf.rt. maki appear with inflected forms of (i.v.) dream. Ex. iwíini, e.g., makɨɨníita k=iíkii, ‘I’m Nu=saminiíjuuyaákiaana náaji, sleepy’. “Saakaa=aákuji kí=makɨki makɨɨ́taaja irreg.pl. makɨɨ́taakami náaji?” She was thinking thus, “Why (inanimate) (n.) bedding, did I dream thus?” Ex. protoypically sheets or blankets. Kí=makɨɨtakurá iina taana makɨɨti irreg.pl. makɨɨtiwa (n.) kásiiri=jina kw=ánani. Last hierba dormilón, species of plant month I dreamt about my brother. with small leaves that react, closing Rel. makɨɨtáani (rt. makɨɨta) (t.v.) in on themselves, when touched. dream about (someone or This plant was traditionally used by something). Iquitos to cure excessive crying in young children by burning its makɨ́ɨni rt. makɨ impf.rt. maki 1. leaves under the child, so it is (i.v.) sleep. Ex. Jaa enveloped by the smoke; the bones kí=makɨwɨɨkurá kami. I already of huasaco (páasi) were sometimes went and slept there (upriver). 2. burned with the leaves as part of (i.v.) go on a multi-day hunting or the treatment. Sci. Mimosa pudica. fishing trip, with at least one night spent sleeping away from home. makusáari irreg.pl. makusaáriwa (n.) macusari ▶ Gram. In this sense, the verb , species of slender, appears in its event-nominalized extremely spicy pepper, up to 8cm form as an adjunct to iwáani ‘go’ in length, that turns red when ripe. and bears the postposition Formerly a critical ingredient in =ánuura. Ex. Kana=iíkwaa jikuriáaka or manioc stew, it is now makɨ́ɨni=ánuura. We are going to rarely cultivated. Apart from its use go hunting/fishing (lit. sleep). 3. (i.v.) as a condiment, this pepper played sit fermenting, said of manioc beer an important role in the kajíini mash. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari taa suwáani, menarche celebration, when the nu=makɨki kuumi yaawɨ́ɨni=na, celebrated young woman had the wáari kia=puúrii nuu. When it is pulped flesh of this pepper applied ready, when it has sat fermenting for to her teeth and gums to assure that two days, then you hand-strain it. her teeth remain healthy and Rel. makɨɨtíini (rt. makɨɨ́tii) (i.v.) without cavities. This pepper was sleep (pluractional), either also rubbed on the nose and snouts iteratively for a single individual of dogs to make them better within a relatively short time hunters. Sci. Capsicum sp. period (e.g., waking and going back makúuja (n.) species of leafcutter to sleep several times in one day), ant that makes its nest out of leaf

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 253 makwaa ímaaja manɨti

litter in the notches of trees and is manajúuni rt. manájuu (t.v.) known for cutting clothing to pieces impregnate. ▶ Gram. The subject is in order to carry it off. Sci. obligatorily masculine. free.var. Acromyrmex sp. dialect.var. mɨrɨ́ɨni. kakúuja. mananúuni rt. manánuu 1. (t.v.) makwaa ímaaja lit. swallowed bother or harrass someone toad (n.) asna charapa, species of deliberately, typically by critizing edible aquatic turtle whose shell is or taunting them, or by pressing a similar in color and shape to that of request beyond its appropriate the better known mɨtiija (taricaya), point. Ex. Iina ikwani, but issomewhat more domed and nu=sanitɨ́ɨ nuu, iyaamiaákuji about some 30cm in length. Its nu=manánuuyaa iipɨ kaayaaka. relatively large head has yellow That man made him prove himself (by giving him a punch), because he markings near the base of its jaws. (t.v.) The name of this species stems from (always) harrasses people. 2. its habit of preying on anitáaki bother, obstruct, or distract, makwaati (huangana sapo) toads speaking of objects and states, such during their egg-laying season. Sci. as illness or injury. Ex. Phrynops sp. free.var. Nuúrika=kijá iina kí=namija muusiaaráaja. nu=manánuuyaa kíija. It’s just that my vision that is bothering me. 3. makwaati irreg.pl. makwaa (n.) (t.v.) make romantic or sexual general term for anurans, i.e., toads advances overtures to an and frogs. uninterested party. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, jaari iina aníkiaakɨ=ná (n.) mamatiiri species of ikwani nu=mananúuni=ánuura mojarra -type fish that lives in imɨráani. So, they say, soon that creeks and lakes with very still man approached to harrass her again. water. Its flat body reaches some (n.) dark 10cm in length and some 2-3cm in maniákaaja bujurqui-type fish with a thick body width. Silvery in color and with that reaches 30cm in length and thick scales, it has a single black lives in lakes and dark-water spot on its tail, and is distinctive for isunaaja (ñejilla) swamps, where it its eyes being red around its pupils. is often found with asúwaja. This fish is considered especially tasty when cooked in large numbers maníini irreg.pl. maniínikuuri (n.) in ijiika (patarashcas). male youth, roughly 15 to 20 years old. (adj.) manaja pregnant, speaking manɨti irreg.pl. manɨtiwa, of both humans and animals. manɨtika (n.) kneecap. ▶ Gram. manajɨ́ɨni rt. manajɨɨ (i.v.) Poss.pref. become pregnant. ▶ Gram. The manɨti irreg.pl. manɨtiwa, subject is obligatorily feminine. manɨtika (n.) callana or

254 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary manɨ́ɨni marísana

traditional clay bowl, these shallow about 0.5cm length. Unlike the bowls ranged from some 10-20cm latter, this bee is not particularly in diameter, and up to some 5cm in aggressive and typically makes its depth. dialect.vars. tamɨ́riija, nɨɨri. nest on branches, rather than on manɨ́ɨni rt. manɨɨ (i.v.) open one’s tree trunks. free.var. maárakuuja. legs. Rel. manɨɨtáani (rt. manɨɨ́ta) maratáani rt. marata fst.spch. (i.v.) have or keep one’s legs open. marta (t.v.) gut an animal or fish, manɨɨtáani rt. manɨɨ́ta 1. (i.v.) cutting open its torso and removing keep or hold one’s legs open. 2. its internal organs. (i.v.) for something with a roughly marimuusi irreg.pl. marimuusiwa concave or hinged form to be (n.) frog species similar to muusi opened, e.g., an opened canoe, an (hualo), but somewhat smaller, animal that has been gutted and reaching some 12cm in length, and spread open, or an open book. with yellowish mottled coloring. manɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. manɨɨtɨɨ (t.v.) open Considered edible and especially something with a concave shape or prized for their chubby limbs, they hinge-like form, e.g., a person’s were traditionally hunted by legs, a canoe, the torso of an animal digging them out of their burrows, that one is gutting, or a book. located in areas of flooded forest. Their song was traditionally mantaasíini rt. maantaásii • from believed to predict the dropping of Sp. manta. (t.v.) spread out the water level after a major rise; bedding, such as a sleeping mat, another traditional belief held that blanket, or sheet, to ready it for if the hunter swallowed his saliva being slept on. while approaching one of their (n.) marakuja hardened bodily holes, they would notice the hunter effluvia, prototypically sleep in the and flee. Sci. Leptodactylus sp. eyes, but also hardened matter that marísaka (n.) doubled teeth, a emerges from pimples, certain skin condition where one tooth grows in cysts, and wounds. ▶ Gram. the same place as another, so that Poss.pref. one tooth sits in front of the other. maraniuu free.var. of miiti marísana (n.) type of forest demon irreg.pl. maraniuuwa • from Sp. who lures its victims by taking the marañon. ▶ Socio. Use of this term form of a recently born infant who is deprecated by more purist native cries piteously. When an unwitting speakers. person picks up the creature to marasi irreg.pl. marasiwa (n.) ▶ cradle it, it attacks its victim; by intestines. Gram. Poss.pref. one account, the demon fastens maratásiija (n.) species of small onto the chest of the victim and black bee similar in appearance to sucks out all their blood, leaving a suruku (arambasa), and also a drained husk behind, while producer of honey, but smaller, according to another account, it

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 255 marísapɨ masakana

transforms into a ferocious clawed that it does split further, or around monster who devours the victim several objects, e.g., a bundle of alive. sticks. ▶ Gram. The object marísapɨ irreg.pl. marísapɨwaaka corresponds to the thing around (n.) 1. a pair of twins. ▶ Gram. This which the rope or string is tied. Ex. term obligatorily refers to a pair of N=akúmiiti aatiaárikɨ nuu, individuals; there is no “Kw=akúumi, conventionalized way to use this kina=máruukwaa term to refer to a single individual p=aminákana.” His mother-in-law of a pair of twins. 2. two people, said to him, “Son-in-law, go and tie fruits, or the like that grow very up our (bundle of) manioc stalks.” close together. maruutáani rt. maruúta (t.v.) tie marisɨɨkíini rt. marisɨɨ́kii (i.v.) one entity to another by tying a become stiff, painful, and difficult rope or cord around the latter to straighten, speaking of the joints, object, e.g., tying up a canoe by especially the knees, elbows, or tying its bow rope around the trunk knuckles, typically of someone of a tree on the river bank. suffering from arthritis or (n.) rheumatism, but also applicable to masakana irreg.pl. masakaa ichichimi negro a healthy person who has been in a , species of black particular position for long enough ant that reaches some 5mm in that a joint has become stiff and length and typically constructs its painful. It was traditionally nests out of plant litter in the believed that inducing this branches of trees, in the stock from itininga condition in a person’s hands was which sɨ́ɨyɨ ( ) liana grow. one way that siimapɨ (shamans) This ant swarms and bites those punished thieves. ▶ Gram. The who disturb the tree they inhabit, subject of the verb denotes or for example, when the tree is felled indexes the affected body part(s). to clear a garden but, unlike the similar aákusana masakana, their rt. maruúkii (t.v.) tie maruukíini bites are not especially painful. Sci. together multiple stick-like objects, Dolichoderus sp. ▶ Anth. According typically in the context of tying to oral tradition, this ant is the together bundles of firewood or guardian ‘mother’ (imɨ́ɨni) of the manioc cuttings for carrying. sɨ́ɨyɨ liana, and it was believed that maruukiitáani rt. maruukiíta all such vines grow from the bodies (t.v.) tie together any two slender, of dead ants of this species. The rigid things, e.g., two sticks, but nests of these ants were sometimes especially the limbs of a person or harvested as the key ingredient in a animal. treatment for dogs intended to marúuni rt. máruu (t.v.) tie a rope make them better hunters; for this or string around something, e.g., treatment, the dog was tied up and around a board that is splitting so the nest, from which an acidic

256 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary masakana ijɨɨ́rana masiku túruuja

liquid dripped, was squeezed over masikɨ́ɨni rt. masikɨɨ 1. (t.v.) make their upheld nose and snouts. The something, protoypically a person dog thrashed about from this, and or animal flee, run away, or go was kept tied up and fed for three away, e.g., make game animals flee days, with especial care taken to by making noise, cause a spouse keep it away from cooking fires. leave by mistreatment; less After this treatment, some of the commonly, the affected entity may aggressiveness of the ants, as well be something other than a living as their sensitivity to interlopers, being, e.g., an illness that is driven were believed to have been passed away from a community by the to the dog. burning of certain efficacious substances. 2. (t.v.) lose or masakana ijɨɨ́rana free.var. of misplace something. aákusana masakana (n.) irreg.pl. masakaa ijɨɨ́rana lit. másiku 1. raft. 2. general term sharp-smelling ichichimi for racks, typically made of four vertical supports and multiple (i.v.) masánakíini rt. masánaki 1. parallel horizontal sticks on top, move one’s arms in large arcs, or typically used to smoke meat or wave one’s arms about, either in a fish, or dry them in the sun, when deliberate, goal-oriented fashion, as salted. in swimming or in defending masiku irreg.pl. masikuwa (n.) oneself in a fight, or relatively Russet-backed Oropendola, vocal unconciously, such as in gesturing species of reddish-brown bird while speaking or flailing about commonly seen near rivers, while delirious with fever. 2. (i.v.) reaching 25cm in length; it has a ask for or receive gifts from pale and somewhat long pointed multiple individuals. beak and long tail, with distinctive masiaaríina • from Sp. mashadiño. yellow feathers making a stripe on (n.) mashadiño, type of hatchet each side of the tail. Sci. Psarocolius used in late 19th and early 20th angustifrons. century rubber-tapping work, masiku amúuku lit. oropendola principally to cut grooves in the cheek (n.) a skin disease, likely bark of latex-producing trees, to tap erysipelas, in which raised red them; later replaced by the raskíita patches appear on the face, rasgueta ( ), a specialized tool for reminiscent of the face patches of this task. certain species of oropendolas, masikatatáani rt. masikatáta masiku, from which the name dialect.var. of nasikatatáani derives. masiku túruuja (n.) Green masikáani rt. masika dialect.var. of Oropendola, vocal species of nasikáani greenish-brown bird that reaches masikɨ́ɨni dialect.var. of nasikɨ́ɨni some 40cm in length; it has a pale

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 257 masíkuuka másiiti

and somewhat long pointed beak, Antonio by peke peke motor which tipped with red, and long tail, with has back eddies near the bank on distinctive yellow feathers making a both sides. It is reported that during stripe on each side of the tail. Sci. the early 20th century a young man Psaracolius viridis. who was fishing there was masíkuuka (n.) smoking rack for swallowed by a large whirlpool; fish. and that in subsequent decades, boats passing through at night rt. masíkuu (i.v.) make masikúuni would suddenly hit something, as if raft, smoking rack, or salted fish they had run aground, only to find drying rack, i.e., make an object themselves in deep water; these consisting of multiple parallel events led people to believe that a sticks, poles, or trunks that are másiina, or legendary giant boa, secured by cross pieces to which lived there. the former are secured. másiina kíwaaku (n.) tamborero, másiiku irreg.pl. másiikuka, species of añashua-type fish that (n.) másiikuwaaka widow. reaches some 30cm; it is masiikúuni rt. masiíkuu (i.v.) encountered principally at the become a widow or widower. mouths of creeks and in relatively másiina (n.) a type of immense, still back-eddies, especially those legendary boa that lived in the deep next to overhanging cutbanks. Its spots of rivers, and was capable of body is green, lightening to yellow causing whirlpools to suck boats around its gills, with transverse under, subsequently vomiting the pale stripes along its length. boat back up without its masiínaamɨ passengers, who it had devoured. irreg.pl. masiínaamɨya (n.) species bijao Másiina Irítiku lit. abandoned of that grows in moist soils. residence of másiina (prop.n.) This plant has a tall slender stalk former oxbow lake, now dry, that reaches up to 1.5m in height located about a day and a half and from which emerge relatively upriver from San Antonio by peke small leaves reaching 30cm in peke motor, on the same side of the length; traditionally a fiber was river as the community. It is said to extracted from these stalk and was have been inhabited in distant spun into a slender cord out of times by a legendary giant boa, or which were woven decorative grips másiina, and when the lake began for spears. Sci. Heliconia sp. to dry up at some point in the 19th masíini rt. masi 1. (i.v.) flee or run century, this was attributed to the away. 2. (i.v.) for something to be másiina having left the lake. lost. ▶ Gram. This sense requires Másiina Iíjinaku (prop.n.) a use of general perfective aspect -ki. straight stretch of river, or estirón, másiiti (n.) type of flat sieve about a half day upriver of San woven from tasiina, that is to say,

258 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary masiíyaaka matákaari sikiija

fiber from the muwaasi (sinamillo) them is normally left to be palm, used principally for straining recovered from context. Ex. manioc mash in the preparation of Ki=sájiri, nu=masɨɨkura kíija manioc beer. kuuwaa kí=miitɨ́ɨni=íira nuu. masiíyaaka My grandmother asked me to give her (d.v.) irreg.pl. masiíyaakawaaka, game meat. 3. receive; take masiíyaakaka (n.) widower. something that is being offered or given by someone. Ex. Nɨ́yiti masɨ́yaja (n.) Swallow-tailed Kite, masɨɨ́kiaakɨ iina sakújaaja nuu. tijera chupa or veranero, raptor Her daughter received the piripiri species with a dark body, white from her. underparts, and a striking forked (i.v.) tail. It is an occasional visitor in masɨɨtáani rt. masɨɨ́ta spread Iquito territory, generally coming in arms or hold arms open, e.g., to the early dry season embrace someone. (September-November), and it is masɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. masɨɨtɨɨ (d.v.) sell. ▶ reputed to throw hard fruits on Gram. The recipient argument is people’s heads. Sci. Elanoides optional. forficatus. mátaka free.var. of matákaari masɨ́yaja iíwaasi lit. tail of matákaari irreg.pl. matákaariwa, Swallow-tailed Kite (n.) cola de matákaarika (n.) cumba, a veranero, type of knot used to tie mat-like covering, some 2-3m in two sticks or poles together when length and 1.5-2m in width, that is they are oriented perpendicular to placed along the peak of a thatched each other. Used principally in roof to seal the gap between the tying poles together in constructing two sloping sides of the roof. They a roof, this tie is characterized by are mostly commonly woven from the cord passing in an alternating the fronds of niraasi (shapaja) and X-shaped pattern at the point where tíkuja (yarina) palms, and less the two pieces cross. frequently ipɨɨti (ungurahui), which masɨ́ɨni rt. masɨɨ 1. (t.v.) buy; pay does not last as long as these other someone for something. Ex. palms. free.var. mátaka. Aámiikáaka, jɨɨ́tikari Vidal matákaari sikiija siwaánɨrɨɨkura=ná, irreg.pl. matákaari sikiikami lit. nu=masɨɨkurá naamɨ taniija. skewered roof peak cap (n.) roof Yesterday, when Vidal arrived, he peak covering (cumba) skewer; bought thatch (lit. woven leaves). 2. dowels made from tatɨɨ (pona) palm (d.v.) request; ask someone for wood that were traditionally used something. ▶ Gram. Though to secure matákaari (cumba), or ditransitive, it is unusual for both roof peak coverings, the dowel the entity requested and the person being driven transversally through from whom it is requested to be the matákaari, after it was placed expressed simultaneously; one of over the gap at the peak of the roof,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 259 matakɨ́ɨni maákata

so that the dowel passed under the produces bean-like pods whose topmost longitudinal roof pole, seeds are covered with sweet flesh; holding the matákaari in place. the pods of this species are quite They are now rarely used, as thick for their short length, but they cumbas now tend to be secured are not especially sought after with pairs of heavy poles tied because their seeds have a bitter together in V-shape and place over taste, which is difficult to avoid the matákaari to weigh it down. when sucking the flesh off of them. matakɨ́ɨni rt. matákɨɨ (i.v.) make Sci. Inga sp. and install a matákaari (cumba or maajariáaka (n.) manioc beer roof peak covering). prepared from manioc beer mash without using a seive or strainer, matáani rt. mata ELY pers.var. of instead straining out lumps and mɨtáani fibers with one’s hands (puríini); the matu irreg.pl. matuwa, matuka (n.) resulting beverage has considerbly gamitana, species of fish that more manioc fibers and small resembles a piranha in its overall lumps of manioc than properly body shape, but is much larger and strained manioc beer. bulkier, reaching 1m in length, and maájarina (n.) small lumps of instead of having sharp teeth, has manioc found in itíniija (manioc blunt teeth that it uses to pulverize beer), which are generally the result fruits. Generally dark colored, with of imperfect straining, especially pale cheeks, it is found in the larger when manioc beer mash has been rivers in Iquito territory, such as the diluted and strained with the hand Nanay. Sci. Colossoma macropomum. (puríini), rather than using a sieve. (n.) máa affectionate vocative term maájarina rt. maájari (adj.) for a child, either a literally young lumpy, speaking of liquids, meals, person, who may or may not be or powders that have lumps in one’s own offspring, or one’s own them, e.g., manioc beer that has not older offspring. been well strained, fariña that has Maájanakáani not been properly sifted, or sugar irreg.pl. Maájanakaániwaaka that has formed lumps due to (prop.n.) Iquito subgroup that humidity. traditionally lived in the maakánaaja (n.) ladder, steps, or headwaters of the Chambira, any other means for climbing up to Momón, and Mazán Rivers, i.e., in a greater elevation, e.g., on tree areas with clayey soils. leaning against another, which one maájarakúuna (n.) species of uses to climb up to some point on shimbillo that grows on the banks the latter. free.var. iskaníira. of rivers in areas of sandy soil and maákata irreg.pl. maákatúuwa (n.) reaches a diameter of about 50cm. 1. an individual, be it a direct Like all shimbillos, this tree ancestor of the speaker or not, from

260 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary maákata iyásiika maakɨɨsi

a previous generation, generally of even flying to a higher place, e.g., a generation that died before the jumping up onto the elevated floor speaker was born, or in their early of a house, or flying up to a branch. childhood. 2. deceased father. Maákina nickname of Apúriija ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. in this sense. dialect.var. kaakɨɨ́jɨɨsana. maakɨ irreg.pl. maakɨya (n.) type maákata iyásiika lit. ancestors' of trap deployed at the mouths of majás grass (n.) tururco, species of grass tiímaaka (Paca or ) burrows. that sends out multiple long The trap consists of a tube-like net chambira runners from a single root stock, bag made with palm fiber each runner setting down roots as it cord, with an opening about advances. Its leaves are used to 20-25cm in diameter, treat hair loss. Sci. Paspalum sp. corresponding to the approximate HDC pers.var. maákatuusi. size of a paca burrow entrance, and a drawstring closure. To set the maákata kánɨɨsi free.var. of trap, the open end of the bag is first jicra maákatuusi lit. ancestors' (net tied with fine, easily-broken fibers bag) to a hoop of stiff liana of the same maákatuusi HDC pers.var. of diameter. This hoop is then secured maákata iyásiika more solidly to the area around the maákatuusi (n.) type of kánɨɨsi opening, the bag is folded up (jicra, or net bag woven from against the hoop, and the end of the chambira fiber) that stretches drawstring closure is secured to considerably when filled, making it something solid. Once the trap is suitable for carrying large set, the paca is harassed, typically quantities, such as loads of manioc by thrusting sticks into one of its from gardens. ▶ Anth. According to other burrow openings, which Iquito oral tradition, this type of provokes it to flee out of the kánɨɨsi was named in memory of an opening where the trap has been ancestor who was capable of set. When the trap works drinking a tremendous amount of successfully, the paca runs into the manioc beer, his belly swelling as folded bag and extends it fully, he did so in a manner that thereby breaking the fibers resembled this kind of bag connecting the bag to the hoop stretching with its contents. while simultaneously pulling the free.var. maákata kánɨɨsi. bag against the drawstring, which closes the bag and leaves the maákatúuwa irreg.pl. of maákata animal securely trapped inside the maakáani rt. maaka (i.v.) go up, now-closed bag. move from a lower position to a maakɨ́ɨni rt. maákɨɨ (i.v.) make a higher one, whether by literally traditional maakɨ Paca trap. climbing, e.g., up a tree, walking, e.g., up a hillside, or by jumping or maakɨɨsi dialect.var. of maasi

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 261 maakɨɨsíini maanakaajúuni maakɨɨsíini rt. maakɨɨ́sii maámaati (n.) Amazonian Milk dialect.var. of maasíini Treefrog, species of greenish-blue frog with brown mottling, about maákuwa (n.) huancahui or 7cm in length. It is best known for Laughing Falcon, a raptor that its loud distinctive call, maam, reaches some 50cm in length, with maam, maam, which is the source of brown back and wings, pale its Iquito name, and which it is said mottled stripes across the tail, and a to make from within the hollow of pale front and head except for a tree in order to amplify its call. brown patches around the eyes that Sci. Phrynohyas resinifitrix. are connected by a brown ‘strap’ • around the back of the head. It is maamii irreg.pl. maamiiwa from best known for its distinctive call, Sp. mamey. (n.) mamey, cultivated somewhat reminiscent of the fruit tree introduced to Iquito laughter-like braying of a donkey. territory during the 20th century; it Sci. Herpotheres cachinnans. ▶ Anth. fruits are roughly pear-shaped, with According to Iquito oral tradition, crisp, watery, tart flesh. Sci. when this bird calls while sitting on Mammea americana. an upper, live branch of a tree, it is máana rt. máa irreg.pl. máapɨ (n.) announcing the onset of the wet 1. adult; a person who is no longer season and the rising of the rivers; a youth or child; in traditional when it calls from a lower, dead Iquito society, young men and branch, it is announcing the dry women were considered adults season and the dropping of the from their early twenties on. rivers. ▶ Socio. The plural form may be maákuwa (n.) species of used for a singular referent as a cunchi-type fish that reaches up to means of showing respect. 2. 30cm and lives in creeks and rivers vocative term used for adults of that drain areas with clayey soils; it approximately the same age as the is yellowish brown in color with a speaker. single transverse black stripe some maánakaja (n.) chopped manioc 1cm wide that runs from its dorsal for making manioc beer; manioc fin to its belly. that has been, peeled, washed and chopped into chunks for cooking maakwaárika (adv.) slowly. and mashing to make manioc beer • maamáaja from Sp. mamá. (n.) mash. dialect.var. suúrukuuja. mother, vocative term. ▶ Gram. maanakaajúuni rt. maanakaájuu Referential counterpart: maámaaja. (i.v.) peel and chop manioc tubers ▶ Socio. This use of this Spanish into small chunks for boiling, loanword is deprecated by more generally to make manioc beer purist native speakers. mash (sakɨ́ɨka); traditionally, this maámaaja • from sp. mamá. (n.) activity was most commonly mother. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. carried out in the garden in which

262 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary máankwa maarijúuni

the manioc was harvested, so that briefer actions such as using a name the manioc is already brought back or a word incorrectly. ▶ Gram. This ready to boil. Nanay dialect.var. sense must bear momentary suurukuujúuni. perfective aspect, -rɨɨ, and it cannot máankwa • from Sp. mangua. (n.) take an NP complement, but it may mangua or mango, a fruit-bearing take a nominalized irrealis (t.v.) tree introduced to Iquito territory complement clause. 2. in the early 20th century. Sci. attempt unsuccessfully, try but fail ▶ Mangifera indica. to do something. Gram. This sense cannot bear momentary maantáana • from Sp. manta. (n.) perfective aspect, -rɨɨ, and it cannot blanket. take an NP complement, but it may maánuurika lit. elder (diminutive) take a nominalized irrealis (adj.) a little older, prototypically complement clause. 3. (t.v.) not speaking of children. Ex. Iina know how to perform some action maaya, anuu taa júura or task. ▶ Gram. This sense cannot maánuurika pɨyɨ́ɨni iipɨ=jinaji bear momentary perfective aspect, mɨrajaarika. That child is the oldest -rɨɨ, and it cannot take an NP of all the children. complement, but it may take a maárakuuja free.var. of nominalized irrealis complement maratásiija clause. act./mid. maarijúuni (active) maaraaka (n.) notch cut around the circumference of a log or pole maarijúuni rt. maaríjuu 1. (t.v.) to help secure a rope tied around cause to err, cause a person to make the object, typically for purposes of a mistake while they are carrying dragging it. out a task, typically by interrupting maaraakɨ́ɨni rt. maaraákɨɨ (t.v.) them and breaking their cut a notch (maaraaka) around the concentration, or by distracting circumference of a log or pole, them. Ex. Iina maaya, generally to help secure a rope tied nu=maaríjuu kíija taníini=jina. around it. That child caused me to make an error in (my) weaving. 2. (t.v.) maaraakúuni rt. maaraákuu disable, injure, speaking of a game (t.v.) give a haircut, cut someone’s animal, such that it cannot escape. hair. Ex. Kí=maaríjuu iina tiímaaka maáriji impf.rt. of maárijɨ́ɨni rimúsiija=jata. I disabled the Paca maárijɨ́ɨni rt. maárijɨ impf.rt. with (my) shotgun. 3. (t.v.) stun, maáriji 1. (t.v.) commit an error or specifically in the context of a fight, make a mistake when carrying out stun or knock out an opponent, e.g., an action or task, especially a with a strong below, or break their prolonged, goal-oriented task such fighting spirit so that they no as weaving, fixing a motor, or longer have the ability or the doing homework, but also said of courage to continue fighting. 4.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 263 maáruwa maasi ánaaja

(t.v.) render speechless, silence a by heating the leaves near the fire person, typically in the context of and rubbing them on the child’s an argument, by saying something knees. The bare stalks are said to that leaves them humiliated or resemble the legs of the maasa incapable of responding effectively. (trompetero), from which comes act./mid. maárijɨ́ɨni (middle) the plant’s name. Sci. Abuta sp. maáruwa • from Sp. malva. (n.) Maasayúumu lit. trompetero river malva, species of bush that reaches (prop.n.) the Mazán River, a 1-2m in height, with somewhat tributary of the lower Napo River at rounded leaves that are used the extreme north of traditional medicinally to treat ‘interior fevers’ (19th century) Iquito territory, and ‘high pressure’ in the head. The whose upper reaches were formerly leaves may be crushed in water, or inhabited by an Iquito subgroup sometimes in urine, and the called the Maasikuuri. resulting liquid drunk; or the maasaati (n.) variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti pulped leaves may be used as a (chacruna) used in the preparation poultice, either on the head or, in of aákuta (ayahuasca); this variety the case of babies, on the sides of causes those who take the drug to the body. Sci. Malachra alceifolia. hear humming sounds reminiscent trompetero maasa (n.) trompetero or of the call of maasa ( ) Gray-winged Trumpeter, species of birds. Sci. Psychotria viridis var. largely terrestrial interior forest maasi (n.) llica, type of hand net bird that reaches some 50cm in traditionally used for fishing, height, with a long neck, long legs, primarily in conjunction with and a hunched, somewhat nuúruu (barbasco), when large heron-like posture. Often numbers of fish float stunned to the encountered in small groups, they surface of the water due to the are prized as pets, as well as game. effects of the barbasco, and can be According to Iquito oral tradition, easily scooped up. The net is these birds mob jaguars when bag-like in shape, and made of threatened, and drive them off with kanuu (chambira fiber) cord, with a a flurry of blows from their beaks mouth some 20-30cm in diameter, and limbs. Sci. Psophia crepitans. and a depth of some 30-40cm; a single stiff piece of maasi ánaaja maasa anásiiki irreg.pl. maasa liana is bent so as to form both a anásiikiwa lit. trompetero's shank handle and a rim to which the net (n.) plant that grows up to 1.5m as can be attached. dialect.var. a slender stalk without any maakɨɨsi. branches or leaves until the very top, where it opens up into an maasi ánaaja free.var. of umbrella-shaped canopy of leaves. sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ The plant is used medicinally, to maasi ánaaja irreg.pl. maasi help children walk at an earlier age, ánaaka (n.) the wooden part of a

264 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary maasia maasiítaaja

maasi hand net, consisting of the contact between the Iquitos of the rim and handle, typically made of a Pintuyacu River basin and those of length of stiff liana bent in the the Mazán River basin occured in appropriate shape. the early 20th century when a man maasia (adv.) for a long time. from that region, Nɨɨ́sijaanu, fled to the Pintuyacu River basin. maasiaakíwaku (adv.) many locations or many places, said of maasíini rt. maásii (t.v.) capture e.g., going to many places, or something with a maasi hand net, placing objects in many places. typically in the context of the use of nuúruu (barbasco), which causes maasiáana rt. maasiáa (adj.) a fish to float stunned to the surface large quantity or number of water. dialect.var. maakɨɨsíini. entities, denoted by a count noun. ▶ Gram. Despite the intrinsically maasiisi irreg.pl. maasiisiwa (n.) plural meaning of this root, it tanrilla or Sunbittern, bird species, typically bears general number rare in Iquito territory, that reaches agreement, -na, and it never bears about 48cm in length and has the inanimate plural agreement, -mi; it basic body shape of water bird. can bear animate plural agreement, Generally mottled brown in color, it -pɨ, but generally only does so for has a long, sharp, yellow beak and human referents. When used with a white stripes above and below its mass noun, this quantifier has a eye, which is dark in color. It is unitizing effect, coercing a count most notable for the ornate pattern interpretation. Ex. Atii=na on the upper surface of its wings na=tiitakiaakɨ=ná iina amakɨ, that is visible when it flies. Sci. na=jíwɨɨtakiaakɨ=ná, juu, Eurypyga helias. maasiáana nasi, iitaka=jina. maasiítaaja (n.) poroto tunchi or Then the followed the path and they Pavonine Cuckoo, bird species that chacras encountered, wow, many and reaches some 40cm in length, with a settlement. Ex. Nu=imɨɨ́tarɨɨ a long tail and crest, grayish-brown kutɨtɨ́ɨni, nu=imɨɨ́takwaa on the back and wings, rufous síratáani waarata iitimɨra=jata, stippling on the neck and chest, and maasiáapɨ. Then it dawned again, a white belly and vent. More often and she harvested manioc again with heard than seen, its high piping call her fellow women, many (of them). is said to be like the sounds made Maasikuuri by nawɨyini (ghosts, spirits). Sci. irreg.pl. Maasikuuriwaaka Dromococcyx phasianellus. ▶ Anth. (prop.n.) Iquito subgroup that According to Iquito oral tradition, formerly lived on the Mazán river, its song is the result of having been constituting a subgroup of the the object of love magic (kwaakɨ́ɨna) larger Maájanakáani group that performed by the aaka páatu spanned the Chambira, Mazán, and (sachapato). free.var. maasiítaaja Momón River basins. The last siriija.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 265 maasiítaaja maaya iikuútaaja maasiítaaja (n.) type of evil spirit maati (n.) bajial, a low-lying area that manifests as an articulated of the forest that inundates in the skeleton consisting solely of bones wet season, becoming a ikwaana and is said to take the spirits of (tahuampa). those it encounters. maatɨ́yuuti (n.) marupá, species of maasiítaaja siriija free.var. of tree that grows mainly in maasiítaaja lit. spirit bird inundating areas, reaching some 1.25m in diameter. It is valued for máasu free.var. of ajírataaja • from its durable white wood, which is Sp. mazo. made into planks; its fruits are maatarɨnaaja dialect.var. of believed to be poisonous to ipaaka fst.spch. maatarnaaja humans, and it is believed that flesh maátaaka (n.) species of locust of animals that eat the fruits are that formerly descended in large poisonous to dogs but not humans. numbers to eat produce in chacras, It is also said that kuni pakɨti chicharra machacuy although elders report that they ( ), have not been seen in Iquito Lantern-Headed Bugs, which are territory in decades. It is said that likewise feared for being venomous, the kukwaaja frog sings its song in are frequently found on this tree. order to scare this insect away from Sci. Simarouba amara. its corn crop, and the ponds in maatɨ́ɨni rt. maatɨɨ (t.v.) move which these frogs are found are something from a lower to a higher understood, in perspectivalist location, e.g., from a riverside port fashion, to be the corn fields that to a house up on the bank, from the they are guarding. Sci. Schistocerca ground to an elevated floor, or from sp. Ex. Kukwaaja ápɨɨyaa the floor to a shelf. maátaaka maaya irreg.pl. mɨra, mɨrajaárika nu=sakaáruuki=iíkwaji. The (non-possessed) (n.) 1. child, of puquiador frogs shoo the locusts any age, who is offspring of the away from their corn (fields). possessor. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. in this maataamáata • from Sp. sense. 2. a young child, generally of matamata. (n.) Matamata, species fewer than 9 or 10 years. of aquatic turtle found in lakes and máaya irreg.pl. mɨrajaarika (n.) slow-moving river waters that child, vocative term; term used to reaches some 30cm in length. It has directly address one’s own a distinctively lumpy, but not offspring. ▶ Gram. Referential particularly domed, carapace, a counterpart: maaya. long, flattened, wide neck, and a (n.) triangular head tipped with a maaya iyúusi lit. child nest somewhat slender snout, and is womb; uterus. considered edible. Sci. Chelus maaya iikuútaaja (n.) species of fimbriatus. medicinal plant traditionally used

266 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary maayaakáani maayitɨ́ɨsi

to speed up the process of children maayaasíini rt. maayaási 1. (t.v.) learning to walk; the leaves of the play. ▶ Gram. An optional object plant were chewed and the fluid denotes the object played with, e.g., was dribbled into the child’s mouth, piirúuta ‘ball’. 2. (i.v.) dance. 3. to be swallowed, while the (i.v.) joke around, be playful. remaining pulp was rubbed over maayaasíini (n.) 1. festivity or the surface of the child’s body. party. 2. a dance or style of dance. maayaakáani rt. maayaaka (i.v.) maayaásiitáani rt. maayaásiita 1. reject food offered one impolitely or (t.v.) play a trick on someone, joke angrily; typically said of children, with someone by deceiving them or but also true of some adult men; deliberately lying to them. 2. (t.v.) Iquitos report that this behavior is play with. indicative of a personality trait that maayitɨ́ɨsi (n.) Black Hawk-Eagle, leads them to reject most food a species of large raptor offered them in this manner. Rel. encountered in the forest and near (n.) maayaakáana person who forest edges, that reaches 65cm in customarily rejects food given them height. It is generally black, except in an angry or impolite manner. for its belly and vent, which have maayaarika irreg.pl. mɨrajaarika fine pale horizontal stripes, and its (n.) 1. small child; term used to tail and the underside of its wings, which have broader pale bands. Sci. refer to children who are old ▶ enough to walk but who still cry Spizaetus tyrannus. Anth. easily, i.e., between 1-4 years old, According to Iquito oral tradition, approximately. Ex. Iina this eagle was once an old woman maayaarika, nu=imákura nuu, who had never succeeded in raising imákura iina kaimíitu. That little her own children past childhood, girl ate it, she ate the caimito(s). 2. in and who would lure away and play childhood, in the early period of with other people’s children, over life characterized by a child being the years eventually transforming dependent on their mother. into this raptor. It was therefore ▶ Gram. This noun has the believed that this eagle was an evil syntactic distributional property of spirit who would take the souls of a locative noun, in that it appears children if it could, so when it was in clauses without being licensed by sighted, or more commonly, when a postposition; it does not, its call was heard, adults would however, take locative suffixes. mark the tips of the noses of any Poss.pref. in this sense. Ex. Kíija, nearby children with charcoal, k=iikiaárikɨ kí=maayaarika which was believed to protect their Kuyɨɨsiyuúmu=jina; akami spirits from this threat. kí=kumɨkiáakɨ. I, in my childhood, maayitɨ́ɨsi I lived on Pava Quebrada; there I irreg.pl. maayitɨɨ́siwaaka (n.) grew up. person whose children repeatedly

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 267 minákana minitáani

fail to survive into childhood, multiple parts that is regularly typically due to neglect, such that shaken (given as neologism for he or she is childless at an age when shacapa shamanic rattle used by most people have several children. mestizo shamans). Rel. (t.v.) minákana HDC pers.var. of minikaajúuni (rt. minikaájuu) aminákana shake something repeatedly, often understood as being done gently, minakíisi socio.var. of aminakíisi e.g., in waking someone. Rel. (adj.) minana rt. mina 1. tightly minikatáani (rt. minikata) (t.v.) clustered together in a group, shake something with multiple speaking of large numbers of small, parts, e.g., a branch with fruit on it. roughly circular or spherical miniki impf.rt. of minikɨ́ɨni objects, especially leaves that are (i.v.) tightly clustered together, e.g., minikɨɨkɨ́ɨni rt. minikɨɨ́kɨɨ those of mírii (sirena shimbillo), shake off one’s body; shake one’s bunches of small fruit that are body to rid it of something clinging clustered together, e.g., those of to its surface, such as dust or water. namii (vino huayo), or a heap of minikɨ́ɨni rt. minikɨ impf.rt. small fish that results from the use miniki (i.v.) oscillate rapidly, e.g., of nuúruu (barbasco) in a creek. 2. a thin branch in the current of a tightly woven, speaking of, e.g., a swift river, or a leaf from the frond hammock, a piece of fabric, or an of an aguaje palm that is facing iitaari (crisneja, panel of thatch). edge on into a breeze. act./mid. minati irreg.pl. miinari, minatika, minikáani (active) Rel. minikɨɨkɨ́ɨni (i.v.) minatiwa (n.) pineapple, a (rt. minikɨɨ́kɨɨ) shake one’s traditional Iquito cultigen. Sci. body, e.g., a wet dog seeking to dry Ananas comosus. itself, or a chicken getting dust off its feather. Rel. minikɨɨjɨ́ɨni (rt. minati aniáasi lit. pineapple tail minikɨɨ́jɨɨ) (i.v.) oscillate relatively (n.) crown of pineapple fruit. slowly, e.g., a branch oscillating in minati nɨɨti lit. pineapple tongue a wind. (n.) pineapple heart, the relatively minitáani rt. minita fst.spch. tough core running through the minta 1. (t.v.) squeeze out with center of pineapple fruits. pressing (but not wringing) force, minatikajina free.var. of e.g., squeeze out juice from miinajina sugarcane by using a moledor, minikáani rt. minika (t.v.) shake which presses sugarcane flat, or something, e.g., to shake something squeeze juice from the cut half of a so that something on its surface or citrus fruit by applying a attached to it is shaken off, or to symmetrical squeezing force at attract attention from a distance. opposite sided of the circumference, act./mid. minikɨ́ɨni (middle) Rel. towards the center; both liquids and minikatasáana (n.) something with solids may be squeezed out in this

268 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary minkáatu Míriiyúumu

fashion, e.g., the seed from a fruit, when pinching a friend, or or a bot-fly larvatuútuuja ( ) from sufficiently to deform the object, the flesh of an animal or person. e.g., when squashing a ripe plantain ▶ Gram. The object of the verb between one’s fingers, or squeezing denotes or indexes the substance or a fruit to force out a seed. ▶ Gram. object that is squeezed out. 2. (t.v.) A locative postposition (=jina) on strain to squeeze object out of the object indicates that it is not body, typically used in reference to significantly deformed by the defecating when constipated or in squeezing action (e.g., when giving birth. ▶ Gram. The object of someone is pinched), while absence the verb is the substance or entity of this postposition indicates squeezed out of the body. significant deformation of, or minkáatu • from Sp. mingado. (n.) damage to the object (e.g., when a thin gruel, typically made with one kills an insect between one’s rice or grated green plaintain. thumb and finger). Ex. Nu=miriíkarɨɨ iina ásapɨ mírija ELY pers.var. of miríjaaja nu=aamúuni=íira nuu. He miríjaaja (n.) mishquipanga, a squeezed the ant between his finger cultigen with a fleshy stalk that and thumb to kill it. Ex. reaches up to 1.5m in height, and Nu=miriíkaki kí=namáti=jina. from which multiple, long, broad He squeezed my arm. Rel. leaves emerge. Near its base, it miriyaajúuni (rt. miriyaájuu) (t.v.) produces spears to which are squeeze repeatedly between finger attached multiple olive-shaped and thumb, e.g., to get someone’s fruits that turn purplish-red when attention, or to soften a fruit, such ripe. The fruits are edible: first they as plantain, for eating. are husked, and then the seeds, (n.) sirena which have a flavor reminiscent of mírii irreg.pl. míriiwa shimbillo shimbillo cardamom, are removed; the fruits , species of -type are then cooked as ijiika tree that grows on river banks, its (patarashca), resulting in a stringy trunk reaching some 1m in and somewhat glutinous diameter and having relatively hard pinkish-orange mass with a flavor wood for trees of this type; its shimbillo strongly reminiscent of smoked fruits, of typical form, salmon. The husks of the fruit are reach some 10cm in length, but are used to produce a purple dye, not considered edible; the liquid which is used to color kanuu resulting from cooking its bark is (chambira palm fiber). Sci. used to treat hepatitis. Sci. Inga sp. (loc.n.) Renealmia alpina. ELY pers.var. Rel. míriiwajina grove of sirena shimbillo mírija. trees. miriyáani rt. miriíka drv.rt. miríya Míriiyúumu lit. sirena shimbillo (t.v.) squeeze between ones finger creek (prop.n.) Quebrada de and thumb, whether lightly, e.g., Castilla, a creek downriver of the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 269 mísiaa míini

community of San Antonio, which Gynerium sagittatum. 2. isana, the formerly drained into the Pintuyacu long and light, but quite rigid and a short distance downriver of the strong, flowering stalk that emerges sacarita de Castilla, but due to the from the top of caña brava plants; erosive action of the river, now this stalk is used throughout most emerges in the sacarita itself. The of Amazonia to make arrows and name of the creek comes from the light fishing spears. HDC pers.var. fact that its mouth is surrounded by mɨyajáana. a large number of mírii (sirena miyɨɨ́kɨɨri irreg.pl. miyɨɨ́kɨɨriwa shimbillo) trees. The headwaters of (n.) sábalo grande, fish species aguajal the creek are a nɨɨsikajina ( , similar to the smaller aaka íyuuri or palm swamp) several kilometers ‘true’ sábalo, which reaches 50cm inland. in length and lacks the dark mísiaa irreg.pl. mísiaariwa (n.) markings of the smaller species. It lupuna, species of tree that reaches is not found in the Pintuyacu River up to 40m in height and has a trunk basin, but inhabits larger rivers, that can exceed 2m in diameter; such as the Nanay, where it is often considered the largest tree species found in large schools. Sci. Brycon in the region, it grows principally in melanopterus. areas with clayey soils, and its míyɨɨri Nanay dialect.var. of relatively soft wood is used to make mɨɨtáari irreg.pl. míyɨɨriwa plywood; also traditionally called aasi niaatíija (lit. ‘rain mother’) as it miinajina irreg.pl. miinarijina (loc.n.) chacra was believed that beating the trunk or garden consisting of this tree would bring rain. Sci. principally of pineapples. free.var. Ceiba sp. free.var. ruupúuna. minatikajina. Mitáyakana (prop.n.) affectionate miinari irreg.pl. of minati nickname given by the former míini rt. mii 1. (t.v.) make, curaca Shinchija to one of his fabricate, construct, build, or create grandsons, who died young. something, e.g., a canoe or garden. (t.v.) miyajáana (n.) 1. caña brava, 2. do. species of wild cane that grows on míini (n.) 1. custom or habit. the banks of relatively fast-flowing ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Iipɨ rivers (and therefore is quite rare in maakatúuwa, na=míini taárikɨ much of Iquito territory). In other kuuwaa aamúuni juwaána=jata. parts of Peruvian Amazonia the The (our) ancestors, their custom was stalks of this cane are commonly to kill game with spears. 2. used to construct temporary something that is a person’s fault or shelters, and also as material for responsibility, an act for which that walls when nothing better is person is culpable. ▶ Gram. available, but Iquitos make only Poss.pref. Ex. Kaá tɨɨ ki=míini! limited use of it in these ways. Sci. Kina=míini=íiku kinaá tikitaki.

270 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary míini míinka

It is not my fault! It is your fault that latter is likely a calque from Sp. you’ll be inundated. pasar ‘happen’. Ex. Saakaa miíyaa kiáaja, mɨɨsaji? What is happening míini rt. mii 1. (t.v.) have, possess; to you, woman? have an object in one’s control or possession. ▶ Gram. When used in miíniti kánɨɨsi fst.spch. miínti this sense, the possessor is denoted kánɨɨsi (n.) curuhuara de banda or indexed by the subject of the negra, species of fish reminiscent of verb, and the possessum, by the a large piranha in shape. It reaches object. Ex. Kí=miiyaa kajiija. I about 25cm in length, but with a have a (hafted) axe. 2. (t.v.) have an very thick body 8-10cm in width; it illness or disease. ▶ Gram. When has a distinctive back stripe in its used in this sense, the illness is middle, running vertically from its denoted or indexed the subject of back to its belly; and it lives in the verb, and the person suffering large rivers and lakes, feeding on from the illness, by the object. Ex. fruits that fall in the river, such as Sɨɨsaramaajɨtáami iwarɨ́yaaka those of the asinaja (puma panga) miiyaakura kíija. I had three plant. Sci. Myleus schomburgkii. illnesses. 3. (t.v.) be a particular age; míinka irreg.pl. míinkaka (note no be a certain number of temporal tone shift) • from Sp. minga. (n.) units old. ▶ Gram. The subject of minga, a type of collaborative work the verb denotes or indexes the party found in similar form entity of which the indicated age is throughout much of Peruvian being predicated, while the object Amazonia; in modern Iquito society is an NP indicating the number of mingas are organized by a given temporal units. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari household to obtain labor for a task nu=miiyaárikɨ seis meses=na, that involves a large number of wáari kana=iriaárɨɨkiaakɨ́ person-hours of work; most Yarinacocha=jina nuu. When she commonly, mingas are dedicated to was six months old, then we brought agricultural tasks such as clearing a her to Yarinacocha. new garden, subsequently planting míini rt. mii (t.v.) happen; for one, or weeding an already planted something to happen to someone. one, but mingas are also organized ▶ Gram. The subject denotes or for the raising of house frames or indexes an eventuality, while the for the weaving of thatch for a roof, object the person to whom the among other things; the host eventuality happened. ▶ Socio. The household issues invitations to meaning conveyed by this sense of specific individuals and households, míini, which could conceivably be who typically assemble at the host an extension of either its ‘do’ or household to eat food and drink ‘have’ senses, (speakers’ free considerable quantities of manioc translations suggest the latter), are beer prepared for the occasion, also expressed by aarɨ́ɨni ‘pass’; the after which the group moves to the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 271 míira miiti

location where the work needs to planted; the women who carried be carried out, continuing to drink out the rite also drank this mixture, manioc beer while working; a halt which reportedly led them to see to the work is typically called in the the ‘mother’ of the manioc plant in mid- to late afternoon, after which the form of a small snake. This the group returns to host household variety of piripiri has a thicker stalk to finish of the manioc beer, than most varieties, and has more typically continuing the festivities branches in its crown. Sci. Cyperus into the evening; hosts of a given sp. dialect.var. miíriyaaja. minga are expected to accept miíriyaaja dialect.var. of miíriyati invitations to subsequent mingas miísana irreg.pl. miísami hosted by guests of that minga, (inanimate) (n.) 1. work, labor, or ideally resulting in a web of activity that one habitually reciprocal collaborative work party performs. 2. shamanic power or relationships; there is good ability. 3. belonging or possession, evidence that collaborative work something owned be person or parties were also found in group of people. traditional Iquito society, but the • mishi (n.) obligation that hosts of a work míisi from Q. . domestic party provide food and drink, cat. • which is the distinctive feature of míisi jíina lit. cat penis calque of mingas as such, appears to have Q. mishi uyiyu. (n.) mishi uyiyu, been adopted by Iquitos in the early variety of red, slender, and pointed 20th century, probably inspired by and very spicy hot pepper, some contact with mestizo society. 2-3cm in length; its name stems from its perceived similarity to a • miel (n.) míira from Sp. . cat’s penis. Sci. Capsicum sp. molasses, an important product of miiti irreg.pl. miitiwa, miitika (n.) commercial sugar cane farming, casho, marañon, or cashew, a adoped by patrones in the San cultivated fruit tree with edible Antonio after the decline of fruits of the same name that grows profitability of rubber-tapping in well both in sandy soils (jɨ́ɨka) and 1920s. in clayey soils (tipaaka). The wood miíriyati irreg.pl. miíriyatiwa, of this tree is soft, and is at most miíriyatika (n.) variety of used as firewood after the tree dies. sakújaaja (piripiri), a medicinal Iquitos eat the fruit, but they plant, that is used in a rite to make discard the nut, since the layer manioc plants grow large tubers underneath the shell and covering more quickly; the small tubers of the nut proper causes the mouth to this plant were grated and mixed itch unpleasantly. Sci. Anacardium with ikaja (cocona) and manioc occidentale. ▶ Socio. Some speakers beer, and poured over manioc indicate that this name only cuttings prior to their being denotes a wild variety that has

272 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary miitɨ́ɨni mɨ́nɨɨtáani

fruits very similar to the cultivated surrounding neighbors; being able variety, giving the cultivated to mobilize a significant amount of variety the name maraniuu; other labor to make and maintain large speakers, on the other hand, insist gardens; and hosting large that miiti is the Iquito name for gatherings and parties on the basis both varieties. free.var. maraniuu. of this abundance. miitɨ́ɨni rt. miitɨɨ (d.v.) give. mɨjɨ́ɨni rt. mɨjɨ impf.rt. mɨji (i.v.) ▶ Gram. Either the theme or be completely or thoroughly recipient argument can be omitted cooked, regardless of cooking when recoverable from context. Ex. method. Rel. mɨjɨtɨ́ɨni (rt. mɨjɨtɨɨ) Nu=miitɨɨkuraaná n=ani nuu. (t.v.) cook completely. He gave it to his mother. Ex. mɨ́jɨɨtáana irreg.pl. mɨ́jɨɨtáapɨ (n.) Na=miitɨɨ́yaa kíija turiija. They a person (typically, but not give me smoked (meat). Rel. necessarily, a man), who is miitɨɨjúuni (rt. miitɨɨ́juu) (d.v.) give respected for their exemplary repeatedly, to one or various behavior, and the maintenance of people. their household, e.g., in mɨji impf.rt. of mɨjɨ́ɨni maintaining ample chacras and a mɨjika (n.) huanchaca blanca or home well-stocked in food and Magpie Tanager, large tanager that other essentials, and who is measures over 25cm in length, with consequently sought after for a black head, chest, and nape, as advice and for leadership roles. well mostly black wings and tail; its mɨ́nɨna (n.) rifari de altura, tree belly, vent, shoulders, back and species with straight trunk, rump are sharply contrasting white. reaching a diameter of 1m, and Sci. Cissopis leveriana. valued for its timber; it grows in mɨjɨráani rt. mɨ́jɨɨta (i.v.) occupy a relatively elevated areas, away hammock, whether sitting or lying. from watercourses. Sci. Miconia sp. Ex. Iísuuja mɨ́jɨɨtaa mɨ́nɨɨkɨɨtáani rt. mɨ́nɨɨkɨɨ́ta (i.v.) nu=inɨ́ɨsi=jina. Iísuuja was in her alternate repeatedly between hammock. cloudy and sunny during a given mɨjɨráani rt. mɨ́jɨɨta drv.rt. mɨjɨ́ra day. 1. (i.v.) live well-established in a place, with a well-maintained mɨnɨ́ɨni rt. mɨɨ́nɨ impf.rt. mɨɨ́ni (i.v.) house and productive gardens. Ex. drv.rt. mɨ́nɨ 1. blacken, Iiti ki=mɨ́jɨɨtaa kina=árata, become black, e.g., by painting náaji jɨɨ́ta kina=iíkii k=isákuji. I oneself with a black pigment, such huito (i.v.) live well here, like you, as you live as aamina ( ). 2. ripen, of upriver of me. 2. (i.v.) be a powerful fruits that turn dark when ripe, e.g., ungurahui and influential head of a household, ipɨɨti ( ) palm fruits. in the sense of commanding respect mɨ́nɨɨtáani rt. mɨ́nɨɨta 1. (i.v.) be within the household and also with overcast, speaking of the weather.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 273 mɨra mɨtíkiri

Ex. Iina yawɨ́ɨni, nu=mɨ́nɨɨtaa. the ‘become pregnant’ sense, and The day is overcast. 2. (i.v.) be dark ELY strongly favoring the and indistinct, speaking of an entity ‘engender’ sense; note, however, that cannot be seen clearly, due to, that there at least one textual e.g., low light conditions, or being instance of JPI employing the underwater. Ex. Jaa ‘engender’ sense. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta=na nu=karíjata=yaa jaari na=makɨkiaakɨ=ná tii nu=mɨ́nɨɨtamaa iina=siriku na=kaakɨ́ɨja aaka=karikuma=ji. Something aákɨsiija=na, atii=na dark was already visible, approaching na=mɨ́rɨɨkiaákɨ=na. Since they under water. slept by the side of their father while mɨra irreg.pl. of maaya ▶ Gram. drunk, there they got pregnant. 2. (i.v.) Poss.pref. procreate, engender, or have a child (i.e., go from not having a mɨrajaarika (n.) children, child to having a child) speaking of speaking specficially of young both males and females, and both children, generally of fewer than 9 humans and animals. act./mid. or 10 years. ▶ Socio. This form, mɨrɨ́ɨni (active) which is historically a diminutive, (n.) must be used if no possessor is mɨsiáani species of cunchi indicated for the children in -type fish that lives in creeks question. and rivers, and reaches some 10cm in length; black, with a slightly mɨ́riija (n.) huanchaca azul or paler, dark brown head, this fish Blue-Gray Tanager, a bird species has spurs by its pectoral fins that that reaches some 18cm in length. are considered venomous and are It is mostly bluish-gray, with capable of producing painful noticeable white shoulders and injuries. wing stripes, and more markedly blue wing and tail tips, and it is mɨtáani rt. mɨta ELY pers.var. of deemed beautiful by many elderly iímɨtáani Iquito speakers. This species is mɨtáani rt. mɨta (t.v.) remove a frequently seen at forest edges near thorn, spine, or similar object from communities, often traveling someone’s or one’s own flesh. ELY together in flocks of 8 to 12 birds. pers.var. matáani. Sci. Thraupis episcopus. mɨti impf.rt. of mɨtɨ́ɨni mɨrɨ́ɨni rt. mɨ́rɨɨ free.var. of mɨtíkiri irreg.pl. mɨtíkiriwa (n.) manajúuni act./mid. mɨrɨ́ɨni langosta, species of caterpillar some (middle) 4cm in length, with longitudinal mɨrɨ́ɨni rt. mɨ́rɨɨ 1. (i.v.) become green and white stripes, considered pregnant, speaking of female a serious pest; one they invade a humans and animals. ▶ Socio. garden, they consume the leaves of speakers split on the meaning of all the plants, and they tend to this verb, with JPI strongly favoring attack gardens when manioc plants

274 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary mɨtiija mɨyaara jíina

are not yet mature. It is believed it prized for cooking in ijiika that they emerge from eggs (patarashca). attached to the underside of mɨtɨ́ɨni rt. mɨtɨ impf.rt. mɨti 1. (i.v.) airambo aámɨɨka ( ) plants. lose one’s head hair. 2. (i.v.) lose mɨtiija irreg.pl. mɨtiiya (n.) leaves, typically speaking of trees at taricaya or Yellow-spotted River a change of season. Turtle, species of large aquatic mɨyajáana HDC pers.var. of turtle that previously was miyajáana numerous in the San Antonio area mɨ́yaki free.var. of sɨɨka but is now found mainly in distant irreg.pl. mɨyákiwa lakes and far up the Pintuyacu and mɨ́yaaja (n.) Ruddy Ground-Dove, Chambira Rivers. Its eggs, laid in species of small dove, reaching beaches during the dry season, are some 18cm in length. It is much prized as food, and the reddish-brown in color, except for combination of subsistence its head, which is somewhat more gathering plus commercial gray, and its bright red-orange legs. harvesting of these eggs, as well as The species is often encountered in hunting of the turtles themselves, small groups feeding on fallen led to their significant decline over fruits. Sci. Columbina talpacoti. the course of the 20th century. Sci. (n.) Podocnemis unifilis. mɨyáaku general term for any introduced hat or traditional mɨtiijákana irreg.pl. mɨtiijákiaakɨ headdress. (n.) motelo rumo , manioc variety mɨyaakúuni rt. mɨyaákuu (i.v.) with a short stalk and many put on hat or headdress. branches that produces long, thick irreg.pl. mɨyaaraa (n.) 1. tubers with white flesh and mɨyaara general term for wild cats, purplish skin. It is ready to harvest including jaguars (ikíiku), pumas in a year, but may be harvested as (nakiráaru), the smaller spotted cats late as 18 months after planting (kuuja), such as ocelots, and the without the tubers suffering; it is jaguarundi (muuti mɨyaara). 2. also valued for making fariña, domesticated dog. Sci. Canis because the tubers have relatively familiaris. few inedible fibers in them. mɨyaara aniaásiija lit. wild cat's mɨtiiya irreg.pl. of mɨtiija tail (n.) grips placed towards each mɨtɨni (n.) cotolo-type catfish that end of a spear (juwáana); made sinamillo reaches about 10cm in length, with from tasiina ( fiber), these a cylindrical body 1.5-2cm in grips were carefully woven with diameter and small mouth feelers. detailed, intricate patterns. Dark brown with some yellowish mɨyaara jíina irreg.pl. mɨyaara mottling, its skin is slimy and it has jiínaka lit. dog penis (n.) variety of few perceptible bones, which makes huitina, a plant species with several

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 275 mɨyaara jiínaari mɨyitina

fleshy stalks that grow up to 1min measure some 10cm in diameter, height, each with a single large, and resemble the feet of jaguars. roughly triangular leaf. This variety These sweet fruits are covered with has elongated, edible starchy tubers fine hairs, which irritate the lips that reach about 15cm in length and cause them to split and peel if and 4cm in diameter, with yellow they fruits are eaten without flesh and a thin soft skin; itis peeling, as when people suck the distinguished from the otherwise flesh out of them. Formerly eaten in very similar ikijáani variety by large quantities, but now rarely having a red tip, which is consumed, Iquitos would fell the reportedly the inspiration for the trees to harvest the fruit once they name of this variety. Sci. were especially tall. The wood is Xanthosoma sp. free.var. mɨyaara sometimes used for planks, but is jiínaari. deprecated for the ease with which mɨyaara jiínaari free.var. of weevils invade it. Sci. Pseudolmedia mɨyaara jíina irreg.pl. mɨyaara sp. jiínaariwa mɨyaaraa irreg.pl. of mɨyaara mɨyaara júuti irreg.pl. mɨyaara Mɨyaaráamu lit. jaguar creek juútika, mɨyaara juútiwa lit. (prop.n.) Puma Quebrada, a small jaguar Rufescent Tiger Heron (n.) creek located approximately an Rufescent Tiger-Heron, species of hour upriver of the community of heron that stands up to 75cm tall San Antonio, on the same side of with a long, narrow bill, a the river. relatively stout reddish brown neck, mɨyikáani rt. mɨyika (t.v.) return and pale stripe running down the or give back something that has front; it produces a low grunting been borrowed from someone or call that is said to be reminiscent of taken from a place. ▶ Gram. The sounds produced by jaguars and object denotes or indexes the thing pumas. Sci. Tigrisoma lineatum. being returned. act./mid. mɨyɨkɨ́ɨni free.var. júuti. (middle) Rel. mɨyikaaníini (rt. mɨyaara saapi lit. jaguar stingray mɨyikaánii) (d.v.) return (n.) tigre raya , species of stingray (something to someone). that can reach 1.5m in diameter, socio.var. of mɨyɨkɨ́ɨni brown in color, and covered with mɨyíkɨ roughly circular markings some mɨyiti (n.) tambo, temporary 5cm across, from which comes its shelter, typically made of palm name. Sci. Potamotrygon motoro. leaves, for overnight stays in the mɨyaara titikaaríina lit. jaguar's forest or on river banks during paw (n.) species of chimicua-type hunting or fishing trips. tree that reaches some 50cm in mɨyitina (n.) species of diameter and is best known for its chimicua-type tree with a very lobed fruits, tan when ripe, which straight trunk that reaches some

276 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary mɨyitíini mɨɨ́nana amáriiki

30cm in diameter. It is harvested color. It builds its nests in fallen and sold commercially for roof logs and is known to attack in large poles, but is not used very much numbers those that approach their locally due to its tendency to nest. become infested by weevils. This mɨɨ́mɨɨti irreg.pl. mɨɨ́mɨɨtiwa (n.) species produces small, sweet, red chacruna, general term for all fruits that are similar to those of varieties of this species of plant, kɨraájuuna, with very thin skins, but which produces glossy, broad of somewhat smaller diameter leaves leaves emerging from a (2cm) and more elongated (5cm). single stalk. These plants were Sci. Pseudolmedia sp. traditionally cultivated in marshy mɨyitíini rt. mɨyiti (i.v.) construct areas near creeks for the a tambo or temporary shelter. preparation of aákuta (ayahuasca), mɨyɨ́ki impf.rt. of mɨyɨkɨ́ɨni and many varieties were cultivated, each of which was reported to mɨyɨkɨ́ɨni rt. mɨyɨ́kɨ impf.rt. mɨyɨ́ki induce visions of different kinds. (i.v.) ▶ return to a location. Gram. Sci. Psychotria viridis. All speakers exhibit a root (n.) ▶ allomorph mɨyíki in the mɨɨ́naka soot. Gram. This imperfective (note the irregular noun is homophonous with the change in the penultimate root regular abstract quality vowel), additionally exhibiting nominalization ‘blackness’. variable realization of the root as mɨɨ́nana rt. mɨɨ́na (adj.) black, and mɨyíkɨ in non-imperfective contexts. extremely dark shades of other act./mid. mɨyikáani (active) colors such as green and brown. socio.var. mɨyíkɨ. Rel. mɨɨ́nakáana (adj.) black mɨ́yuujáana HDC pers.var. of tapered fruit (e.g., over-ripe múyuujáana plantains). Rel. mɨɨnanúuni (rt. mɨɨnanuu) (t.v.) blacken. Rel. (n.) mɨɨja general term for mɨɨ́naka (n.) blackness. Chambira hummingbirds. dialect.var. sapatina. mɨɨja jikuriáaka lit. mɨɨ́nana amáriiki hummingbird's manioc beer stew irreg.pl. mɨɨ́nana amáriikiwa lit. (n.) species of bush found in black zúngaro (n.) species of purmas , forest edges, and along zúngaro-type catfish that reaches paths. Its distinctive flowers, which 1.5m in length; black, with a are red with blue interiors, stand slightly paler belly, it is prized for upright and tend to fill with water; having a lot of body fat, and soft, this water was traditionally used to tasty flesh. This species is known treat ear aches. Sci. Palicourea elata. for being a very strong fish that mɨɨka (n.) añuje avispa, a large, requires much effort to bring to aggressive wasp species measuring shore. Chambira dialect.var. 2.5-3cm in length and dark red in sapatiki.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 277 mɨɨ́nana isíiku mɨɨsájiikáani mɨɨ́nana isíiku (n.) sarna negra, species of dark-colored bird some skin malady, probably a form of 18cm in length with white ringworm, that appears as itchy red transverse stripes all over its body, rings on the skin which gradually somewhat more densely on its grow in size and then turn black. underparts. Its distinctive call is mɨɨ́nana siirɨ irreg.pl. mɨɨ́nana said to be reminiscent of the call of siirɨwa lit. black caiman (n.) the mɨɨnɨɨ, Brown Capuchin lagarto negro, the largest species of Monkey. Sci. Cymbilaimus lineatus. caiman, reaching up to 4m in mɨɨ́ratáani rt. mɨɨ́rata fst.spch. length, predominantly black in mɨɨ́rta (a.v.) tolerate, withstand, color. Once relatively numerous in endure something uncomfortable, large rivers in Iquito territory, and physically or emotionally painful, feared for their great strength and or physically demanding. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta aggressiveness, they are now kia=nakarɨɨ́sana=na, aákari relatively rarely seen, probably as a kiaá nu=júnɨɨna mɨɨ́rataki. As (he result of both the trade in caiman is) your beloved, now you have to hides during the 1950s and tolerate his smell. Ex. Naárikaá overfishing of the lakes and rivers ki=mɨɨ́rataakura=yaa iina on which they rely for food. Sci. iwarɨ́yaaka=na. Just day by day I Caiman niger. endured that sickness. mɨ́ɨni rt. mɨɨ (t.v.) singe fur off skin mɨɨ́riaaka dialect.var. of riiniáaka of game animal, typically in mɨɨ́riaaka (n.) thrush, malady preparation for cooking it. common to children, in which mɨɨ́ni impf.rt. of mɨnɨ́ɨni white spots appear in the mouth. mɨɨniáaja (n.) kinship term of mɨɨsaji irreg.pl. iitimɨra (n.) 1. uncertain reference; now woman, adult human female. 2. considered archaic, possibly a female. ▶ Gram. In this sense the dialectal form for ‘cousin’. form functions as a nominal Mɨɨniikáani (prop.n.) father of modifier, as in the expressions pɨsɨkɨ Saáraku, the much feared Iquito mɨɨsaji ‘female tapir’ and iina pɨsɨkɨ shaman; born in the mid-19th mɨɨsaji ‘this female tapir’. While the century, he died in approximately plural form for the adult human 1920. sense of this noun (see sense 1) is mɨɨnɨɨ irreg.pl. mɨɨnɨ́ɨwa (n.) iitimɨra, the plural form for either of Brown Capuchin, a numerous and the female senses mentioned here is frequently-hunted species of mɨɨsajika. monkey in Iquito territory, noted mɨɨsaji jɨɨyɨ irreg.pl. mɨɨsaji for its playful and mischievous jɨɨyɨwaaka (n.) man who is nature. Sci. Cebus apella. excessively sexually active. mɨɨnɨɨ siriija lit. Brown Capuchin mɨɨsájiikáani (n.) affectionate bird (n.) Fasciated Antshrike, vocative term for a single young

278 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary mɨɨ́saka Mujariyúumu

woman, whether kin or not, to treat colds, fevers, and vomiting, between roughly 14 and 17 years as well as saladera, or chronic bad old. luck. It is used either by pulping the mɨɨ́saka (n.) Linnaeus’s Mouse leaves in water or urine, and then Opossum, the largest species of bathing in the liquid; or by scraping mouse opossum in Iquito territory, the bark off the vine, soaking itin whose body reaches some 20cm in water, and drinking the resulting length, with a tail some 25cm in liquid. Sci. Mansoa alliacea. ELY length. Sci. Marmosa murina. pers.var. mɨɨ́sɨɨya. mɨɨ́saka ariyajáana lit. Mouse mɨɨtáari (n.) musmuqui, a Oppossum testicle (n.) pericote nocturnal monkey species with a caspi, tree species that grows to loud call. It was traditionally some 30cm in diameter in purmas believed that this call was from a of relatively elevated areas away demonic creature that ate people, from rivers; it produces small and that imitating its call would inedible fruits that hang from long cause it to attack people. Sci. Aotus stems, reportedly remiscent of the vociferans. Nanay dialect.var. dangling testicles of Mouse míyɨɨri. Oppossums; it is believed that the (n.) ash from the wood of this tree, mujari irreg.pl. mujariwa when used as firewood, causes species of dark-colored worm, up to itching when it comes in contact about 20cm in length and about with the skin. 1cm in diameter, that lives in the banks of creeks in areas with clayey mɨɨ́saa irreg.pl. of majáana soils. Formerly, these worms were mɨɨsiáaku (n.) species of forest rat dug out of their long burrows to considered edible, and often serve as fish bait. Nanay dialect.var. captured in chacras; gray with a mujaríini. white chest, its body is approximately 6cm long, and it has Mujariyúumu lit. worm creek (prop.n.) Mojarra Yumo both a long tail and large ears. Sci. , a creek Rhipidomys sp. located about 10 minutes downriver of the community of San Antonio mɨɨ́sɨɨya ELY pers.var. of mɨɨ́sɨɨyɨ by peke peke motor, on the same mɨɨ́sɨɨyɨ irreg.pl. mɨɨ́sɨɨyɨwa (n.) side of the river as the community. sacha ajo (or ajo sacha), a creeping It has been an important area for vine with broad leaves that grows harvesting ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay palm) along the banks of creeks, especially and timber since the 1970s, when in areas with clayey soil, and is the residents of community began capable of forming dense hedges; it to sell these forest products in is also cultivated near homes. Its Iquitos. ▶ Socio. The Spanish name leaves, which emit a strong, of the creek appears to stem from a pungent smell, are used medicinally folk analysis of the Iquito name.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 279 mujaríini murákati mujaríini Nanay dialect.var. of mukwájatina rt. mukwájati (adj.) mujari irreg.pl. mujariíniwa bruised all over the body, e.g., due a beating. mujinana (n.) meto huayo or (adj.) maní huayo, species of tree that mukwana rt. mukwa smell (adj.) grows in elevated areas away from rotten. Rel. mukwawaasa rivers, especially in areas with smelly-mouthed. clayey soils, with a relatively hard mukwani irreg.pl. mukwaka, wood and a diameter up to 2m. It is mukwaniwa (n.) type of ijiika used to make bases for plank boats (patarashca) made with mayaco or and is known for its round fruits, slightly spoiled fish. about 8cm in diameter, which have mukwatáani rt. mukwata (i.v.) oily seeds inside that are eaten mayaquear, gather mayaco, i.e., boiled, toasted, or raw. Sci. somewhat spoiled fish, typically on Caryodendron orinocense. the day after nuúruu (barbasco) fish muki impf.rt. of mukúuni poison has been used in an area; it is not unusual for some fish that mukúraasi Chambira dialect.var. of were killed by the poison when it saápara was first used to be missed during mukúuni rt. muku impf.rt. muki the first round of gathering them; (i.v.) rot or spoil, speaking of the the next day it is possible to return flesh of animals. and gather some of these fish, now slightly decomposed. múkuuti (n.) Blue Morpho, species muníini rt. muúni drv.rt. múni of large butterfly with iridescent (t.v.) drill (not punch) a hole blue wings whose wingspan reaches through a relatively flat and thin 15cm. Sci. Morpho sp. object. múkuutiríkana murajúuni rt. murájuu (i.v.) turn irreg.pl. múkuutiríkiaakɨ lit. Blue over soil, push soil around, as when (n.) Morpho Butterfly manioc looking for something in the top mariposa rumo , variety of manioc layer of soil, e.g., earthworms for with a grayish trunk and leaves that fishing, or when levelling and area are more bluish-green in color than of ground. is typical for manioc, and thus (n.) sacha coconilla, somewhat reminiscent of the wings murákati species of softwood tree that grows of the múkuuti, Blue Morpho quickly in recently cleared areas, butterfly. Its tubers have white but dies when other trees exceed its flesh and yellow skin, and canbe height; when mature, it measures ready to harvest in six months if 4-5m in height and its trunk planted in clayey soil. reaches a diameter up to 20cm. The múkuutiríkiaakɨ irreg.pl. of trunk is covered with large thorns múkuutiríkana that come off relatively easily, and

280 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary murákatiiri muruwɨ́ɨra

its leaves resemble those of cocona contexts: 1) as an aggressive in shape and in having thorns, but display, at the beginning of a spear its fruits are not edible. duel or in issuing a spear duel murákatiiri free.var. of challenge, in which case the man takuúnaari irreg.pl. murákatiiriwa typically held his spear in both ▶ Socio. This variant name (lit. ‘like hands above his head and murákati’) stems from the small punctuated his rhythmic grunting sharp-pointed lumps on this by extending his arms above his stingray’s tail, which are head in sharp jabs; and 2) at the reminiscent of the thorns on the birth of a male child, when the trunk of the murákati tree. father would carry out a similar performance, with or without an muráani rt. muuta drv.rt. mura 1. actual spear. Rel. muríyuukwatáani (i.v.) dig a hole. Ex. (rt. muríyuukwata) (t.v.) grunt Na=muutakiaakɨ=na towards, or in honor of, a particular niíya=jina, na=jímuukiaakɨ=ná individual. nuu. They dug a hole in the ground (i.v.) and buried him. 2. (t.v.) excavate muriyúuni rt. muríyuu something, dig something up, e.g., make something with a circular a manioc tuber; dig something out, shape, e.g., form the round mouth e.g., an animal in a burrow. Ex. of a piece of pottery or a basket, or Jaa nu=muútaa iina paint a circle. nu=kuúriki, iina murɨtɨ́ɨni rt. murɨ́tɨ impf.rt. nu=jímuukiaakɨ́ tii niíya=jina. múruti fst.spch. múrtɨ (i.v.) fall He is digging up the money that he over, speaking of something buried there in the ground. Rel. standing in or inserted into the muraakúuni (rt. muraákuu) (i.v.) ground, e.g., a tree or a house post. dig multiple deep holes. act./mid. murutáani (active) múrina (n.) zorro or Common murutáani rt. murúta fst.spch. Opossum; care is taken when múrta (t.v.) knock over something preparing it to cook to remove its inserted in the ground, such a tree scent glands, which impart an or house post. Ex. Kwaaki, unpleasant taste and smell to the kwaaki, náana murútasɨɨja tɨɨ meat. Sci. Didelphis marsupialis. na=ipúruuyaárikɨ. Open space, muriyuujátina rt. muriyuujáti open space, (all the) trees knocked dialect.var. of pakɨ́jatina over where there were fighting. act./mid. murɨtɨ́ɨni (middle) muríyuukwáani rt. muríyuukwa 1. (i.v.) roar repeatedly, said of múruti impf.rt. of murɨtɨ́ɨni jaguars. 2. (i.v.) grunt deeply or muruwɨ́ɨra (n.) huicungo, name roar repeatedly, said of particular for two very similar species of palm conventionalized vocalizations of that grow up to 20cm in diameter Iquito men, which were and 10m in height, principally in traditionally produced in two main areas with clayey soils. The trunk

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 281 murúuni musaasi

and fronds are covered with spines, this liana, which can be stripped off and the trunk is sometimes used for in long papery strips, was used by house posts. The fruits are edible by neighboring groups in humans and are a favorite food of manufacturing blowguns, to wrap pecarries; and its cogollo, or the two halves of the blowgun tube immature frond, is used to treat and bind them together. Sci. hepatitis, by boiling it and drinking Philodendron solimoesense. the cooled liquid. Sci. Astrocaryum músati (n.) Cream-colored chonta, Astrocaryum javarense. Woodpecker, a species of murúuni (n.) river cut; section of woodpecker that reaches 25cm in river where, through erosion, a length, with an erect crest, river has cut through a narrow neck buff-yellowish plumage except for of land separating two sections of its brown wings and tail tip, and, in the river that are connected by a males, a small red stripe next to its curve, generally creating an island beak. Generally found near flooded of the land that was previously on forest as well as river and lake the inside of the curve. ▶ Gram. edges. Sci. Celeus flavus. Poss.pref.; the possessor is the land músati (n.) gallinazo panga, a that has been cut. bush, common in purmas, with murúuni rt. muútɨ impf.rt. muúti broad leaves that, when rubbed, irreg.pl. múru (i.v.) erode away or emit a strong smell reminiscent of wear through, most commonly said rotting matter; the leaves, crushed of the erosion of land due to the in water together with mɨɨ́sɨɨyɨ (ajo action of the river in eroding away sacha) and other strong-smelling a thin neck of land between two leaves, are used to prepare a liquid sections of a river, so as create a in which one bathes to rid oneself shortcut between then, but also of saladera or chronic bad luck. Sci. more broadly applicable, e.g., to Cyphomandra hartwegii. the thin part of a cooking pot that is musaamɨ irreg.pl. musaamɨya (n.) wearing through due to age and young fronds of the musaasi heavy use. (huasaí) palm, which open in a murúunku (n.) huambé, two broad fan and are prized as varieties of liana, both 2-3cm in material for making temporary diameter, one covered with blunt forest shelters against rain. Sci. thorns and the other not. Both Euterpe precatoria. combine flexibility with musaasi (n.) huasaí, species of considerable strength, making this palm whose trunks range from 10 liana a prized material for making to 20cm in diameter and whose baskets. The sap from this vine was wood is made into the ripas (slats) used to treat toothaches, by that serve as material to make applying it directly on the affected house walls. Its young fronds tooth. Iquitos know that the bark of (musaamɨ) are used to make shelters

282 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary músiaaki Musutiriíkwaa

against the rain, and its heart is 20th-century calque of the Spanish harvested and eaten, but Iquitos did term sarna blanca. not traditionally eat its fruits, musútina katija lit. white sweet which they consider bitter. Sci. potato (n.) camote blanca, the Euterpe precatoria. largest variety of sweet potato, músiaaki play.var. of arasaaki reaching some 25cm in length and irreg.pl. músiaakiwa socio.var. 10cm in diameter, with pale flesh; amúsiaaki. it used to sweeten manioc mash músiaaki takíina lit. punchana and is eaten boiled or roasted. Sci. stick (n.) estaca, small sharp stick Ipomea batatas var. • poking up from the ground, which musútina káarsa lit. white egret can cause significant injury if from Sp. garza blanca. (n.) term stepped on while barefoot. Its applied to both Snowy Egrets and Iquito name reflects a traditional Great Egrets, large white herons belief that such sticks are gnawed found in Iquito territory; Snowy to a sharp point and then Egrets reach some 60cm in height, deliberately placed by músiaaki with a dark beak, while Great (punchanas, Green Acouchies) as Egrets reach almost 1m in height, traps to injure humans, in revenge with a yellow beak; both have long for their tendency to hunt them. dark legs and are found near water. musíyuukwáani rt. musíyuukwa Sci. Ardea alba, Egretta thula. (i.v.) swim repeatedly to and from musútina siirɨ irreg.pl. musútina various points within a given area. siirɨwa lit. white caiman (n.) musíini rt. muusi drv.rt. musi 1. Spectacled Caiman, the (i.v.) swim, said of both terrestrial lightest-colored caiman in Iquito or aquatic creatures. 2. (i.v.) wade territory, pale brown and olive through water, e.g., to cross a green in color with dark markings; shallow creek. though the species can reach up to 2m in length, individuals typically (adj.) musútina rt. musúti white, only reach about 1.5m. Formerly speaking of solid or opaque entities; abundant in the area, the trade in clear, not turbid, when speaking of caiman hides during the 1950s water. Rel. musutinúuni (rt. rapidly depleted their numbers. Sci. (t.v.) musutínuu) whiten. Caiman crocodilus. free.var. taasíita musútina aasi lit. white rain (n.) siirɨ. a light rain that endures for many Musutiriíkwaa (prop.n.) Iquito hours, often the majority of a day. woman born in the late 19th musútina isíiku free.var. of century, who became one of the makina isíiku ▶ Socio. This wives of Sɨɨ́kani, the famed Iquito variant, with the adjective musútina leader, and lived with him at the ‘white’, rather than makina ‘unripe, Pihuayal settlement, dying in the green’, is reported to be a 1950s; known in Spanish as

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 283 muturuniika muyúuni

Blanquiñosa, an allusion, like her Sci. Oenocarpus mapora. dialect.var. Iquito name, to her comparatively tuwiina. free.var. tasiina. pale skin. muwɨ́ɨna (n.) machimango blanco, muturuniika species of tree that grows in irreg.pl. muturuniikapɨ fst.spch. low-lying inundating areas. Its muturniika (n.) avispa dura, trunk reaches about 1.75m in species of small black wasp that diameter and its wood is unusually reaches some 0.5cm in length, and heavy, making it unsuitable for noted for being very difficult to commercial harvesting. Its bark, crush because of its tough exterior; which peels off easily in mostly found in areas with many longitudinals strips, is used to dye kúrija (mullaca) bushes, it builds its chambira cord black, and when the nest, attached to the underside of trees are slender, is used as their leaves, in a shape reminiscent tumplines (tuuku). Sci. Eschweilera of a rounded-bottomed cooking pot sp. some 10-15cm in diameter. muyújuni (n.) a type of nocturnal muwanaaja (n.) cunchi aceitero, forest demon that has the form of a species of cotolo-type fish that person, but can see perfectly in the reaches some 12cm in length, being dark; it tends to grunt as it walks brown except for a pale belly; it has through the forest, and if people large, bulging eyes, spurs by its remain sufficiently quiet, it will pectoral fins and a spine byit walk past them; if it hears them, dorsal fin; mostly seen near dusk, it however, it will spear its victims, is attracted to oily slicks on the smoke their bodies, and carry them surface of the water (e.g., as caused off to be eaten. by motors leaking oil) and is often múyuujáana (n.) pacutilla, seen in the company of kaníiru variety of amariyaaja (pijuayo) (canero). palm, characterized by producing fruits of two sizes at the same time; muwaasi (n.) sinamillo, species of the larger ones mature first and palm similar in appearance to the have the seed typical of these fruits, musaasi (huasaí) palm, but smaller, while the more numerous smaller with a slender trunk that rarely ones mature later and lack seeds. exceeds 10cm in diameter and Sci. Bactris gasipaes var. HDC reaches a maximum height of 5-6m. pers.var. mɨ́yuujáana. Its fruits are reminiscent of those of the musaasi, but smaller and round; muyúuni rt. muyuu (i.v.) be its wood is used to make ripas for arched or bent, have a curved crisnejas when pona is not shape, e.g., a rainbow, an arched available; and its fibers, tasiina, are branch, or someone with an arched extracted from the palm frond back. Rel. muyuutáani (rt. petiole to weave baskets and sieves. muyuúta) (i.v.) be arched or bent,

284 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary muyuunɨ́ɨni muújinaapɨ

speaking of an entity with multiple muujináana (n.) yacuruna caspi, parts, e.g., a branch bearing fruits. tree species found on river banks muyuunɨ́ɨni rt. muyuunɨɨ (i.v.) and lake banks, reaching a diameter bend repeatedly into an arched or of 70cm. It has somewhat rough curved shape, e.g., a tree in a bark and the leaves are thick, green strong wind. on the top surface, and grayish on the underside; these leaves are used muyuuri irreg.pl. muyuuriwa (n.) in steam baths intended to cure a type of shallow round basket colds. woven from the relatively hard veins of young nɨɨ́kamɨ (chambira) leaves, which are left after stripping muújinaapɨ (n.) yacuruna or off the softer and more pliable person of the water; a race of portion of the leaf for use as fiber creatures that, according to Iquito (i.e., kanuu). This type of basket oral tradition, lives underwater, was made with a loose weave that though they are all now believed to left large openings, and it was hung have withdrawn to the distant above fires to store cooked food, in headwaters regions. When the path of the smoke, to prevent appearing above water, they had spoilage. dialect.var. iyúuri. the form of very small people, and muyuutakwáani rt. were believed to have magical (i.v.) muyuútakwaa move with a powers, including maintaining the curving or circular trajectory. water in rivers and lakes. Children muujináana (n.) yacuruna sacha, were traditionally cautioned not to species of plant traditionally throw stones in the water near planted in the patio areas of houses, dusk, since this was the time at and used to prevent the malevolent which these creatures tended to attentions of muújinaapɨ appear, and it was believed that if (merpeople), who were believed to one of them was struck, they would cause illness in their victims. From harm the child. It was also believed a single root stock of this plant that shamans could exact grow some 10-20 stalks, which are vengeance on victims by inducing segmented by large ridges every these creatures to capture a 5-7cm, and from which leaves grow particular individual to live with directly. When crushed, the leaves them underwater; in this new life emit a pleasant smell that was the victim saw these creatures as believed to repel muújinaapɨ. These normal people and all the leaves were rubbed over the bodies underwater creatures as the things of those needing protection, they were familiar with on land, especially those of young children e.g., certain species of fish were and menstruating women, who perceived as cultigens like corn, or were thought to be especially as objects like manioc mashing vulnerable to múujinaapɨ. troughs.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 285 muújinaapɨ júnɨɨna Muumúumu muújinaapɨ júnɨɨna lit. merpeople ‘rainbow urine’), the light rain that smell (n.) fishy smell sometimes sometimes falls when a rainbow is found near the water’s edge; this out; it appears as a red itchy rash smell was traditionally said to be over much of the body, and left by muújinaapɨ (merpeople) scratching can quickly lead to open when they came out of the water. In sores that become infected, former times, presence of this smell seriously compromising the health would heighten people’s caution of the afflicted individual. regarding encounters with these potentially dangerous creatures. muúkwaayɨ iísaaka lit. rainbow urine (n.) the light rain that (n.) muukúruuja species of sometimes accompanies rainbows; cotolo -type catfish whose body this rain was traditionally believed reaches 15cm; it is dark brown with to be very dangerous, as contact small darker circular markings, and with this rain was believed to cause orange-brown belly. ‘rainbow burn’ muúkwaayɨ ítuuja muúkuya (n.) large pile of manioc (quemadura de arco iris). peels, typically accumulated after peeling a large quantity of manioc. muúkwaayɨ naamɨ irreg.pl. muúkwaayɨ naamɨya lit. (n.) muúkwanasi Neotropical rainbow leaf (n.) sacha arco or nutria Otter or , species of otter that lengua de vaca, species of plant reaches some 1.35m from head to that commonly grows in mákisi tail, found principally in lakes in (purmas), fallow gardens. Its long Iquito territory. Sci. Lontra broad leaves are used to cure longicaudis. ‘rainbow burn’, muúkwaayɨ ítuuja muúkwaaya JPI pers.var. of (quemadura del arco), a skin muúkwaayɨ malady believed to be caused by muúkwaayɨ contact with rain while a rainbow is irreg.pl. muúkwaayɨka, visible. As a remedy, the leaves of muúkwaayɨwa (n.) rainbow; the plant are crushed and rubbed, according to traditional Iquito which produces a froth that is beliefs, rainbows were the source of applied to the affected area. Sci. a potentially fatal skin condition Asplenium serratum. free.var. waka known as ‘rainbow burn’ nɨɨti. quemadura de muúkwaayɨ ítuuja ( Muumúumu (prop.n.) Momón arco iris ). JPI pers.var. River, a tributary of the lower muúkwaaya. Nanay River whose mouth is a few muúkwaayɨ ítuuja lit. rainbow kilometers upriver of the Nanay’s burn (n.) ‘rainbow burn’ confluence with the Amazon; the (quemadura de arco iris), a skin headwaters of this river were part malady believed to be the result of of the traditional territory of the contact with muúkwaayɨ iísaaka (lit. Maájanakáani subgroup.

286 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary muúniimɨ muusaníkwaa muúniimɨ irreg.pl. muúniimɨya edible white grub that reaches (n.) type of epiphyte, found on the about 3-4cm in length and is trunks of trees in indundating areas, mainly found in the trunks of ipɨɨti which produces large leaves about (ungurahui) palms. Sci. 1m wide and 1.25m in length; these Rhyncophorus barbirostris (grub). leaves were traditionally used as muusajákwaa aarɨwati lit. coverings to shelter from rain. ungurahui grub palm weevil (n.) muunúuni rt. muúnuu (t.v.) Bearded Palm Weevil, palm weevil blacken, e.g., by rubbing a surface species that measures some 3cm in with charcoal, or dying chambira length, and is noted for having a fibre with miríjaaja (mishquipanga). hairy-looking proboscis; muúruwa (n.) quitamuro, an preferentially lays its eggs in the ungurahui illness that historically ravaged the trunks of ipɨɨti ( ) palms, Iquito people. It first manifested which grow into the muusajákwaa with a high fever, followed by red palm grub. Sci. Rhinostomus spots on the skin which swelled and barbirostris (weevil). burst. In severe cases, the skin muusajákwaapɨ irreg.pl. of peeled off in large patches, muusajákwaa requiring those affected to sleep on muúsaka (n.) 1. body odor, banana leaves so that their open especially the disagreeable musky wounds would not stick to bed smell of human armpits. 2. musky clothing. Now this illness only odor of the scent gland or pisaki, of affects children, but in the more the two peccary species, anitáaki distant past, adults also suffered and kaasi. from it, and some young children muúsana rt. muúsa (adj.) musky and older adults have died from it. smelling, speaking either of the Although similar in its symptoms to musky smell of strong human body measles (siarampiiwa), Iquito elders odor, or the smell emitted by distinguish the two illnesses. certain animals, especially kaasi muúruuki irreg.pl. muúruuwa, (Collared Peccaries) and anitáaki muúruukiwa (n.) Ivory-billed (White-lipped Peccaries), but also Araçari, species of toucan-like bird others such as sikuja (Brazilian that reaches some 35cm in length; Porcupines) and puukúru (Marbled its back and tail are green, its head Wood Quails). has a dark cap, its face and neck are muusaníkwaa (n.) isula, species brown, its bill is mostly pale, it of giant hunting ant that reaches chest is dark with a dark red bib, 2cm in length and delivers an and its belly and vent are yellow. extremely painful sting. Iquitos Sci. Pteroglossus flavirostris. traditionally believed that when muusajákwaa this type of ant dies, it affixes itself irreg.pl. muusajákwaapɨ (n.) to a tree trunk and gradually turns Bearded Palm Weevil grub, an into a núriyɨ (tamshi) vine; all such

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 287 muúsaniika muúti

vines were thought to begin their traditionally eaten either in life-cyle as muusaníkwaa ants. Sci. jikuriáaka stew or cooked in ijiika Paraponera clavata. (patarashcas). It is believed to have muúsaniika (n.) nest of isula poisonous skin, which led people to (muusaníkwaa) giant hunting ants, peel it before eating it, although generally underground, and made traditionally it was also believed at the base of a tree. that the poison could be expressed from the skin by repeatedly muusayúuna (n.) pichu huayo, trampling the frog; it was also also known less commonly as isula believed to have a venomous bite, huayo, species of tree whose trunk which while painful, was not reaches 10-15cm in diameter, with believed to be fatal. The dried several trunks often growing from a bones of this toad are used single root stock. It is best known medicinally, by scraping them to for its small red berries, of the produce a fine powder, which is shape and color of ripe coffee added to warm water and given to berries, which emit a distinctive birthing women to reduce the pain smell said to be reminiscent of the of childbirth. Sci. Leptodactylus smell of a woman’s vulva, leading pentadactylus. ▶ Anth. According to women to rub the peeled fruit on Iquito oral tradition, the venomous men during carnaval. The juice of nature of this toad was discovered the fruit is also said by some to when a woman died after her alleviate the pain of an isula husband, angry with her, struck her (muusaníkwaa) ant sting when vulva with one of these toads. rubbed on the site of the sting. Sci. Siparuna guianensis. HDC pers.var. muusiaaráaja free.var. of makwaa muusáyuuti. ímaaja muusáyuuti HDC pers.var. of múuta (n.) nature of the kinship muusayúuna that one person stands in with ▶ muúsaari irreg.pl. muúsaariwa (n.) respect to another. Gram. The type of callampa, a species of very possessor of this term serves as the soft white mushroom, up to 10cm ego for calculating the kinship in height and with a cap about 5cm relation. Poss.pref. Ex. Jaátaaraata in diameter, that grows on the kia=múuta tɨɨ iina mɨɨsaji? How trunks of fallen trees. It is is that woman related to you? considered edible and its muuti (n.) añuje or Black Agouti, a consumption was traditionally said diurnal rodent that reaches some to help with resistance to illness. 75cm in length, with a tiny, almost muusi (n.) hualo or Smoky Jungle vestigial, tail. It is hunted for its Frog, a species of toad up to 18cm meat, and is known to eat manioc in length with smooth, brown, from swidden gardens. Sci. mottled skin, and red patches on its Dasyprocta fuliginosa. sides. It is edible, and was muúti impf.rt. of murúuni

288 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary muuti asúraaja muuti siriija muuti asúraaja free.var. of this style comes from the puusuukwáana lit. Black Agouti conceptualization of the V-shape of manioc the herringbone pattern as muuti asúwaja lit. Black Agouti resembling the way the Black bujurqui amarillo (n.) species of Agouti’s forepaws rub together in bujurqui-type fish found in creeks its characteristic manner of eating. and lakes, similar to the larger free.var. muuti jiniija. asúwaja but with a less prominent, muuti mɨyaara irreg.pl. muuti more rounded snout, reminiscent of mɨyaaraa lit. Black Agouti wild cat that of the muuti or Black Agouti. (n.) añushi puma or Jaguarundi, Measuring up to 12cm in length, it the smallest of the species of wild has distinctive bluish coloring on its cats found in Iquito territory. face. Typically gray in color, its body muuti áwasi lit. Black Agouti reaches about 65cm in length and finger (n.) pata de añuje, species its tail is almost as long as its body. of large black hunting wasp that Sci. Herpailurus yaguarondi. reaches some 3cm in length and delivers a very painful sting. It is muuti siriija lit. Black Agouti bird (n.) known for its small but distinctive general term for gray and nest, typically found hanging on the black Myrmotherula Antwrens, batará underside of branches, which known locally as , such as consists of just three cells merged the Amazonian Streaked-Antwren, together in a shape reminiscent of Gray Antwren, Long-Winged the paw of a muuti (Black Agouti). Antwren, and White-Flanked Antwren. These small birds reach lit. Black Agouti muuti iíkiaaja about 10cm in length, with short feces (n.) achira, a small tails and, for their size, relatively herbaceous plant that produces long beaks. They often forage with small hard, dark fruits that are said mixed-species flocks near the to resemble the feces of muuti. ground and their distinctive calls muuti jiniija free.var. of muuti are, according to Iquito oral jiniiri irreg.pl. muuti jiniijaka lit. tradition, a sign that they have seen rubbing of Black Agouti a muuti or Black Agouti. Perceived muuti jiniiri irreg.pl. muuti by Iquitos to lead the mixed flocks jiniiriwa, muuti jiniirika lit. in which they participate, their rubbing of Black Agouti (n.) ‘Black dried bones are the key ingredient Agouti rub’ style of weaving iitaari ( in a form of traditional men’s love crisneja thatch panels), in which magic: the bones were ground to a the ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm frond fine powder, which, when rubbed stems are woven over the palm on the skin of the desired woman, wood lath in a way that creates a caused her to fall in love with the herringbone pattern running along man, and follow him around in the the length of the lath; the name of manner that the other birds of the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 289 muutíina muúturuna

flock follow the muuti siriija. Sci. Myrmotherula spp. (gray and black). muutíina (n.) medicinal plant traditionally used to treat dogs so that they become better hunters of muuti (Black Agouti); the plant is soft-stemmed and herbaceous, with soft, roundish, green leaves, and reaches about 1m in height, at which point it tends to lean over and continue growing on the ground. To treat a dog, the animal is tied up and the liquid squeezed from the leaves of the plant is dripped into its mouth. This plant reportedly looks very similar to anajúuti, a medicinal plant used to protect gardens from pests. muúturuna rt. muúturu (adj.) 1. thick, tough, or stiff, speaking of relatively flexible materials such as leaves, e.g., macambo leaves; fabric, e.g., denim or canvas; or heavily callused skin. 2. hard-shelled, speaking of entities as varied as animals, e.g., turtles and armadillos; certain insect-species with hard exoskeletons; and hard-shelled fruits, e.g., unripe ipɨɨti (ungurahui) fruits.

290 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nakarɨ́ɨni

na= (pro.) they, them; third person nájika 3.poss. of ájika plural pronoun. najika nuútima lit. nose base (n.) na= (pro.) their; third person bridge of nose. plural possessive pronoun. najiwáaku irreg.pl. najiwaaraa najaápusa ELY pers.var. of (n.) nostril. najaápusɨ najiwaaraa irreg.pl. of najiwáaku najaápusɨ najiwɨ́niikíini rt. najiwɨ́niiki irreg.pl. najaápusɨwaaka, (i.v.) sniff about, typically to najaápusuuka (n.) 1. orphan. identify a smell or identify its ▶ Socio. For certain speakers, source, either pointing one’s head especially JPI, this term exclusively in various directions, as is typical of has the sense of ‘orphan’, and they humans, or running around to strongly disagree with its use as a various locations, as typical of dogs. kinship term; for other speakers, najiwɨ́ɨni rt. najíwɨɨ (t.v.) smell an however, including ELY, this is the odor or fragrance. default term for nephews and nájuukwaasi 3.poss. of nieces, and they rarely use the ájuukwaasi more specialized terms for these kinship relations. 2. nephews and nakájinaku 3.poss. of akájinaku nieces of female ego; female ego’s nakájinakuúraji 3.poss. of brother’s and sister’s sons and akájinakuúraji daughters. ELY pers.var. najaápusa. nakájinaaja 3.poss. of akájinaaja najaápusuuka irreg.pl. of nakajiyúuki 3.poss. of akajiyúuki najaápusɨ nakánataaja 3.poss. of akánataaja naji 3.poss. of aji nakarɨ́ɨni rt. nakarɨɨ (t.v.) be najika (n.) nose. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. about to do something, or Rel. riwa najikana (adj.) experience some eventuality. bent-nosed. Rel. pari najikana ▶ Gram. This verb obligatorily takes (adj.) broad-nosed. Rel. najika an irrealis clausal complement, and muyuutáana (adj.) aquiline-nosed. does not take an NP complement. Rel. najika muyuuyáana (n.) person Ex. Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaakura sisɨ́ɨni. I with an aquiline nose. almost drowned.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 291 nakarɨ́ɨni naki imɨ́ɨni nakarɨ́ɨni rt. nakarɨɨ 1. (t.v.) want, parents.” 2. (t.v.) like. ▶ Gram. This experience a desire for a thing or sense takes a nominal complement. for the realization of an eventuality. Ex. Nu=tuújiiyaa, ▶ Gram. This verb may take a nu=nakarɨ́ɨ=na pɨ́=kuwasíini nominal complement, or one of iina señorita, Ikíitu jinaana. She three kinds of clausal complements. was listening, and the young woman The most common kind of clausal from Iquitos liked our language (she complement is a non-finite irrealis said). 3. (t.v.) love. ▶ Gram. This clause, which requires the subject sense takes a nominal complement. of the complement clause, which is Ex. Nu=nakarɨɨyaárikɨ iina taá unexpressed, to be coreferential taara miiyáana. He loved those who with the subject of the matrix were poor. clause. The second type is also a nakarɨɨ́sana irreg.pl. nakarɨɨ́sami non-finite irrealis clause, but with (inanimate), nakarɨɨ́sapɨ an overt subject (expressed as a (animate) (n.) beloved; something subject proclitic) that is not or someone that is habitually or coreferential with subject of the typically liked or loved. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta matrix clause, and whose kia=nakarɨɨ́sana=na, aákari nominalized verb takes the kiaá nu=júnɨɨna mɨɨ́rataki. As (he postposition =íira. The third type is is) your beloved, now you have to a semi-finite irrealis clause, which tolerate his smell. exhibits an overt subject that is not 3.poss. of akásimɨ coreferential with subject of the nakásimɨ matrix clause, and which bears the nákati 3.poss. of ákati same tense as the matrix clause, but naki 3.poss. of aki obligatorily bears perfective aspect naki irreg.pl. nakiwa (n.) forest in (which may be an associated general. motion morpheme that expresses perfective viewpoint aspect). Ex. naki imɨ́ɨka irreg.pl. of naki imɨ́ɨni almendra Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa karásiika. I want lit. forest achiote. Ex. Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa naki imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. naki imɨ́ɨya, kí=nasi kamaráani. I want to clear naki imɨ́ɨka lit. forest madre (n.) my garden. Ex. Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa madre de la selva or sacharuna, samúkwaati asáani naajáaja. I beings with magical abilities who also want to eat plantains. Ex. live in the forest and have the Kana=nakarɨɨyaákiaana kinaá appearance of people. Generally nuu síwɨɨrákwaa. We want you to invisible, they appear before people go and visit him. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, whom they select, offering them the nu=aátikiaakɨ náaji, assistance of their powers, often in “Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa hunting. They typically become kia=nikíini=íira jealous of their humans, putting kí=kaakɨɨ́jawaaka.” Then she said them in conflict with their to him, “I want you to see my neighbors and family, often leading

292 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary naki imɨ́ɨni siriija nakikuuja titikaaríina

to the death of family members or nakikuuja ámakɨ free.var. of the supposed ‘master’ of the naki nakikuuja maakánaaja imɨ́ɨni. irreg.pl. nakikuuja ámakɨya lit. tortoise path naki imɨ́ɨni siriija free.var. of sɨrɨ́maaja lit. forest madre bird nakikuuja marasi dialect.var. of nakikuuja maakánaaja lit. tortoise naki páraaka (n.) variety of kamɨ intestine (Coati) that is larger and more nakikuuja maakánaaja lit. reddish in color than the more tortoise stairs (n.) species of common variety, which is darker, relatively broad, flat, and rigid almost black, in color. This variety liana which is undulated in such a is known for traveling at most in fashion as to vaguely resemble pairs, unlike the latter, which forms steps. The variant name nakikuuja groups of up to a dozen individuals. marasi (lit. tortoise intestine) stems Sci. Nasua nasua. from the fact that the undulated naki páriiki dialect.var. of náana nature of the vine resembles the páruuti lit. forest Spix's Guan intestines of a tortoise. dialect.var. nakikuuja marasi. free.var. naki tawɨɨ́kiri lit. forest Black nakikuuja ámakɨ. (n.) Fronted Nunbird Yellow-billed nakikuuja napɨnija Nunbird, distinguished from the irreg.pl. nakikuuja napɨnika lit. more common Black-fronted tortoise pepper (n.) uvos, species of Nunbird by living far from forest tree that grows in areas of greater edges and human habitations, and elevation with clayey soil, its trunk by having a yellow, rather than red, ▶ reaching some 75cm in diameter. bill. Sci. Monasa flavirostris. Anth. The tree has very hard wood and it According a humorous piece of produces small yellow fruits some Iquito oral tradition, its notable call 1.5cm in diameter that are both is addressed to the Great Tinamou sweet and tart in taste, and are (ráana), and says, ‘A jaguar is about eaten desultorily by Iquitos, but not to get you, so I’ll stay with your collected in large quantities. The widow!’. bark is used to treat bleeding and nakikuuja irreg.pl. nakikuuya (n.) gynecological problems; the bark is tortoise or motelo; this term is used boiled in water and this water is for both Red-footed and used to wash the interior of the Yellow-footed Tortoises. Mostly vagina. The name of this tree found in areas of greater elevation, derives from the fact that its fruits far from rivers, their flesh is highly are commonly eaten by tortoises. prized and the live animals may be Sci. Spondias mombin. kept for some time before they are nakikuuja titikaaríina lit. consumed. Sci. Chelonoidis tortoise foot (n.) motelo chaqui, denticulata, Chelonoidis carbonaria. species of chimicua-type tree very

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 293 nakikuujákana nakusii

similar to mɨyaara titikaaríina, but guility one to drink until they were with smaller fruits, reaching only incapacitated. some 5cm in diameter. Likewise nakɨ 3.poss. of akɨ sweet and edible, these fruit were nakújumɨ socio.var. of anakújumɨ traditionally harvested by felling the tree, such that they are now no nákuma 3.poss. of ákuma longer found in areas close to nakúmari 3.poss. of akúmari communities. Sci. Pseudolmedia sp. nakúmiiti 3.poss. of akúmiiti nakikuujákana nakúmɨɨsana 3.poss. of irreg.pl. nakikuujákiaakɨ lit. akúmɨɨsana tortoise manioc (n.) variety of nákusi 3.poss. of akusi manioc characterized by short nakusitɨ́ɨni rt. nakusitɨɨ 1. (d.v.) stalks reaching only some 1.5 in show; show or demonstrate height, and prized for producing something about a person or thing, large numbers of purple-skinned e.g., where it is, what it is, or who tubers. the individual is that is associated nakikuujákiaakɨ irreg.pl. of with a particular name or social nakikuujákana role. Ex. Nu=nakusitɨɨkura kíija nakimɨ́ɨti irreg.pl. nakimɨɨ́tiwa (n.) nu=iímina. He showed me his variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti (chacruna) used canoe. Ex. Nu=nakusitɨɨkura in the preparation of aákuta kíija tíira tɨɨ nu=iíkii. She ayahuasca acquainted me (with the place) there ( ); this variety is said to (d.v.) allow one to see forest spirits and where she lives. 2. introduce; demons. It is also used to achieve introduce someone to someone else the same effect by placing a small or acquaint someone with someone bit of chewed leaf mixed with else. Ex. Nu=nakusitɨɨkura kíija saliva directly in the eyes. Sci. nɨyaaka. She introduced me to her Psychotria viridis var. husband. nakusii (interj.) “you know?”, irreg.pl. nakiraáruwa nakiráaru “guess what?”, interjection (n.) puma, considered by Iquitos to employed as an opening to a turn of be more aggressive than the jaguar. talk in which the speaker gives Sci. Puma concolor. news to their addressee. ▶ Gram. nakitaaka (n.) a strongly This interjection obligatorily bears intoxicating beverage, speaking a second person singular or plural both of manioc beer (itíniija) and subject marker, and it appears ayahuasca (aákuta). Among other either utterance initially or uses, strongly intoxicating preceded at most by a vocative; it is beverages were prepared as typically produced with a marked punishments for those who rising intonation, followed by a offended or harmed someone, with clear intonational break. Ex. the offended party inviting the Kia=nakúsii, ámaaja, jaa mɨtiija

294 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nakusíini nakusíini

masiki. You know, uncle, the turtle don’t know who you are. Ex. has already escaped. Jɨɨ́tikari nuúkiika iwɨɨriáana iíkii=na, jɨɨ́tikari nu=nawɨyini nakusíini rt. nakusi 1. (t.v.) know puwaájɨɨ=na, jaa kana=nakúsii or be familiar with; know a fact, náaji, “Aákari=na kaa iina know how to carry out a particular apɨ́rɨɨyaa iwarɨ́ɨni pɨ́=kujímani.” action or task; be familiar with an When there is a sick person, and when individual, place, or other entity in his spirit has whistled, then we know, the world. ▶ Gram. This sense can “Now our companion will not escape take five types of complements: 1)a death.” 2. (t.v.) feel, perceive a referential NP or pronominal sensation on the skin or in the flesh. ▶ object; 2) a discourse anaphor, i.e., Gram. This sense requires the use an element anaphoric with a of the momentary perfective -rɨɨ proposition in the preceding and takes an NP complement or an discourse, in which case the verb is irrealis non-finite complement construed as indicating knowledge clause. Ex. Jaa kí=nakusirɨɨ iina of the proposition by the subject; 3) anásaka kuni. I’m already feeling a non-finite irrealis clause, in which the pain of the snake (bite). 3. (t.v.) case the subject of the main clause realize or become aware of. ▶ is construed as knowing how to Gram. This sense requires realize the eventuality denoted by momentary perfective aspect -rɨɨ. the non-finite complement clause; Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari=na iina 4) a finite complement clause, nakusirɨɨkuraaná mɨyaara náaji, consisting of an embedded “Jaa k=iwɨɨ́rii,” jawáari=na interrogative introduced by an nu=nɨtɨmaakuraana nuúkiika interrogative element; 5) a finite náana=ánuura, náaji jɨɨ́ta iina complement clause, introduced by náana, uumáana. When the tiger the adverb náaji ‘thus’, with the realized, “I’m dying,” he ran towards deictic characteristics of a reported a tree, a tree like this one, large. speech complement, construed as propositional knowledge of the nakusíini (n.) 1. wisdom or proposition conveyed by the knowledge. Ex. Iina complement. Ex. Jaa nu=nawɨyini, nu=nawɨyini, kí=nakusiaárikɨ naajaá nu=miitɨɨkuraaná nu=nakusíini sɨɨsaárika tawɨ kuwasíini. By then nuu. That spirit of his, his spirit, he I also knew a little Spanish. Ex. gave it his wisdom. 2. with caution Jaátaaraa pɨ́=nakusirɨɨ niwa! or care. ▶ Gram. In this sense, the How we would like to know that (i.e., noun appears with the instrumental how the jaguar died)! Ex. postposition =jata, indicating that Nu=nakusiaárikɨ naajaá an action is carried out carefully or puraajɨ́ɨni puraája=jina. He also cautiously. Ex. Kw=aátii nuu, knew how to play flutes. Ex. Kaa “Nakusíini=jata kiaa kí=nakúsii kánɨɨka taa kiáaja. I aamɨ́yaakiki, nakijina.” I say to

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 295 nakuta nami

her, “You must walk with care, in the =namásikaraata (postp.) forest.” behind, said of the spatial nakuta (n.) unidentified species of relationships between speaker and palm that grows primarily in areas figure in which the ground with clayey soils (tipáaka); it grows intervenes between the speaker and to some 3m in height with a trunk figure and substantially interferes about 10cm in diameter, and has with visual or physical access to the leaves reminiscent of those of the figure, e.g., broom being behind a musaasi (huasaí) palm. It produces door, a pot being behind a house, long bunches of fruits, which are or a cat being behind a chair. Note the size of pájaati (chambira palm that the felicitousness of this term fruits) and yellowish when ripe, but does not in any way depend on any not edible by humans; this palm is inherent orientation relevant for not used for any purpose. the ground. ELY pers.var. =amásikaraata. nakutáani rt. nakuta (t.v.) harvest námati irreg.pl. namátikaka, a racimo or bunch of palm fruit namátika (n.) 1. arm. ▶ Gram. from a tree by pulling the bunch off Poss.pref. 2. forelimb of an animal the tree, typically with a hook. with four or more legs. ▶ Gram. nakúumi 3.poss. of akúumi Poss.pref. namájata (adv.) be strongly by namátiikɨ (n.) shirt of any style, affected by the hallucinogenic be it long-sleeved, short-sleeved, or properties of aákuta (ayahuasca). a t-shirt. ▶ Gram. This adverb appears to be namatiikɨ́ɨni rt. namatiíkɨɨ (i.v.) restricted to a single construction, put on shirt. in which ayahuasca is the notional nami (adv.) 1. there downriver. subject of míini and the affected ▶ Gram. This is the anaphoric party its object. Ex. Iina aákuta, counterpart of naami, used to refer namájata nu=miíyaa kíija. The back to a downriver location ayahuasca is affecting me strongly. already established in discourse. namájatina rt. namájati (adj.) Ex. Pɨ=káriiyaa pɨ=síruuma have the quality of being naami, nami=ji pɨ́=mɨyɨ́kɨkwaa. mind-altering or intoxicating, to the Let’s keep an eye on our barbasco degree that one’s perception of downriver, and from there downriver reality is signifcantly changed, said we will return (home). 2. down of ayahuasca or strong alcohol. there. ▶ Gram. This is the anaphoric námaki 3.poss. of amaki counterpart of naami, used to refer back to a lower location already namákɨjina 3.poss. of amákɨjina established in discourse. Ex. námaku (n.) wing, be it of a bird, Naami=na pɨ́=karikuma, iiti tɨɨ bat, insect, or aeroplane. ▶ Gram. p=ɨɨ́kii iina=jina níiya, naami Poss.pref. pɨ́=karikuma, naa=nami=na

296 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary namija namíjiita

taami iita, taapɨ kaaya iíkii, náaji namijiíraji (loc.dem) 1. there jɨɨ́ta p=ɨɨ́kii iiti. Below, under us, downriver; demonstrative that here where we live on this earth, indicates a location in the below, under us, down there, there are downriver part of an enclosed space also other houses and other people, that is defined by a salient like those that are here. 3. in there, boundary, in the case that the inside there. ▶ Gram. This is the deictic center is located in the anaphoric counterpart of naami, upriver part of the space, e.g., used to refer back to an interior speaking of something located in location already established in the downriver part of a clearing in discourse. Ex. Sɨɨ́sanurika aaka the forest, where the transition kina=saatarɨɨ nami between the cleared space and the samaku=jina. Pour a little bit of forest defines the space, and where water there inside, in the gourd. the deictic center is located in the upriver part of the clearing. 2. namija (n.) 1. coco, or eye-like down there, in the lower part of an opening in the weave of a woven enclosed space defined by a salient item like a net bag or a basket. 2. boundary, in the case that the base of a basket or ceramic vessel; deictic center is located in the the use of this term probably upper part of the space e.g., originated with baskets, since the speaking of something located on base of basket often has an eye-like the lower floor of a multi-story hole in the center, and was house, where the walls of a house subsequently was extended to define the enclosed space, and ceramic vessels. where the deictic center is located namija irreg.pl. naamiya, on one of the upper floors of the namijaka (n.) 1. eye. ▶ Gram. house. Poss.pref. 2. vision or sight, the visual sense. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. namíjiita (loc.dem) 1. there, a little Kí=namija ajakuúsikura below; distal locative demonstrative naajáaja, iyaamiaákuji where the location of demonstrative kw=aamɨ́yaakii nakijina irákana reference is below the origo tíkii kí=namija=jina. My sight (generally, the speaker) but less far has deteriorated too, because I walk below the speaker than would be in the forest and the pucacuro ants expected by virtue of some salient fall in my eyes. 3. gaze, the direction overall spatial frame of reference. of vision. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Ex. Nu=apárakiaakɨ=na Nu=namija tɨ=kijá tii niíya=jina muráani=jina, aaka=jina, tɨɨ iina jimátii nu=iwáani=íira namíjiita, níiya samuu. But his gaze was (directed) karikumaji. It (the armadillo) began there to the water, where the paiche to dig in the earth, to go to the other was going to emerge. Rel. pika side, under the earth. 2. there, a little namijana (adj.) watery-eyed. downriver; distal locative

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 297 namijɨ́ɨni namikúuna

demonstrative where the location In the former case, traditional clay of demonstrative reference is pots were made using the coil downriver of the origo (generally, method, and this verb denotes the the speaker) but less far downriver act of placing a long ‘rope’ of of the origo than would be expected shaped clay along the edge of the by virtue of some salient overall pot, thereby building up its sides. In spatial frame of reference. the latter case, plank boats are built namijɨ́ɨni rt. namíjɨɨ (i.v.) make by adding two or three rows of the base of a piece of pottery or a planks, one above the other, to a basket, from which the sides of the solid wooden base, thereby container are subsequently built up. constructing the sides of the boat; in this context, this verb refers to namíkiika (adv.) 1. straight adding a plank to one of said rows. downwards; for something to be oriented perfectly vertically, at namíkɨɨsíika JPI pers.var. of ninety degrees to be the ground, namíkɨɨsíini ▶ Gram. Behaves like and down with respect to the origo mass noun. (generally the speaker), e.g., a pipe namíkɨɨsíini (n.) eyelashes or that is being positioned so as to ▶ point straight down. 2. for eyebrow hair. Gram. Behaves as a something to be straight, horizontal mass noun. JPI pers.var. to the ground, and aligned so as to namíkɨɨsíika. point straight downhill or straight namíkuma (adv.) 1. along the way, downriver. 3. go directly to a going downriver; indicates that the downriver destination, without eventuality denoted by the clause stopping at any intermediate was realized repeatedly by the points. 4. placed in a single vessel, subject while moving in a trajectory as opposed to placed in multiple in the downriver direction, e.g., vessels, e.g., a batch of manioc beer. fishing. 2. along the way, while námikɨ irreg.pl. namíkɨya (n.) 1. going downhill; indicates that the brow, the part of the head that eventuality denoted by the clause includes both the eyebrow ridge was realized repeatedly by the and the eyebrows proper. ▶ Gram. subject while moving downhill. Poss.pref. 2. a thick lip or edge, namikúuna (n.) species of such as that of a canoe, or a cup chimicua-type tree that grows in with a thick lip. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. rɨɨka (varillales), with their trunks (n.) namíkɨya labia majora of the reaching a diameter of some 50cm. ▶ vagina. Gram. Poss.pref. It produces edible sweet finger-like namikɨ́ɨni rt. namíkɨɨ (t.v.) make fruits some 5cm in length that are edge of something by placing a red when ripe, and whose thin skin, section of the relevant material in which is peeled before eating, is position, typically said of covered with fine hairs. Sci. traditional clay pots or plank boats. Pseudolmedia sp.

298 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary namísaana namíini namísaana rt. namísaa (adj.) 1. and potentially dangerous behavior, healthy, in good health, or as the consumption of meat without uninjured. 2. alive, living, i.e., not carbohydrates is believed to be dead. 3. whole, without damage, harmful to the stomach. ▶ Gram. speaking of inanimate entities. 4. This form typically modifies asáani entire or whole, speaking of the ‘eat’. Ex. Namíiku nu=ásaa. He is quantity of some referent. ▶ Socio. eating only meat. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni This sense is used and accepted by yaawɨɨ́ni=jina, nu=ásaa HDC only; JPI and ELY do not namíiku iina kuuwaa. Every day, recognize it. he eats meat alone (with no manioc). namisu irreg.pl. namisuwa (n.) general term for swifts, martins, namíini rt. námii 1. (t.v.) repay a and swallows. Sci. Apodidae spp., gift with an equal or similar gift. 2. Hirundidae spp. ELY pers.var. (d.v.) cutipar, return a portion of samisu. drink; specifically, the custom of either giving a serving of an namitɨ́ɨni rt. namitɨɨ (t.v.) begin alcoholic beverage, typically an activity by initiating the manioc beer or distilled cane preparatory steps for realizing the alcohol, to a person who has just activity, e.g., for eating, getting served you a portion, or insisting together dishes and food; for that they serve themselves a gardening, getting a machete and portion, in a context in which that looking over the field; for making a person is circulating among a group basket, getting together the of individuals, often their guests, to materials necessary for weaving the whom they are serving the drink in basket. ▶ Gram. This verb may take question. ▶ Gram. The theme either a nominal or a non-finite argument (typically itíniija ‘manioc irrealis clause complement. beer’) of this distransitive verb is (n.) vino namii irreg.pl. namiiwa rarely explicitly expressed, as it is huayo , species of tree that grows easily recoverable from context. along river banks and has a trunk Ex. Kaa waarata ɨɨyáana that reaches some 20cm in námiisaákari nuu iina itíniija, diameter. It is best known for its kaa nu=paajiaárikɨ jɨɨ́tikari sweet round fruits, which are about pɨyɨ́ɨni. If his fellows had not served 1.5cm in diameter and black when him back that manioc beer, it would ripe. Sci. Coccloba sp. never have run out. Ex. Kw=árata namíiku rt. namíiku (adv.) eat ɨɨyáana, ki=námiiyaákiaaja only meat or fish, without kináaja. My fellow, I am going to accompanying the consumption of serve (manioc beer) back to you the former with carbohydrates, (polite form). 3. (t.v.) return a blow, especially manioc, but also typically in the context of a fight. alternatives such as plantains or Ex. Jawáari=na=jaa, rice; this is considered ill-advised nu=aátikiaakɨ=ná, “Kaa

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 299 namíini nánimɨ

aatiáana kina=akúmariwaaka namuuri irreg.pl. namuuriwa (n.) iyikúura namíini kináaja, iipɨ 1. earring; according to current iíkwaa amakɨ=jina, Iquito oral tradition, the dangling kina=aamúuni kaániwaaka.” ear ornaments traditionally worn Then indeed, he said, “May it be that by Iquito men and women. Their you return the blows for your masters, use having ceased being in late to those who are going on the path 19th century, the details of their after killing you.” form and use are now unclear, and indeed there is some doubt as to namíini (adv.) first, be it the first whether they were ear ornaments of a series of acts, or the first person per se, and not, for example, nose to perform an act or occupy some ornaments. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. role. Ex. Nu=nikitɨɨkiaakɨ́ wattle; the lower wattles that hang namíini nuu tii tɨɨ nu=iikiaárikɨ, from the jaws of chickens. ▶ Gram. nuúkiika ikwaniáasi=jina=na. Poss.pref. First she showed him there (the place) where she lived, in a ‘supay chacra’. námuusíika 3.poss. of amuusíika Ex. Anuu taárikɨ namíini nánaka 3.poss. of ánaka nɨyaaka. He was her first husband. nanákaku 3.poss. of anákaku Ex. Kiáaja namíini sanitaki kíija. nanákaaja 3.poss. of anákaaja You test me first. dialect.var. iitíini. nanákuja 3.poss. of anákuja namíini rt. nami (t.v.) begin, do 3.poss. of ánani for the first time, carry out the first nánani steps of an activity, be in the early nanániisana 3.poss. of anániisana part of some state. ▶ Gram. This nanásaka 3.poss. of anásaka verb obligatorily takes a non-finite nanati (n.) clotted or coagulated irrealis complement. Ex. Náaji blood, typically encountered jɨɨ́ta kia=namikurá iina accumulated in the bodies of game nakarɨ́ɨni ikwani=na, naaraata animals whose butchering has been kiaá nuu nakarɨɨ́=kiyaa pɨyɨ́ɨni delayed, and having a somewhat yaawɨ́ɨni. Thus, since you have gelatinous texture. begun to love this man, in this same nanatina rt. nanati (adj.) clotted way you will love him forever. or coagulated, said of blood. (n.) lucerna namiiti , type of firefly nanatíini rt. nanátii (i.v.) which is notable for having two coagulate or clot, said of blood. bioluminescent spots on its head, 3.poss. of ánaaja resembling eyes. Sci. Pyrophorus sp. nánaaja nani 3.poss. of ani námɨsi 3.poss. of ámɨsi naniáasi 3.poss. of aniáasi namúriija 3.poss. of amúriija nánija 3.poss. of anija námusi 3.poss. of ámusi nanikákwaa 3.poss. of anikákwaa namúuku 3.poss. of amúuku nánimɨ 3.poss. of animɨ

300 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nánimɨ napɨnija nánimɨ 3.poss. of ánimɨ such a fashion as to leave minimal naníriti 3.poss. of aníriti gaps beween them, e.g., a tightly woven fabric, a wall made of palm nanirítiisana 3.poss. of wood slats, or a thatch roof. anirítiisana (adj.) nániija 3.poss. of aniija napana rt. napa runty, stunted, or underdeveloped, naniijúuni rt. naniíjuu (i.v.) speaking of a plant or an animal sweep, using a broom. that has reached its maximum size, nánɨɨja 3.poss. of ánɨɨja but is smaller than normal for its nanúusi irreg.pl. nanuusíika (n.) species. broom; Iquito brooms were napáwɨɨjɨɨka (adj.) small and traditionally made of the stiff clustered together, speaking of chambira central vein of leaves leaves, whether naturally small (kanuu ánaaja), which were a because of their species, e.g., the by-product of the process of leaves of maatɨ́yuuti (marupá) or extracting fiber from them. These simájaana (huamanzamana); or veines were either simply tied unusually small for their species. together at one end, or their tips dialect.var. anapáwɨɨjɨɨka. were first woven together in a line, and then rolled up and tied nápisi 3.poss. of apisi together. nápiika 3.poss. of ápiika nanúusi (n.) verbena negra, bushy napɨki irreg.pl. napɨya, napɨkiwa plant whose branches were (n.) general term for ají or spicy formerly dried to use as provisional chili peppers; according to the brooms (from which stems its current generation of Iquito elders, Iquito name). Its leaves are used earlier generations tended to eat medicinally, either in steam baths very spicy food that outsiders found intended to cure colds, rheumatism almost impossible to consume. Sci. and ‘interior fevers’, or as a source Capsicum frutescens. of juice that is taken to treat the napɨki iísakwana lit. sweet same ailments. pepper • calque of Sp. ají dulce. nanuusíika irreg.pl. of nanúusi (n.) bell pepper or sweet pepper, a nanuusíini rt. nanuúsii (t.v.) use cultigen introduced to Iquito a broom or brush to clean territory in the course of the 20th something off, be it the floor, or century. Sci. Capscum anuum. any other surface, such as a napɨnija irreg.pl. napɨniwa (n.) cobweb-covered wall or a dusty general term for chinches or object. Heteroptera (‘true bugs’), many of napana rt. napa (adj.) tight, with which are known for emitting minimal gaps; for the slender noxious and stinging liquids from sub-parts of a larger object to be their rear. Iquitos consider most of placed adjacent to one another in these to be pests due to the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 301 napɨniwa nasi

tendency of some species to narati (n.) cetico, a very common damage the leaves and fruits of type of tree with large, palmate cultigens. Sci. Heteroptera. leaves, light, soft wood, and a napɨniwa irreg.pl. of napɨnija hollow heart. These grow rapidly and are early colonizers of gardens napɨya irreg.pl. of napɨki reverting to forest as well as river (t.v.) napɨ́ɨni rt. nápɨɨ 1. add chili edge habitats. The wood is used for pepper to food, spice food with chili fencing material, as it splits (t.v.) pepper. 2. apply chili pepper lengthwise easily, and it can also to a person or animal for ritual or serve for outrigger floats or medicinal purposes. Traditionally, firewood, though it is not ideal for the menarche celebration (kajíini) these purposes. Sci. Cecropia spp. involved the application of chili naráani rt. naara drv.rt. nara 1. pepper to the mouth and eyes of (i.v.) bathe (oneself). Ex. Jaa the young woman, to guarantee na=naarákwaa aasamu=jina. that her teeth and eyes would They went to bathe in the creek. 2. remain strong and healthy (t.v.) bathe (another person). Ex. throughout her life. Chili pepper is Iina niaatíija, nu=naáraa nɨ́yiti also applied to the mouth and nose aasamu=jina. The mother is of dogs to make them good hunters. bathing her daughter in the creek. napɨ́ɨsi 3.poss. of apɨ́ɨsi naraati dialect.var. of anaraati narakíika 3.poss. of arakíika naríkuma 3.poss. of aríkuma narámaaja 3.poss. of arámaaja narísaka 3.poss. of arísaka (n.) narapu irreg.pl. narapuwa nariíkuma 3.poss. of ariíkuma species of añashúa-type fish that narɨ́ɨni rt. naárɨ impf.rt. naári reaches some 30cm in length and is Nanay dialect.var. of takúuni drv.rt. most commonly found in larger nárɨ creeks. Like all añashúas, it has large eyes, a long, flat body covered náruu 3.poss. of áruu in very small scales, and a single nasáriina 3.poss. of asáriina dorsal fin running from its neck to nasaani irreg.pl. nasaaniwa (n.) its tail. This species has red irises hiluli, very fine, white intestinal and reddish coloring on its head worms that measure some 1cm in and chest. Sci. Crenicichla sp. HDC length; known for accumulating pers.var. nɨɨrapɨ. near the anus and causing intense narapuuri irreg.pl. narapuuriwa itching in the region. Sci. Enterobius (n.) añashúa style of weaving sp. másiiti, i.e., sieves made out of nasi irreg.pl. nasiwa (n.) chacra, tasiina (sinamillo palm fiber); the the common type of traditional name of this style comes from its swidden, or slash-and-burn garden, similarity to the scale pattern of the found throughout much of narapu (añashúa) fish. Amazonia, typically about a half

302 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nasíkana nasikɨ́ɨni

hectare to a full hectare in size. them (compare tijakáani). 2. (t.v.) They are created by felling all the break, or more commonly, cut, major vegetation in an area, letting manioc stalks into pieces some that vegetation dry, burning it, and 50-100cm in length, with the finally planting the area with a intention of planting them; note variety of cultigens. that in this case, the breaks or cuts nasíkana dialect.var. of ajirákana between the resulting segments is irreg.pl. nasíkaka typically clean ones. act./mid. nasikɨ́ɨni (middle) Rel. nasikaajúuni nasikatánaaja (n.) the remaining (rt. nasikaájuu) (t.v.) break root stock of a manioc plant after multiple stick-like objects in two all of its stalks have been removed (e.g., when marking a trail through and cut into sections (nasikáani) for the forest by snapping twigs, or subsequent replanting. breaking multiple manioc stalks nasikatatáani rt. nasikatáta into pieces for planting). dialect.var. (t.v.) fst.spch. nasikata 1. snap or masikáani. ELY pers.var. nɨsikáani. break something relatively slender and brittle, but with the result that nasiki impf.rt. of nasikɨ́ɨni some material, typically a part of nasikɨtɨtɨ́ɨni rt. nasikɨtɨ́tɨɨ 1. (i.v.) the outer layer of the object, partially snap or break in two, remains flexibly connecting the two speaking of relatively slender and broken pieces, e.g., snapping a brittle objects that nearly break but green stick into two pieces, with retain some material as a flexible the bark on one side remaining connection between the two broken unbroken, or breaking the leg of a pieces, e.g., a green stick that chicken, where the bone is broken breaks except for the bark on one in two, but the skin remains whole. side which connects the two pieces. 2. (t.v.) fracture a bone, especially 2. (i.v.) fracture a bone, especially the shin bone or a bone of the the shin bone and the bones of the ▶ forearm. Sem. If the bone breaks forearm. ▶ Gram. If the bone breaks entirely into two separate pieces, entirely into two separate pieces, the verb tijakáani ‘break’ is the verb tijakɨ́ɨni ‘break’ is employed employed instead. instead. act./mid. nasikatatáani Ex. MISSING MISSING act./mid. (active) nasikatɨtɨ́ɨni (middle) dialect.var. nasikɨ́ɨni rt. nasikɨ impf.rt. nasiki masikatatáani. (i.v.) break in two, speaking of nasikati HDC pers.var. of nɨsikati slender objects that break in two nasikáani rt. nasika 1. (t.v.) break such that the resulting end surfaces something slender, e.g., a stick, into are not clean, but instead have two pieces, such that two surfaces splinters, fibers, or other resulting from the break are not irregularities projecting from them. clean, but have splinters, fibers, or act./mid. nasikáani (active) other irregularities projecting from dialect.var. masikɨ́ɨni.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 303 nasipánaaja nawánaasi nasipánaaja (n.) huanchaca and family, since without such colorada or Masked Crimson help, planting a garden is a process Tanager, species of bright red that requires many days of work. tanager with black face and wings (n.) that reaches some 19 cm in length. nataaka a planting, a set of It is a common visitor to garden plants that were planted at more or and forest edges. Sci. Ramphocelus less the same time in a given nigrogularis. contiguous area. nasiwáani (n.) chacarero or natáani rt. nata (t.v.) plant a gardener, a person who habitually cultigen, be it by planting a cutting, works hard in clearing, planting, as in the case of manioc or and maintaining their nasi (chacras, plantains, or by planting seeds, as or swidden gardens). in the case of corn or squash. ▶ nasíini rt. násii (i.v.) make a Gram. The object of the verb can chacra, or swidden garden, denote or index either the seed(s) referring to the entire process, from or cutting(s) planted, or the area in felling the trees and plants in the which they are planted. Ex. chosen plot, to letting that Jɨɨ́tikari taa pɨyɨ́ɨni nataaja vegetation dry, burning it, and nuu=na, atii=ji kia=nátaa subsequently planting cultigens. katija, kia=nátaa minati, kia=nátaa uumaarii. When the nasiirɨnamajaáti HDC pers.var. of whole thing is planted (with manioc), siirɨ namajaati then you plant sachapapa, you plant nasɨ́ɨna (n.) species of bush whose pineapples, you plant umarí. Ex. long slender leaves were Naajaa jɨɨ́ta na=nataárikɨ traditionally used to dye chambira nasi=na, na=maayaasiaárikɨ fiber by boiling the leaves with the waarata iitimɨra=jata. Also as fibers, imparting a pink color. Sci. they planted garden, they joked with Arrabidaea chica. other women. natákija 3.poss. of atákija natɨ́yaaka (n.) 1. minga or work natánaka irreg.pl. of natánaaja party organized to plant a recently natánaaja irreg.pl. natánaka, cleared and burned chacra. 2. natánaajaka (n.) cultigen, planted manioc beer prepared for a plant of any species, e.g., manioc, natɨ́yaaka minga. plantain, or amariyaaja (pijuayo). náwaku 3.poss. of awaku nataajúuni rt. nataájuu (t.v.) plant incrementally, or little by nawánaasi (n.) species of large little; typically said of someone mosquito; considered by Iquitos to who is planting a garden by be the largest kind in their themselves, without holding a territory, it is only encountered in natɨ́yaaka planting party to obtain deep forest, and is noted for its the assistance of their neighbors overall pale color.

304 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nawánaati nawɨyinakaaja nawánaati (n.) huimba, or Kapok, that Iquitos may have used large softwood tree whose trunk blowguns in the distant past, but can reach 2m in diameter. It ceased to use them in recent produces large flowers that produce centuries, while maintaining their fruits with a soft, white, woolly or knowledge of the technology due to cottony fiber that was traditionally contact with neighboring used in preparing blowgun darts, indigenous who used them, e.g., the the fiber being wrapped around the Yameo, a Peba-Yaguan group. JPI butt of the dart to create the seal in pers.var. nawɨ́nɨɨna. the blowgun tube. The fiber of this nawárɨɨjɨ́ɨni rt. nawárɨɨjɨɨ (i.v.) tree is distinguished from the disappear or vanish; said either of lupuna similar fiber of the mísiaa ( ) someone who has passed from by its somewhat metallic sheen. Sci. sight, e.g., because they abruptly Ceiba samauma. departed from a location, got lost in the forest, or vanished below the nawánɨɨna (n.) blowgun dart; surface of the water while some 10-15cm in length, the shafts drowning; or of an object that has of these darts were made from the been misplaced, lost, or stolen. exterior layer of sakunaaja (inayuga nawarɨ́ɨni (n.) red clouds seen palm) petioles. One end was near sunset; traditionally such sharpened and its tip covered in clouds were believed to be poison, while the other end had associated with a spirit that brought aramáasi (cotton) or nawánaati severe illnesses, but which could be (huimba) fiber wrapped around it placated by bringing out vessels of to create a seal in the blowgun jikuriáaka (uchiyacu, tube. ▶ Anth. The status of blowgun manioc-pepper stew) as offerings. technology in traditional Iquito society is somewhat perplexing. náwasi 3.poss. of awasi Iquito elders maintain that nawatajúuni rt. nawatájuu 1. blowguns were not traditionally (i.v.) hide oneself. 2. (t.v.) hide used by Iquitos, but rather were a something. weapon that they learned of in the nawítaka 3.poss. of awítaka early 20th century through nawɨ́nɨɨna JPI pers.var. of exposure to other blowgun-using nawánɨɨna groups, especially the Yagua. Other Zaparoan peoples, however, such as nawɨyakaka irreg.pl. of nawɨyini the Záparo, continue to use nawɨyinakaaja (n.) rabo de blowguns, and key Iquito lexical caballo, a reed that grows in grassy items related to blowguns, such as areas; traditionally, the stalk of this nimúuna ‘blowgun’ itself, are plant, glossy when fresh, was used reflexes of reconstructed to make decorative ear ornaments Proto-Zaparoan words for the thrust through the earlobes. In the relevant items. These facts suggest course of the 20th century, visiting

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 305 nawɨyini náwɨɨta

curanderos introduced the use of century, they believed that they the root of this plant, together with were the spirits of the people the leaves of chancapiedra, to treat depicted, leading many Iquitos born kidney stones. Sci. Andropogon before 1930 to have considerable bicornis. free.var. kawáayɨ aniáasi. fear of having their photograph taken, since they believed that they nawɨyini irreg.pl. nawɨyakaka (n.) would thereby be stripped of their 1. the soul of a living or dead souls. Ex. Kia=nawɨyini person. ▶ Anth. According to Iquito na=jimataki, na=iríini=íira traditional beliefs, the souls of Ikíitu=jina nuu. They took your living people are generally not photograph in order to bring it to encountered separate from their Iquitos. bodies, but it is believed that the nawɨ́yɨɨ irreg.pl. nawɨ́yɨɨwa (n.) soul of a person who is about to die species of machimango-type tree may detach from its body a few which grows in areas of higher days prior to death and haunt elevation far from rivers. It reaches friends and family (known in this about 1.5m in diameter, it has tunchi form as a ), by flying around buttress roots, and its distinctive their homes and emitting a fruits, about 10cm in diameter, characteristic reedy whistle, and burst when ripe, scattering its also sometimes appearing in their seeds, and leaving a small dreams. Once a person dies, their umbrella-shaped remnant attached nawɨyini typically passes to the next to the stem. It is known as a host to world, although it is also believed a particular species of edible that some nawɨyini remain on the caterpillar. earth for years after the person’s (n.) pájaro matón death, harrassing kin or neighbors nawɨ́yɨɨja or with whom they had antagonistic Piratic Flycatcher, species of bird relationships. Ex. Aniwa=aákuji with a distinctive whistling call, a taa iipɨ maakatuúwawaaka, iipɨ yellowish streaked chest, and miiyaárikɨ na=mɨra horizontal pale and dark stripes on sɨɨ́sanurika=na, its head. Although rather small, na=naájuuyaárikɨ nɨ́siija=jata measuring some 15cm in length, nu=mɨra najika=iíjinaji, kaa they are well known among Iquitos nu=iríini=íira nu=nawɨyini. for their habit of driving masiku and paucar That is why the ancestors who had siaruuja (types of ) from the small children marked the tips of their hanging nests that the latter build, noses with charcoal, so that she would by harassing them mercilessly, in not take their spirits. 2. shadow cast order to use those nests to lay their by the sun, whether of a person or own eggs. Sci. Legatus leucophaius. any other entity. 3. photograph; náwɨɨta (adv.) secretly, sneakily, when Iquitos first encountered or in a covert manner. Ex. photographs in the early 20th Nu=kitɨrɨɨ niíya=jina karíini,

306 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nawɨɨ́tana náaji

nu=káriikiaaná a prepausal (naajáaja) or a nunamija=iíjinaji, non-prepausal (naajaa) position in nu=asapɨ́ɨni=íira iina kaaya, the utterance. The typical prepausal nu=káriitɨ́ɨni=íira naajaá nuu, positions are the right edge of a atii nuú nuu=jina sikɨki náwɨɨta. clause-initial topicalized He (the jaguar) stopped looking at the constituent, and utterance-finally, ground, and looked directly at the while most other positions in the sun, to fool the man, to make him clause are non-prepausal. The look also, and then leap on him by non-prepausal form bears a final surprise. high tone and is followed by two nawɨɨ́tana rt. nawɨɨ́ta (adj.) floating low tones. Ex. Kaa deceased or late, speaking of nu=paájii jɨɨ́taaraa míini, humans or domestic animals that iyaamiaákuji nu=kɨɨrɨɨyaárikɨ have died. ▶ Gram. This adjective naajaá iina tipanɨɨri. He couldn’t may modify either a kinship term do anything, because he also feared or a personal name. Ex. the demonic stingray. Ex. Jaa Kí=saakɨɨ́niiyaa kiáaja nuúkiika Saákisa naajáaja, saakɨ́ɨni, iimi kí=nakúsii nu=niíkirɨɨkiaaná nu=juwáana, sɨɨsaárika, jɨɨ́taaraata nu=karíini=íira nuu=kaanaji. k=íyaasuújuusana Saákisa also, she had raised her spear saakɨɨ́niiyaárikɨ kíija, Irisiuu to defend herself. Ex. Jaa nawɨɨ́tana, anúuja. I will tell you a ki=maákata samɨɨ́rɨrɨɨ naajáaja. story, which I know a little, as my late My father was tired also. grandfather told it to me, the late prepaus.form naajáaja. Eliseo, him. Ex. Kw=aájiya naajáaja prepaus.form of naajaa kí=kumɨnikiaakɨ kí=tarawaája=jata, náaji (adv.) thus, so, in an na=iiyaasúuja nawɨɨ́tana=jata. I indicated or otherwise contextually ▶ raised my grandchildren with my salient way or manner. Gram. work, with their deceased grandfather. This element is often used in nayajɨ́ɨni rt. nayajɨɨ HDC pers.var. conjunction with demonstrations, of nɨyajɨ́ɨni including gestural demonstrations, e.g., of the size of a referent, or the (pro.) they, them; this is the naa number of referents, and verbal information-structurally neutral demonstrations, i.e., instances of counterpart of naawaaka and reported speech. It also commonly anaawaaka; it appears principally in collates with jɨɨ́ta ‘like’ in similative verbal object and postpositional constructions. Ex. Náaji complement functions. k=iikiaárikɨ ki=níyaaka=jata. náaja 3.poss. of áaja In that way I lived with my husband. naajaa (adv.) also. ▶ Gram. This Ex. Kaa uumáana, iitinuúrika adverb exhibits different forms samaku náaji, suwáani samaku depending on whether it appears in pɨ́=nikii. Not big, a little gourd

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 307 naájijina naami

versel like this (gesture indicating a naaki (n.) egg, be it of a bird, fish, diameter of 15cm), a gourd we see amphibian, reptile, or insect. (as) very nice. Ex. naakíini rt. naákii (i.v.) lay egg. N=aátikiaakɨ=ná náaji, “Iina náaku 3.poss. of áaku taa=na p=ɨɨ́yaasúuja kɨɨ́wasiija, iina iíkii iiti...” They said thus, naakuna (n.) machimango-type “This is the soul of our grandfather, tree species with soft wood and that which is here...” Ex. Iiti substantial buttress roots, that ki=mɨ́jɨɨtaa kina=árata, náaji grows in elevated areas away from jɨɨ́ta kina=iíkii k=isákuji. I live rivers, and serves for firewood and well here, like you, as you live upriver charcoal-making. Its inedible fruits of me. are reminiscent of the fruits of kurɨ́ɨsi (machimango del bajial), naájijina 3.poss. of aájijina having long stems and large caps, naájinani 3.poss. of aájinani from which the main body of the fruit detaches when ripe, falling to naajinániisana 3.poss. of disperse its seeds. aajinániisana naami (loc.dem) 1. down there; 3.poss. of aájinati naájinati locative demonstrative which naajinátiisana 3.poss. of indicates that the location of aajinátiisana demonstrative reference is below naajúuni rt. naájuu 1. (t.v.) write. the origo (generally, the speaker), 2. (t.v.) draw. 3. (t.v.) paint stripes, e.g., on a lower floor of a house, or lines, or other figures using downhill. Ex. Na=ajatátɨɨ naami relatively narrow or fine strokes, as pɨ́=kurima. They landed down at opposed to painting the entirety of our port. 2. downriver there; a surface. locative demonstrative which indicates that the location of naajuútaaja demonstrative reference is (n.) irreg.pl. naajuútaakami downriver of the origo (generally, writing instrument of any type, the speaker). Ex. Pɨ=káriiyaa including pens and pencils. pɨ=síruuma naami, nami=ji naajuútaakami irreg.pl. of pɨ́=mɨyɨ́kɨkwaa. Let’s keep an eye naajuútaaja on our barbasco downriver, and from (n.) there downriver we will return. 3. naajuúwaaka design or inside there; locative demonstrative pattern, be it natural, e.g., the which indicates that the location of pattern on the pelt of a jaguar, or of demonstrative reference is inside a human orgin, e.g., a painted pattern vessel or enclosed space. Ex. on fabric; this term does not apply Jɨɨ́tikari nu=kuukiaárikɨ to extensions of solid color. ▶ niínaki=na, niínama naami Gram. Poss.pref. na=íyama. When it became night, it naaka irreg.pl. of náana was very dark inside their house.

308 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary naamiya náana naamiya (n.) face. ▶ Gram. employs to indicate species Poss.pref. membership relationships. For such naamiya irreg.pl. of namija constructions, the form íimɨ must be used instead. If the form naamɨ naamiiji (adv.) 1. from downriver. occurs in a possessive construction, ▶ Gram. One would expect the the possessor must refer to an entity form *naamiji from the or person who own or controls the compositionality of the elements possessum (e.g., a human who naami ‘where’ and the ablative clitic owns leaves for thatch). Ex. =ji. 2. from below. Nu=inakuraaná naamɨ=nɨɨ́jina (loc.dem) naamíira 1. there, nuu. He put it on a leaf. further down; distal locative lit. inserted demonstrative, where the location naamɨ jimuútaaja leaves (n.) huayhuashi tambo, a of demonstrative reference is temporary shelter that one makes further below the origo (generally, from niraasi (shapaja) or ipɨɨti the speaker) than would be (ungurahui) palm fronds stuck in expected by virtue of some salient the ground, to provide shelter from overall spatial frame of reference. sun or rain. 2. there, further downriver; distal (adj.) locative demonstrative, where the naámutina rt. naámuti location of demonstrative reference multi-colored, having patches of is further downriver of the origo different colors, e.g., kajíyaaki, a (generally, the speaker) than would variety of corn with multi-colored be expected by virtue of some kernels; the pelt of animals such as salient overall spatial frame of jaguars; or certain colorful fabrics. reference. naamúuni rt. naámuu (t.v.) add naamiíraata (adv.) 1. color to something, whether by downriverwards, in the downriver painting its surface, drawing a direction; the attribute of a path of design on it, or adding colored fiber motion to be oriented in a to something being woven. downriver direction. 2. downwards; Naamuutújuri the attribute of a path of motion to irreg.pl. Naamuutújuriwaaka be oriented downwards. (prop.n.) Iquito subgroup that naamɨ irreg.pl. naamɨya (n.) leaf, traditionally lived on the lower speaking specifically of leaves stretches of the Nanay River detached from the plant on which (Takarnáaku), upriver of the they grew, e.g., a leaf found lying confluence of the Nanay and on the ground. ▶ Gram. This form Pintuyacu Rivers. dialect.var. does not appear in possessive Aamuutújuri. constructions where the possessor is náana irreg.pl. naaka, naánaka (n.) the type or species of plant to tree; this term applies to woody which the plant pertains, which is plants (hence, not palms) whose otherwise the construction that one stalk exceeds about 2cm in

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 309 náana ɨɨ́jaaku naapíinu

diameter, and reaches a height of often resulting from tree falls that about 2m or greater. bring down several trees, leaving a (n.) big tangle of trunks and broken náana ɨɨ́jaaku lit. tree's center ▶ ratón chinganero or branches. Gram. Though clearly Yellow-crowned Brush-tailed Rat, historically derived from náana species of forest rat noted for ákika ‘tree branch’, the root having a pale stripe on the crown of naanakíka is synchronically a single its head, bordered on either side word. with black. Considered edible, naanakíkaaku rt. naanakíkaa Iquitos indicate that it is most (loc.n.) riverine palizada; a natural commonly seen in areas of flooded accumulation of logs and branches forest, peering from holes in trees, piled together in a body of water, as is reflected in its name. Sci. generally resulting from the Isothrix bistriata. accumulation of floating timber ▶ náana páriiki dialect.var. of náana around snags in the river. Gram. páruuti This locative noun does not appear to have a default locative suffix (n.) náana párɨɨna an area of a form. tree trunk or branch that has been (n.) worn flat and smooth by repeated náani 1. body, speaking of the rubbing against tough vines, other entirety of the body of a human or animal, and not simply its surface branches, or the trunk of another ▶ tree. During the dry season, the (cf. iíkuku). Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. rubbing action against these flat Kinaa naarakwaákiaana, areas produces a distinctive kina=náani irikatɨjɨ́ɨni=íira. Go moaning sound that can be heard bathe, to put your body in order (he for many kilometers. said). 2. the greater part or larger remaining part of a quantity of a (n.) náana páruuti moaning or mass noun, e.g manioc beer, food, groaning sound sometimes heard or gasoline. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. coming from the forest during the Iina k=itíniija, nu=náani iíkii dry season, and attibuted to the tíira k=iitakúura. The remainder friction of trees trees rubbing (or greater part) of my manioc beer is against each other, or against rigid at my house. vines, due to wind. dialect.vars. • napino (n.) náana páriiki, naki páriiki. naapíinu from Sp. . napino, variety of manioc brought naanaka Nanay dialect.var. of to the Pintuyacu River basin in the májaaka course of the 20 century by naanakíkajina rt. naanakíka Quichua settlers from the Napo (loc.n.) palizada or natural timber River basin, and notable for it thick pile found on land; an stalk, large tubers with strikingly accumulation of logs and branches white flesh, and the fact that it can that naturally occurs piled together, be kept in the ground without

310 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary naaráaja naásitáani

harvesting for over a year without naárika (adv.) exhaustive focus it spoiling. form of adverb that indicates that naaráaja • from Sp. naranja. (n.) an action or state is realized in a orange, cultigen introduced into manner that is conveyed in the Iquito territory in the early 20th surrounding discourse. Ex. century. Naárika=na kíija k=iíkii=kíyaa=na. That is just naaraajúuni rt. naaraájuu (t.v.) the way I am. icarar, perform a shamanic ritual to imbue an object with power. This naárika (adv.) little by little, in act involves both a stylized form of multiple episodes, or in multiple blowing (aruukíini) on the object, stages. ▶ Gram. This adverb and the uttering of relevant typically triggers the appearance incantations. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, the focus clitic =yaa on the verb of iina=jata paatíina, the clause. Ex. Naárika iina=iíkuku=na kí=paajɨkiaakɨ́=yaa avión=jina nu=naaraájuukiaakɨ=ná, aamɨ́yaakíini. Little by little I got nu=iíkwakiaakɨ=ná iipɨ used to traveling by plane. Ex. sanitáani=ánuura nu=kujímaka Naárika=na kií kuuta iwárɨkapɨ. Then, with that (piece of) ánaajɨkiáana. I will get better little balsa wood on which he had by little, perhaps. performed the ritual, he went to test naarikaja (interj.) “that’s the bodies of his dead companions enough!”, exclamation indicating (i.e., to see what type of witchcraft that the speaker is satisfied with the had killed them). quantity of some relevant referent, (adv.) naaraata thus, in a given e.g., the quantity of food or drink way or manner; this element is a when one is being served or the manner adverbial anaphor, which amount of work one has done on a indicates that some event unfolds in given task at particular time. a manner previously described in the discourse. Ex. Naaraata=na náasi 3.poss. of aasi iina iikiaárikɨ=na ikwani, pɨyɨ́ɨni naasi (n.) 1. fish scale. ▶ Gram. yaawɨɨ́ni=jina, náaji paápaaja Poss.pref. 2. scale-like piece of kasiraáni=jata, tasikɨɨ́ni=jata. nɨsikati (aguaje) palm fruit exocarp Thus the man lived in this way every (peel). ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. day, catching fish with his fish trap. (n.) Ex. Náaji jɨɨ́ta kia=namikurá iina naásiraaja species of bujurqui nakarɨ́ɨni ikwani=na, naaraata -type fish reaching some kiaá nuu nakarɨɨ́=kiyaa pɨyɨ́ɨni 20cm in length, with blue-green yaawɨ́ɨni. Thus, since you have coloring on its face and belly, that begun to love this man, in this same is rare in Iquito territory. way you will love him forever. naásitáani rt. naásita free.var. of naári impf.rt. of narɨ́ɨni sitáani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 311 naasíija nijápɨɨki naasíija (n.) flesh or meat; flesh of niaatíija (n.) bee species a living or deceased person, the associated with a particular hive; in edible meat or flesh of a game practice, the names associated with animal, or the edible flesh of a fruit different bee species, e.g., iwaana, or tuber. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. denote both the bee and its hive. naasiíjataka (adj.) meaty, fleshy, The compound formed from the the quality of having a great name and niaatíija, e.g., iwaana quantity of meat, generally said of niaatíija, serves to distinguish the animals such as tapirs and pigs, but bee from the hive. also said of fat people. niaatíija irreg.pl. niaatiíjawaaka (n.) 1. vocative term employed to naátamajani 3.poss. of address one’s mother. 2. referential aátamajani term for mother. ▶ Gram. naátamajániisana 3.poss. of Historically, niaatíija was aátamajániisana exclusively a vocative term, but naátamajati 3.poss. of aátamajati more recently it has come to be used both vocatively and 3.poss. of naátamajátiisana referentially, with the result that aátamajátiisana the former referential root, ani, is naatimɨ́ɨra free.var. of kaanaji now rare in everyday speech, ▶ Gram. Use of this term is although it remains common in restricted to an idiomatic traditional narratives. Poss.pref. in expression in which this term is the this sense. complement of karíini ‘look’, e.g., nijámiiki (pro.) they alone, them kia=naatimɨ́ɨra káriirɨɨ!, which alone; third person plural inanimate serves as a warning to defend exhaustive focus pronoun. ▶ Gram. oneself, e.g., in fight or to watch out This form replaces naárika, the for one’s safety, as when someone form that would be expected on the warns one of the intentions of basis of the process which another to harm one. Poss.pref. otherwise yields the exhaustive naawaaka (pro.) they, them; this focus form of pronouns on the basis alternant of the third person plural of their non-focused form. pronoun appears both in standard nijápɨɨki (pro.) they alone, them argument positions and in topic and alone; third person plural animate focus positions, unlike the naa exhaustive focus pronoun. ▶ Gram. alternant, which only appears in This form replaces naárika, the argument position. form that would be expected on the niatíjɨɨsana free.var. of sipɨsana basis of the process which irreg.pl. niatíjɨɨsanawaaka ▶ Gram. otherwise yields the exhaustive Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. This form tends focus form of pronouns on the basis to be deprecated in favor of its free of their non-focused form. Ex. variant sípɨsana. Nijápɨɨkí=yaa ikiítuwaaka

312 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nijáani nimúuna

na=iíkikiaakɨ=na tíira, tɨɨ saámina nu=isɨ́ɨku. The person na=ɨɨ́kiaakɨ Ikíitu=jina. Only the showed his new motor to his friend. Ikíitu (people) lived there, where they nikíini rt. niki 1. (t.v.) see. Ex. (later) gave the name of Iquitos. Uumáana aaká tɨɨ, nijáani rt. nija Nanay dialect.var. of na=kɨɨrɨɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=ná nɨtɨ́ɨni nu=nikíini. It is a great river, and nikákiika (adv.) briefly, for a short they were afraid when they saw it. time. Ex. Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa Ex. Íyaa iina=na, nikákiika kia=kuwasiitáani. I na=nikiíkiaana niíkuma=ji want to talk to you briefly. aniáapɨ, pɨyɨ́ɨni na=ániitaaja=jata. Then they see (t.v.) nikisatɨ́ɨni rt. nikisatɨɨ them coming from the path, all with reveal, typically reveal something (t.v.) ▶ their loads. 2. find. Ex. hidden. Gram. This verb can only Tɨɨti=tɨ iina aaka nikikiáaja, take an NP complement, but not a aájapaki aaka? Where would they clausal one (finite or not-finite) find water, (since) there is no water revealing an eventuality. Ex. Iina (anymore)? 3. (t.v.) check on or nukwáana, nu=nikisatɨ́ɨ iina inspect. Ex. Kí=nikii pɨ́=tasikɨ. I kaakáraaja iina am going to check on our fish trap. nu=nawatájuukura. The thief (n.) palometa blanca revealed the chicken he had hidden nimaku , palometa away. species of -type fish that reaches about 20cm in length, with (n.) nikisáani the appearance of a a thick fleshy body. Pale colored, it person or thing. Ex. Nu=nikisáani has light red coloring on the face, tɨɨ náaji. Its appearance is like this. chest, and tail. Sci. Mylossoma nikisáani rt. nikisa 1. (i.v.) be duriventre. visible, be in view. Ex. Iina náana, nimúuna (n.) pucuna or blowgun; tíira nu=ímaa, kwaata generally little used by Iquitos, nu=nikísaa. The treetrunk is over whose weapon of choice for both there, (and) it is clearly visible. 2. hunting and war was the spear (i.v.) look like. Ex. Iina tɨɨ nikísaa (juwáana). It is believed by the pajataákujina=na, juwáana current generation of eldest amákɨku tɨɨ. This, which looks like a speakers that blowguns were hole, is the trace of a spear. 3. (i.v.) ▶ formerly unknown among Iquitos, appear, come into view. Gram. but that in the early 20th century This sense requires momentary some Iquitos became familiar with perfective aspect -rɨɨ. Ex. Aa, them through contact with máaya, tɨɨ́tiiji kia=nikisarɨɨ? Oh, members of other indigenous child, from where did you appear? groups that used them. Both nikitɨ́ɨni rt. nikitɨɨ (d.v.) show blowguns and the poison necessary (something to someone). Ex. Iina for them to be effective were kaaya, nu=nikitɨ́ɨ nu=muutúuru purchased by Iquitos in the city of

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 313 nimúuni nípaaki

Iquitos, where the patrones of afternoon, night, and midnight; those indigenous groups from the lower were their words (for time). Amazon (probably Boras and ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji lit. before it gets Yaguas), who manufactured them, dark (adv.) in the afternoon, brought them for sale. Note, during the afternoon. Ex. however, that the Iquito word for Atiiji=jaa, ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji, jɨɨ́ta blowgun is the expected reflex for kumaku kíija=na, kí=sɨɨmɨɨ́sii the Proto-Zaparoan form for ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji. After that, in the blowgun, suggesting that Iquitos afternon, since I am old, I feel cold in retained familiarity with the item, the afternoon. even if they did not use it (i.v.) themselves. nínɨɨtáani rt. nínɨɨta 1. become dark, e.g., due to heavy nimúuni rt. nímuu (i.v.) fire clouds or an eclipse, but most blowgun dart from blowgun. commonly, because the day is ▶ Gram. A noun denoting or drawing to an end. ▶ Gram. In this indexing the target of the firing of sense, the verbal subject is a noun the blowgun may be added as denoting or indexing the notion of oblique argument bearing the yaawɨ́ɨni ‘day’, or a part of the day, locative postposition =jina. e.g., ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji ‘afternoon’. Ex. ninɨ́ɨni (n.) night. Ex. Ninɨ́ɨni Náaji jɨɨ́ta p=ɨɨ́kii aákari, náaji siwaánɨrɨɨ, aájapaki. It became yaawɨ́ɨni nínɨɨtaa. As we are now, afternoon and nothing (Agucha didn’t thus the day became dark. Ex. Náaji return). ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji nu=nínɨɨtaa. It became dark like (as if it were) the ninɨ́ɨni rt. niínɨ impf.rt. niíni drv.rt. afternoon. 2. (i.v.) experience nínɨ (i.v.) experience nightfall. increasing darkness, typically due ▶ Gram. The subject of the verb to nightfall. ▶ Gram. In this sense, denotes or indexes an entity that the subject is a noun denoting or experiences nightfall. indexing the entity that experiences ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji lit. before it gets the fall of darkness. Ex. Jaa dark (n.) afternoon. Ex. Jaa pɨ́=raatiki iina yaawɨ́ɨni, jaa nunamija iwɨɨ́tarɨɨ tíira jaa, pɨ=nínɨɨtaa, jaarí tɨɨ niínaki ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji kuúkirɨɨ. The sun pɨ́ɨja. We have drunk all day, night is low in the sky, it is the afternoon. has fallen on us, (and) we are already Ex. Kana=maakatúuwa, in nighttime. na=sanitaárikɨ nípaaki irreg.pl. nípaakiwa (n.) kutatáani=aákuji, taariki, níiya White-Throated Toucan, species of jíritiku nunamija, toucan that reaches some 55cm in ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji, niínaki, ninɨ́ɨni length, identical in patterning to ɨɨ́jakɨya; anuu taárikɨ=na the smaller siáaru, with a mostly na=kuwasíini. Our forefathers, dark body except for a white bib they counted dawn, morning, noon, with red fringe, a golden patch on

314 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nípaaki kúwaaja niriíkujina

the back above the tail, and red weave fire fans and mats. Its fruits underneath at the base of the tail. are edible, with rich oily flesh Sci. Ramphastos tucanus. surrounded by a very hard shell. nípaaki kúwaaja lit. toucan liver Edible grubs (símɨɨka) are known to (n.) type of callampa, a species of sometimes grow in the flesh if the edible yellow mushroom with a cap fruits are left undistrurbed. Sci. about 3cm in diameter that grows Attalea huebneri. ELY pers.var. in large numbers clustered together rinaasi. on fallen tree trunks; its name nirikɨ́ɨni rt. niríkɨɨ (t.v.) begin to derives from the fact that its yellow weave an item, plying or knotting color resembles the color of toucan together the initial plaits or cords, livers. It was traditionally prepared from which the regular weaving and eaten as ijiika, patarashca, but pattern can be continued. is now rarely consumed. dialect.var. titikɨ́ɨni. nípaaki namii lit. toucan vino niriyáaku (n.) rectum. ▶ Gram. huayo (n.) species of tree that Poss.pref. grows along riverbanks and has a niríyuuja (n.) variety of chick that trunk that reaches about 20cm in largely lacks feathers and has diameter; its edible sweet fruits are distinctively back-swept wings, vino very similar to those of namii ( which eventually acquires features huayo ) in both flavor and color when it approaches full size. (i.e., sweet and black when ripe), niríyuusi irreg.pl. niríyuusiwa (n.) but instead of being round, they are anus. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. somewhat elongated, about 1cm in diameter and 2cm in length. Sci. niríyuusi sikɨɨ́taaja Coccloba sp. irreg.pl. niríyuusi sikɨɨ́taakapɨ lit. discarded anus (n.) prolapsed anus, nípaaki nɨɨti irreg.pl. nípaaki a condition from which children nɨɨtiwa lit. toucan tongue (n.) occasionally suffer, in which the species of bromeliad that grows on rectum extrudes slightly from the tree trunks and has slender, anus, especially when defecating. pink-edged, pointed leaves (i.v.) reminiscent of a toucan’s tongue, niriikɨ́ɨni rt. niriikɨɨ defecate from which derives its Iquito name. repeatedly in a relatively short interval of time. niraasi (n.) shapaja, species of (i.v.) palm whose trunk, in the Pintuyacu niriikɨ́ɨni rt. niriikɨɨ oxidize area, grows to a height of about or rust, speaking of something 1.5m, with leaves that rise 3-4m made of metal, e.g., a steel axe above this. The mature leaves of head or a copper pipe. this palm are used to weave niriíkujina irreg.pl. niriíkukajina matákaari (cumbas), coverings for (loc.n.) latrine; traditionally, roof peaks; and its immature bud Iquitos felled a large tree some (cogollo) was traditionally used to distance from their homes, off of

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 315 niríini niyaasuújuusana

which they would defecate on a younger brother of male or female given side. If a suitable tree was ego. ▶ Gram. The plural form unavailable, they would place a niwájiipɨ is gender neutral, denoting smaller tree on supports, to the both male and female younger same effect. siblings. Poss.pref. niríini rt. niri (i.v.) defecate or niwájiipɨ irreg.pl. of niwájiiti shit. Rel. niriijúuni (rt. niriíjuu) niwájiiti rt. niwájii (i.v.) defecate repeatedly in small irreg.pl. niwájiipɨ (n.) younger quantities. sister of male or female ego. nisíkina dialect.var. of anisíkina ▶ Gram. The plural form niwájiipɨ is niwa (procl.) that; discourse gender neutral, denoting both male anaphor, element anaphoric with a and female younger siblings. proposition previously introduced Poss.pref. in the discourse or otherwise niwíini rt. niíki drv.rt. níwi 1. present in the common ground. Ex. (t.v.) hold up, hold something in a Nu=kaajiya nu=sirikuma, manner that requires one to exert mɨyaaraa, niwa=aákuji=na oneself against gravity. ▶ Gram. nu=kɨɨrɨɨjiaárikɨ=na kaa This sense does not allow the use of niínaki. Her dogs at her side (while momentary perfective aspect -rɨɨ. she slept), because of that she was not Ex. Nu=niíkii nu=kajiija, afraid of the night. nu=káriiyaa. He held up his axe (t.v.) =níwaji (postp.) behind, (as) he looked around. 2. to lift following; indicates a spatial or raise something by exertion relation in which the figure follows against the force of gravity, without closely behind in the trajectory of the use of ropes or any other ▶ the ground, which is expressed as intermediaries. Gram. This sense the complement of the postposition; requires the use of the momentary typically the figure is actually in perfective aspect -rɨɨ. Ex. Jaa motion, but this postposition is also Saákisa naajáaja, employed in cases of fictive motion, nu=niíkirɨɨkiaaná nu=juwáana, e.g., as when someone’s gaze nu=karíini=íira nu=kaanaji. follows a receding entity, or And Saákisa also, she raised her spear someone calls after a departing to defend herself. Rel. níwiitáani (rt. (t.v.) person. Ex. Ki=maákata nɨtiaárɨɨ níwiita) lift a container, or nu=níwaji. My deceased father ran something with multiple parts. off behind it (the tapir). Ex. níyaaka irreg.pl. níyaakaa, Nu=káriiyaa nu=níwaji, níyaakawaaka 3.poss. nɨyaaka (n.) nu=iíkwaa nu=iyɨkíira. He husband, referential term. ▶ Gram. (Jesus) watched from behind him (as) Vocative counterpart: ajáaja. he went off to his residence. Poss.pref. niwájiina rt. niwájii niyaasuújuusana 3.poss. of irreg.pl. niwájiipɨ (animate) (n.) iyaasuújuusana

316 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary niyini niíkuma niyini irreg.pl. niyiniwaaka 3.poss. níiki ríwaasi dialect.var. of káaji nɨ́yini (n.) son, male child of a námati lit. bent bone human or male offspring of an niíkitina rt. niíkiti (adj.) 1. bony, animal. ▶ Gram. This noun can speaking of flesh that contains form compound nouns with animal numerous, often small, bones, species names, e.g., pɨsɨkɨ niyini typically said of fish. 2. thin, ‘tapir offspring’, iina pɨsɨkɨ niyini speaking of a person or animal, to ‘this tapir offspring’, to refer toa the point that their bones, young member of the species in especially their ribs, are plainly question. Poss.pref. visible. niyiti irreg.pl. niyitiwaaka 3.poss. rt. niíku (loc.n.) path, (n.) niíkuma nɨ́yiti daughter, female child understood as the trajectory along of a human or female offspring of ▶ which one moves. This may be a an animal. Gram. This noun can well-defined, cleared path through form compound nouns, e.g., muuti the forest, or a path over a niyiti ‘paca offspring’, iina muuti relatively open surface, such as a niyiti ‘this paca offspring’, to refer beach. ▶ Gram. The default form of to a young female member of the this locative noun, niíkuma, is species in question. Poss.pref. largely bleached of locative niyɨ́ɨni rt. niyaáki drv.rt. níyɨ (i.v.) semantics in its common use. get a husband, speaking of a Locatively inflected forms include woman. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari niíku-ma, niíku-ku, and niiku-kúura, kia=niyaákimaa, náaji kiaá where the locative suffix reflects kia=níyaaka=jata tarawaájuu. the orientation of the trajectory of When you get a husband, thus you movement with respect to the will work with your husband. deictic center. If the path is the ground in a figure-ground niiki irreg.pl. niikiwa irreg.poss. relationship, the use of this root is níiki. (n.) 1. bone, from the large only felicitous if the figure is bones of mammals such as humans, moving along the path; in all other to the tiny bones of small fish. cases, e.g., if the figure is stationary ▶ Socio. Consultant JPI does not on the path, or is crossing it, the exhibit a possessed/non-possessed root amakɨ must be used instead; alternation for this root, that is, niíkuma contrasts with the neutralizing in favor of the similarly glossed amakɨ in that the possessed form, níiki. 2. manioc latter denotes the cleared spatial cutting; section of manioc stalk, region which constitutes the path, typically cut to some 25-35cm in while the former denotes a directed length for planting; the cutting is path trajectory. Ex. Káami tyically planted by driving it almost k=iíkwaakura niíkuku. I went entirely into the soil at a shallow upriver along the path. Ex. angle. Ki=maákata apárakuraaná

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 317 niimɨ niitinɨ́ɨni

mɨyɨkɨ́ɨni=jina niíkuma hold his feet against the tree and nɨtɨ́ɨni=jata, inárɨɨja. My father spread them as far around the trunk began to return along the path, from each other as possible, so as to running scared. also press the rope against the niimɨ irreg.pl. niimɨka, niimɨya (n.) trunk, with the additional friction paña negra, largest species of provided by the rope making it paña-type fish found in the easier to climb the tree. According Pintuyacu river basin, reaching to Iquito eld, such loops were also 50cm in length. It is dark colored, used as targets in training young with some red markings around the men in the use of spears. 2. hoop, eyes, and is principally found in circle, or loop; a closed hoop or rivers. Sci. Serrasalmus spilopleura. loop of any material, be it rigid or flexible. niínaki irreg.pl. niínakɨya (n.) night. ▶ Gram. While clearly a niiniitíini rt. niiniítii (i.v.) make a noun (e.g., in being able to form an hoop out of something relatively NP with a determiner), this element stiff that will keep its shape, e.g., does not need to be licensed by a thick núriyɨ (tamshi) lianas, as postposition to appear in a clause, a when making the frame to stretch a characteristic typical of locative skin over when making a drum. nouns. Indeed, the final syllable is niítina rt. niíti (adj.) skittish or likely to have historically been the fearful, typically said of animals proximal locative suffix -ki, but that seek to avoid humans, but also synchronically it does not alternate said of a person who is similarly with other locative suffixes, fearful of other people, e.g., an suggesting that this is a lexicalized accused criminal who seeks to form. Ex. Maasiáana niínakɨya avoid capture. Rel. niitinúuni (rt. kaa kí=makɨkura suwaata; ásapɨ niitínuu) (t.v.) make skittish or manánuukura kíija. Many nights I fearful, generally said animals, e.g., have not slept well (because) ants a dog by beating it, or forest have bothered me. animals by repeatedly hunting in niínana rt. niína (adj.) dark, their vicinity or by injuring them, lacking light. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari but also said of people who become nu=kuukiaárikɨ niínaki=na, fearful of, and seek to avoid, their niínama naami na=íyama. When fellow humans. Rel. niitinɨ́ɨni (rt. it became night, it was dark inside niitinɨɨ) (i.v.) become skittish and their house. fearful, generally said of animals, niíni impf.rt. of ninɨ́ɨni but also said of people who have niíniiti (n.) 1. traditional device for reason to avoid their fellow climbing trees, consisting of a loop humans. of strong rope. The climber would niitinɨ́ɨni rt. niitinɨɨ (i.v.) become put his feet in the loop, stretching it skittish and fearful, generally said lengthwise, and simultaneously of animals, but also said of people

318 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary níiya níiya pániija

who have reason to avoid their níiya jíritiku lit. in the middle of fellow humans. the earth (adv.) at midday or at noon. Ex. Nunamija iíkirɨɨ níiya níiya irreg.pl. niíyakɨya, niíyaka jíritiku. It is noon. (n.) 1. soil or earth, speaking of the (n.) noon, midday. substance of which the ground is níiya jíritiku consituted. Ex. Nu=kápuu níiya namija lit. earth eye (n.) imɨráani niíya=jata nuu, suwa sacha jergón, species of plant kápuuja. He filled it (the hole) up characterized by having a single with soil again, well filled up. 2. tuber from which numerous stalks ground, speaking of the surface of grow, arranged in circle, leaving an the land, regardless of what precise open space in the center, from substance it is constituted of. Ex. which arrangement presumably Kaa nu=itɨ́wɨɨ niíyama. He didn’t derives the Iquito name. The stalks, fall on the ground. 3. land or some 1cm in diameter, grow to territory, the region of the world to some 1.5m in height, and bear pale which a person or group belongs or horizontal markings that Iquitos to which they can lay a claim. Ex. find reminiscent of the coloring of Átiiji=jaa, jɨɨ́ta kana=niíya=na, jergón (sajina) snakes; a small kanáaja tɨɨ naaraatá=yaa iina portion of grated tuber applied to akúmari níiya iiku. Then, as (it is) the site of snake bite is believed to our land, we are the very owners of be efficacious in neutralizing the the land upriver here. 4. Earth or effects of snake venom. Sci. world. Ex. Kwaasɨja, pɨ́=masii Dracontium loretense. tíira, níiya nuutikúura. OK, we’ll níiya namija JPI pers.var. of run away to the end of the world. nunamija (n.) níiya imɨ́ɨja (n.) unidentified níiya pániija lit. moulded clay species of bird that is encountered Mud Dauber Wasp, species of wasp in grassy areas; difficult to see, it that builds small structures out of tends to walk and fly close to mud on the surface of human ground to avoid detection. free.var. habitations; the wasp itself is all iyásiika imɨ́ɨni. black and has a distinctively long waist, and the nest structure it níiya imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. níiya imɨ́ɨka builds consists of several parallel lit. ground madre (n.) madre de elongated cells some 2cm long, tierra or Ant Lion, larval form of a each cell closed up with a wasp egg dragonfly-like insect, which makes and an incapacitated insect, which funnel-like traps in loose soil, at serves as food for the larva. The whose bottoms they sit, waiting for mud from these nests was terrestrial insects to unwittingly traditionally used to treat fevers walk into the funnel and slide to and pain from tooth aches, by the bottom to be devoured. Sci. making a paste of it and applying it Myrmeleon sp. (larva). to the sides of the body in the case

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 319 níiya=karikuku nɨnɨkɨ́ɨni

of fever, or to the cheek and jaw in community of San Antonio; its the case of tooth ache. Sci. Iquito name stems from the fact Sceliphron sp. that this creek was a source of clay níiya=karikuku lit. in the upper for pottery in the early 20th part of the interior of earth (n.) century. ▶ sky. Sem. The core use of this niíyaasi irreg.pl. niíyaasiwa, expression to refer to the sky stems niíyaasika (n.) clay vessel or pot. from traditional Iquito cosmology, ELY pers.var. iniyaasi. in which the empty space above the niiyaasúuja 3.poss. of iiyaasúuja ground is understood to be an nɨjinakɨɨja irreg.pl. nɨjinakɨɨwa interior space enclosed by an upper (n.) novia celestial layer. ▶ Gram. This -type fish species, a dark collocation can also be construed yellow catfish that reaches about literally, to refer to the upper 20cm and has large, serrated spurs region of a cavity underground, next to its pectoral fins. Sci. e.g., of an animal den. Auchenipteridae sp. niíyamɨɨka (adj.) 1. low, not far nɨjinakɨɨwa irreg.pl. of nɨjinakɨɨja from the ground, speaking e.g., of nɨ́kina 3.poss. of íkina an elevated floor of a house, or the nɨkínɨɨsana (n.) branches of a tree. 2. short, nɨ́maaja 3.poss. of ímaaja speaking of the height of something that stands vertically such as a nɨ́maayɨ 3.poss. of ímaayɨ person or tree. ▶ Gram. In this nɨ́mɨɨjɨɨ́jina 3.poss. of imɨɨjɨɨ́jina sense, this adverb appears nɨ́muki 3.poss. of imuki modifying the verb takúuni ‘stand’. nɨmúkina 3.poss. of imúkina niiyaákɨɨsana irreg.pl. niiyaákɨɨsanawaaka (n.) nɨ́niija 3.poss. of iniija deceased husband. nɨ́niisi 3.poss. of iniisi Niíyaaku lit. upriver clay site nɨnɨki impf.rt. of nɨnɨkɨ́ɨni Rel. (prop.n.) Sapira Cocha, an oxbow nɨnɨkiáana (n.) someone who lake located near the Pintuyacu trembles or shakes habitually, e.g., River four river bends upriver of its someone suffering from Parkison’s confluence with the Chambira disease. River; its Iquito name stems from nɨnɨkɨ́ɨni rt. nɨnɨkɨ impf.rt. nɨnɨki the fact that high quality clay for (i.v.) tremble, shiver, quiver, or pottery used to be dug from its shake, speaking of both animate banks. and inanimate entities. Ex. Niíyaamu lit. clay creek (prop.n.) Nu=nɨnɨkɨkurá kɨɨrɨ́ɨni=aákuji. Cunimaja Quebrada, a creek He shook with fear. Rel. nɨnɨkɨjɨ́ɨni located near Cunimaja Cocha, (rt. nɨnɨkɨjɨɨ) (i.v.) shake or tremble which drains into the Pintuyacu for a prolonged period, e.g., a River on the same side as the person with a nervous system

320 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nɨ́raaka nɨ́siku

malady, or a stick in a river which pale, rather than dark, beak. is made to shake by the current. Generally seen in groups of 4-6 nɨ́raaka 3.poss. of íraaka individuals, Iquitos report that these birds make their nests by 3.poss. of iríkumaji nɨríkumaji digging cavities out of termite nest. nɨrimakɨ́ɨna (n.) pucuna caspi, Sci. Forpus xanthopterygius. ELY species of cumula-type tree with a pers.var. nɨrɨkɨkaaja. very straight trunk that reaches some 80cm in diameter, and is nɨ́saasi 3.poss. of ísaasi covered in bark that flakes off in nɨsikánaaja (n.) trunk of an brittle sheets. Its wood is soft, nɨsikati palm (aguaje). except for its red heartwood, which is used for house posts and, nɨsikáriiyɨ irreg.pl. nɨsikáriiyuwa (n.) nacanacas formerly, to make blowguns. Its general term for or fruits are described as being similar Coral Snakes, highly venomous but to those of nuríina, bursting when not particularly aggressive snakes ripe to scatter oily red seeds that that are known by their brightly are eaten by various species of colored transverse stripes, the most birds. Sci. Iryanthera tricornis. common combination in Iquito territory being red, black, and 3.poss. of irímaati nɨrímaati white. These snakes are mostly nɨrímaatiisana 3.poss. of commonly encountered under leaf irímaatiisana litter and, according to Iquito oral nɨrímɨɨna free.var. of nɨsínɨɨna tradition, they strike not with their fangs, but rather with their tails. nɨrímɨɨna sawija lit. lightning Sci. Micrurus spp. stone (n.) type of stone believed to result from a lightning strike; if this nɨsikati irreg.pl. nɨɨsika, nɨsikatika is correct, such stones would be (n.) aguaje, a species of palm fulgurites. abundant in swampy or frequently nɨrímɨɨna siriija dialect.var. of inundated areas. The fruits of this ijántuuja lit. lightning bird Sci. palm, which are covered with small Formcarius analis. reddish-purplish scales, over a thin layer of tangy and somewhat oily nɨrimɨɨ́tari free.var. of nɨsinɨɨ́tari orange flesh, which itself covers a nɨrɨkɨkaaja ELY pers.var. of large seed, are harvested in large nɨrɨrɨkaaja quantities for local consumption nɨrɨrɨkaaja (n.) cielo pihuicho or and for commercial sale. Sci. Blue-winged Parrotlet, species of Mauritia flexuosa. HDC pers.var. rarely seen small parrot, that nasikati. reaches some 12cm in length. nɨsikáani rt. nɨsika ELY pers.var. of Green except for blue wing edges, it nasikáani is distinguished from the quite similar Dusky-billed Parrotlet by its nɨ́siku 3.poss. of ísiku

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 321 nɨsínɨɨna nɨya karíini nɨsínɨɨna (n.) lightning bolt that develop cavities that fill up with strikes the ground, typically water, which, when these trees are burning something and creating a felled, gushes out unexpectedly. Sci. great deal of noise. free.var. Macrolobium acaciaefolium. nɨrímɨɨna. dialect.var. aaka puririkáana. nɨsinɨɨ́tari irreg.pl. nɨsinɨɨ́tariwa, nɨ́siija irreg.pl. nɨ́siiya (n.) an unlit nɨsinɨɨ́tarika (n.) variety of piece of charcoal, or a live coal in a mɨɨ́mɨɨti (chacruna) used in the burning fire. ▶ Gram. count noun. ayahuasca preparation of aákuta ( ); nɨ́siiya irreg.pl. of nɨ́siija this variety is said to produce visions of lightning for those who nɨ́sɨkɨ 3.poss. of ísɨkɨ consume it. Sci. Psychotria viridis nɨti impf.rt. of nɨtɨ́ɨni var. free.var. nɨrimɨɨ́tari. nɨtíkari 3.poss. of itíkari nɨ́sira JPI pers.var. of nɨ́siri nɨtikumaji (postp.) after, nɨ́siri (n.) Black-necked afterwards; following in time. Ex. Red-Cotinga, species of frugivorous Aasi nɨtikumaji, pɨ́=nasikúura bird that lives in elevated areas far iikwaárɨɨ. After the rain, we’ll go to from rivers, and is only infrequently the garden. Ex. Asáani nɨtikumaji, seen, as it spends most of its time in kí=naaraákwaa. After eating, I will the midstory and forest canopy. Sci. go bathe. ▶ Phoenicircus nigricollis. Anth. nɨtípuma 3.poss. of itípuma According to Iquito oral tradition, rt. nɨtɨtɨɨ 1. (t.v.) make this species of bird is the form taken nɨtɨtɨ́ɨni run. 2. (i.v.) for one’s foot to slip by another bird, the kwakúsiaaja out from underneath; note that this (huishuinsho or Screaming Piha), stem does not entail that the when it dies. JPI pers.var. nɨ́sira. affected person falls to the ground. HDC pers.var. nɨ́sirɨ. ▶ Gram. In this idiomatic nɨ́sirɨ HDC pers.var. of nɨ́siri expression, the subject indexes or nɨsirɨnákɨɨ irreg.pl. nɨsirɨnákɨɨwa denotes the foot of the person who (n.) sencillo caspi or plata pashaco, slips. a type of táraati (pashaco) tree with nɨtɨ́yuukwáani rt. nɨtɨ́yuukwa flakey bark and small leaves that (i.v.) run around, run without grows on the banks of creeks and resting from one point to another lakes. Its fruits, which are flat and within a given area, e.g., as said of disc-shaped, turn a shiny silvery playing children. color that resemble coins when dry, (i.v.) and are used as decorations. Its nɨtɨ́ɨni rt. nɨtɨ impf.rt. nɨti wood is yellow and hard when dry, run. Nanay dialect.var. nijáani. and is sometimes logged for timber, nɨya karíini rt. nɨya kárii (i.v.) be but since the wood does not float, it palid or jaundiced, generally said of is not often harvested. Individual people suffering from anemia. trees of this species sometimes ▶ Gram. The verb in this

322 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nɨyajɨ́ɨni nɨɨ́kamɨ

construction inflects with person nɨyɨjɨ́ɨni rt. nɨyɨjɨɨ JPI pers.var. of and TAM morphology as is typical nɨyajɨ́ɨni of finite verbs. Ex. Nɨya nɨ́ɨja 3.poss. of íija nu=káriiyaa. He is palid. nɨɨ́jakúura 3.poss. of ɨɨ́jakúura (i.v.) nɨyajɨ́ɨni rt. nɨyajɨɨ burp or =nɨɨ́jina (postp.) on, on top of, on belch. HDC pers.var. nayajɨ́ɨni. JPI the superior surface of something. pers.var. nɨyɨjɨ́ɨni. Ex. Nu=sájiri, kí=maaya, nɨyaka (n.) pallor, paleness, or nu=sikiaárɨɨkurá naa=nɨɨ́jina. yellowness of the skin, especially as His grandmother, my daughter, she seen in the face, typically due to jumped over on top of them. illnesses or conditions that cause nɨɨ́jina (n.) 1. back. ▶ Gram. anemia. Ex. Nɨyaka miíyaa nuu, Poss.pref. Ex. Kí=nikikurá Yenny iyaamiaákuji nu=ipákanii. He is tásiiyaa ki=nɨɨ́jina. I saw Yenny pale (has pallor), because he has pinching my back. 2. the upper vicio . surface of an object, e.g., the nɨyana rt. nɨya (adj.) color term surface of a table, the upper surface that encompasses yellow, green, of one’s shoulder, the surface of a and blue. Rel. nɨyanúuni (rt. lake, or the roof of a house. ▶ nɨyánuu) (t.v.) make Gram. Poss.pref. yellow/green/blue. Rel. nɨyakíina nɨɨjɨ́ɨni rt. nɨɨjɨɨ socio.var. of (adj.) yellow/green/blue, said of anɨɨjɨ́ɨni tapered objects such as plantains or nɨ́ɨka 3.poss. of iika penises. nɨɨkajúuni rt. nɨɨkájuu 1. (t.v.) cut (n.) nɨyari irreg.pl. nɨyariwa lengthwise into multiple pieces, pañas general term for , a class of e.g., a papaya, cut in this fashion. piranha-like fish. Sci. Characidae. 2. (t.v.) divide up something into nɨyari sawíjatina irreg.pl. nɨyari multiple parts or portions, e.g., sawíjatipɨ lit. glittery paña (n.) sugar, a pile of fruit, or even paña blanca, species of abstract entities such as a set of piranha-type fish that reaches 20cm tasks. and is found mainly in rivers, being nɨɨ́kamɨ (n.) chambirina, the rare in oxbow lakes. Its jaw has largest species of huapeta-type fish, some reddish coloring, and its has reaching 1m in length. This silvery especially shiny scales that give it a fish has multiple long sharp fangs, glittering appearance, from which 3-4cm in length, emerging from its its Iquito name derives. Sci. mouth, similar to other huapeta Serrasalmus rhombeus. (akaári) species, but its long body is nɨyaaka 3.poss. of níyaaka somewhat rounder and bulkier than other huapetas, which tend to have nɨ́yini 3.poss. of niyini quite flat, compressed bodies. nɨ́yiti 3.poss. of niyiti Iquitos indicate that its name stems

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 323 nɨɨ́kamɨ nɨɨkɨ́ɨni

from the fact that the flesh of the nɨɨkáani rt. nɨɨka (t.v.) cut torso of the fish contains a something lengthwise into two tremendous number of long, fine pieces along its longest axis, e.g., a bones reminiscent of the fiber log cut lengthwise into two pieces. extracted from the nɨɨ́kamɨ act./mid. nɨɨkɨ́ɨni (middle) Rel. (chambira) palm. Sci. Raphiodon nɨɨkatáani (rt. nɨɨkata) (t.v.) split vulpinus. something in two, where each of nɨɨ́kamɨ irreg.pl. nɨɨ́kamɨka, the two halves is an entity that nɨɨ́kamɨya (n.) chambira, species itself consists of multiple parts, as of palm with a spine-covered trunk; when one splits in two, e.g., a this palm was traditionally very bunch of plantains, or the trunk of aguaje important to Iquitos as the source an nɨsikati ( ) palm to harvest of kanuu, or chambira fiber, which grubs inside it. was spun into cord that was used, nɨɨkaawɨ́ɨni rt. nɨɨkaáwɨɨ (t.v.) among other things, for making tear or split something lengthwise hammocks (inɨ́ɨsi). The central into multiple pieces by pulling its vanes of the young leaves, a sides apart, e.g., a piece of aged by-product from fiber processing, fabric or a piece of pona. were used for brooms (nanúusi) or for weaving small baskets. This nɨ́ɨki 3.poss. of iiki palm also produces edible fruits, nɨɨki impf.rt. of nɨɨkɨ́ɨni chambira huayo (pájaati), which were traditionally harvested in nɨɨkika irreg.pl. nɨɨkikawaaka (n.) large quantities. Sci. Astrocaryum a healthy and chubby baby. chambira. nɨɨkɨtɨ́ɨni rt. nɨɨkɨ́tɨɨ (i.v.) split Nɨɨkamúumu lit. chambira river lengthwise without falling into two (prop.n.) Chambira River, principal separate pieces, e.g., for one end of tributary of the Pinutyacu River a plank to crack; or for a piece of (Anatimu), on which the mixed cooked manioc to split along its Iquito-Quichua community of length, but not split all the way Atalaya is located. through. irreg.pl. nɨɨ́karikɨya (n.) nɨɨ́kari nɨɨkɨ́ɨni rt. nɨɨkɨ impf.rt. nɨɨki (i.v.) underarm area, encompassing the split lengthwise, either partly, so as underside of the upper arm and the to develop a lengthwise crack, e.g., corresponding area, when the arm a newly cut plank that splits in this is held against the body, on the fashion as it dries, or wholly, so torso. that the object falls into two pieces, nɨɨ́karikɨya irreg.pl. of nɨɨ́kari e.g., the husks of certain forest nɨɨkaríira irreg.pl. nɨɨ́karikɨya (n.) fruits. act./mid. nɨɨkáani (active) armpit, referring specifically to the Rel. nɨɨkɨɨjɨ́ɨni (rt. nɨɨkɨɨjɨɨ) (i.v.) area in which body hair tends to split lengthwise in various places, grow. e.g., drying soil, or old plank.

324 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary nɨɨku nɨɨsina nɨɨku (n.) height of an entity. Iquito woman from San Antonio ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Iití tɨɨ and had children, before dying in nu=nɨɨku. This (lit. here) is its the 1940s. height (with gesture). nɨɨsika irreg.pl. of nɨsikati (adv.) nɨɨku 1. high off the ground, nɨɨsika ásaaja lit. eaten aguaje (n.) up high. Ex. Red-bellied Macaw, species of Na=juúkurɨɨkiaakɨ=na smaller macaw that reaches some niíya=jina, káami=ji, nɨɨku=ji, 45 cm in length, and is green in tɨɨ na=ɨɨyaárikɨ. They came down color, with faint red on belly, and to the earth from above, from up high, distinctive pale face, without the where they were flying. 2. tall, said darker lines characteristic of other of people or of objects that are macaws. Formerly seen feeding on vertically extended from the aguaje ▶ nɨsikati ( ) palm fruits in large ground. Gram. In this sense, this flocks of 30 to 50 individuals, they adverb appears modifying the verb are now very rarely encountered in takúuni ‘stand’. Iquito territory. Sci. Orthopsittaca nɨɨku takuuyáana rt. nɨɨku manilata. HDC pers.var. nɨɨsikaaja. takuuyáa irreg.pl. nɨɨku nɨɨsikajina rt. nɨɨsika (n.) takuuyáapɨ lit. high stander irreg.pl. nɨɨsikakajina (loc.n.) tall person. aguajal, grove of nɨsikati (aguaje) nɨɨrapɨ HDC pers.var. of narapu palms, generally found in swampy nɨɨri dialect.var. of manɨti areas; apart from being important aguaje irreg.pl. nɨɨriwa places to harvest fruits, these groves draw animals who eat nɨɨrɨsɨ́wɨɨja irreg.pl. nɨɨrɨsɨ́wɨɨya the fruit, which makes them good (n.) fst.spch. nɨɨrsɨ́wɨɨja hunting places. ▶ Gram. The Black-headed Parrot, species of default form of this locative noun is parrot prized by Iquitos as house nɨɨsikajina; the final vowel of its pets. Sci. Pionites melanocephalus. stem lengthens when followed by Nɨɨ́sijaanu (prop.n.) an Iquito man the locative suffixes -ku, -ma, or who migrated to the Pintuyacu -kúura. free.var. nɨɨsika. River basin from the Mazán River nɨɨsikayúumu (n.) a creek whose basin in the early decades of the source is an aguajal (nɨɨsikajina), 20th century, reportedly because he that is, a swampy grove of aguaje was a shaman who had lost a (nɨsikati) palms; such creeks conflict with another shaman in the generally have black but Mazán River area, and been sediment-free water. afflicted with leishmaniasis (siaraku), which eventually left him nɨɨsikaaja HDC pers.var. of nɨɨsika without any nasal cartilage. ásaaja Receiving the Spanish name nɨɨsina (n.) raptor, general term for Anastasio, he eventually married an raptors such as eagles and hawks,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 325 nɨɨtamu nuníini

especially the larger members of with flat, broad bodies. These fishes this class of bird. Sci. Accipitridae. are often fished for by children with nɨɨtamu irreg.pl. nɨɨtamuwa (n.) 1. fish and line, or are caught in large vulture, general term for the three numbers when fishing with nuúruu smaller species of vulture found in (barbasco), in which case they are Iquito territory: pasúuja, the Black usually cooked in ijiika Vulture, nɨɨtamu aákusa kariyáana, (patarashcas). Sci. Cichlidae spp. the Turkey Vulture, and nɨɨtamu nujija iiráana irreg.pl. nujija proper, the Greater Yellow-headed iíráami lit. thing for mojarra (n.) Turkey Vulture (see below). 2. mojarrero, type of minute fish hook Greater Yellow-headed Turkey used to fish for nujija (mojarras). Vulture, a species-specific term for nujiwa irreg.pl. of nujija this carrion bird, which is distinguished by its partly yellow nunamija (n.) the sun, speaking head. Sci. Cathartes melambrotus. specifically of the celestial object nɨɨtamu aákusa kariyáana and not the heat or atmospheric irreg.pl. nɨɨtamu aákusa kariyáapɨ conditions associated with it. JPI lit. red-faced vulture (n.) Turkey pers.var. níiya namija. Vulture, species-specific term, this nunáani irreg.pl. nunáaniwa, bird is distinguished by its entirely nunáanika lit. his/her body (n.) red head. Sci. Cathartes aura. river; waterway of significant size nɨɨ́tana free.var. of aamina and depth, characterized by being navigable at all times of year. nɨɨti irreg.pl. nɨɨtiwa (n.) tongue. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. nunáani sisa lit. river cashorro (n.) cashorro nɨɨtiiri irreg.pl. nɨɨtiiriwa (n.) pan species of -type fish that flute, traditional instrument used reaches some 30cm in length, and by Iquitos until the late 1950s. lives in rivers, being found mainly in back-eddies and other still nɨɨ́waasi 3.poss. of iíwaasi waters. Like the sisa proper, which nɨ́ɨyɨ 3.poss. of íiyɨ principally lives in oxbow lakes, it nu= (pro.) her, his, its; third has a slender, tubular body, a long, person general number possessive pointed snout, and large, sharp, pronoun. teeth. Sci. Acestrorhynchus sp. nu= (pro.) he, she, it; they; third nuníini rt. nuni (i.v.) shine or give person general number pronoun. off light, speaking of entities which nujija irreg.pl. nujiwa (n.) mojarra, generate their own light, such as general term for smaller cichlid fires, flashlights, and celestial species. These are small, silvery, bodies. ▶ Gram. An entity that is scaled fish of a great variety of illuminated by the light source is species; the largest representatives expressed as an oblique argument reach some 15cm in length, but bearing the locative postposition most are roughly 5cm in length, =jina.

326 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary núriyɨ núuni núriyɨ irreg.pl. nuríyuwa, although the red markings on its nuríyɨwa (n.) tamshi, a type of sides are darker and less distinct. Its tough and somewhat stiff liana that call is quite different, however, is highly valued for binding poles from that of the muusi. Sci. together when building house Leptodactylus sp. frames and similar heavy duty uses; nusíini rt. nuusi dialect.var. of it is also used for weaving certain ipɨ́ɨni drv.rt. nusi kinds of baskets. Sci. Heteropsis spp. nuwaniijúuni rt. nuwaniíjuu tamshi Nuríyɨyúumu lit. creek (t.v.) blow repeatedly on (prop.n.) Tamshi Quebrada , a something, e.g., to cool down small tributary of the lower Nanay something hot, such as soup, or to River, located near the modern remove a fine substance that is community of Yuto. A group of covering something, e.g., dust from Iquitos of the Maájanakáani a tabletop. subgroup lived on this creek, but in nuwáani rt. nuukwa drv.rt. nuwa the late 19th century they began to (t.v.) steal. intermarry with Kokamas and (pro.) Quechua speakers in the area, with nuu third person general the result that the last Iquito number pronoun; this is the speakers there died in the mid-20th information-structurally neutral century. counterpart of anuu and anúuja; it appears principally in verbal object nuríyuwa irreg.pl. of núriyɨ and postpositional complement (loc.n.) nuríyuwajina an area in functions. which núriyɨ (tamshi) lianas cluster nuúkiika (det.) a or an, indefinite together abundantly. article or determiner. Ex. (n.) cumala colorado nuríina , Pɨ́=paanirɨɨkiaana tíira species of tree that grows in areas nuúkiika, taamáana, siriija. We’ll of higher elevation away from search there for a, any, little bird. rivers. Its very straight trunk, which nuúkiika (num.) one. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni grows to some 80cm in diameter, is nuúkiika kásiiri aárɨɨyaa used for roof poles when slender; kanáaja. One whole month passed us when larger, it contains hard black by (waiting for her to call). heartwood that is sometimes used for house posts. It produces fruits nuukwáana irreg.pl. nuukwáapɨ (n.) that burst and scatter oily red thief. seeds; these are eaten by toucans, núuma irreg.pl. nuúmawaaka (n.) tinamous, and other birds. sister-in-law of female ego; irreg.pl. nuriisiwa (n.) brother’s wife or husband’s sister. nuriisi ▶ species of edible toad a bit larger Gram. Poss.pref. than the muusi (hualo), reaching núuni rt. nuu (a.v.) blow or blow some 15cm in length, and generally on something, e.g., to make a fire of quite similar appearance, flame up, to cool down hot soup, or

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 327 núuni nuútima

to cure a patient, in the case of a gills to extract oxygen from water. shaman. ▶ Gram. The (optional) Iquitos traditionally used barbasco object denotes the thing blown on; in creeks, but would also note that the subject can be akíraja occasionally use it in larger rivers ‘wind’. or lakes, pounding a bundle of the núuni irreg.pl. núuwa, nuúniwa roots either on the bank or in the (n.) the largest species of bottom of a canoe and rinsing the shuyo-type fish, reaching some white liquid from the roots into the 40cm in length in Iquito territory, water. Once affected, the with a dark back, yellow face, incapacitated fish float to the reddish belly, and a longitudinal surface, where they are gathered by stripe along its side. This fish is hand, with fishing spears, or with noteworthy for making overland hand nets. Sci. Lonchocarpus nicou. migrations in large groups to nuúruuwajina (loc.n.) barbascal, nearby bodies when its former body a garden consisting largely or of water begins to dry up. Sci. entirely of nuúruu, barbasco. Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus. Rel. nuusina rt. nuusi dialect.var. of núuwa takinajina (loc.n.) lake with aákusana numerous shuyos. rt. nuu (i.v.) burn or flame nuútima rt. nuúti núuni (loc.n.) up, speaking of a fire at the point irreg.pl. nuútikɨya the that it is producing large flames. place at which something that is roughly cylindrical in shape joins or (adv.) only; exhaustive nuúrika connects to a larger body, e.g., the predicate focus. Ex. Nuúrika point at which a tree trunk joins the kí=nikikurá nu=itɨwɨɨkurá ground, a leg joins the torso, or the aaka=jina. I only saw that he fell fingers join the hand. The region into the water. denoted by this term includes both (pro.) nuúrika she or her alone, he the part of the cylindrical object or his alone, it alone; third person near the point of contact and the general number exhaustive focus area of the larger body immediately pronoun. Ex. Nuúrika iwitaárikɨ around the point of contact; e.g., for kanáaja, kí=niaatíija. She alone, a tree, this term denotes both the my mother, cared for us. Ex. base of the trunk and the ground Nuúrika nu=asɨɨyaárikɨ kíija, immediately surrounding the trunk. jɨɨ́tikari taárikɨ maaya kíija. Only ▶ Gram. The default form of this this did my father feed me when I was locative noun is nuútima; the a child. spatially informative forms nuútiku, nuúruu irreg.pl. nuúruuwa (n.) nuútima, and nuútikúura are barbasco, a cultivated plant whose selected in light of the location of long, slender roots contain the point of connection between the rotenone, an effective fish poison two relevant entities relative to the that impedes the ability of fishes’ deictic center. Poss.pref. Ex.

328 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary núuwa nuúwakajina

Siwánaaja nuútima na=puúkiiyaa, nu=rikíini=íira suwaata. They fertilized the bases of the sugarcane, so it would grow well. núuwa irreg.pl. of núuni nuúwajina (loc.n.) shuyal, a lake abundant in núuni (shuyos). free.var. nuúwakajina. nuúwakajina free.var. of nuúwajina

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 329 pakarimaji

pajatáani rt. pajáta (t.v.) make a pájiiti dialect.var. of ámaana single hole that passes through the ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. affected object. act./mid. pajatɨ́ɨni paka rt. paka (adv.) heavily, (middle) speaking of the falling of rain. Ex. pajáti impf.rt. of pajatɨ́ɨni Paka aasi ánii. The rain is falling heavily. pajatɨ́ɨni rt. pajátɨ impf.rt. pajáti (i.v.) be punctured, get holed, such pakana rt. paka (adj.) thick, that the hole passes through the speaking of viscous or somewhat object in question. act./mid. pasty liquids, such as manioc beer, pajatáani (active) gruel, or chapo (mashed plantain drink). pájaati (n.) fruit of the nɨɨ́kamɨ (chambira) palm. Sci. Astrocaryum pakariku rt. pakari chambira. socio.var. apájaati. irreg.pl. pakarikuya, pakarikuka (loc.n.) patio, clear area pájaati nakutáana free.var. of surrounding a house, which was pájaati rikutáana lit. chambira traditionally cleared down to the fruit harvester soil for a distance of some 3-4m pájaati rikutáana lit. chambira around the house. ▶ Gram. The fruit harvester (n.) a legendary default form of this locative noun is snake of the approximate size and pakariku; note that this stem cannot shape of a boa, and of the dark red take the proximal locative suffix -ki. color of ripe nɨsikati (aguaje) fruits, pakarimaji irreg.pl. pakarikɨya which was said to harvest bunches (loc.n.) opening or doorway, the of pájaati (chambira palm fruits) by open space separating two regions anchoring its tail on something and that communicate via a constructed then wrapping its neck around a opening. ▶ Gram. The default form bunch of fruits and pulling until of this locative noun is pakarimaji; they broke free; the snake would note that this stem cannot take the not, however, eat the fruits. proximal locative suffix -ki. When free.var. pájaati nakutáana. the locative suffix -ma is spatially pajíini rt. pájii (i.v.) chew with the informative (rather than used as a mouth full of food. default), the inflected form is

330 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary pakírasíini pakɨsíini

interpreted in the interior/exterior sense is felicitous only when the reference frame as denoting the two relevant edges actually meet, space near the doorway, and inside so it can only be applied to doors, the enclosed space. Likewise, forms windows, etc. if they are well of this locative noun bearing -ku, enough made for the edges to align and construed in the as expected. 4. (t.v.) hold interior/exterior reference frame, something in the mouth with the are interpreted as denoting the lips sealed. space near the doorway and outside pakiitɨ́ɨni rt. pakiítɨɨ 1. (i.v.) touch the enclosed space, while forms or meet, said of the edges of two bearing -kúura are interpreted as objects that are relatively flat, e.g., denoting a small space centered on two planks, or a person’s lips. 2. the doorway itself. In the (i.v.) close or close up, said of gravitational and riverine reference something that has edges that can frames, the inflected forms have meet, e.g., a book, where the edges their expected interpretations, of two sets of pages meet to close denoting doorways, e.g., upriver the book; or a pair of window and downriver of the deictic center. shutters, where the edges of the two free.var. púunku. shutters meet when closed. ▶ Sem. pakírasíini rt. pakírasi (i.v.) start The use of this sense is felicitous to spoil or go bad, speaking of meat only when the two relevant edges or fish, when the outer layer actually meet, such that it can only becomes somewhat soft, slimy, and be used for doors, windows, etc. if smelly. In such cases, if the outer they are well enough made that layer is washed or removed, the edges to meet as they should. rest of the food can still be eaten. pakɨ́jatina rt. pakɨ́jati (adj.) spotted, covered in multiple pakiitáani rt. pakiíta 1. (t.v.) roughly round spots, not make the edges of two relatively necessarily uniformly, said of, e.g., flat things meet or touch, e.g., by jaguars, most stingrays, and certain placing two planks next to each cattle, dogs, and printed cloths. other. 2. (t.v.) enclose or seal dialect.var. muriyuujátina. something with a covering of (n.) flexible materials, e.g., wrap pakɨsi an open wound in and something in a cloth, or cover the below the surface of the skin, such top of a load in a basket with as a long wound resulting from a leaves. 3. (t.v.) close something machete cut, or a substantial puncture resulting from stepping on that has edges that can meet, e.g., a ▶ book, where the edges of two sets something sharp. Gram. Poss.pref. of pages meet to close the book; or free.var. kapɨsi. a pair of window shutters, where pakɨsíini rt. pakɨ́sii (t.v.) wound, the edges of the two shutters align such that the injured party is left when closed. ▶ Sem. The use of this with an open wound. Rel.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 331 pakɨti paníini

pakɨsiikɨ́ɨni (rt. pakɨsiíkɨɨ) (i.v.) facilitate beetles laying their eggs in suffer multiple wounds. free.var. them; of the trunks that have grubs kapɨsíini. but do not have a human owner, it pakɨti (n.) general term for is said that the woodpecker, who butterflies and moths. also eats the grubs, is the owner. 2. any of a small number of dark panaka (n.) huangana curo, grubs found among a mass of pale species of army ant smaller than grubs in a trunk containing grubs; riitaki (sitaraco), the prototypical these dark grubs are believed to be army ant species; although its bite especially liked by woodpeckers. is less painful than the latter, it is known for its tendency to swarm panáani rt. paana drv.rt. pana very quickly up the bodies of (t.v.) heal, using the traditional humans that encounter them, healing practices of tobacco-based delivering a large number of bites. shamanism in the region, which panakaja (n.) 1. dew. 2. mist or include blowing smoke, or sucking falling damp, condensation that on, the affected area; Iquitos falls from cooled air. became increasingly familiar with panasi (n.) 1. general term for this form of shamanism from the woodpeckers, woodcreepers, and 1940s on, which came to be viewed similar birds. 2. term applied to two as less problematic in light of woodpecker species of very similar Christian beliefs than traditional appearance, the Crimson-crested Iquito shamanism. and Lineated Woodpeckers; both paniwɨ irreg.pl. paniwɨya (n.) are among the largest woodpeckers, shitari, species of fish with reaching up to 35cm in length, with exoskeleton-like scales similar to distinctive red heads, large crests, those of the waáyuuri (carachamas), and distinctive white lines along but with a flatter body, and a long, their black shoulders and backs; tapering tail. Sci. Rineloricaria sometimes referred to as panasi lanceolata. iwiítani to distinguish the species (t.v.) from the more general sense of paniijúuni rt. paniíjuu panasi. Sci. Dryocopus lineatus, prepare clay for making pottery, a Campephilus melanoleucos. process that involves cleaning the clay by removing any detritus, panasi kumakija irreg.pl. panasi mixing it with kusáaka kuumaki lit. woodpecker suri (n.) (apacharama) and then kneading it 1. suri or beetle grubs that have to the proper consistency. Rel. grown in a trunk (typically a palm) níiya pániija (n.) clay, typically without human intervention. Note shaped into balls, that has been that the majority of beetle grubs prepared to make ceramic vessels. harvested by Iquitos come from palms that have been deliberately paníini rt. paani drv.rt. pani (t.v.) felled and pierced with holes to look or search for.

332 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary pantíisi paraja pantíisi • from Sp. pandishu. (n.) such that a clump of material, pandishu, species of fruiting tree, perhaps 1-2kg in weight, hangs introduced into Iquito territory in from the end of the aerial root. the early 20th century, with papásiiti dialect.var. of papákɨɨti distinctive large leaves and savory, starchy fruits that are eaten boiled. papaaja (n.) term of uncertain Sci. Artocarpus altilis. meaning, probably archaic, used to papákɨɨti (n.) a thick raft of sticks, refer either to kin whose leaves, and other floating plant relationship to ego is too distant to matter that gradually forms in back be referred to with a more specific eddies of rivers. dialect.var. term, or alternatively, to refer to papásiiti. intimate non-kin friends; it is possible that the latter use is a papaku irreg.pl. papakuwɨya (n.) pragmatically creative extension of rib. the former. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. papaku irreg.pl. papakuwɨya (n.) (adj.) culata, the two vertical or papáana rt. papáa hollow, near-vertical sections of the type of speaking something that is either thatched roof typical for houses in inherently hollow due to nature or Iquito (and most jungle) manufacture, e.g., the stalks of communities; these sections close certain types of cane or a blowgun; the opposite ends of the roof, and or something that has been are positioned inside and under the hollowed out, e.g., a house post that inverted-V angle formed by the two has been hollowed out by termites. major sloped sides of the roof. papaanɨ́ɨni rt. papaánɨɨ (i.v.) pápana (n.) hole, hollow or cavity become hollowed out. act./mid. in a tree, such that the hole papaanúuni (active) constitutes an enclosed space; the papaanúuni rt. papaánuu (t.v.) tree may be alive or dead, and the hollow out, create a largely trunk standing or fallen. Such holes enclosed cavity in something, e.g., are salient because they often serve as termites do when consuming a as homes or hiding places for piece of timber. act./mid. animals and birds. papaanɨ́ɨni (middle) papasika (n.) aerial root mass, rt. papɨɨ (i.v.) have hollow term for the fibrous clump of small papɨ́ɨni spot, said especially of trees, e.g., roots found at the end of the one that is felled to make a canoe, slender, liana-like, aerial roots that but which, while being carved, is hang from certain species of discovered to have a hollow spot. riverside trees, especially the tamɨ́ɨna (tangarana); as a result of paraja (n.) fellow, term used by dangling in the water, these masses members of the Aámuuwáaja dialect of small roots typically capture group as a form of address to sand, leaves, and other detritus, members of the Iquito ethnic group.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 333 paránaja pariki

Rel. parajɨɨka (n.) fellow red toucan feathers, tied a short (diminutive). distance above three or more simple paránaja (n.) species of hooks that have been tied together bombardier beetle that squirts a to form a single multi-barbed hook; caustic liquid from its rear when the lure is then tied to a short line molested. Traditionally, the liquid on a thick fishing pole, and the lure was used to treat warts, and when is made to skip over the surface of encountered in sufficient numbers, the water by drawing it back and the beetle was gathered for forth with the fishing pole. consumption. paraanɨ́ɨni rt. paraánɨɨ 1. (i.v.) paranaasi (n.) species of epiphyte shiririquiar, cast a paráana lure in a with broad leaves that produces swift, flicking motion over the bunches of small yellowish and surface of the water to attract fish. reddish hanging flowers that have a 2. (i.v.) decorate a headdress or strong and pleasant scent lure with feathers. reminiscent of vanilla; these flowers paráatu • from Sp. plato. (n.) were traditionally harvested by plate; manufactured plates, Iquitos to perfume themselves. introduced by mestizos in the early paráana (n.) 1. crest, speaking 20th century; by the late 1940s both of birds, such the Harpy Eagle manufactured plates of this type (síruku nɨɨsina), and animals like the had almost wholly displaced tapir, which have a crest-like ridge traditional eating dishes such as of hairs on the back of the neck. manɨti. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. in this sense. 2. (t.v.) traditional headdress of Iquito men, paríjatáani rt. paríjata help which was made out of isakúuna or assist, be it in the performance of (tahuarí) bark, and consisted of a a task, e.g., clearing a garden, by headband 5-7cm in width, pale in lending resources to someone in color, to which was attached, at the need, e.g., gasoline to someone who back, a long tail of fibers made by needs to make a trip, or by finely splitting another band of the succoring someone who has come same material. The headband itself to harm or is in peril, e.g., someone was painted with karásiika who has fallen in the river and is (achiote) in a repeating geometric danger of drowning. design of nested triangles or parikaani rt. parika (t.v.) made semicircles. In recent years, this something broad by flattening it, term has been applied to e.g., a lump of lead by pounding it, neo-traditional head adornments so that in can be subsequently that are modeled on Bora feather shaped into a weight for a fishing shiririca headdresses. 3. , a type of line. lure used to fish for awáara (tucunaré); it consists of yellow and pariki impf.rt. of parikɨ́ɨni

334 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary parikɨ́ɨni paríini parikɨ́ɨni rt. parikɨ impf.rt. pariki paríini (n.) power, speaking of (i.v.) be flat against the ground, power that springs from a person’s e.g., speaking of a person or ability, talent, or knowledge, e.g., animal, to hide from pursuer; or be the power of a shaman, due to his collapsed into a low pile, as of a esoteric knowledge. house that has collapsed completely to the ground. paríini rt. parii 1. (t.v.) be able to, have the capacity to perform some parikɨɨtáani rt. parikɨɨta (i.v.) be action. ▶ Gram. This sense takes a low to the ground; for the bulk of non-finite irrealis clause as its an object or an animal to be close complement. Ex. to the ground but not in contact Nu=wɨɨrɨɨ́takiaakɨ=ná iipɨ with it, being held away from the nu=kaayaaka, “Tɨɨti ground by something, e.g., by short pɨ́=pariíyaa p=ɨ́yɨki míini, limbs, speaking of a toad or p=ɨwíini=íira tii?” He asked his chicken; or by a base that is people, “Where can we make our relatively narrow in comparison place (settlement), in order to live with the bulk of the object, as in there?” Ex. Na=inaárikɨ=na the case of certain ceramic vessels; aasamu=akájinakuúraji or by legs, as in the case of na=iníyana, náana, traditional carved wooden stools, na=paríini=íira iniyáani which have very short stubby legs. aasamu. They put a bridge across the parina rt. pari (adj.) wide or broad, creek, a tree (trunk), so that they speaking of relatively flat objects, could cross the creek. 2. (t.v.) be e.g., a plank or a piece of fabric; or equal to, match, speaking of some of spaces that can construed as two quality of another entity, or an dimensional extensions, e.g., a path activity, and normally used in the or a river. Rel. pariki (loc.n.) broad context of a contest or fight, in flat proximal space. Rel. pariwaasa which case equaling the individual (adj.) wide-mouthed. Rel. in question corresponds to pariwɨɨka (adj.) broad-leafed. defeating them. ▶ Gram. In this sense, the complement often takes parina irreg.pl. parimi (inanimate) the instrumentral/comitative (n.) width. ▶ Gram. This noun posposition =jata, but this is takes inanimate agreement even omitted if the complement is an with animate referents. Poss.pref. event nominalization. Ex. Kaa paríiku irreg.pl. paáriwa (n.) kia=paájii jɨɨ́tikari kí=paríini. pucacunga or Spix’s Guan, species You’ll never be able to equal me (in of brownish galliform bird that fighting). Ex. Iyaamiaákuji kíija, reaches some 80cm in length, and kaa kia=paájii k=ɨ́ɨni paríini. has a long tail, red legs, and a large, Because as for me, you can’t match distinctive red neck wattle. Sci. my flight (said the macaw). 3. (t.v.) Penelope jacquacu. do frequently or habitually.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 335 pariinúuni páruuti

▶ Gram. The activity that is páriiti (n.) an unidentified species realized frequently or habitually is of liana or creeper that produces expressed as a non-finite large, bulbous, edible tubers with complement clause. Ex. starchy yellow flesh that can reach Kia=pariíyaa samúkwaati 40cm in diameter; a single plant is asáani? Do you eat plantains? Ex. said to produce 2 or 3 of these Kíija, jɨɨ́tikari kw=ákɨsii=na, tubers. Traditionally prepared by aájapaki kí=paríini kuwasíini roasting it in embers, this tuber kia=íyima. I, when I am drunk, I was, according to Iquito oral don’t argue at your place. 4. (t.v.) for tradition, the principal food of the something to penetrate the body, Aámuuwáaja, the Iquito subgroup e.g., heat, cold, a sensation, or a said to have been nomadic, and said substance like poison or a fungus. not to have practiced agriculture. ▶ Gram. In this sense, the verb páriiyɨ irreg.pl. páriiyɨwa, takes only an NP complement. Ex. páriiyuwa (n.) species of flat Íyaa iina=na, iina mɨtiija tamshi-type liana, some 1cm wide, apárakuraana riníkiinɨ́ɨni=jina, in contrast to the round núriyɨ jɨɨ́tikari iípanaka pariirɨɨkurá (tamshi proper), but used in much nuu=jinakuma jaari. At that the same way. point, the turtle began to struggle, parɨ́ɨni rt. paárɨ impf.rt. paári when the heat penetrated its interior. drv.rt. párɨ (i.v.) shrink and become wrinkled, said of fruits with pariinúuni rt. pariínuu (t.v.) somewhat soft flesh and skin, such make something flat and relatively as ikaja (cocona), paaríkwana thin, e.g., by hammering metal; by (coconilla), or tomatoes, whether applying force to something soft, due to age, or, especially in the case such as dough; or by cutting, such of cocona, due to cooking. Cocona as making planks from a tree trunk. and coconilla become quite sweet when they undergo this process páriiti (n.) species of parinari-type naturally, so people often delay tree that grows in sásakɨ (champal, eating these fruits until they begin leaf litter), whose trunk grows to to wrinkle, considering it part of some 75cm in diameter. Its the ripening process. Rel. párɨɨja roundish fruits, yellow when ripe, (adj.) ripened, speaking specifically are about 10cm in diameter and of cocona and coconilla fruits. have a layer of sweet flesh around a (t.v.) large hard seed, which when paruutáani rt. paruúta put broken open, reveals rich, oily away, save, store; put something in flesh, similar to that of the niraasi a safe place such that it protected (shapaja palm) fruits. These fruits from harm or theft. are an important food source for páruuti (n.) parinari de altura, regularly hunted rodents such as species of parinari-type tree, which the tiímaaka (majás, Paca). grows in elevated areas far from

336 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary pasina paajámaka

rivers. It trunk reaches about 75cm and reaches some 1.5m in height. in diameter and its roughly Its fairly broad and rigid leaves, acorn-shaped fruits, about 10cm in which are forked at their ends, tend diameter, have very sweet flesh to stand nearly upright, but they surrounding a large seed. This seed are somewhat brittle, so nowadays can be cracked open and its oily they are rarely used for anything flesh, reminiscent of the flesh of except to wrap things gathered in niraasi (shapaja palm) fruits, eaten. the forest when nothing better is pasina rt. pasi (adj.) successful, available; historically, they were infallible, said specifically of an commonly used to wrap blocks of leche caspi individual who is uniformly solidified anuuti ( ) successful in bringing home game rubber. Sci. Geonoma macrostachys. or fish when they go hunting or pasúuja (n.) Black Vulture, the fishing; while generally said of most common carrion bird in Iquito men, this quality is also attributed territory, distinguished by its black to apex predators such as jaguars head. According to Iquito oral and the larger eagles. tradition, it travels with flies under pasiija (n.) general term for its wings, which make sorties to several species of small locate carrion for the vulture. Sci. woodcreepers, a type of small bird Coragyps atratus. that clings vertically to tree trunks pasúuja naamɨ irreg.pl. pasúuja and forages for invertebrates on naamɨya lit. black vulture leaf (n.) and in the bark. They are hierba santa, species of bush whose reddish-brown, with or without leaves, which give off a rank smell pale streaking on the throat, and when bruised or torn, are used for have proportionately long tails. medicinal purposes. To reduce Their color is said to resemble that fevers, the leaves are crushed by of the crop of páasi (huasaco) fish, hand in water, to which is added from which derives the alternate urine and lemon, and the patient is name for this class of birds. Sci. given approximately a cup’s worth Dendrocolaptidae spp. (smaller to drink, which is believed to cause species). free.var. páasi ípuusi. the fever to break. Sci. Cestrum pasiita (adv.) uniformly hediondinum. successfully, speaking of hunting or payɨ́ɨni rt. paákɨ impf.rt. paaki fishing activity. Rel. pasiita drv.rt. páyɨ (i.v.) injure oneself by siíyuuyáana (n.) uniformly stepping on something sharp, e.g., a successful fisherman. Rel. pasiita thorn or nail. aamɨ́yaakiáana (n.) uniformly paa (prtcl.) jussive particle; an successful hunter. element that indicates that an pasɨɨmɨ irreg.pl. pasɨɨmɨya (n.) utterance has directive illocutionary calzón panga, a short palm species force to a third person individual. that grows in clayey soils (tipáaka) paajámaka irreg.pl. of paajámani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 337 paajámani paajúuni paajámani irreg.pl. paajámaka (n.) suwaata. We got along (accustomed) lover, boyfriend or girlfriend; a well with him. 3. (t.v.) be able. romantic partner outside a ▶ Gram. This sense occurs marriage bond, whether the exclusively in negative polarity relationship is exclusive of either clauses, such that it only appears as partner being otherwise married, or an expression of inability, and takes an adulterous relationship for one an irrealis nominalized clause as its or both individuals. complement; the interpretation of paajamaníini rt. paajamánii this verb shades from an outright (t.v.) acquire a boyfriend or expression of inability as such, to a girlfriend; begin relations as lovers prediction that the eventuality with a member of the opposite sex. denoted by its complement will (fail to) arise. Ex. Kaa nu=paájii paajanáaku (n.) 1. an aged and kuuta kí=kasiráani. He probably weakened clay pot that is protected won’t be able to catch me. Ex. “Aa, by a netting of núriyɨ (tamshi) kaa kia=paájii iwarɨ́ɨni, aríriija. which has been woven tightly Oh, you won’t die, aunt. act./mid. around the pot so as to prevent it paajúuni (active) Rel. paajiáana from breaking. 2. tinaja, a type of (n.) student. traditional large-mouthed ceramic vessel used to make manioc beer. ▶ paajúuni rt. paájuu (d.v.) teach. Socio. This term is understood ▶ differently by different speakers; in Gram. This verb can take an NP particular, JPI only recognizes complement that denotes or indexes sense 1, while ELY only recognizes the person or people taught, as well sense 2. as a second complement that indicates what was taught. This impf.rt. of paajɨ́ɨni paaji second complement can be an NP (n.) paajiáana irreg.pl. paajiáapɨ or a clause; if clausal, the student, any person who learns. complement may be: 1) a non-finite paajɨ́ɨni rt. paajɨ impf.rt. paaji 1. irrealis clause; 2) a finite embedded (a.v.) learn. ▶ Gram. This sense can interrogative clause; or 3) a take a non-finite irrealis clause or reported speech complement. Ex. an NP as its complement. Ex. Na=paájuuyaa kanáaja Nu=paajɨkiaakɨ́ simiitáani. He na=kuwasíini. They taught us their learned to read. Ex. Paajɨɨ́kwaa languages. Ex. Pɨɨ́ naa paájuu nasi tíira tɨɨ nu=anɨɨ́yaa kiáaja. Go míini, kuuwaa paníini learn over there where he is calling naki=jina, paápaaja paníini you. 2. (t.v.) become accustomed aaka=jina. We will teach them to to, or fond of, an activity, practice, make gardens, to seek out game in the person, or thing. ▶ Gram. This forest, to seek out fish in the waters. sense can take a non-finite irrealis Ex. Atíira na=paájuukiaakɨ clause or an NP as its complement. kanáaja jaátaaraata taá soldado Ex. Kana=paajɨkiaakɨ́ nuu=jata kuwíini=na, jaátaaraata taá pɨɨ

338 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary paájuuyáana paani

p=ɨyɨkúura kárii aamuúkujina, paákiija (n.) joint or hinge, pɨyɨ́ɨni saakaaya. There they taught whether a joint connecting two us how to be soldiers, how we could body parts, e.g., the elbows, knees, look after ourselves during wartime, or finger joints, or a hinge and everything. Ex. Atii connecting two parts of a nu=paájuuyaárikɨ kíija, “Iiná tɨɨ manufactured object. ▶ Gram. náaji, iiná tɨɨ náaji, iiná tɨɨ Poss.pref. náaji.” There he taught me, “This is paakiitáani rt. paakiíta (t.v.) thus, this is thus, this is thus.” attach two long objects by their tips act./mid. paajɨ́ɨni (middle) or ends, e.g., tie together two pieces paájuuyáana irreg.pl. paájuuyáapɨ of rope by their ends so as to form a (n.) teacher, any person who single long rope; or attach two teaches. planks to each other by their narrow ends, e.g., by overlapping irreg.pl. paakaniiriwa paakaniiri them and nailing them together. (n.) a relatively large species of act./mid. paakiitɨ́ɨni (middle) mojarra-type fish that reaches some (t.v.) 8cm in length. It is reminiscent of paakiitɨ́ɨni rt. paakiitɨɨ mamatiiri, but lacks the latter’s red rejoin, speaking of the two ends of eye and black tail. It is typically something that rejoin and regrow, enountered in large groups in e.g., a part of a tree trunk that has slow-moving creeks and small been cut with a machete, but grows lakes. free.var. paakanɨɨri. back together; or, according to Iquito oral tradition, certain paakanɨɨri free.var. of paakaniiri supernaturally powerful boas that paakaraasíini rt. paakaraásii • can join back together and come from Sp. pagar. (t.v.) pay, pay off back to life after being hacked into debt; for Iquito speakers, this term pieces. act./mid. paakiitáani (active) is strongly associated with the paanáana rt. paanáa action of paying off one’s account irreg.pl. paanáapɨ (n.) curandero or debt to a patron as part of the or vegetalista, practitioner of debt peonage system in which the modern mestizo shamanism; the Iquito people were enmeshed for paanáana is now viewed as wholly ▶ much of the 20th century. Gram. benevolent, as opposed to the The object of the verb may denote traditional shaman or siimana, who, either the debt or account paid off, while more powerful, is a much or the recipient of the money. Ex. more ambiguous figure who is Kana=sikitáani=íira capable both of impressive acts of nu=sinaakɨ, healing and terrifying actions of nu=paakaraásiiyaárikɨ kanáaja. vengeful destruction. For washing his clothes, he would pay paani (n.) ayaymama or Common us. Potoo, a mottled gray and brown paaki impf.rt. of payɨ́ɨni nocturnal bird measuring some 40

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 339 paani jíina paápaaja imɨ́ɨni

cm in length, with large eyes and a paapa iwíini rt. paapa iíki (i.v.) short, very broad beak. This bird live calmly and quietly, without typically perches on a dead tree or getting in arguments or fights. tree stump during the day in a ▶ Gram. The verb in this distinctive upright posture that construction inflects with person camouflages it as a branch of the and TAM morphology as is typical trunk or the tip of the stump on of finite verbs. Ex. Paapa which it is perched. At night, it nu=iíkii. She lives peacefully. Rel. gives a distinctive mournful, paapa iikiáana (n.) calm and descending multi-note call, from tranquil person who does not get which is derived its Spanish name. into fights or arguments. ▶ Sci. Nyctibius griseus. Anth. paápaka naasíina JPI pers.var. of According to Iquito oral tradition, jaatika asaakúuna the distinctive cry is a laugh in lit. fishes eagle response to a question that the bird paápaka nɨɨsina (n.) Osprey, species of raptor that asks of the stump on which it is subsists on fish. According to Iquito perched, regarding the shape of oral tradition, the call of this raptor women’s vaginas, which the stump brings fish to the surface, where it has the opportunity to spy as can capture them. Sci. Pandion women step over it; the stump is haliaetus. free.var. paápaaja said to answer that their vaginas nɨɨsina. resembles the bird’s broad mouth, causing the bird to laugh. paápaka simɨráana free.var. of lit. Common Potoo jaatika asaakúuna lit. fishes' paani jíina parinari penis (n.) species of very small bee that produces a honey that is both paapana rt. paapa (adj.) quiet, sweet and acidic. It constructs its tranquil; said specifically of the nest in the hollows of trees, and the personal trait of being quiet and entrance of the nest emerges from calm, and of living in a such a the hollow and points upwards from manner as to avoid disputes and the opening in the tree, resembling arguments. Rel. paapa (adv.) the posture of a perching paani calmly, quietly, tranquilly. (Common Potoo or ayaymama); this paápaaja irreg.pl. paápaka (n.) entrance, measuring a little over fish, general term for fish of any 1cm in diameter and some 5cm in species, whether as a live animal or length, is quite fragile. as food. Nanay dialect.var. paaniiri Maájanakáani dialect.var. paápaaraja. of saapi paápaaja imɨ́ɨka irreg.pl. of paaniiwɨ irreg.pl. paaniiwɨya (n.) paápaaja imɨ́ɨni knife. paápaaja imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. paápaaja paankwáana free.var. of imɨ́ɨka lit. fish madre (n.) a flat, saakaákuuja • from Sp. panguana. whitish parasite, some 1cm in

340 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary paápaaja nɨɨsina paasiiti

length, found clinging to the neck paáriwa irreg.pl. of paríiku and gills of some fish. páasi (n.) huasaco or fasaco, paápaaja nɨɨsina free.var. of general term for several paápaka nɨɨsina lit. fish eagle carnivorous species of fish with paápaaraja Nanay dialect.var. of sharp teeth, large scales, and a paápaaja bulky, tubular body. Sci. Hoplias ▶ paapaárika (interj.) “be quiet!”, malabaricus. Anth. According to “silence!”, exclamation employed Iquito oral tradition, these fish and as a directive to silence one or more the sajina snake transform into each people who are speaking or other when they get old. otherwise making noise. free.var. of pasiija lit. • páasi ípuusi paapáayɨ from Sp. papaya. (n.) huasaco crop papaya, a cultivated fruit tree introduced into Iquito territory in páasi ípuusi lit. huasaco crop (n.) the early 20th century. Sci. Carica infection of the salivary glands, papaya. which causes them to protrude in a manner reminiscent of the crop of a paari irreg.pl. paariwaaka • from páasi (huasaco). When severe, this Sp. padre. (n.) priest or Catholic infection makes it difficult to eat or father. talk; it is said to be cured by paári impf.rt. of parɨ́ɨni drinking hot water. lit. priest's cacao páari kajikúuna (t.v.) (n.) variety of wild cacao whose paasiijúuni rt. paasiíjuu fruits are smaller than those of render someone, typically an kajikúuna, reaching only some enemy, passive and cowardly, a 10cm in length, and which do not process that is called ‘hypnotism’ by become particularly yellow when modern Iquitos, typically by use of ripe; this tree is now rarely seen in paasiiti, a plant believed to be able the San Antonio area, due to having to induce this state. been felled in large numbers in paasiiti (n.) a variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti order to harvest the fruits, which (chacruna) that was chewed and grew high up on the trunks. Sci. rubbed on one’s body to make Theobroma cacao var. people with whom one was likely paaríkwana (n.) coconilla, species to fight passive and cowardly (a of cultivated bush that reaches up process that modern Iquitos refer to to 1m in height and produces small as ‘hypnotism’), and was thus one spherical fruits that are red and of the preparations for raids carried 1.5-2cm in diameter when ripe; the out in the distant past between fruits are sweet and somewhat Iquito settlements; the plant was tangy, and the stalks of the plant also used to make game animals are covered with thorns. Sci. meek and docile. Sci. Psychotria Solanum coconilla. free.var. kúrija. viridis var.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 341 paataasíini paayuwa paataasíini rt. paataásii and gained control over the Iquito Maasikuuri dialect.var. of aratiinɨ́ɨni people at about the beginning of the paati dialect.var. of paatíija 20th century, exploiting them so ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. mercilessly that their descendants regularly refer to that period as one (n.) paátiku type of traditional seat of ‘slavery’. Control via violence for a single person, carved from a and physical indimidation gave single piece of wood, typically a way to debt peonage in the 1920s section of tree trunk, with short and 1930s, with the patrones legs about 10cm long, reaching a having gained hegemony over the total height of about 25cm. Iquitos with the effective support of paatíija (n.) vocative term for the local state and church. The paternal uncle; father’s brother, power of the patrones began to male or female ego. ▶ Gram. wane in the 1950s, as more Iquitos Referential counterpart: kumáani. came to have knowledge of dialect.var. paati. mainstream Peruvian society, and paatíina (n.) topa or balsa tree, from the 1960s on, gained access to species of tree with very light wood education. By the 1980s the patrones that grows in open spaces, such as had lost most of the power patrón fallow gardens; its wood is used for they once held. The under floats and rafts, and its bark is used whom the Iquitos founded the as temporary ropes and tumplines. community of San Antonio was Sci. Ochroma pyramidale. Ramón Ampuero, but after his accidental death, his territory was • pato (n.) páatu from Sp. . duck, taken over by a neighboring patrón, domesticated fowl introduced to Elías Guimack, who subsequently Iquito territory in the early 20th exercised a considerable influence century. over the Iquito people, together paaturuu irreg.pl. paaturuuwaaka with his son, Eluterio Guimack, • from Sp. patrón. (n.) patrón, a who assumed the role of patrón class of mestizo ‘bosses’ who were when his father became older. In active throughout Peruvian particular, both patrones actively Amazonia from the late 19th sought to suppress Iquito cultural century on, and who, through a practices, and actively shamed combination of violence, people for their use of the Iquito intimidation, and economic language. inducement, monopolized, on the one hand, the extractive labor of páawu • from Sp. pavo. (n.) indigenous groups, and on the turkey, domesticated fowl other, the access that these groups introduced into Iquito territory in had to manufactured goods. They the 20th century. made their appearance in Iquito territory during the Rubber Boom, paayuwa free.var. of tipaku

342 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary paáyuuku piriki paáyuuku (n.) the clear, hardened pikawaasa (adj.) drool-mouthed; a resin of paáyuuna (azúcar huayo) person with a great deal of saliva trees, which is found in large lumps such that they are often drooling, on the trunks of this species. This e.g., when they are speaking. resin was traditionally used like piki impf.rt. of pikɨ́ɨni incense, and in particular, was used (n.) díspera in the treatment of infants believed píkii irreg.pl. píkiiwa sacha guayaba to have been afflicted by or , species of malevolent spirits, as manifested by broad-leafed tree with that grows in purmas symptoms such as excessive crying and grazing areas. Its trunk or diarrhea; the paáyuuka was reaches a diameter of up to 30cm, burned, sometimes with other but is often much smaller, and it substances that gave off a strong has a large number of branches on smell when burned, such as toucan which grow fruits that are feathers, in a dish below the child, reminiscent in shape and color to guayaba such that the odiferous smoke fruits but are considerably enveloped the baby, which was less tasty. It was believed that believed to drive off the spirits. eating too many of these fruits would result in lice. An extract paáyuuna (n.) azúcar huayo, tree from the bark is applied directly to species whose bark is commonly wounds to treat them. added to aguardiente as a flavoring, pikɨ́ɨni rt. pikɨ impf.rt. piki (i.v.) and is said, in this capacity, to serve spoil and ferment, said of fruits as a remedy for colds and arthritis, when they have passed their point as well as mitigating the ill effects of optimal ripeness. Rel. pikɨɨkíini of aguardiente when drunk in (rt. pikɨɨ́kii) (i.v.) ferment (multiple excessive quantities. The tree slender fruits). produces bunches of elongated fruits about 10cm long, which pikúuni rt. píkuu (a.v.) become when ripe can be broken open to wet or get something wet. Rel. reveal an edible, sweet, powdery pikuujúuni (rt. pikuújuu) (t.v.) wet substance (from which the tree gets something bit by bit, wetting it its Spanish name). The tree also slightly each time, e.g., patting produces a valued hard resin one’s body with water to cool (paáyuuka), and is sometimes felled down. for its hard heartwood, which can pirikáani rt. pirika (t.v.) blunt the be used to make house posts, but sharp tip or point of some object, these decay sooner than most e.g., the tip of a harpoon, by hitting heartwood posts. Sci. Hymenaea it against a rock, or the sharp end courbaril. of a cut stick, by hitting it with the pikana rt. pika (adj.) wet. Rel. side of a machete. act./mid. pirikɨ́ɨni pikájaaka (adj.) watery or juicy (middle) fruit; wet vagina. piriki impf.rt. of pirikɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 343 pirikɨ́ɨni pisaki pirikɨ́ɨni rt. pirikɨ impf.rt. piriki flesh marked by purplish veins. The (i.v.) become blunt, speaking of name of the variety derives from something pointed, typically by the perceived similarity between its having struck against a hard object. flesh and the soft and watery flesh act./mid. pirikáani (active) of the piruja (bocón) fish. piritíina fst.spch. pirtíina (n.) pirujákiaakɨ irreg.pl. of species of chimicua-type tree with pirujákana small, lobed fruits that measure pirusu irreg.pl. pirusuwa, pirusuka some 3cm in diameter; these fruits (n.) electric eel, generally found in have the same basic form and color blackwater lakes far from rivers; as the larger mɨyaara titikaríina according to Iquito oral tradition, fruits but are softer and sweeter this eel uses its electric shock to when ripe and, unlike the latter knock down fruits from trees so species, the rind does not cause the that it can consume them, as well lips to crack or peel. Sci. as to kill small swimming animals Pseudolmedia sp. for food. Sci. Electrophorus electricus. pirɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. pirɨɨ́nika, pirɨɨ́niwa pisaja (n.) White-throated (n.) Many-banded Araçari, a Tinamou, species of small tinamou toucan-like bird that reaches some Its distinctive call is heard much 40cm in length; it has a long bill more commonly than the bird itself and two distinctive stripes across is seen, as is typical of tinamous, the chest. Sci. Pteroglossus and it is generally found and heard pluricinctus. in areas far from rivers. Sci. piruja (n.) bocón, species of catfish Tinamus guttatus. that reaches some 40cm in length, pisaja namákuuri irreg.pl. pisaja notable for having a very wide namákuuriwa lit. White-throated body and large mouth for a fish of Tinamou wing (n.) its length. Dark gray in color, it is ‘White-Throated Tinamou wing’ mainly found in larger rivers, and style of weaving iitaari (crisneja only rarely in lakes, and has quite thatch panels), in which the soft flesh. Sci. Ageneiosus brevifilis. ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm frond stems ▶ Anth. According to Iquito oral are woven on the palm wood lath tradition, the júuri toad turns into in such a way that they resemble this species of catfish when it gets wings extending from the lath. sufficiently old. pisaki irreg.pl. pisakiwa (n.) 1. skin pirujákana irreg.pl. pirujákiaakɨ abscess, swollen abcess full of pus lit. bocón manioc (n.) yuca de that forms under the skin for any of bocón, a variety of manioc formerly a variety of reasons; such abcessess cultivated in the San Antonio area, generally swell uncomfortably until but now believed to be lost; it stalk they are lanced or they burst of was pale, while the tuber had their own accord. Ex. Pisaki purplish skin and relatively watery imaárikɨ=na nuu. He had a tumor

344 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary písaku Piírnaja

(and was unable to walk). 2. asnay bitten by snakes. Sci. Typhlonectes or scent gland of the peccary, sp. located on its back near its tail, pitu Chambira dialect.var. of piyúuri which produces the muúsaka, or (n.) strong distinctive scent, of these pítuuja penis of an infant or animals. child, before it begins to show signs of sexual maturity. písaku (n.) trunk, generally used to (n.) store personal possessions. piyúuri irreg.pl. piyuúriwa paujil or Salvin’s Currasow, a large (n.) pisiaari irreg.pl. pisiaariwa black galliform bird that measures exposed penis or the clitoris, in the up to 85cm in length, with a long case that the foreskin or the lips of tail, white vent, red legs, and large the vagina fail to cover the majority orange beak with a significant of the tip of the relevant organ; also ridge. The largest game bird in the said of the penis of certain animals Pintuyacu River region, it is now who characteristically have penises only found in areas distant from of this sort, such as the tapir. settlements, due to heavy hunting. písiika (n.) general term for Sci. Mitu salvini. Chambira tanagers, a group of birds, of which dialect.var. pitu. a number of genera and species are piyúuri iíyɨɨ free.var. of named in Iquito. The prototypical sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ irreg.pl. piyúuri iíyɨwa písiika is the Masked Crimson lit. Salvin's Currasow liana • calque Tanager or nasipánaaja. Sci. of Q. paujil chaqui. Thraupidae spp. piipíisika • from Sp. tipishca. písiika katija lit. Thraupidae sweet fst.spch. The penultimate vowel is (n.) katija potato a variety of often reduced or elided, yielding sachapapa ( ) with purplish flesh. the form piipíiska (n.) tipishca or Sci. Dioscorea trifida var. incipient oxbow lake; a curved pisíiku táraati dialect.var. of isɨɨja section of river that branches off táraati lit. Saddle-Backed Tamarin and then rejoins the main course, pashaco formed when the river makes a pisúuni irreg.pl. pisuúniwa (n.) shortcut by cutting through a thin atinga, species of dark gray neck of land that separates one caecilian (an amphibian resembling section of a river from another an eel or snake) that reaches 1m in section that lies nearby by virtue of length, and tends to live in burrows the river doubling back on itself. below the waterline in muddy river Piírnaja (prop.n.) woman born in banks. Considered edible, it is the 19th century who died in typically caught using barbasco. approximately 1962 at a very Iquitos traditionally believed that advanced age (reportedly 110 years eating its flesh made a person, but old); she was given the Spanish especially a child, less likely to be name Dolores Yareja and was thus

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 345 piirúura pɨsɨkɨ pɨɨ́taki

also known as Tururíisa, as well by Antonio; he received the Spanish the affectionate name Piirnákuuja; name Julio Peña and died in the best known as the wife of the last late 1940s. Iquito kuuráaka (leader), Alejandro piisíini rt. piisi euph.var. of isáani Shinchija. free.var. Turuuríisa. • from Q. pichi. ▶ Socio. Some piirúura • from Sp. perol. (n.) type speakers indicate that this verb is of large bronze cauldron used for used specifically to refer to the processing sugar cane, especially in urination of women. making molasses. In use from the pɨ́= (pro.) our (inclusive) first early 20th century until the 1950s, person plural possessive pronoun, when sugar cane ceased to be inclusive of addressee. commercially cultivated in the San (pro.) Antonio area, these deep vessels pɨ́= we (inclusive), us came in various sizes, with mouths (inclusive); first person plural up to 1.5m in diameter, curved pronoun, inclusive of addressee. sides, and flat bases. pɨsɨkɨ irreg.pl. pɨsɨkɨya (n.) piirúuta (n.) 1. ball of any type; Brazilian Tapir, the largest game prototypically, a soccer ball. 2. the animal hunted in Iquito territory, sport of soccer of football. ▶ Gram. and still relatively numerous in the In this sense, this word typically area around the community of San appears as the object of maayaasíini Antonio. Sci. Tapirus terrestris. ‘play’. Ex. Kí=maayaasiaárikɨ pɨsɨkɨ maájarakúuna lit. tapir's piirúuta tii pakarikuji. I played shimbillo (n.) species of small soccer there in the patio (yard). softwood tree found in inundating piisiáana • from Sp. pichana. (n.) areas, often in large numbers. Its pichana, ground cover plant that trunk reaches about 15cm and it grows in cleared areas. The juice of produces purplish fruits of the size this plant, extracted by pulping it, and shape of olives; these are not is used medicinally to cure fevers edible by humans, but are eaten by and throat ailments; when given in tapirs and toucans. Short-lived, the small quantities it induces tree fruits for only a few years vomiting, which is believed to before dying. remove fevers as well as other pɨsɨkɨ mɨyaara irreg.pl. pɨsɨkɨ maladies believed to be related to mɨyaaraa lit. tapir jaguar (n.) fevers. Sci. Sida rhombifolia. species of legendary jaguar, not Piisíruuja (prop.n.) a seen in the lives of any living Iquito Maájanakáani man from the person, that was much larger than Chambira River, originally living the common jaguar, and was very close to its confluence with the capable of capturing a tapir without Pintuyacu River, who became a difficulty. peón de Ramón Ampuero and was pɨsɨkɨ pɨɨ́taki lit. tapir's butt-wiper one of the original settlers of San (n.) species of silvery-colored

346 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary pɨyarúuna pɨɨ́rika

huasaco-type fish (páasi) that Ex. Náaji iipɨ=na reaches some 10cm in length. pɨɨkakiaakɨ=na=waja iina ▶ Anth. According to Iquito oral itíniija , iipɨ námiiyaárikɨ nuu. tradition, this fish serves as the Thus they finished off the manioc implement that tapirs use to wipe beer, those who had made him drink themselves after they defecate. of it. act./mid. pɨyɨ́ɨni (middle) pɨyarúuna free.var. of jinakuna pɨyɨ́ɨni (adj.) all. pɨyaánaamɨ pɨyɨ́ɨni (n.) 1. everything. 2. irreg.pl. pɨyaánaamɨya, everyone. pɨyaánaamɨka (n.) hip bone of pɨyɨ́ɨni rt. pɨɨ́kɨ impf.rt. pɨɨ́ki drv.rt. human or animal, referring to the pɨ́yɨ (i.v.) come to an end or run entire cradle of the hip, excluding out, referring either to temporal ▶ the coccyx. Gram. Poss.pref. periods, e.g., a day, or to a pɨyáani rt. pɨɨka drv.rt. pɨya 1. determinate number or entities or (t.v.) finish or complete an activity quantity of substance, e.g., the or task, e.g., clearing a garden or quantity of food that one has to eat. making masato. ▶ Gram. This sense act./mid. pɨyáani (active) typically bears a non-finite irrealis pɨ́ɨja (pro.) we (inclusive), us clause complement, but it can also (inclusive); first person plural bear a nominal object that pronoun, inclusive of addressee, implicates the completion of an used for information-structurally associated activity, or a pronominal prominent functions such as topic object with anaphoric reference to and focus, and in other grammatical some activity or task. Ex. contexts requiring a free pronoun, Nu=pɨɨkarɨɨkuraana asáani. He including verbal object function. finished eating. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari pɨɨka (n.) species of small frog that na=pɨɨkakiaakɨ=ná lives in small ponds and puddles in na=iíminaka míini=na, the forest, measuring 5cm in na=iíkwakiaakɨ=na. When they length, generally brown in color, finished constructing their canoes, with a yellowish belly and they left. Ex. Jaa kí=pɨɨkarɨɨkura comparatively short legs; its name kí=kamarɨ́ɨta. I have finished my derives from its distinctive call, clearing (i.e., finished clearing a which is heard in the wet season. particular patch of land intended for a pɨɨ́ki impf.rt. of pɨyɨ́ɨni garden). 2. (t.v.) finish off a (i.v.) determinate quantity of entities or pɨ́ɨni rt. pɨɨ wipe or clean substance, e.g., finish off all of oneself after defecating. someone’s chickens, by killing them pɨɨ́rika (pro.) we (inclusive) only, all; or finish off all the manioc beer us (inclusive) only; first person that has been prepared for a given plural exhaustive focus pronoun, festivity by drinking it. ▶ Gram. inclusive of addressee. Ex. This sense bears a nominal object. Pɨɨ́rika=jaa pɨ=miísana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 347 pɨ́ɨsi pɨɨya

mií=kiyaájaa. We alone will work with bruises on their bodies, but (lit. do our doings). then subsequently sickens and dies. ▶ pɨ́ɨsi (n.) maizero or Giant Anth. According to Iquito oral Cowbird; a species of black bird, tradition, Alejandro Sinchija, the kuuráaka reaching some 35cm in height, that last Iquito (leader), died typically feeds while walking on the as the result of a pɨɨta káaniu attack, ground. It is notable for its large, which was triggered when he out-thrust chest and also for eating violated couvade restrictions, corn, sometimes arriving in large shortly after one of his wives had flocks and decimating gardens. Sci. given birth, by going fishing. Molothrus oryzivorus. socio.var. pɨɨta kaaya irreg.pl. pɨɨta apɨ́ɨsi. kaayaaka (n.) mature adult male, pɨɨsɨrɨ́ɨja (n.) Wire-tailed Manikin, generally 30 years or older. small bird reaching some 10cm in pɨɨta kitáaka irreg.pl. pɨɨta length. It has a yellow face, chest, kitaákayuuri (n.) a young woman, and belly, a red head and neck, a approximately 20-30 years of age, black back, and a distinctive black who typically has a husband and tail ending with very slender, several young children. hair-like feathers. Sci. Pipra pɨɨta maníini irreg.pl. pɨɨta filicauda. maniínikuuri (n.) a young man, pɨɨta (adj.) former or ex; this approximately 20-30 years of age, prenominal element indicates that who typically has a wife and the relationship or social status several young children. denoted or entailed by the nominal pɨɨta mɨɨ́saji irreg.pl. pɨɨta iitimɨra, expression no longer obtains. pɨɨta mɨɨsajika (n.) mature adult ▶ Gram. This form is rigidly female, generally 30 years or older. prenominal and does not take any pɨɨ́taki (n.) any material used to adjectival morphology, despite its wipe o clean oneself after nominal modifying function; the defecating. Traditionally, Iquitos noun it modifies may itself bear split larger pieces of wood into possessive morphology. Ex. short sticks some 2-3cm wide and Atii=na nu=nikikiaaná iina 0.5cm thick, which where tied into pɨɨta nu=majáana. Then he saw bundles and kept ready for this his ex-wife. purpose at suitable locations. (n.) pɨɨta káaniu type of invisible pɨɨtana rt. pɨɨta irreg.pl. pɨɨtapɨ (n.) malevolent spirit that attacks elder relative of either gender. people in the form of a powerful ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. gust of wind (choque de aire) and pɨɨtapɨ irreg.pl. of pɨɨtana can attack with such force as to (n.) break a person’s neck by twisting pɨɨtáaka manioc beer left over minga the victim’s head around; in less from a or other event. severe attacks, the victim is left pɨɨya ELY pers.var. of pɨɨyɨ

348 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary pɨɨyɨ púkisi pɨɨyɨ (n.) puddle or small pond; the user running the risk of it term typically applied to falling apart or getting holed from depressions in the forest where the most minor of collisions. water collects and remains for the ▶ Gram. This noun exhibits a frozen length of the wet season, and which -ku vessel classifier, now no longer serve as a habitat for frogs and productive in Iquito. Poss.pref. other amphibians; this term can also be applied, however, to Pukina nickname of Pukisíkwaapɨ puddles accumulating in human pukina rt. puki (adj.) rotten or excavations, which in contrast decayed, speaking of plant matter. generally drain quickly. ELY pers.var. pɨɨya. dialect.var. siniku. pukipɨ lit. rotten (pl. anim.) (adj.) the quality of being mature and pujújatina rt. pujújati (adj.) ready to eat, at the perfect moment lumpy, the quality of having for being harvested, speaking of relatively large lumps, speaking of palm grubs; the term reflects the surfaces, e.g., uneven ground on fact that when palm grubs have which one has to sleep, or poorly grown to their full size, they have chainsaw-cut planks. typically reduced the interior of the pujuniwɨɨtáani rt. pujuniwɨɨ́ta palms they inhabit to powdery (i.v.) reveal motion; for the motion detritus. of a person or animal to be betrayed or revealed as a result of their pukíraati (n.) cascarillo, species of moving or displacing something in tree that commonly grows in areas their surroundings, e.g., humps reverting to secondary forest, such moving in leaf litter due to an as former garden plots (purmas). Its armadillo moving through it; trunk grows to some 75cm in branches moving due to a tapir diameter and is hollow in the moving through undergrowth; or a middle, with ridged segments. Its bed frame shaking due to a person bark is smooth but brittle, and is rolling over on the bed. easily removed. It is used for roof pujuutáani rt. pujuúta (i.v.) have poles when slender and is prized as a lump perceptible on the surface, firewood when large. Sci. typically speaking of the human Ladenbergia magnifolia. body, e.g., a hernia, or a lump púkisi (adj.) rotten, said formed from an infected puncture specifically of a standing tree, or wound, but also applicable to the remnants of a standing tree, inanimate objects, e.g., an that has rotted so completely that it improperly smoothed cement floor. crumbles into pieces when one tries pukiku (n.) a rotten wooden to cut it; note that a fallen tree, or vessel, such as a bowl, but any other wood that has rotted, is especially a canoe; such a canoe is referred not with this term, but typically just barely usable, with with the term pukíija ‘rotten’.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 349 Pukisíkwaapɨ púpuuku

Pukisíkwaapɨ (prop.n.) name of pukíini rt. pukii (i.v.) rot or decay, an Aámuuwáaja man, also known as speaking of plant matter, such as Pukisíkwaa and given the nickname wood or leaves. Pukina, who was captured by the pupuja (n.) Ferruginous Pygmy kuuráaka (leader) Alejandro Owl, species of small owl whose Sinchija on the upper Pintuyacu onomatopoeic name derives from River in about 1920 and brought to its distinctive call. Sci. Glaucidium peón San Antonio. He became a of brasilianum. ▶ Anth. According to Elías Guimack, married one of Iquito oral tradition, this species Alejandro Sinchija’s daughters, and has a tendency to take up residence was given the Spanish name in or near houses with pregnant Gregorio Tutusima. He was known women in them, thus its call for being a skilled fisherman, and sometimes reveals a pregnancy that died at the settlement of Pucacuro was being hidden. Ex. Náaji in the late 1950s as an old man, kí=niaatíija saakɨɨ́niiyaárikɨ during an especially virulent kíija, “Jɨɨ́tikari taa=na epidemic of influenza. manaja=na mɨɨsaji, pupuja nickname Pukina. tikiíkiaana iita=jinakuma.” That’s what my mother would tell me, pukiti (n.) ash. “When a woman is pregnant, the pukitika (n.) 1. dust or fine pygmy owl enters inside the house.” powder, e.g., ashes, the fine residue pupukuuja (n.) variety of in fariña (manioc meal), or sakújaaja (piripiri), a medicinal dandruff. 2. very fine and soft plant, that is very similar in form to down, found near the skin of miíriyati, and is used in the same tinamous (e.g., ráana), finer and way to make manioc plants produce softer than the down (janɨɨwɨ) found large tubers quickly. Sci. Cyperus sp. on most birds. púpuuku (n.) soft lump beneath pukitina rt. pukiti (adj.) dusty or the skin, typically a hernia or a powdery, covered in dust or water-filled cyst. Traditionally, it powder, e.g., from mildew or ashes. was believed that if a person planted manioc without carrying pukitíini rt. pukítii (i.v.) be dusty out the proper ritual preparations, or powdery, be covered in dust, which centrally involved a rite of ash, or powder, said of, e.g., the pouring manioc beer infused with growth of mildew that covers sakújaaja (piripiri) over the manioc fabrics with a dust-like covering; stalk cuttings before they were the outcome of weevils tunneling in planted, then all those involved in wood, which produces a powdery the planting would be afflicted with substance, or the burning of wood these lumps. It was also believed which covers firepits or burned that a similar risk existed for men, gardens in powdery ash. especially young men or male

350 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary pupuukúuni purikuutáani

children, who came too close to a elongated shallow vessel; woman who had recently been traditionally, these fallen pods were engaged in manioc-planting magic sometimes collected for use as and had not yet ‘cooled down’ from household vessels. 2. type of small, the activity. temporary leaf vessel made from a pupuukúuni rt. pupuúkuu (i.v.) single broad leaf of the anakújumɨ bijao have or develop a hernia. ( ) plant, and used as a vessel for water and food, typically during (n.) marona puráaja , species of trips far from human settlements. bamboo from which flutes were During the rubber boom, these traditionally manufactured; it is were also used as vessels to collect abundant in the headwaters regions latex, so as to avoid the need to of the Pintuyacu, Chambira, and carry a large number of vessels for Nanay Rivers. Sci. Guadua sp. this purpose. puráaja (n.) quena, traditional (i.v.) longitudinal flute that Iquitos purikúuni rt. puríkuu 1. played until the mid-1970s; this make a puriku, or temporary small instrument enjoyed a brief revival leaf vessel, by folding a anakújumɨ bijao in the late 1990s and early 2000s, ( ) leaf in a particular manner when efforts were made to revive a and securing the folds with a (i.v.) number of traditional cultural slender twig or similar item. 2. forms. for a palm to grow a palm fruit pod, puriku. Rel. puríkuusɨ́ɨni (rt. (i.v.) puraajɨ́ɨni rt. puraajɨɨ play a puríkuusɨɨ) (i.v.) make multiple leaf quena puráaja ( , traditional flute) or vessels; grow multiple palm pods. any other wind instrument. puriki irreg.pl. purikiwa (n.) purikuutaníini rt. purikuutánii 1. (t.v.) lapicero, a very slender species of make concave, give something fish that reaches 25cm in length, a concave shape, e.g., by carving, as with a tubular body about 3cm in when making a wooden spoon; or diameter, and a long snout that by bending, as when fitting a plank (t.v.) tapers to a point. An aggressive to the side of a canoe. 2. cup predator of small fish, it is normally one hand, or cup both hands found swimming very near the together, typically to hold a liquid, surface of the water. Sci. powder, or similar substance. Boulengerella sp. purikuutáani rt. purikuúta (i.v.) puriku irreg.pl. purikuwa, have a shallow concave shape, purikuka (n.) 1. term referring to a whether having been made with pod that grew to cover a bunch of this shape, like a shallow bowl or a palm fruits while they were canoe; or having developed this immature, after it has split open shape, e.g., certain planks or leaves and fallen away from the fruits, at that become concave when they dry which point it resembles an out.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 351 puririkáani purúumu puririkáani rt. puririka (i.v.) awákukaarika!, ‘bring me the nails squirt water from one’s mouth. of my brother!’. púriija (n.) a type of drink made pururuuku (n.) pururuca, by hand-straining (puríini) an fermented drink made from cooked ingredient, typically cooked and mashed sweet plantains. plantain (in which case the drink is ▶ Socio. Iquito consultants indicate called chapo), or uncooked but ripe that local Spanish term, pururuca, palm fruits such as aguaje or is borrowed from the Iquito term. ungurahui. purútaari irreg.pl. purútaariwa ∼ puríini rt. puúri drv.rt. púri (t.v.) purutaáriwa, purútaarika ∼ sp chapear, mix a pasty substance purutaárika fst.spch. purtáari (n.) into water by repeatedly squeezing term applied to several species of the substance while one’s hand is yulilla, a type of slender fish with a submerged in water, thereby relatively tubular body and tapered forcing the mixture through the head and tail, all characterized by fingers. This activity is most having a generally silvery color and commonly carried out in making a single small black spot in the small batches of itíniija (manioc middle of each side of its body. The beer or masato) from sakɨ́ɨka largest species reaches some 30cm (manioc beer mash), in contrast in length and has a reddish-yellow with larger batches, which are are belly and reddish fins and tail; the normally created by running the other smaller species lack the diluted mash through a sieve. colored fins and belly of the larger purújatina rt. purújati (adj.) species. Sci. Anodus elongatus, bumpy, covered with small lumps, Hemiodus microlepsis. speaking of a surface e.g., the skin puruujuutáani rt. puruujuúta 1. of a person who has been severely (i.v.) have multiple lumps, e.g., a bitten by mosquitos, or the skin of a person’s body, due to some illness; caiman. also said of a young girl whose pururaaki irreg.pl. pururaakiwa breasts are beginning to bud. 2. (n.) float bladder of fish. (i.v.) bulge, of soil; for the soil pururuuku (n.) unidentified bird around the stalk of any species that lives in elevated areas tuber-bearing plant, but especially with clayey soil, far from rivers; it manioc, to bulge upwards due to has a distinctive call, imitated as a the growth of the tubers; such a drawn out whoo whoo whoo whoo formation is looked at favorably, whoo whoo, with a slowly since it suggests a good quantity of descending pitch. ▶ Anth. In Iquito large tubers beneath the ground. oral tradition, this bird was said to purúumu • from Sp. plomo. (n.) be the tapir’s brother, and when a lead, mainly used in the Iquito tapir is killed, it is said to sing: communities to make fishing kinaa anítamaa kw=ánaniika weights.

352 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary púruuna puujúuni púruuna (n.) a type of cyst that mɨɨnɨɨ (Brown Capuchin monkeys), results from an infection of the pɨsɨkɨ (tapirs), and various bird lymph glands of the groin; in times species. past, when left untreated, such a puújari (n.) ponpón or Sungrebe, cyst would take two to three species of aquatic bird that reaches months to reach its full size and some 30cm in length. It has a then burst, but these are now roughly duck-like shape, but treated with antibiotics. without significantly webbed feed, Traditionally, earthworms were and with a sharper bill; it is most tied to these cysts in the belief that notable for the horizontal black and this would cause them to burst white stripes on its head. It is more quickly, through an analogy normally heard and seen in areas of between the ability of an flooded forest and, according to earthworm to quickly dig holes and Iquito oral tradition, its distinctive the process by which a cyst bursts call prophecies large floods. Sci. through a weak point. Heliornis fulica. free.var. aaka purúuni rt. puúru impf.rt. puúri puújari. drv.rt. púru (i.v.) swell, e.g., a puujáana (n.) cafesillo, species of body part that has received a blow, tree that grows in areas reverting to the decaying carcass of an animal, a secondary forest, such as mákisi piece of baking bread. ▶ Gram. The (purmas, fallow swiddens). It grows final vowel of the root tends to to a diameter of about 50cm, and centralize before the imperfective sometimes several trunks will grow -ki, yielding puúrɨki. Rel. puruukíini up together from a single stump, (rt. puruúkii) (i.v.) swell, of but it dies when overshadowed by multiple limbs. the larger trees that eventually (i.v.) púruutáani rt. púruuta form grow up around it. It produces a lump or mound, speaking of small fruits the size of olives, which something relatively pliable or soft, turn black and sweet when ripe; generally due to the growth of these were traditionally eaten in a something underneath the surface; desultory fashion but were not e.g., for a lump to form beneath the collected in large numbers. Its skin due to the growth of a tumor; wood is quite pale and light, and is or for the earth around a manioc used for roof poles when slender plant to form a mound due to the and for planks when larger, but it is growth of its tubers underground. not very durable in the latter puwakana rt. puwaka (adj.) capacity. Sci. Rinorea racemosa. partly ripe, speaking of fruits. puujúuni rt. puújuu (t.v.) make a (n.) puwaajɨ́ɨni whistle. dam; traditionally, this was done to puwaajɨ́ɨni rt. puwaajɨɨ (i.v.) creeks in order to lower the water whistle, said not only of humans level below the dam and facilitate but also of certain animals, such as fishing; more recently, this practice

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 353 puukiáayɨ púunku

has been adopted to raise the water its call is heard in the morning, it level of small creaks above the dam prophecies rain later in the day, to facilitate the removal of timber while if it is heard in the evening, it being floated out. Such dams are prophecies that the next day will be made by constructing a fence-like sunny. structure in the creek, which is then puukwáani rt. puukwa (i.v.) covered with leaves to create a seal. ▶ sound or roar, speaking of rain; said Gram. The object of the verb of an approaching rainstorm denotes or indexes the waterway making its characteristic sound, being dammed. which consists of a dull but puukiáayɨ irreg.pl. puukiaáyɨwa, increasing roar of wind and rain. puukiaáyɨka (n.) macana ▶ Gram. The only acceptable cinturón, species of macana-type subjects for this verb are aasi ‘rain’ fish; the largest species of macana and akíraja ‘wind’. in Iquito territory, this species is púuna free.var. of tatɨɨ • from Sp. dark gray in color, reaching some pona. 1m in length, with an eel-like body and and single long fin running púuna niyini irreg.pl. púuna mɨra (n.) along the underside of its body. It lit. pona child species of palm cashapona has a slender snout with a small similar to tatɨɨ ( ) but mouth, and is generally caught smaller, with a trunk reaching a using barbasco, since it difficult to maximum diameter of 10cm; found capture with hook and line. Sci. mainly along the banks of creeks, it Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus. is not regularly harvested for any purpose, due to its small size. puukiitáani rt. puukiíta (t.v.) close an open-mouthed container, puúnakajina free.var. of whether inherently so, like a tatɨɨwɨjina basket, or contingently so, like an púuni rt. puu (t.v.) cover the over-filled bag, by covering the top exposed roots of a plant with soil to of the contents with leaves, and help it grow; in some cases then criss-crossing and tying a cord decaying plant matter is sought for across the leaves, attaching it at this task, or ashes are mixed with multiple points to the edges of the the soil, to provide nutrition for the mouth. plant. This is typically only done puukúru irreg.pl. puukúruwa (n.) for plants that are planted in the porotohuango or Marbled Wood immediate vicinity of houses. Rel. (t.v.) Quail, species of ground bird that puukíini (rt. puúkii) fertilize reaches a height of some 25cm, multiple stick-like plants, e.g., whose onomatopoeic name derives sugarcane. from its distinctive call. Sci. púunku free.var. of pakarimaji • Odontophorus gujanensis. ▶ Anth. from Q. punku. ▶ Socio. The use of According to Iquito oral tradition, if this term, instead of pakarimaji

354 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary puúri puuwíika

‘doorway’ or iijuútaaja ‘door’, is planks. It produces yellowish fruits deprecated by more purist speakers. about the size and shape of an puúri impf.rt. of purúuni orange that contain a large seed that can be roasted and then broken púusa • from Sp. pozo. (n.) 1. deep open to reveal starchy flesh spot in a river; such places are reminiscent of potato. Traditionally important as fishing sites for certain gathered in large quantities, its species of fish that prefer deep fruits are now rarely eaten, but are water. ▶ Gram. The notional consumed by rodents such as muuti possessor is the river of which the (Black Agoutis). These fruits are deep spot is a part. Poss.pref. in this said to have been an important sense. 2. well, dug for access to food source for the Aámuuwáaja water. Iquitos did not traditionally Iquito subgroup, who are believed use wells, but as communities have not to have practiced agriculture. grown in size, and as water Sci. Anaueria brasiliensis. free.var. contamination has come to be an muuti asúraaja. increasing concern, community (n.) members have begun digging puuwíika painful cyst that shallow wells in recent decades. forms at the finger joints, swelling for one to two weeks until it puusɨ́ɨni rt. puusɨɨ (i.v.) be ruptures and passes. constipated, suffer blockage of the digestive tract so as not to be able to defecate or fart. puusúraaka (n.) an unusual form of manioc tuber which, instead of growing in the normal fashion at the end of a slender stem that connects it with the main stalk, grows from the very tip of the cutting that was planted, so that the tuber grows around the stalk, thus having the stalk at its center; such tubers are looked upon as marvels, but not especially desirable. ▶ Gram. The possessor is the plant that has a tuber of this sort. Poss.pref. puusuukwáana (n.) añushi rumo, species of tree that grows in areas of higher elevation, far from rivers. Its trunk reaches up to 1m in diameter, and its wood is used for dugout canoes and also cut into

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 355 rapíini

rakanaaka ELY pers.var. of injury, but also in other locations, rɨkɨnaaki such as under the jaw. ▶ Gram. The rakáani ELY pers.var. of rɨkáani subject denotes or indexes the lymph glands that experience rama (n.) mud. socio.var. arama. swelling; the person experiencing (loc.n.) ramákatina rt. ramákati the swelling may be expressed as an muddy, said of areas in which there oblique argument bearing the goal are multiple heavily muddy spots. postposition =íira. Ex. Aasi yaawɨɨ́ni=kari, káami raníini rt. raáni dialect.var. of ramákatiku tɨɨ. When it is rainy, kuníini drv.rt. ráni ▶ Socio. This that there is a muddy area. variant was reportedly used by the ramáasi socio.var. of aramáasi family of Saáraku, a once ramúkwaa (n.) 1. ampiri, blowgun well-known and feared shaman, dart poison. ▶ Anth. Iquitos did not who lived at the mouth of the traditionally use blowguns or make Chambira River. dart poison, but other neighboring rankuríina • from Sp. francolín. indigenous groups did. 2. species of (n.) francolín, a cock lacking its plant that was an important tail. ingredient in the preparation of (adj.) blowgun dart poison; little rapana rt. rapa 1. fine, knowledge remains regarding this uniform in texture, or lacking large plant, but some speakers suggest lumps, said of powders or meals, that it is a tree with aerial roots, e.g., sugar without lumps, or fariña and that it is the bark of the aerial well-made with uniformly roots that was the source of the small granules. 2. small, said of poison. multiple small manioc tubers, typically from the same plant. ranaja (n.) lymph gland, whether located in the groin, the throat, or rapi impf.rt. of rapíini the armpits. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. rapi impf.rt. of rapɨ́ɨni ranajɨ́ɨni rt. ranajɨɨ (i.v.) suffer rapíini rt. rapi impf.rt. rapi (t.v.) severe inflamation and swelling of tear, cut, or break into small pieces, the lymph glands, typically in the e.g., a piece of fabric by tearing, a groin in response to an infected piece of meat with a knife, or a

356 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary rapɨɨja rariika

glass object by shattering it against people, or split up a large task into a wall. act./mid. rapɨ́ɨni (middle) small sub-tasks that are assigned to rapɨɨja irreg.pl. rapɨɨya (n.) skin different people. act./mid. rarɨɨjɨ́ɨni malady consisting of small (middle) blister-like pustules, measuring raráana (n.) name applied to two 2-3mm in diameter, which form on distinct species of tree called the skin and burst open. These tangarana, one which grows near pustules are said to be due to insect the banks of rivers, and a second bites. which grows in areas of higher rapɨ́ɨni rt. rapɨ impf.rt. rapi (i.v.) elevation. The first species grows to have small pustules (rapɨɨja) on the a maximum diameter of 50cm, and body. its branches die when they produce rapɨ́ɨni rt. rapɨ impf.rt. rapi (i.v.) fruits, which are 5-8cm long and fall or break apart into tiny pieces, flat in shape. Its wood is used for shatter, e.g., a piece of aging cloth planks and to make raft floats and that falls into tiny pieces, or a outriggers for canoes. The second dropped mirror that shatters into species grows up to 1.5m in tiny pieces. act./mid. rapíini (active) diameter and grows rapidly, but its wood contains a large amount of rapɨɨya irreg.pl. of rapɨɨja sand, rendering it difficult to cut rarákatina rt. rarákati (adj.) with saws. Both species are now frayed, the quality of having scarce in Iquito territory due to multiple frayed, split, and over-harvesting. disordered fibers or fiber-like parts, (n.) 1. type of very thick e.g., a chambira leaf, which instead rariika masato or manioc beer that, of coming out of its cogollo whole, according to Iquito oral tradition, comes out split into multiple pieces; was prepared in imitation of Spider or an electrical wire which has lost Monkeys, who consume thick its outer plastic covering, such that salitrous mud, and whose the small copper wires unwrap in a consumption traditionally ended in disordered manner. whooping meant to imitate the call (adj.) rarana rt. rara of these monkeys. 2. a celebration burnt-smelling, said of, e.g., burned of thanks organized by a young food, or a recently burned garden couple who have recently formed plot. their own household and planted raraajúuni rt. raraájuu 1. (t.v.) their first garden, in recognition of split something up lengthwise into the fact that to start the garden, it multiple slender pieces. 2. (t.v.) was necessary to ask others for divide something up into several cuttings and seeds. The particularly parts, generally for distribution to thick form of masato that bears the multiple individuals, e.g., divide up same name as the celebration was food to be served to multiple prepared for this event, and

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 357 raríini raati

presented to the individuals who shiringa trees to cause them to supplied the bulk of the cuttings, bleed latex for harvesting. prior to the remainder of the guests raamíisi • from Sp. ramichi. (n.) drinking. The celebration often ramichi, species of honey-producing lasted for several days, and during bee that makes its nests in hollow it, the house posts of the couple’s tree trunks, with an entrance in the new house were coated with rariika. form of a white-lipped tube some raríini rt. raati drv.rt. rári 1. (t.v.) 20cm in length and 5cm in drink. 2. (t.v.) take medicine, e.g., a diameter. This species produces a pill or a syrup. considerably quantity of honey, ráriitáani rt. ráriita (d.v.) drink with a large nest yielding as much with other people for a prolonged as 10 gallons. period of time; in the prototypical ráana (n.) Great Tinamou, the case, this activity involves an largest of the tinamou species, invitation in which one household greatly valued as a game animal. prepares a large quantity of manioc Sci. Tinamus major. beer beforehand and invites many ráana ajírɨna lit. Great Tinamou people to visit and remain drinking seat (n.) a low clear tree branch, of until the manioc beer is completely the type preferred by tinamous as depleted. daytime roosts. Hunters ráriitáani rt. ráriita (i.v.) surface traditionally memorized the open-mouthed, speaking of fish, locations of such branches as places when they come to the water’s to search for tinamous. surface and seemingly gulp air. In ráana jirítiikɨ lit. Great Tinamou Iquito territory, this behavior is chest (n.) pecho de perdiz, type of associated with unseasonably cool knot used to tie two sticks or poles weather, and can be an occasion for together when they are oriented particularly successful spear fishing, perpendicular to each other. Used when fish do this in large numbers. principally in tying poles together rarɨɨjɨ́ɨni rt. rarɨɨjɨɨ (t.v.) bifurcate, in constructing a roof, this tie is for the end of an object to split into characterized by the cord passing two or more slender parts, whether on the same side of a given cross literally, e.g., a plank whose end piece, on either side of the piece splits when the wood dries, or more that crosses it. metaphorically, e.g., speaking of raati (n.) colpa or salt lick; a rivers, their splitting into two or natural feature consisting of mud more tributaries, or speaking of that has a high concentration of path that splits into multiple paths. naturally-occurring salts. Because act./mid. raraajúuni (active) this mud is consumed by animals raskíita • from Sp. rasgueta. (n.) such as tapirs, deer, and monkeys, rasgueta, tool formerly used to these sites are important incise the bark of leche caspi and destinations for hunting trips.

358 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary raatisami rikúuni

▶ Anth. According to Iquito oral rikutáani rt. rikúta 1. (t.v.) tradition, a hunter should never say harvest a bunch (racimo) of palm aloud that he is going to hunt large fruit by tearing the stem of the game at a salt lick, since its niaatíija bunch from the trunk of the palm, (madre), or protector spirit, may typically using a long pole with a overhear; instead he says that he is hook on the end. 2. (t.v.) break in going to hunt rats, misleading the two something which consists of relevant spirits to cause rats to two parts that join at an acute hide, but not the larger game that angle, e.g., a branch that joins a the hunter in fact wishes to hunt. tree trunk at an acute angle, raatisami irreg.pl. of raatisana breaking it into two pieces by exerting force to widen that angle. (n.) raatisana irreg.pl. raatisami 3. (t.v.) pull open lever, or operate drink or beverage. a mechanical device by pulling on a rikatáani rt. rikata dialect.var. of lever-like component which resists amitáani force, in such a fashion that the rikíjatáani rt. rikíjata 1. (t.v.) angle between the level and the break an animal’s or person’s neck. remainder of the device is 2. (t.v.) break off a shoot or sprout increased, e.g., cocking a rifle, of a plant. act./mid. rikíjatɨ́ɨni setting a trap, or pulling a trigger. (middle) act./mid. rikutɨ́ɨni (middle) rikíjati impf.rt. of rikíjatɨ́ɨni rikúti impf.rt. of rikutɨ́ɨni rikíjatɨ́ɨni rt. rikíjatɨ impf.rt. rikutɨ́ɨni rt. rikútɨ impf.rt. rikúti 1. (i.v.) rikíjati 1. (i.v.) break one’s neck. 2. break off, speaking of a bunch (i.v.) break off, speaking of a shoot of palm fruits breaking away from (i.v.) or sprout of a plant. act./mid. its trunk. 2. break at a rikíjatáani (active) structural fork, speaking of an object that consists of two parts, (n.) ▶ ríkiija neck. Gram. Poss.pref. joined at an acute angle, breaking rikíini rt. rikii (i.v.) sprout or as a result of a force that widens grow, speaking of the early growth the angle, e.g., a broken finger. 3. period of a plant. (i.v.) fire or go off, speaking ofa rikiitáani rt. rikiíta 1. (i.v.) trap, especially taníiku, or dead-fall resprout, for the remnant of plant traps. act./mid. rikutáani (active) that has been cut down to put forth rikúuni rt. rikuu (i.v.) hurt, new shoots or sprouts. 2. (i.v.) speaking of a body part; this type of become overgrown, or become a pain is prototypically pulsing or purma, speaking of a garden which throbbing pain, e.g., a head ache, is no longer being weeded and but it can also include dull, steady cared for, such that weeds and wild pain, e.g., from arthritis. ▶ Gram. plants grow, choking out whatever The subject of this verb is the body cultigens may remain. part that is the locus of the pain.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 359 rikúuni ririikɨ́ɨni

The possessor of the body part can like from here (gesturing), through be added as an oblique argument to him. the clause with the benefactive rinɨɨkɨ́ɨni rt. rinɨɨ́kɨɨ (i.v.) ooze and postposition =íira. Ex. Nu=ánaka solidify resin, speaking of a cut or rikuúyaa. Her head hurts. Ex. other injury to the bark of a tree Nu=titika rikuúyaa nuu=íira. whose resin forms a hardened ball Her foot hurts her. on its surface, particularly the tree rikúuni rt. rikuu (i.v.) have species sɨrɨ́ɨti (copal) and paáyuuna ▶ hiccoughs. Gram. The subject of (azúcar huayo). the verb denotes or indexes the rinɨ́ɨku irreg.pl. rinɨɨ́kuwa, person experiencing the fit of (n.) hiccoughs. rinɨɨ́kuka ball of hard resin found on the trunk of certain tree rimúsiija (n.) firearm; general species, due to a cut or other injury term that applies to shotguns, rifles, to the bark of the tree, especially and pistols. sɨrɨ́ɨti (copal) and paáyuuna (azucar huayo rimusíini rt. rimúsii (i.v.) fire or ), whose resins form balls of shoot a gun. ▶ Gram. The target of this type; note that the hard resin the gunshot can be added as an balls of the latter tree have the more specific name paáyuuku. oblique argument with the locative ▶ postposition =jina. Ex. Kií=ta Gram. Poss.pref. iiniíyaa kurɨ́ɨsi, niwa=aákuji riríkɨtina rt. riríkɨti (adj.) fluffed kí=rimúsii nuu=jina. I was up or raised, speaking of hair, mistakenly thinking it was a Dusky feathers, or materials with similar Titi, that’s why I shot it. properties, e.g., when animals such rimúti impf.rt. of rimutɨ́ɨni as peccaries or dogs raise their hackles, or certain species, such as rimutɨ́ɨni rt. rimútɨ impf.rt. rimúti kurɨ́ɨsi (huapo, or Monk Saki (i.v.) fire or go off, speaking of Monkey), whose fur typically has sawúuna, or snare traps. this property. rinaasi ELY pers.var. of niraasi ririikɨ́ɨni rt. ririíkɨ (i.v.) scatter, go riníkiinɨ́ɨni rt. riníkiinɨɨ (i.v.) in different directions, speaking of thrash about, flop about, said of, multple entities, be they animate, e.g., a fish that has been recently and moving under their own power, pulled from the water, an animal e.g., people going to their different that has been shot, or a drunk houses after a gathering, or person who is struggling to rise and inanimate, and moving due to stand up. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta external forces, e.g., manioc tubers nu=riníkiinɨɨyaárikɨ náaji, iina scattering when a basket is knocked juwáana jimatɨrɨɨkiaakɨ náaji over, or the various logs in a raft iiti=ji nuu=íira. Because he was floating off in different directions thrashing about, the lance came out after a raft comes apart.

360 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ririíkɨɨtáani riwasikɨɨjɨ́ɨni ririíkɨɨtáani rt. ririíkɨɨta 1. (i.v.) riwakaajúuni rt. riwakaájuu 1. have raised hackles, hair, fur, or (t.v.) coil something slender like a feathers, speaking of, e.g., rope or wire into a loop, e.g., to peccaries, porcupines, dogs, or cats. store a rope. 2. (t.v.) bend 2. (i.v.) be ruffled; for something something rigid in multiple places, with roughly hair-like or e.g., bend a wire into a zigzag feather-like qualities to be ruffled shape. or raised, as opposed to lying down (t.v.) flat, e.g., the thatch of a newly built riwakáani rt. riwaka bend roof, in contrast to the same roof something that resists being bent, some months later. e.g., a nail or a green sapling, so that it is bent or cuved, e.g., a nail (t.v.) ririikúuni rt. ririíkuu scatter that one bends after it having objects in various directions, e.g., passed through a plank, so that it is corn for feeding chickens, or pieces not dangerous to others, or a of thatch, when disassembling an sapling that one bends to arm a old roof. snare trap (sawúuna). ritáamɨ • from Sp. retama. (n.) riwaki impf.rt. of riwakɨ́ɨni retama, species of plant introduced to Iquito territory during the 20th riwakɨ́ɨni rt. riwakɨ impf.rt. riwaki century, whose flowers and leaves 1. (i.v.) bend or curve, speaking of possess medicinal properties. The something relatively rigid, e.g., a flowers are boiled, and the cooled freshly cut plank that curves due to water, which causes people to have being left out in the sun.. 2. (i.v.) diarrhea, is taken for liver diseases, curl up, speaking of the manner of while the leaves are placed in the sleeping or resting of animals such nests of domestic fowl to eliminate as dogs or snakes. Rel. riwakɨɨjɨ́ɨni fleas and mites. Sci. Cassia alata. (rt. riwakɨɨjɨɨ) (i.v.) bend or curve riwa anásiikina rt. riwa anásiiki repeatedly, e.g., a tree swaying in lit. bent shanked (adj.) bow-legged. the wind. riwa namijana rt. riwa namija lit. riwana rt. riwa irreg.pl. riwami bent eyed (adj.) wall-eyed; the (inanimate) (adj.) bent, curved, or quality of having one eye that crooked, speaking of something habitually points in a different that should be straight e.g., a tree direction than the other. trunk that has grown with a bend in (adv.) riwakatáani rt. riwakata (t.v.) it. Rel. riwa crookedly. bend something into the shape of a riwasikaajúuni rt. riwasikaájuu loop, e.g., a green stick, or a liana (t.v.) coil a rope or similar object that one uses to carry fish, by repeatedly into a circular loop. passing it through their gills, and subsequently tying the two ends riwasikɨɨjɨ́ɨni rt. riwasikɨɨ́jɨɨ (i.v.) together to make a loop. coil oneself, said mainly of snakes.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 361 riwasikútina riyɨɨti riwasikútina rt. riwasikúti (adj.) riyájɨɨ irreg.pl. riyájɨɨwa (n.) zigzag, sinuous, sinusoidal, or wavy palisangre, tree species that is in shape, e.g., hair or bent wire. found areas of relatively high elevation and grows up to 1.5m in (t.v.) riwasikúuni rt. riwasíkuu diameter, with a very hard red coil a rope or similar object in a heartwood that used for house manojo figure-eight form ( ); this posts. Traditionally the scrapings of was traditionally a favored way of this heartwood were used to treat tamshi coiling núriyɨ ( ) for transport post-partum bleeding by making a and storage. tea for the woman to consume. Sci. riwasiitáani rt. riwasiíta (i.v.) lie Brosimum rubescens. curled up on one’s side, in a bent or riyakaka (n.) resin or sap with any curled position, as in fetal position, significant viscosity, from any type said of, e.g., people and dogs. of plant. (n.) ríwaata (adv.) crooked, not riyákɨɨja general term for rebecos rego regos straight; for something to be bent, and , a class of curved or angled so that it is not small catfishes (10-15cm in length) straight, as it should be or normally which have sharp spurs near their would be, e.g., a tree that grows pectoral fins, and many species of with a dogleg in it, or a plank that which produce a white liquid from is not nailed perpendicular to the glands near their gills. These fish ground, as it should be, but is are principally encountered in areas nailed at an incorrect angle. Ex. of flooded forest during the wet Iina naána ríwaata season. Sci. Doradidae spp. nu=takuúyaa. This tree has a bend riyamúuni (n.) species of in it (lit. stands crooked). Ex. shuyo-type fish that lives in small Ríwaata na=amákɨɨ iina amakɨ. creeks and reaches some 15cm, They cut this path crooked. similar in overall body shape and color to the smaller siinaakɨ, but of (n.) ríwiijáana species of an overall darker hue. unidentified tree that grows in (n.) masaranduba areas of relatively high elevation riyɨɨti , species of with clayey soils, reaching some tree mostly found in inundating 1.5m in diameter; its hard red wood areas that grows to some 1m in is used for canoes and planks. diameter. It produces small fruits some 8cm in diameter, that are riwiisíini rt. riwiísii • from Sp. yellow when ripe, and are like deber. (t.v.) owe money or goods minature caimito fruits, and eaten to someone. ▶ Gram. The object of by monkeys in their season. The the verb is the person owed; the heartwood is used for house posts, thing owed can be added as oblique but is not the most durable wood argument with the postposition for this purpose. Sci. Chrysophyllum =iyikúura. venezuelanense.

362 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary riyuuka riiniitáani riyuuka ELY pers.var. of ariyuuka ríini rt. rii 1. (i.v.) bloat or swell up, riikáani rt. riika (i.v.) grunt, speaking of the belly, typically due (t.v.) speaking of the distinctive sound to a bad reaction to food. 2. made by peccaries and pigs. inflate by blowing into something, e.g., a balloon. A traditional toy (i.v.) riikíini rt. riíkii exert force, was made by inflating sloth e.g., resist being pulled by bladders in this way. something, lift something heavy, or (n.) pull on something, whether riiniáaka species of small frog succeeding in moving it or not. that lives near the banks of small creeks. It is said to have small white (n.) variety of plantain that is riimɨ spots in its mouth, like a person yellow even when unripe; it grows suffering from thrush (mɨɨ́riaaka), only in clayey soils and its flesh is which is the apparent source of the slightly pinkish. alternate name for this species. Sci. riimɨ́ɨni rt. riímɨɨ (i.v.) fire Ischonema sp. ▶ Anth. According to ▶ slingshot or bow. Gram. The Iquito oral tradition, this frog can target of the weapon can be added be called by using its name, and as oblique argument bearing the asked if it will rain; if it calls soon locative postposition =jina. thereafter, this is taken as a riimɨɨ́taaja (n.) slingshot. response that it will rain in the near future. dialect.var. mɨɨ́riaaka. riimuu irreg.pl. rimuuwa • from Sp. limón. (n.) lemon. riiníini rt. riínii (t.v.) make water muddy; this may be done riimúuni rt. riímuu free.var. of unintentionally, as when stepping ríini into a creek to cross it, or it may be (t.v.) riimuutáani rt. riimuúta done deliberately in the context of disarm a trap, i.e., disengage the barbasco fishing by stamping on trigger of a trap so that it will not the bed of the creek and on soil fire. act./mid. riimuutɨ́ɨni (middle) dislodged from the banks of the riimuutɨ́ɨni rt. riimuútɨ (i.v.) go creek. This activity is carried out to off or fire, speaking of atrap, both disguise the barbasco and to typically because an animal has attract fish closer to the surface of triggered it. act./mid. riimuutáani the water, where the barbasco is (active) strongest, due to their habit of ríini rt. rii 1. (t.v.) arm a trap, set looking for food in floating detritus when the waters of creeks rise and the trigger of a trap so that it will ▶ go off when touched. 2. (t.v.) cock become muddy. Gram. The object a gun, pulling back its hammer so of the verb denotes or indexes the that it is ready to fall when the body of the water affected by this trigger is pulled. Rel. riitáani (rt. action. riíta) (t.v.) disarm a trap. free.var. riiniitáani rt. riiniíta (t.v.) make riimúuni. water muddy with the goal of

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 363 Riisamɨ́ɨni riitiri

impeding the ability of fish to see insects disturbed by the ants. Sci. the activity of humans who are Formicariidae spp. attempting to capture them, riítaaja (n.) trigger, either of a trap especially in the context of fishing or firearm, which when displaced barbasco with nuúruu ( ). will cause the trap to be triggered, Riisamɨ́ɨni (prop.n.) a man who or firearm to fire. lived in the upper Pintuyacu River riítina rt. riíti (adj.) turbid, basin in the 19th century, who was speaking of water with some known for his skill with sawúuna non-transparent admixture, traps and his disinterest in prototypically, mud in a creek, but gardening. There are a number of also, e.g., water with some masato humorous tales in which he is the mixed into it. Rel. riitinúuni (rt. central figure, which often show riitínuu) (t.v.) make turbid, e.g., a him to be somewhat of a social stream, by stirring up its bed by misfit. walking through it. riisaasíini rt. riisaásii • from Sp. riitiri irreg.pl. riitiriwa (n.) general rezar. (i.v.) pray. term that includes huitinas and (n.) riitaki irreg.pl. riitakiwa patiquinas, cultivated plants from sitaraco or army ant, general term distinct genera that share the for a family of ants that swarm in property of having multiple stalks great numbers, hunting other emerging from a single set of roots, insects. The soldiers of these ants each of which ends in a single large have large mandibles that were roughly triangular or heart-shaped traditionally used by Iquitos as leaf. The huitinas, plants of the hooks to fish for nujija (small genus Xanthosoma, reach some 1m mojarra-type fish). Sci. Eciton spp. ▶ in height and have green leaves, Anth. According to Iquito oral triangular leaves, and edible tradition, these ants raid other nests starchy corms; there are four named for their eggs so as to raise them varieties, anapa anákaari, ikijáani, themselves, transforming them into kasiíniika, and mɨyaara jíina, and riitaki and thereby further these names are typically used in augmenting their numbers. Indeed, preference to the more general term the soldier ants of the riitaki species riitiri to avoid confusion with the are in fact believed by some to be smaller patiquina-type plants. The transformed kaniyúuja (leafcutter patiquinas, plants of the genus ants). Dieffenbachia, reach some 30cm in riitaki siriija lit. Army Ant bird height and have correspondingly (n.) general term for a number of smaller heart-shaped leaves, edged species of small antbirds that follow in green with red or pale centers. columns of army ants. Iquitos The corms of these plants are observe that these birds follow considered poisonous, and the pulp army ant columns to capture the of some varieties is used to kill

364 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary riitɨ́ɨni rɨɨka

botfly larvae (tuútuuja) infesting the rɨkɨnaaja HDC pers.var. of skins of animals. Other varieties rɨkɨnaaki were traditionally used for a rɨkɨnaaki irreg.pl. rɨkɨnaakiwa (n.) number of magical practices species of unidentified small palm associated with taming and that grows in restingas. It is best attracting game animals, e.g., known for its flower pods, which is treating the rope and harpoon used are about 15cm long and covered paiche in fishing for sámuu ( ) with a with tiny white flowers that liquid derived from the corms, produce a strong and pleasant scent which is said to make the giant fish similar to vanilla, and which were docile and attract it to the formerly worn by some women as fisherman; similarly, application of an adornment. Its trunk is about a similar liquid to trees where deer 1.25m high and its broad leaves are (sikiáaja) are known to rub their reminiscent of calzon panga; the horns, or collared peccaries (kaasi) flower pods grow from the point their sides, is supposed to attract where the leaves emerge from the these animals to the area, making trunk, and from the flowers emerge them easier to hunt. Sci. a cluster of small fruits. ELY Xanthosoma spp., Dieffenbachia spp. pers.var. rakanaaka. HDC pers.var. rɨkɨnaaja. riitɨ́ɨni rt. riítɨ (i.v.) fire or go off, speaking of a cocked gun; snap or rɨrɨkɨ́ɨni rt. rɨrɨkɨɨ (i.v.) shrink or go off, speaking of an armed trap. contract, typically said of inanimate objects, e.g., a piece of meat that riíwiya (n.) shingles; illness that shrinks when cooked over a fire, or that produces fever and painful a rubber band that contracts after rashes in distinctive, band-like having been stretched; but also shapes on the torso. applicable to animate entites such as worms, which can contract their rɨkáani irreg.pl. rɨɨ́kaa (n.) 1. bodies. general term for cunchis, a class of (n.) piqui nigua small catfishes that have relatively rɨ́tija , , or slender heads and bodies and Burrowing Flea, a small parasite uniform, often grayish, coloring. 2. that burrows into the skin, term applied to two similar species especially of the feet, where it lays of cunchi-type catfish. The first is its eggs. The batch of eggs grows, dark gray and is generally causing discomfort until it is encountered in tahuampas, or areas removed with a needle or similar of flooded forest, reaching 30cm in tool. Sci. Tunga penetrans. length; the second is brownish, rɨɨka (n.) varillal, an interior forest with a pale belly, and is generally habitat type consisting of very encountered in deep parts of rivers, moist soil in which only certain likewise reaching 30cm in length. species of trees grow, that have ELY pers.var. rakáani. straight, slender trunks and no

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 365 rɨɨka minati rúruutáani

branches on their lower trunks, rújuuja (n.) shicshi huayo, name such as sásana (brea caspi) and applied to two distinct but similar áriitaawɨ náana (remo caspi), species of fruit-bearing lianas, one forming an area with almost no that grows in low-lying inundating undergrowth and only these areas, and another that grows in straight trunks. This habitat type is areas of higher elevation. The most commonly found near the species that grows in low-lying headwaters of blackwater creeks. areas has thick but flexible vines Since the 1960s, when slender that are used to tie the main logs of trunks such as these began to rafts to their cross-pieces, and bought in Iquitos for construction produces brown fruits some 8cm in purposes, the varillales in the San length, with somewhat thick skins. Antonio area have been targeted for The interior of these fruits can be timber extraction. roasted or boiled, and have a taste reminiscent of siiríkiija (dale dale). rɨɨka minati irreg.pl. rɨɨka miinari The species growing at greater lit. varillal pineapple (n.) variety of elevations has smaller red fruits bromeliad found in the rɨɨka that can be consumed in the same (varillal) habitat type, which grows way, and has vines that are not on the ground, having leaves strong enough to be used for tying reminiscent of pineapple plants, but things together. dialect.var. with a small red inedible fruit aríyuujáana. instead of an edible one. According to Iquito oral tradition, these plants ruruukúuni rt. ruruúkuu (i.v.) are pineapples planted by forest cry out, yell, or shout; vocalize demons. loudly, but not with communicative rɨɨka waaráata • calque of Sp. intent, due to, e.g., pain, speaking balata de varillal. (n.) balata de of an adult or animal; or emotional varillal, species of very straight, distress, speaking of a child. latex-producing tree that grows in rurúuni rt. ruútɨ impf.rt. ruúti varillales and reaches about 75cm drv.rt. rúru (i.v.) bark, said of dogs. in diameter. It was necessary to fell the tree to harvest its latex, with the rúruutáani rt. rúruuta (i.v.) make result that the tree was exhausted in noise, be noisy, specifically by the San Antonio area in the 1960s. means of the human voice; typically applied to groups of people who are rɨɨ́kaa irreg.pl. of rɨkáani being noisy by virtue of conversing, rɨɨwɨ́ɨya (n.) macana blanca, arguing, or otherwise verbally species of transparent macana-type interacting with each other, but in fish (kajani) that reaches some principle also applicable to a single 25cm. Unlike some other kajani person who is making a great deal species, it has no protruding snout. of noise, e.g., a drunk person who is Sci. Gymnotus sp. singing loudly by himself.

366 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary rúruutáani ruutíina rúruutáani rt. rúruuta (t.v.) trunk is covered with a swarm and cover over an object, reddish-yellowish bark and reaches speaking of insects, e.g., flies or some 1.5m at the base, but ants. additionally has a noticeable bulge rusakaka (n.) slime, e.g., the in its middle. Iquitos and other substance that covers certain peoples of the region attribute a species of fish, such as páasi variety of magical powers to this (huasaco) and the wood of certain tree, going so far to say that the brujo trees when stripped of their bark, tree itself is a witch ( ). The such as paatíina (topa). tree is believed to be used for harmful magic by stuffing a piece of irreg.pl. rusaariwa (n.) rusaari the intended victim’s clothing into bentón, species of fish that grows a hole made in the trunk; when this to some 15cm, with a large ritual is successful, the victim’s underbite and significant fangs. It is belly swells until they die. Sci. silvery in color and has small Cavanillesia umbellata. scales, and is difficult to capture with hook and line, generally being ruúti impf.rt. of rurúuni caught with nets or with barbasco. ruutiaákɨɨja irreg.pl. ruutiaákɨɨya (n.) cotolo-type catfish species that rúsuuna (n.) atadijo, small tree reaches some 20cm in length, with that grows in cleared areas, such as a disproportionally large, pale gardens, reaching some 10cm in belly. It otherwise has brownish, diameter and 4m in height before it slimy skin, with lighter yellow dies in 1-2 years. It has has small speckles. leaves, and its thin bark, which strips off easily, is used asa ruutiaákɨɨya irreg.pl. of provisional tumpline or rope. Sci. ruutiaákɨɨja Trema micrantha. ruutina rt. ruuti (adj.) slippery, ruúkuma • from Sp. lúcuma. (n.) and typically, slimy; most lúcuma, species of fruit tree that commonly said of mud and was introduced to Iquito territory substances like soap, as well as in the early 20th century, but is no certain fish species and certain longer cultivated. Sci. Pouteria trees, which, when stripped of their lucuma. bark, are covered with a wet, slippery layer of a substance. Also ruunkaníisi (n.) fish eggs. ▶ applicable to the surfaces of objects Socio. Said to be a word from the that are hard but slippery by virtue Nanay dialect. of their extreme smoothness, e.g., • ruupúuna free.var. of mísiaa certain waxed cement floors. lupuna from Sp. . ruutíina (n.) bolaina, slender tree ruupúuna aákusana • calque of species with leaves similar to anona Sp. lupuna colorada. (n.) lupuna that grows in clear areas reverting colorada, large tree species whose to forest (e.g., purmas). The trunk,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 367 ruuwana ruuwíira

reaching some 15cm in diameter, is used for roof poles. Its bark is known for coming off fairly easily and exuding a slippery, slimy substance from its underside. Sci. Guazuma sp. ruuwana arch.var. of ijúuti ruuwíira • from Sp. lobera. (n.) lobera, variety of manioc, relatively short in stature, known for producing a great quantity of large tubers, with white flesh and relatively little fiber. The tubers are ready to harvest within six months after planting, but they can continue to grow for up to a year and remain in the ground without spoiling.

368 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sajíini

sajikíini rt. sajíkii 1. (t.v.) cut aminakíisi, cascabel. Sci. Bothrops multiple stick-like objects. 2. (t.v.) atrox (adult). picachear, reduce the bulk of a pile sájiri irreg.pl. sajíriwaaka (n.) of sticks by hacking them into referential term for grandmother; pieces, generally an activity carried father or mother’s mother, male or out either when a garden is being female ego. ▶ Gram. Vocative cleared and prepared for burning; counterpart: siiríija. Poss.pref. or when a large quantity of manioc free.var. siíriija. has been harvested, and the resulting stalks are taken to the sajíriisana (n.) deceased or late edge of the garden and cut into grandmother or greatgrandmother. ▶ smaller pieces so as to take up less Gram. Poss.pref. room. sajii irreg.pl. sajiikaka (n.) Brazil Nut tree or castaña, tree species rt. sajikiíta (t.v.) sajikiitáani that grows in relatively elevated sever multiple stick-like objects, areas, far from rivers. Its trunk such as branches or limbs, from the often exceeds 1m in diameter, and larger entity to which they are it produces large fruits that contain attached, e.g., delimbing a felled with in them the well-known Brazil tree, so that it can be made into a Nut. Its nuts are gathered when canoe, or removing the limbs from encountered by chance, and the an animal when butchering it. tree is sometimes felled for timber. A species of jiinakaníini (ahuihua, or sajina (n.) jergón, adult form of edible caterpillar) is abundant on the South American Lancehead or its trunks at the suitable time of Fer-de-Lance, an aggressive and year. Sci. Bertholletia excelsa. much-feared venomous snake that reaches 1.5m in length. sajíini rt. saji (t.v.) cut with a Traditionally, the bite of this chopping action, i.e., by striking a dangerous snake was treated by blow with the sharp edge of the applying the pulp from grated root cutting tool; the cutting tool used bulbs of a variety of sakújaaja may be of any type, e.g., a knife, (piripiri) to the site of the bite. The machete, or axe. ▶ Gram. If the cut juvenile form is known as is relatively superficial, the object

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 369 sajiinúuni sakatáani

bears the locative postposition of habitats, including low-lying =jina. Ex. Inɨ́ɨsi taníini=íira, areas that inundate during the wet kia=sajiki kanuu. To weave a season, deep forest areas, and old hammock, (first) you cut the gardens. They form a class by virtue chambira fiber. Ex. Kií=ta of the fact that their bark can easily aátikura n=anáka=jina sajíini. I be peeled off in strips and used as intended to cut it on its head. tumplines (tuuku). They grow to a sajiinúuni rt. sajiínuu (t.v.) hack, maximum diameter of 20-40cm, make multiple cuts, one after the with the trunks of some species in other, in close proximity to each this class used as roof poles. other, e.g., as when cutting a free.var. tuuku. branch with a machete. Ex. sakana rt. saka (adj.) patco or Atii=na nu=apárakiaakɨ́ iina parca, the chalky, astringent flavor sajiinúuni=jina pɨsɨkɨ. Then he and mouthfeel of certain unripe began to cut up the tapir. fruits, including plantains and cashew fruits. sajiitáani rt. sajiita (t.v.) cut something that is connected to sakanaa irreg.pl. of sakana something else by a connecting sakáraja (n.) mojarra duro, species piece that is rigid or under tension, of silvery mojarra-type fish that near the point at which the reaches some 15cm in length and is connecting piece is attached to the covered with especially hard scales. larger object; e.g., cut down a pot It is mostly found in lakes and suspended by a rope at the point at waterways that connect lakes to which the rope is tied to the rivers (caños). supporting object, cut a bunch of sakatáani rt. sakáta (t.v.) go plantains at the point at which it around; move in a trajectory that joins the tree, cut down a wasp nest skirts the edge of something or by severing the branch from which follows the perimeter of some it hangs at the point at which the delimited space, e.g., deviate from branch joins the tree, or cut weeds walking a straight line to avoid a by pulling on them, putting them tree or house in one’s way, passing under tension, and then severing around one side of it; walk around them near the ground. Ex. the edge of some large object Nu=pɨɨkarɨɨkurá nu=tanakíini, looking for something located near jawáari=na nu=apárakuraaná it; walk around the edge of a naamɨ sajiitáani=jina, niraasi garden one is clearing to define its íimɨ. He had finished building the boundaries; or creep around an fence, and afterward he began to cut animal while hunting to get into a shapaja leaves, leaves. better position to take a shot, or to sakana irreg.pl. sakanaa (n.) prevent its escape. ▶ Sem. The use general term for carahuascas, a of this verb to describe entrapping class of trees that grow in a variety an animal while hunting it is

370 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sakatiika sakina

particularly salient to many also applies in non-hunting speakers, resulting in a degree of contexts, however, e.g., when conflation with the verb sakatúuni, people surround someone at a which specifically denotes the birthday party to congratulate activity of entrapping, or cutting off them. act./mid. sakatɨ́ɨni (middle) the escape of, something. Ex. sakaáruuki free.var. of siíkiraja N=arakíika iíkwakuraaná tíira, irreg.pl. sakaáruukiwa nu=sakátarɨɨkuraaná iina náana saki namijana rt. saki namija nu=animɨ=jina. His nephew went (adj.) having light-colored eyes, over there and went around the including eyes that are colored buttress roots of the tree. blue, green, or yellow, said both of sakatiika (n.) species of humans and animals with eyes of añashua-type fish that reaches these colors. some 20cm in length, and is sákija (interj.) “serves you right!”, principally encountered in creeks. It “serves them right!”, exclamation of is solid green in color, apart from a vindictive satisfaction, i.e., somewhat reddish tail. Sci. happiness at the suffering or Crenicichla sp. free.var. jinɨ́ɨka. downfall of a person or animal sakatɨ́ɨni rt. sakátɨɨ (i.v.) get disliked or feared by the speaker, or stranded or cut off, in the sense of of someone who is doing something being unable to leave a place due to of which the speaker does not restrictions on one’s ability to move approve. ▶ Gram. This interjection freely, e.g., if one’s boat floats away can be spoken either directly to, or while on an island, or one locks indirectly about, the individual or oneself inadvertently into a room. individuals of whom the speaker act./mid. sakatúuni (active) disapproves. Ex. “Iiná=yaa sakatúuni rt. sakátuu (t.v.) cut off kia=manánuu kíija, sákija, jaa or surround; prototypically this kw=aámuu kiáaja,” refers to the action of cutting off ki=maákata aátikiaakɨ́ nuu. “For the escape route of a game animal, that which you were hassling me, I’ve by one or more hunters positioning killed you, and it serves you right,” themselves between the animal and my father said (to the jaguar). its likely path of escape. Especially sakina rt. saki (adj.) talludo or salient examples involve herd caulla, said specifically of manioc animals like kaasi (Collared tubers, the undesirable quality of Peccaries) or anitáaki (White-Lipped being hard yet watery, such that Peccaries), when they are they either require an surrounded by a large group of extraordinarily long time to cook, hunters who have been alerted to or are simply inedible. Manioc their presence and who seek to becomes hard in this way when left surround the herd in order to kill as in the ground too long, especially in many animals as possible. This verb sandy soil (jɨ́ɨka). free.var. iwárɨɨja.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 371 sakina sakújaaja sakina rt. saki (adj.) 1. larger quantity, or identifying and light-colored, said of eyes that do removing corn kernels that won’t not have dark brown irises, e.g., of grow when it is time to plant by animals such as sajina (jergón) immersing them in water and snakes, which have light brown removing the floating kernels. paucar irises, or masiku ( ) birds, sakíini rt. sákii (t.v.) hate. Rel. which have light blue eyes, as well sákiisana (adj.) hated or reviled as the eyes of some people of thing or person. European heritage. 2. white, sakɨ́ɨka (n.) manioc beer mash, speaking specifically of the color of made by chopping and boiling makina isíiku (obero or sarna manioc tubers, mashing them, and blanca), a fungal skin condition then masticating part of the mash that leaves white spots on the skin. to introduce amylase, an enzyme ▶ Socio. This term is synonymous, that helps break down the in this sense, with makina, in its carbohydrates into sugar, into the sense that describes the color of the mash, speeding fermentation. same malady, in whose name it Additional sugars are often added surfaces; it appears that makina was by grating a modest quantity of more commonly used than sakina sweet potato (katíja), or less for describing this color. traditionally, commercial cane sakina isíiku free.var. of makina sugar. Once the mash has isíiku lit. hard (like yuca) sarina fermented for 2-3 days, it is diluted sakinɨɨtáani rt. sakinɨɨ́ta (t.v.) a with water and strained for traditional manner of displaying consumption as manioc beer. anger or displeasure by snapping sakɨɨkɨ́ɨni rt. sakɨɨ́kɨɨ (t.v.) make the eyes shut violently and turning manioc beer mash, referring to the the head way abruptly; according process from the point of removing to Iquito speakers, this is display is the boiled manioc from the pot, is stereotypically associated with through mashing and masticating it, women, and was especially directed adding grated sweet potato, and up towards children. to and including the point at which the mash is set aside to ferment. sakitáani rt. sakita (t.v.) select (t.v.) and remove the useful part of a sakɨ́ɨni rt. sakɨɨ chew or plant, discarding the rest; this term masticate, be it to swallow as food; can be applied to quite diverse to give to another to swallow, e.g., activities, such as removing the a baby; or as part of preparing edible flesh of mishquipanga something else, especially sakɨ́ɨka (miríjaaja) fruits, removing the (manioc beer mash). white fiber from cotton bolls, sakújaaja (n.) piripiri, a class of extracting the hard heartwood or plants that have a variety of shungo from a tree trunk, picking medicinal and magical uses. These out unhusked grains of rice from a plants have stalks reminiscent of

372 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sakumánaaja sakuu

grass, which grow to some 1.5m in hand, was a bad person (in contrast height, and small fragrant tubers. to the good person just mentioned). The tubers are grated and then sakunaaja (n.) inayuga, species of either made into a wash for the skin palm that mostly grows in clayey or applied directly to the body or soils (tipáaka), which has fruits object being treated with the plant. reminiscent of those of the more There are numerous varieties with common shapaja (niraasi), and are numerous uses, e.g., to cure snake eaten by animals, but not humans. bite, to make manioc grow well, to The edges of the bases of the improve luck in gathering palm branches are quite sharp, and are grubs of different species, to sometimes used as cutting tools improve the burning of swidden when hunters need to butcher an gardens, to make fish hooks anmal but lack a knife or machete. especially effective in fishing, to Traditionally the outer layer of the treat spears to make their users able branches were used to make to repel attacks without fail, to blowgun darts, and the interior of make enemies fearful, and more. the branches burned to produce a Sci. Cyperus spp. somewhat salty ash for use as a sakumánaaja (n.) term for the condiment. In the early 20th ungurahui palm tree as a whole, as century, this part of branches also opposed to its fruits, which are served as a source of táaku, or called ipɨɨti; the latter term is often wadding, for muskets, and later, used metonymically, however, to home-made shotgun shells. Sci. refer to the palm as a whole. Sci. Maximiliana venatorum. ▶ Jessenia bataua. Socio. A lexical sakutiiri Chambira dialect.var. of distinction between the palm trunk sákuuri irreg.pl. sakutiiriwa as such and its fruits is made only sakuu irreg.pl. sakuuwa (n.) by certain speakers, including HDC. traditional ungurahui palm torch; sákumatáani (adv.) on the other these torches were made in one of hand, in contrast, however; word two ways: in the first way, that yields an adversative, newly-growing ungurahui (ipɨɨti) alternative, or contrastive palms some 1-1.5m tall were relationship between the selected and cut, the leaves proposition bearing this word, and removed, and the exterior of the a preceding one. Ex. K=iímina slender trunk stripped off, leaving a íyuuti tɨɨ saámina; kí=siiwíika length some 0.75-1m of dense fiber. íyuuti sakumatáani kumakú tɨɨ. The second approach was to The (bow) rope of my canoe is new, remove the huesitos or lengths of however the (fishing) line of my slender rigid material from dry but fishhook is old. Ex. Anuu partially decayed ungurahui palm taárikɨ=na sɨɨ́sana kaaya frond petioles, and bundle them sakumatáani. He, on the other together to make a torch.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 373 sákuuna samatáani sákuuna socio.var. of isakúuna gourd vessels. Sci. Crescentia cujete. pate sákuuri irreg.pl. sákuuriwa (n.) 2. , bowl-like gourd vessel species of mojarra-type fish that made from the large spherical fruits reaches some 7cm in length, and is of the tree of the same name, cut in mainly encountered in back eddies half and hollowed out. Nanay and areas of rivers with dialect.var. timáriija. slow-moving water. Grayish in samakúuni rt. samákuu (t.v.) color, it has a flat body covered in make a samaku (pate, or gourd very small scales, large pectoral and vessel) from the fruit of the huingo dorsal fins, and a small tail. tree. The large spherical fruits are Chambira dialect.var. sakutiiri. harvested when still green, split in socio.var. asákuuri. half, the soft interior scooped out, and the remnants scraped out. The sakwaari socio.var. of asakwaari resulting vessel is then filled with irreg.pl. sakwaariwa ashes and left in the sun until dry. samaja (n.) shiripira, species of Traditionally the interior of the large cunchi-type catfish that lives gourd was repeatedly painted with in rivers and lakes, but not smaller the sap of the kuumáaka vine, creeks. It reaches some 30cm in which left a glossy black coat which length, with a flattened head and helped preserve the vessel. zúngaro wide mouth like that of a , samáraatáani rt. samáraata (i.v.) a white belly, and black and white rest. Ex. Kí=samáraatakura stripes that run lengthwise along its aámiikaaka. I rested yesterday. JPI sides and back; its venomous side pers.var. samáraatɨ́ɨni. dialect.var. spurs can cause very painful samɨ́rɨɨtáani. injuries; and its flesh is almost wholly free of small bones. Sci. samáraatɨ́ɨni rt. samáraatɨ JPI Sorubim lima. pers.var. of samáraatáani samaríyuuja (n.) species of suri, samaja (n.) species of freshwater edible beetle grub, similar in mussel; traditionally the shell of general form to aniita marajákwaa, this mussel was used to smooth the but smaller, reaching only 2-3 cm surface of clay vessels made with in length, and unlike the former, the coil method (tiniijúuni) before remains white even when mature. It firing them. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. is principally encountered in pona sámakɨ irreg.pl. samákɨya (n.) (tatɨɨ) palm trunks, although it is layer of tough, non-muscle tissue also occasionally found in aguaje that lies between the abdominal (nɨsikati) palm trunks as well. muscles and internal organs of (t.v.) ▶ samatáani rt. samáta 1. animals. Gram. Poss.pref. unwind or unwrap something that samaku (n.) 1. tutumo or huingo, is tightly wound or wrapped. 2. species of cultivated tree with large (t.v.) untwist, unspin, or unbraid a round fruits, which serve to make rope, cord, or thread that has been

374 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary samatɨ́ɨni saminiijúuni

made out of multiple fibers or 2. (t.v.) be preoccupied with, be smaller strings or ropes by spinning, concerned about, worry about, or twisting, or braiding them together. think about something in a act./mid. samatɨ́ɨni (middle) preoccupied manner, e.g., think samatɨ́ɨni rt. samátɨ 1. (i.v.) about a deceased person, unwind or unwrap, speaking of remembering their personality something tightly wound or qualities, or the things they did; wrapped. 2. (i.v.) untwist or think about a loved one who is far unbraid, speaking of a rope or cord away, wondering if they are well, that has been twisted or braided or what they might be doing; or together out of multiple strings or think about a job one is carrying fibers. act./mid. samatáani (active) out, worrying about the obstacles one might have to overcome, or saminaja (n.) victuals, either a how long it may take. ▶ Gram. This large quantity of uncooked food sense takes either an NP or an suitable for taking on a long trip, or irrealis non-finite clause as cooked food that is intended for a complement. Ex. shorter trip, e.g., a hunting trip that Saminiíjuukuma, jɨɨ́tikari last only part of a day. Chambira kia=iwɨɨ́rii, kia=tarawáaja. dialect.var. suuríija. Don’t think about, when you are sick, saminiijúuni rt. saminiíjuu (t.v.) your work. Ex. Saminiíjuu imitate, mimic the behavior or ánaajɨ́ɨni. Think about getting well. vocalizations of an animal or person; the calls of animals are saminiijúuni (n.) thought or idea. often imitated while hunting, in Ex. Kaa kia=nakusisaákari order to draw animals closer to the iipɨ=jata kuwasíini kaayaaka, hunter. Ex. Íyaa iina=na, iina kaa na=paájii náaji nakusíini, kaaya nu=saminiíjuukiaakɨ=ná saakaaya taá kia=saminiijúuni. iina nu=ariwáani, iina ariwáani If you don’t know how to talk to the makwaati. Then the man imitated people, then they won’t know what the song, the song of the frog. your thoughts are. saminiijúuni rt. saminiíjuu 1. (t.v.) think, have a thought. saminiijúuni rt. saminiíjuu (t.v.) ▶ Gram. This sense takes a either a inspect, check over, or look over speech report or the discourse carefully for signs of ill health, anaphor niwa as its complement. injury, damage, or otherwise Ex. Tiíra=na, na=saminiíjuuyaa, problematic attributes, e.g., looking “Jɨɨ́taaraata iina ɨɨyaaráaja, over a canoe to make sure that it p=árata kaaya?” There they were does not have leaks, checking over thinking, “How can someone like us a set of purchases to make sure that fly?” Ex. Naaraata=na one has received everything one has na=saminiíjuuyaárikɨ=na=yaá asked for. Ex. Nu=saminiíjuuyaa niwa. Thus they kept thinking that. nuu, “Tɨɨti, tɨɨti nu=pajátɨrɨɨ?”

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 375 saminíini samúkwaati

He is checking it over, “Where, where kia=iíkwaami tuujíini, kiáaja did it get a hole?” taá=na kusiaamɨ=na. I want to saminíini rt. samini (t.v.) prepare test you, because I have become tired or ready victuals, generally for of hearing these rumors about you, extended trips, e.g., go to the that you are brave. garden, harvest manioc, place it in samɨ́rɨɨtáani rt. samɨ́rɨɨta a basket, and place it in the canoe; dialect.var. of samáraatáani Rel. or make fariña, place it in a sack, samɨ́rɨɨtɨ́ɨni (rt. samɨ́rɨɨtɨɨ) (t.v.) let and place it in the canoe; or hunt rest, make rest. game, smoke the meat and place it sámɨɨra (adv.) constantly, in the canoe. frequently, or habitually. Ex. samírɨɨwɨ irreg.pl. samírɨɨwɨya, Saakaa=aákuji pɨ́=tasikɨ pajátii samírɨɨwɨka (n.) cooking paddle, a sámɨɨra? Why is our fishtrap wooden cooking implement with a constantly developing holes? handle from which extends a samɨɨ́ri impf.rt. of samɨrɨ́ɨni broader flat surface; small versions sámukwa irreg.pl. of samúkwaati of this implement were used to (loc.n.) platanal remove pieces of food from hot samúkwajina , a water or soups, while larger plot of land dedicated to raising versions were used to stir cooking plantains. food. samúkwaamɨ irreg.pl. samúkwaamɨya (n.) samisu ELY pers.var. of namisu saltón, species of large irreg.pl. samisuwa zúngaro-type catfish that reaches samiyani irreg.pl. saamiya (n.) almost 3m in length in the San bee; general term, irrespective of Antonio area, and is generally species. ELY pers.var. samiyini. found in deep spots in rivers. It has samiyini ELY pers.var. of samiyani a white belly, gray sides, and a gray irreg.pl. saamiya back, which is covered with a slime that looks like fur or bristles. Sci. samɨrɨ́ɨni rt. samɨɨ́rɨ impf.rt. Brachyplatysoma filamentosum. samɨɨ́ri drv.rt. samɨ́rɨ 1. (i.v.) be tired, especially from arduous samúkwaamɨ (n.) sacha work. Ex. Jaari=na nɨɨtamu irreg.pl. samúkwaamɨya plátano apárakiaakɨ=ná samɨrɨ́ɨni=jina , plant with a general form jaa. So then the vulture began to tire. similar to a plantain and with 2. (t.v.) be tired of, be bored of, or similar, but more slender and be fed up with doing something. tougher, leaves. This plant does not ▶ Gram. This sense takes a produce plantain-like fruits, but the non-finite irrealis complement. Ex. leaves are used to roof temporary Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa kia=sanitáani, shelters. iyaamiaákuji jaari=na samúkwaati irreg.pl. sámukwa, kí=samɨɨ́rɨrɨɨkiaaná samúkwaatika (n.) plantain,

376 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary samúkwaati imɨ́ɨni sanitáani

speaking both of the plant and its territory, but being much prized by fruits. commercial fishermen, and hence samúkwaati imɨ́ɨni heavily over-fished, are now only irreg.pl. samúkwaati imɨ́ɨya, found in lakes far up the Pintuyacu samúkwaati imɨ́ɨka, samúkwaati River. Sci. Arapaima gigas. HDC imɨɨ́nika lit. plantain madre (n.) pers.var. samuu. species of worm that attacks the samuu HDC pers.var. of sámuu base of plantain plants, with sámuu iíwaasi lit. paiche tail (n.) normally only a single worm type of fan woven from the burrowing into the center of the immature bud (cogollo) of niraasi plant and eating the growing shoots (shapaja) palms with a distinctive there, eventually hollowing it out shape that recalls the tail of sámuu and killing the plant. (paiche) fish. samúkwaati imɨ́ɨya irreg.pl. of Sanantúuni • from Sp. San samúkwaati imɨ́ɨni Antonio. (prop.n.) San Antonio de samúkwaati nɨyana lit. yellow Pintuyacu, the principal Iquito plantain (n.) guineo vinagre, community, founded in 1911 by the species of guineo or sweet plantain patrón Ramón Ampuero, who that reaches some 10cm in length, settled it with Iquito peones under but is remarkably thick for its his control, who worked for him in length, with very white and sweet, conditions of near-slavery. Located but tangy, flesh when ripe. While on the Pintuyacu River, growing, the skins of these approximately an hour downriver plantains are light green, from of the confluence of the Pintuyacu which the Iquito name of this and Chambira Rivers, with a variety derives, ripening to a pale population of approximately 450 yellow. people, it is the largest settlement samurúuni rt. samúruu (t.v.) in the Pintuyacu River basin. overwork someone; make excessive sanáani rt. saana drv.rt. sana (i.v.) demands on someone for work or straighten something relatively assistance. ▶ Gram. Historically, hard or stiff, e.g., a nail or a piece this was presumably the active of arrow cane. act./mid. sanɨ́ɨni counterpart of samɨrɨ́ɨni ‘be tired’, (middle) although semantic drift now makes sanitáani rt. sanita 1. (t.v.) try, the active-middle correspondence test; try doing something to see if imperfect. turns out well or in an expected sámuu irreg.pl. sámuuwa (n.) manner; or test something or paiche, a species of fish with a long, someone to determine if they have tubular body covered with very a desired quality, e.g., test a motor large hard scales, that reaches up to to see if it works, or test a student in 4m in length. These fish were once an exam to see if they have learned abundant in the lakes in Iquito something. ▶ Gram. This verb can

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 377 sanitɨ́ɨni sanɨ́ɨni

take both NPs and non-finite try a food or drink. Ex. Nu=sanitɨ́ɨ irrealis clauses as complements. kíija nu=amarisiáaka. She had me Ex. Pɨ́=sanítaa nu=natáani iiti try her peach palm fruit brew. 2. pɨ=niíya=jina, pɨ́=nikíini=íira (d.v.) let or make measure; nu=kumɨsaákari. We will try specifically, let someone measure planting here in our land, to see if it the length or weight of something. grows. Ex. Aákari ▶ Gram. This form occurs instead of kí=sanitaákiaana iina Iísuuja, the expected sanita-tɨɨ. 3. (t.v.) iina iíkwaami ki=tuújiiyaa, make someone prove themselves, kusiaamɨ taa=na Iísuuja=na. e.g., in a fight. ▶ Gram. This form Now I am going to test this Iísuuja, for occurs instead of the expected all the gossip I hear (of her), that sanita-tɨɨ. Ex. Iina ikwani, Iísuuja is brave. 2. (t.v.) measure or nu=sanitɨ́ɨ nuu, iyaamiaákuji count; measure some continuous nu=manánuuyaa iipɨ kaayaaka. property, especially, the length or That man made him prove himself (by weight of an object, count or keep giving him a punch), because he track of some countable set of (always) harrasses people. objects. Ex. Na=apárakiaaná saníini rt. sani (t.v.) taste, try a yaawɨ́ɨni sanitáani=jina, food or beverage in order to “Iina=jina na=iíkwakura.” They ascertain its flavor, temperature, or began to keep track of the days other characteristic. Ex. Jaa (indicating with fingers), “They left on nu=saniki nuu, iina paápaaja, this one (day).” Ex. Jaa suwáani. He tried it, the fish, and it nu=sanitaki nuu, was good. sɨɨsaramaajɨtáami námati nu=miíyaa. She already measured sanɨrɨ ELY pers.var. of káawu it, and it is three arms (in length). irreg.pl. sanɨrɨwa sanitɨ́ɨni rt. sanitɨɨ 1. (t.v.) make sanɨ́ɨni rt. saánɨ impf.rt. saáni something drip. 2. (t.v.) bleed a drv.rt. sánɨ 1. (i.v.) straighten game animal by cutting its neck oneself up or out, said, e.g., of and suspending it head down. 3. someone who stands up straight (t.v.) distill alcohol using a still. after walking hunched over under When the profitability of wild low branches, someone who stands rubber extraction declined in the up from a sitting position, someone 1920s, the patrones who who straightens out after lying in a dominated the Iquito people shifted fetal position, a snake that to cultivating sugarcane and straightens itself out after lying in a manufacturing sugar-based coil, or plant that straightens out as products, of which distilled it grows. 2. (i.v.) get up from a sugarcane-based alcohol was one. lying or sitting position. act./mid. sanáani (active) sanitɨ́ɨni rt. sanitɨɨ 1. (d.v.) let or make try; specifically, let someone sanɨ́ɨni rt. sanɨ (i.v.) drip.

378 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sapakaka sapɨ́yaja sapakaka (n.) bodily grime that sapaani naamɨ irreg.pl. sapaáni results from long-term insufficient naamɨya lit. worm leaf (n.) species cleanliness, as opposed to, e.g., of small palm similar in general temporary grime due to working in shape to pasɨɨmɨ (calzón panga), a dusty or muddy environment. growing to about 1m in height, sapákatina rt. sapákati (adj.) with a slender stalk, and cup-like dirty, said specifically of people, leaves, but with softer and more when said dirt has accumulated flexible leaves than pasɨɨmɨ. It grows because of a prolonged lack of in moist areas near creeks, which bathing or lack of cleanly habits. are also areas where earthworms are often harvested as fishing bait, sapatiki irreg.pl. sapatikiwa (n.) so that its leaves are often used to variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti (chacruna) used wrap harvested earthworms for in the preparation of aákuta transport, giving the palm its name. (ayahuasca); this variety is believed to produce visions of darkness, as if sapaánuuti (n.) chicle huayo, tree one were surrounded by dark species whose soft wood that is not clouds. Sci. Psychotria viridis var. used for any purpose, but noted for sapatiki Chambira dialect.var. of its fruits, which are eaten mɨɨ́nana amáriiki desultorily when encountered in irreg.pl. sapatiwa, sapatikiwa the forest. They are small, with a yellow, resinous covering, and hard rt. sapati Chambira sapatina seed surrounded by small layer of dialect.var. of mɨɨ́nana very sweet, gummy flesh whose sapatiwa irreg.pl. of sapatiki flavor is said to be reminscent of sápatu • from Sp. zapato. (n.) chewing gum. Sci. Lacmellea sp. shoe. sapáasi socio.var. of asapáasi (i.v.) sapatúuni rt. sapátuu put on sapiraakɨ́ɨni rt. sapiraákɨɨ (i.v.) shoes. get lost, lose one’s way. Ex. sapaa irreg.pl. of sapaani Kí=saakɨɨ́niiyaa kináaja sapaajina (loc.n.) a patch of jɨɨ́taaraata kw=aníriti ground in which earthworms sapiraákɨɨkiaakɨ́ (sapaa) congregate; areas of this nu=kaajiya=níwaji mɨyaaraa. I sort are valued as reliable sources will tell you all how my aunt got lost of fishing bait. following her dogs. sapaani irreg.pl. sapaa, sapɨ́yaja (n.) ticti, a skin disease sapaaniwa, sapaanika (n.) 1. characterized by the appearance of general term for earthworms; small hard, painless, and itchless traditionally used by Iquitos as bait lumps on the skin, which slowly for catching a variety of fish spread. One traditional Iquito species. 2. Ascaris worm or round treatment for this malady was to worm, a large parasitical worm of take the liquid that foams out of the the human gastro-intestinal tract. unlit end of some types of burning

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 379 sapɨɨja saráani

firewood and apply it to the lumps, left by their previous spouse; this after having pierced them with a term is especially appropriate if the thorn or needle, after which person in question has been treatment the lumps are supposed previously abandoned by more than to dry up and fall off. one spouse. sapɨɨja (n.) manioc tubers, sápuuraati (n.) shiringarana typically small ones, and few in colorado or caura, species of tree number, that are left over in a with a large trunk that reaches garden after it has been thoroughly some 1.5m in diameter and mostly harvested. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. grows in inundating areas. It has small leaves similar to the sapukúuni rt. sapukuu (i.v.) shiringarana blanca (siíruwa foam, froth, produce foam or froth, anákana), and its red wood is used said typically of manioc beer that as sawed timber, to make floats, produces foam through and as firewood. Its sap is elastic fermentation, but also applying, when dried, and was formerly used e.g., to fish- or meat-based soups to make hair ties. Sci. Sapium sp. that go bad and produce foam. (adj.) (n.) sarákutina rt. sarákuti sapukwaka foam of any gapped, the quality of having many origin, e.g., the froth from gaps or spaces throughout, such as fermenting manioc beer mash, the an old and worn thatch roof, a foam that forms on the surface of seive, or a loosely woven basket. rivers, or the foam that certain frogs produce when laying their eggs. sarámaaja JPI pers.var. of sɨrɨ́maaja sapúkwatáani rt. sapúkwata sarana (adj.) ralo, loosely woven; (t.v.) remove the foam from the the quality of being woven in such surface of something foaming, a manner that noticeable spaces typically a batch of manioc beer appear between the strands of mash; the foam collected in this material. This quality may be fashion was traditionally a treat for intended and desired, as in the case children. of hammocks, sieves, and net bags; saputi (n.) 1. mucus, be it a result or may be the result of shoddy of illness or not. 2. flu or cold. workmanship, as in the case of crisnejas sapuujúuni rt. sapuújuu 1. (t.v.) loosely woven iitaari ( ), irapay glean; gather scraps, left over when the ijáwɨɨmɨ ( ) leaves things, or discarded things, e.g., are not woven sufficiently densely gather the scattered, left-over to be impermeable to rain. cultigens from a chacra which has saráani rt. saáta drv.rt. sára (t.v.) been harvested, or gather together tilt canoe to allow water to flow in, leftovers from a finished meal. 2. thereby submerging the canoe; this (t.v.) take as a spouse a man or action is typically carried out in woman who has been rejected and order to embark large fish, e.g.,

380 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary saráani sásakɨ

paiche (sámuu), since the out, speaking e.g., of a full pot that submersion of the canoe allows the is knocked over. act./mid. saráani fish to be easily pulled over the lip (active) of the canoe, while the bouyancy of (n.) cunchi the wood prevents the canoe from sarɨɨti irreg.pl. sarɨɨtiwa negro cunchi sinking; once the fish is embarked, , species of -type the water can be bailed out, catfish whose dark, plump, thick refloating the canoe, now with the body reaches some 40cm in length, large fish inside it. and has a large head with white, (t.v.) beard-like tentacles around its saráani rt. saáta drv.rt. sára mouth. It has poisonous spurs by its empty out; pour out a liquid or pectoral fins that can deliver dump solids out of a vessel, e.g., painful injuries. It is particularly pour water out of a bucket, or abundant in renacales, i.e., dump cooked manioc out of a pot. renaco(kámɨɨti) root tangles in Ex. Sɨɨ́sanurika aaka kinaa creeks, and its yellowish flesh is saátarɨɨ nami samaku=jina. Pour much prized for patarashcas (ijiika). out a little bit of water there into the gourd. Ex. Nu=saátarɨɨkuraana sarɨɨtiimɨ irreg.pl. sarɨɨtiimɨya lit. nu=maánakaja, jɨɨ́tikari cunchi negro leaf (n.) species of nu=mɨjɨrɨɨkurá jaari. She dumped small palm that grows to some 1.5m out her chopped manioc, once it was in height, similar in general form to well cooked. act./mid. sarɨ́ɨni ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palms, with similar (middle) long and slender, but softer, leaves. sariti impf.rt. of saritɨ́ɨni These leaves are prized for making ijiika (patarashcas ) of sarɨɨti saritɨ́ɨni rt. saritɨ impf.rt. sariti (cunchi negro) flesh, for the fst.spch. sartɨ (i.v.) tear something pleasant flavor they impart. relatively thin by ripping out something that is embedded in it, sasaja (n.) lung. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. e.g., tear a fish’s lip by ripping out a fish hook, tear someone’s earlobe sasakaraawɨ by ripping out an earring, or tear irreg.pl. sasakaraawɨya (n.) ▶ the side of an aluminum pot by cartilage. Gram. Poss.pref. ripping out a handle riveted to its sásakɨ irreg.pl. sasákɨya (n.) 1. side. champal, an interior forest habitat sáriina socio.var. of asáriina type typically found in flat, sarɨ́ɨni rt. saátɨ drv.rt. sárɨ 1. (i.v.) elevated areas with very sandy soils capsize, for example a vessel such (jɨ́ɨka) that drain quickly after rains, as a canoe, such that the passengers in which dry leaves form a layer are left in the water. Ex. 25-50cm deep, suppressing Aámiikáaka nu=iímina undergrowth. 2. the thick layer of saátɨkura. Yesterday his canoe leaf litter found in the champal capsized. 2. (i.v.) tip over and spill habitat.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 381 sasákɨɨyɨ sasaanúuni sasákɨɨyɨ irreg.pl. sasákɨɨyɨwa lit. hand, and being socially timid, on champal rope (n.) species of the other. These associations are in unidentified non-venomous snake part explained by Iquito elders as (possibly Atractus sp.) that reaches being rooted in the fact that issuing some 30cm in length and is found directives to carry out tasks, as well beneath leaf litter, sásakɨ. It is noted as responding to such directives, for having a small head and mouth, are actions grounded in social and for being striped like venomous interaction, with the consequence coral snakes, but not as brightly that a person’s social timidity colored. Sci. Atractus sp. (?). results in excluding them from assuming either of these roles in a sásana (n.) brea caspi or aceite directive-based productive activity. caspi, tree species that grows in rɨɨka (varillales) habitats, with a sasana rt. sasa (adj.) poorly very a straight trunk and yellowish burning, said of types of wood that bark, reaches a height of 15m. are not satisfactory as firewood, as When slender, they are prized for well of particular pieces of wood house roof poles, and are harvested that are wet. for sawn timber when they grow sasánaaka (n.) herbaceous weed larger. Its thick yellowish resin was that grows in cleared areas, traditionally used to make pitch for especially gardens, to some 1.5m in sealing canoes. Sci. Caraipa height. Its leaves resemble those of densifolia. cilantro (culantro) and it flowers sasana rt. sasa (adj.) 1. light in produce fluffy seeds reminscent of weight, speaking of woods, dandelion seeds. The plant dies especially woods that are so light as with the onset of the dry season, to float. 2. ineffective, meek, and has no known uses. cowardly; a personal quality that sásaaka (n.) hierba mudo, species ranges from being lazy or of grass that grows in sandy soils. ineffective, lacking initiative and sásaakáani rt. sásaaka dialect.var. energy, to being overly meek, of tarakɨɨtíini timid, or cowardly. ▶ Anth. In (t.v.) traditional Iquito culture, there is a sasaanúuni rt. sasaánuu dry strong identification between being a piece of timber so that it becomes energetic and hardworking, on the buoyant; this is typically done to one hand; and being ‘brave’, on the make outrigger-like booms for other hand, understood here as canoes and boats when they are being socially forthcoming, carrying large, top-heavy loads, crisnejas confident, and willing to engage such as large loads of , in with others in conversation. The order to give the vessel additional local opposites of these qualities are stability and bouyancy. also associated with each other, sasaanúuni rt. sasaánuu (t.v.) that is to say, being lazy on the one make someone timid and lazy,

382 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sasɨ́ɨni sawija

especially a man. Traditionally, flute-playing if laid across the Iquitos believed that contact with a knuckles of each hand. menstruating woman would affect (i.v.) men in this way; the same effect sataakɨ́ɨni rt. sataakɨɨ laugh can be achieved by magical means, hysterically, cackle, laugh and this was a form of vengeance repeatedly for a prolonged period sometimes exacted by women on of time. Ex. Anuu, their husbands, especially if they nu=sataakɨɨtɨɨyaakurá kanáaja were physically abusive. aámiikáaka=na, juúmana=jaa iina maaya. She made us really (i.v.) sasɨ́ɨni rt. sasɨɨ become numb laugh yesterday, (because) that child or fall asleep, speaking of a body was very amusing. part. ▶ Gram. The subject denotes or indexes the affected body part; satáani rt. sata (i.v.) laugh. the possessor of the bodypart can rt. sataánii (t.v.) laugh be expressed as an oblique sataaníini in someone’s face; laugh or smile at argument bearing the someone in the context of goal/benefactive postposition conflictual social relations in order =íira. Rel. sasɨɨkíini (rt. sasɨɨ́kii) to antagonize them and/or display (i.v.) become numb or fall asleep, contempt or disregard for them. speaking of multiple body parts. Ex. Anuu=na sataániiyaa (i.v.) sasɨ́ɨni rt. sasɨɨ become lazy ki=maákata. They laughed at my or socially timid. father. sasɨɨtáani rt. sasɨɨ́ta (i.v.) ease, diminish, or calm, speaking of pain. sawija irreg.pl. saawiya, sawijaka (n.) ▶ Gram. The subject denotes or stone, rock, or pebble; Iquito indexes the affected body part; the territory is notably lacking in large possessor of the bodypart can be stones, and the stones that do exist expressed as an oblique argument are mostly small white pebbles that bearing the goal/benefactive accumulate in certain beaches, with postposition =íira. Ex. Nu=ánaka the exception of sikiáaja sawija (lit. sasɨɨ́taa nuu=íira. His headache is ‘deer stone’), a rather soft diminishing. sedimentary stone found near certain creeks and salt licks. (n.) sásɨɨti general term for ▶ Socio. Speaker JPI indicates that centipedes and millipedes; Iquitos the regular plural sawijaka is consider millipedes inoffensive, but appropriate for a small number of are wary of the sting of one species stones, while the irregular form of centipede that is a dark metallic saawiya is apt only when speaking blue in color. It is believed that of large a number of stones. Rel. another species, which has a wide sawijátina (adj.) rocky. body that somewhat resembles the tread of a tractor, will enhance the sawija irreg.pl. saawiya, sawijaka flexibility of fingers for (n.) star.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 383 sawíjatina sawɨɨ́kwaaja sawíjatina rt. sawíjati (adj.) trunk, and broad leaves reminiscent glittery, said of surfaces composed of cetico (narati) leaves; its wood is of multiple, small reflective, parts, soft, but the trunks are useful as especially the skin of certain species roof poles. It is most noted for its of fish, whose scales cause them to small, dark, and very sweet fruits glitter strikingly in strong sunlight. that grow in bunches in a manner sawijaari (n.) corvina, fish species reminiscent of palm fruits. Sci. with striking silvery scales that Pourouma cecropiaefolia. reaches some 40-50cm in length in sawiyɨɨjɨɨtáani rt. sawiyɨɨjɨɨ́ta 1. the Pintuyacu River area, and is (i.v.) spin or rotate quickly around mainly found in deep spots of the a distal point, e.g., people dancing river; it is noted for having little swiftly in a circle, or a propellor’s ▶ loose stone-like growths in its blades. 2. (i.v.) feel dizzy. Gram. cheeks, from which its Iquito name In this sense the subject of the verb may derive (cf. sawija ‘stone’). Sci. denotes or indexes the head of the Plagioscion squamosissimus. person experiencing dizziness, e.g., sawíraaki irreg.pl. sawíraakiwa kw=ánaka sawiyɨɨjɨɨ́taa ‘I’m dizzy’. ▶ (n.) shrimp; there are two principal sawɨ́yaaka (n.) tears. Gram. kinds of shrimp found in the Poss.pref. Pintuyacu River basin, a sawɨɨka (n.) species of hollow reed dark-colored species 3-4cm in with joints every 10cm or so, that length, and a reddish one 7-8cm in grows up to 3cm in diameter, with length. Both types are normally multiple canes growing from a captured by placing manioc single root stock. When the reed is peelings in unobstructed parts of split lengthwise, the resulting edge creeks and then scooping up the is very sharp, and it was formerly shrimp with handnets, or stabbing used for fine cutting tasks like them with fishing spears, when opening up the intestines of they come to feed on the peelings at butchered animals to clean them night. out for cooking. This tool was also sawíruuti (adj.) choclo, the stage used for trimming the clitorises of ripeness of certain palm fruits considered too large on female that hard outer shells a center with babies. nut-like flesh, of being ripe and sawɨɨkúuni rt. sawɨɨ́kuu (i.v.) cry sufficiently soft that the meat atthe repeatedly and intermittently for a center can be scraped out with a prolonged period of time, e.g., upon thumbnail. These include the fruits someone’s death. shapaja yarina of (niraasi), (tíkuja), sawɨɨ́kwaaja (n.) quio-quio, chambira and (pájaati) palms and species of fish very similar to no others. imaánanakuuja (yahuarachi), but sawiti (n.) uvilla, a tree species distinguished by having blue and with a white and very straight black vertical stripes on its

384 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sawɨ́ɨni saakaa=íira

somewhat more slender yellowish This indefinite pronoun appears in body, which reaches some 15-20cm both negative and postive polarity in length, and by lacking side spurs. contexts, glossable as ‘anything’ in It is noteworthy for producing the negative polarity contexts, and squeaking and squawking sounds ‘something’ in positive polarity when removed from the water. Sci. ones. Ex. Kw=átuuyaa kiáaja, Psectrogaster rutuloides. wíija, aákari saakaa aárɨɨyaa sawɨ́ɨni rt. saápɨ impf.rt. saápi kíija, sɨɨ́sana makɨ́ɨni kí=miiyaa. drv.rt. sáwɨ (i.v.) cry. I tell you, wife, today something is going to happen to me, (because) I (n.) sawúuna traditional snare or have (just had) a bad dream. Ex. lasso trap, consisting of a noose-like Kaa kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa saakaa loop attached to a bent sapling nakusíini. I don’t want to know which, when triggered, springs up, anything. catching the trapped animal in the lasso by the neck or limb. It was saakaa (interrog.) what; mainly used to catch terrestrial interrogative that questions the birds such as tinamous, and it was identity of an inanimate argument. common to increase the likelihood Ex. Atii=na nu=aátikuraaná of animals falling into these traps nuu, “Saakaa kia=nakarɨɨ́yaa by building fences out of shapaja kia=nasi=jina natáani?” And (niraasi) fronds, which served to then he said to him, “What do you funnel animals towards a trap want to plant in your garden?” Ex. placed in the sole gap in the fence. Nu=wɨɨrɨɨ́takiaakɨ=ná nuu, sawúuni rt. sáwuu (t.v.) lasso “Saakaa kia=miíyaa iiti?” He something with a lasso. asked him, “What are you doing here?” Ex. Kaa kí=nakúsii (n.) sawuuya the noose-like lasso saakaa=jata kií nuu ampiísii. I sawúuna that forms the part of bird don’t know with what I will cure him. traps that, when the trap is triggered, swiftly tightens around saakaa=aákuji (interrog.) why, the neck or limb of the animal. for what reason; interrogative that saa awásina rt. saa awási (adj.) questions the reasons or causal the quality of having long fingers, roots of a state of affairs. Ex. like lizards, spider monkeys, and Saakaa=aákuji kia=kuwásii certain people. Long fingers were náaji, ajáaja? Why do you talk thus, traditionally considered ugly, and husband? in the stereotypes of Iquito saakaa=íira (interrog.) why, for subgroups, the Maájanakáani were what purpose, to what end; esteemed for having short fingers, interrogative that questions the in contrast with the Iíjakawɨɨ́raana. goal or purpose of some action. Ex. saakaa (indefinite pronoun) Saakaa=íira kia=ániki? Why something or anything. ▶ Gram. have you come?

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 385 saakaákuuja saakɨ́ɨni saakaákuuja (n.) panguana or kwarɨɨ́niiyaa pɨ́ɨja. We will teach Undulated Tinamou, a commonly them to do (good) things, that which heard tinamou species. Sci. we lack. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni saakaaya Crypturellus undulatus. ▶ Anth. In kí=miiyaárikɨ tíira nakikúura. I Iquito oral tradition, this bird is had everything there in the forest. credited with saving one of the last saaki irreg.pl. saakiwa (n.) estirón, groups of survivors at a time when a relatively long a straight stretch a demonic jaguar had devoured all of river. ▶ Gram. The notional but a handful of people. When the possessor is typically nunáani jaguar was approaching to finish off ‘river’. Poss.pref. this last group, the saakaákuuja saaki impf.rt. of saakɨ́ɨni called out murakatiikaakuuraaja (cf. murákati, sacha coconilla), which Saákisa lit. long shanks (prop.n.) a reminded the jaguar of his woman who lived in the San grandfather, who was killed by Antonio area in the late 19th and Iquitos in a garden in which early 20th century; especially tall, murákati was growing, with the she was noted for being a skilled result that the jaguar fled in fear. spear duelist. free.var. paankwáana. saakɨ́ɨni rt. saákɨ impf.rt. saaki 1. (i.v.) converse. ▶ Gram. The saakaákuuja iyásiika • calque of conversational partner of the Sp. panguana hierba. (n.) A species referent of the subject NP may be of pampas grass that grows in tight expressed as an oblique argument clumps in areas with sandy soil, bearing the comitative postposition reaching some 50cm height before =jata; if the subject NP is plural dying and drying out. This species and there is no oblique argument, of grass often takes over old then the default interpretation is a gardens in areas with particularly reciprocal one. Ex. spent soil. Nu=saakiaárikɨ=na saakaaya (indefinite pronoun) pɨ́=kumáani=jata, things or anything. ▶ Gram. This pɨ́=kaakɨ́ɨja=jata. He talked with indefinite pronoun appears in both God (lit. our paternal uncle), with our negative and postive polarity Father. 2. (t.v.) tell, narrate, or contexts, glossable as ‘anything’ in recount a story. ▶ Gram. The the negative polarity contexts, and permissible nominal objects of this ‘things’ in positive polarity ones; in verb include: 1) the noun saakɨ́ɨni combination with the quantifier ‘story’, and possessive NPs pɨyɨ́ɨni ‘all’, it is understood to mean incorporating this noun, which ‘everything’, i.e., pɨyɨ́ɨni saakaaya. function as story titles; or 2) an Ex. Aájapaki nu=nikíini anaphoric pronoun referring to the saakaaya, iinawaja. He didn’t find story or its content (in the latter anything, nothing. Ex. Pɨɨ́ naa case, niwa). The object may be null paájuu saakaaya míini, iina when followed by a relative clause,

386 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary saakɨ́ɨni saámikari

e.g., kí=saakii Ø iimi aárɨɨyaa kíija ‘I element that indicates the subject will tell that which is happening to matter of the account, e.g., me’; and the verb can also take an jɨɨ́taaraata kana=maakatúuwa imbedded interrogative clause iikiaárikɨ ‘how our ancestors lived’; complement, e.g., kí=saakii saakaa or a reported speech complement. na=miíyaa kíija ‘I will tell what Ex. Kí=saakɨɨ́niiyaa kiáaja they did to me’, or kí=saakii nuúkiika saakɨ́ɨni. I am going to tell jaátaaraata kí=majáana iwɨɨ́rɨkura ‘I you a story. Ex. will tell how my wife died’. Ex. Nu=saakɨɨ́niiyaárikɨ kíija Kí=saakii jaátaaraata=na jɨɨ́taaraata=na maakatúuwa iikiaárikɨ=na kana=maakatúuwa pɨyɨ́ɨni maasiáana aakaka iikiaárikɨ=na iina=jina aaka, anákaka=jina: Takarnáaku, Anatimu, Nɨɨkamúumu. He told Anatimu, Nɨɨkamúumu, me how our ancestors lived on the Muumúumu, Maasayuúmu=jina. Pintuyacu and Chambira Rivers. Ex. I will recount how our ancestors lived Kw=aníriti saakɨɨ́niiyaárikɨ in the headwaters of many rivers: in kanáaja, “Máaya, tawɨya the Nanay, Pintuyacu, Chambira, siwaánɨki iiti p=ɨ́ɨta=jina.” My Momón and Mazán Rivers. Ex. maternal aunt related to us, “Child, Aákari kí=saakii nɨɨtamu mestizos arrived here in our house.” saakɨ́ɨni anapa=jata. Now I’ll tell Ex. Kií kiaa saakɨɨ́nii nuúkiika the story of the vulture with the mɨɨsaji iina taárikɨ=na kusiaamɨ. macaw. Nanay dialect.var. I’m going to tell you of a woman who saanúuni. was, they say, brave. (n.) yana vara saakɨ́ɨni (n.) story. Ex. Náaji saakúuna or pisango caspi taárikɨ=na iina saakɨ́ɨni akíraja , tree species that is niyini. Thus was the story of the son principally found in fallow gardens of the wind. in areas with clayey soils (tipáaka). Its dark gray trunk reaches some saakɨɨníini rt. saakɨɨ́nii (d.v.) 10m in height and 50cm in narrate, relate, or tell someone an diameter, and when slender, is used account of events, story, or history. for roof poles in thatched houses. ▶ Gram. The two non-subject Its leaves, which are covered with arguments express 1) the recipient hairs, are shiny and dark when of the telling and 2) the young, and yellow and rough when information, story or account old. Sci. Pollalesta discolor. related; the latter can be expressed saamajáani (adj.) tall, speaking of by an NP that identifies the type of an human male. account it is, e.g., nuúkiika saakɨ́ɨni (adj.) ‘a story’; an NP identifying the saamájaati tall, speaking of subject of the account, e.g., a human female. nuúkiika mɨɨsaji ‘a woman’; a clause saámikari (adv.) for the first time. beginning with an interrogative Ex. Aákari kana=tuújii=kiyaa

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 387 saámina saanúuni

kia=ariwáani saámikari. Now we saanáanku • from Sp. sanango. have heard your song for the first (n.) sanango, bushy plant whose time. roots have medicinal properties, which are used to treat saámina rt. saámi (adj.) new, rheumatism. When taken in large whether a recently made or doses, the roots producs a sensation recently purchased object; a of exteme cold and induces chills. recently initiated social People treated with this plant are relationship, such as a spouse or supposed to follow restrictions that friend; or a recently born child. Ex. include eight days without eating Aákari kanáaja, kana=tuújii salt, eating principally smoked and kia=ariwáani, saámina roasted fish and meat, and one kia=ariwáani. Now we, we have month without having sex, heard your song, your new song. touching pigs, or eating anythng saamiya irreg.pl. of samiyani sweet or acidic. It is said that if the saámiita (adv.) recently. Ex. patient fails to follow these Jɨɨ́tikari taa iísakwana iina restrictions, permanent white sakɨ́ɨka=na, saámiita míija iina patches will appear on their skin. sakɨ́ɨka=na, nu=ájakuusiíjaa Sci. Tabernaemontana sananho. pɨ́=marasi. When the manioc beer saáni impf.rt. of sanɨ́ɨni mash is sweet, when the mash is saaniita (n.) crossbeam, the recently made, it hurts our stomach. longest pieces of a houseframe. Ex. Saámiita kí=mii iina saaniita (adv.) long, speaking of áriitaawɨ. I made this paddle an interval of time. Ex. recently. Nikákiika=na imɨráani, kaa saana rt. saa (adj.) 1. long. Ex. saaniitá=yaajaa, imɨráani N=awákukwa taárikɨ=na saana, na=tuújiiyaa aaka, siuu. Shortly náaji jɨɨ́ta pɨ́=nikii káaji again, not a long time at all, again awákukwa, kuukwami. Its claws they heard the water, shoo. were long, like we see claws of a sloth, saantamaaríiya • from Sp. santa sharp. 2. tall. maría. (n.) santa maría, medicinal saana irreg.pl. saami (inanimate plant that grows in recently cleared and animate) (n.) length. ▶ Gram. areas to a height of 1.5m, in the Unusually, the inanimate plural form of a single segmented stalk form of this noun is used with with broad leaves. The leaves are animate referents. Poss.pref. Ex. boiled and the cooled liquid is Kaa uumáana náana, náaji drunk to speed birth once the iitinuurika náana, náaji saana, waters have broken; and the pulped nuúkiika námati nu=saana. Not leaves are applied to skin cysts to thick sticks, (instead, slender) sticks calm pain. like this, (and) long like this, one arm saanúuni rt. saánuu Nanay in length. dialect.var. of saakɨ́ɨni

388 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary saápara saaraasíini saápara (n.) vulva. euph.var. áaja small barbs, reminiscent of the irɨwɨ. Chambira dialect.var. stinger of a stingray. free.var. saapi mukúraasi. aniáasiri. saapáayɨ • from Sp. zapallo. (n.) saapúuti • from Sp. sapote. (n.) zapallo, or squash or pumpkin sapote, cultivated fruit tree with varieties, cultivated plants sweet round fruits about 10cm in introduced to the Iquitos in the diameter; introduced in Iquito early 20th century. territory in the early 20th century. saapi (n.) stingray, speaking of the Sci. Quararibea cordata. most common species in the region, Saáraku (prop.n.) man born in late which is brown in color with lighter 19th century who lived in the circular markings; considered Chambira River basin, and died in edible by Iquitos, it is treated with approximately 1955, with the caution because of the painful and Spanish name Santiago Sarco. The easily infected wounds it can cause last powerful Iquito siimana with its barbed stinger. Iquitos (shaman), he was said to have close traditionally used its liver relations with a variety of forest medicinally, rendering its fat and spirits, going out unarmed and and giving it in warm water to returning days later laden down birthing women to reduce the pains with smoked meat, gifts of his of childbirth. Iquito oral tradition supposed spirit helpers. He was also attributes the erosion of much feared and was accused of beaches and riverbanks to stingrays, killing dozens of people through who are said to wear away at sand witchcraft, and his death was or soil just below the waterline. supposedly due to the concerted Maájanakáani dialect.var. paaniiri. attack of three mestizo curanderos saápi impf.rt. of sawɨ́ɨni in Moronococha, hired by the family of one of his victims. It is saapi aniáasiri free.var. of saapi reported that he denied inflicting táaja these deaths, and many of them are saapi jimɨɨti lit. stingray callampa in fact reported to have occurred (n.) type of callampa, a species of during epidemics in which many edible white mushroom with a cap people died, which were seen by his that measures 5-8cm in diameter accusers as simply a useful cover and a long stem, found growing on for the killings of which he was tree trunks. It was traditionally accused. His descendants changed eaten roasted or fried, but is now their last name and either moved rarely consumed. away or died without having saapi táaja lit. stingray stinger (n.) children. raya chupa, type of fishing arrow saaraasíini rt. saaraásii • from Sp. head made from a nail, worked in salar. (t.v.) salt meat, and such a fashion as to have numerous especially fish, to preserve it; this

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 389 saaruutaasíini saasana

process not only involves rubbing isúuna (maricahua), the former the meat or fish with salt, but in the having purple flowers, and the case of fish or meat of any latter, white. Sci. Brugmansia sp. significant thickness, cutting it into free.var. saasakíkwaa. thin sheets so that the salt is able to penetrate its entirely, thereby saasana rt. saasa (adj.) harmful avoiding putrefaction. via sympathetic effect, the quality saaruutaasíini rt. saaruutaásii • of inducing disease or bodily from Sp. saludar. (t.v.) greet, say deformation by sympathetic effect cutipando hello. ( ); this quality is attributed to particular foods and saasakíkwaa free.var. of animals in relation to children; to saasakíkwaa iíraana Sci. individuals who are on a restricted Brugmansia sp. diet for reasons related to a saasakíkwaa iíraana lit. thing for shamanic treatment or medicinal toé (n.) toé, plant with powerful cure of some kind; or to individuals hallucinogenic effects that was who have a particular sensivity traditionally taken for shamanic (due to, e.g., so-called ‘bad blood’). purposes; with the use of this plant, ▶ Anth. Harm of this type from shamans were reportedly able to food or animals most commonly cure illnesses and perform results from consuming them. For superhuman feats like flying to the example, consumption of ráana heavens and other lands. The plant (Great Tinamou) meat by a child is also was the means by which said to cause the flesh on the shamans obtained their powers to underside of their toes to split, heal or cause harm through because this bird’s toes have a witchcraft, via a vision in which the segmented, ridged appearance; madre of the plant presented the while consumption of the tiikɨɨkáani novice shaman with a set of colored plantain is said to retard the growth threads suspended in the air, with of a child, because this variety of each corresponding to a different plantain does not grow to a ability. The apprentice selected the significant height. Other animals, one corresponding to the ability he however, cause harm if they are in wished to aquire, which then any way insulted, e.g., it is said that entered his body through his if a child expresses disgust towards mouth, conferring the desired saapi (stingray) flesh, but power. The last shamans who knew subsequently eats it, the child will how to use this plant are believed develop a facial sore, resembling to have died in the late 19th leishmaniasis, that causes the century, so that what we now know child’s face to rot away, beginning about its use is largely due to with the lips, similar to the manner legends. This plant is understood to in which stingrays are said to be be to be the ‘male’ counterpart of responsible for the erosion of

390 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary saásaaja siarampiiwa

beaches. Similarly, it is said that if surface at night, is typically a child’s parents mock the shape of captured by using a fishing spear the limbs or feet of a káaji (sloth) and light source to locate them. while the mother is pregnant, the saáwiri • from Sp. sable. (n.) child will be born with clubfoot or machete. other deformations of the limbs. Certain susceptible adults may also saawiya irreg.pl. of sawija suffer similar types of effects, asin sáawu (n.) sabalillo or huayerillo, the case of those who suffer from species of fish similar to the sábalo scabies or psoriasis as a result of huayero (aaka íyuuri), but smaller, eating fish with spots or mottling. reaching only about 15cm in Finally, anyone who is under length, and with larger eyes and a dietary restrictions associated with black, forked tail. Sci. Brycon sp. a shamanic treatment, or other cure siápuukwatáani rt. siápuukwata involving medicinal plants, will (i.v.) rapidly agitate the surface of reportedly suffer grave health the water, typically with the tip of a problems if they eat proscribed fishing pole, to attract the attention foods. of certain types of fish, such as saásaaja (n.) shansho or Hoatzin, nujija (morarra), páasi (huasaco), species of herbivorous, vaguely and awáara (tucunaré), so that they turkey-like bird that builds its nest will be more likely to take the bait its nests over water, but is rarely that the fisherman is dangling in seen in Iquito territory. Sci. the water. Opithocomus hoazin. siaraku (n.) uta, llaga, or sáati dialect.var. of sɨɨpɨ leishmaniasis, a disease caused by saati (n.) caimitillo del monte, parasites that manifests primarily species of tree whose trunk reaches as a largely painless but unsightly a diameter of 1.5m, with white sap sore, often near the nose, which and hard red wood that is prized slowly grows; at advanced stages, it for house posts. Its fruits resemble can attack the cartilage at various caimito (kaimíitu), and being sweet, points in the body and result in the are avidly eaten by monkeys of a death of the sufferer. These sores variety of species. Sci. Pouteria sp. were traditionally treated with siirɨ saatiija (n.) huangana bujurqui, minati, a species of bromeliad, species of bujurqui-type fish that whose leaves were burned, and the reaches some 15cm in length, with resulting ash and charcoal applied a protruding snout and small spines to the sore. along its back, inspiring its local siarampiiwa • from Sp. Spanish name. It is mainly found in sarampión. (n.) measles, an illness oxbow lakes, and is rarely caught characterized by high fever and with hook and line, but rather, due skin spots, that arrived in Iquito to its habit of swimming near the territory in the early 20th century

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 391 siaruuja siaámuri íija

and resulted in the deaths of many siaakuruusiitáani rt. Iquitos at that time. siaakuruusiíta (t.v.) add something to a quantity of liquid, (n.) siaruuja irreg.pl. siaaruwa mash, or powder; the prototypical paucar amarillo or Yellow-rumped instance of this action is mixing a Cacique, a common and vocal bird small quantity of strong, fermented species that makes colonies of manioc beer into a batch of not yet hanging nests in trees at river and strongly fermented manioc beer, in forest edges. It is about 25cm in order to speed fermentation or length and darkly colored, except dilute the stronger manioc beer. for bright yellow patches on its ▶ Gram. The object of the verb is wings, underside, rump and back; is the (typically larger) batch of notable for its pale beak and bright substance (e.g., the not-yet blue eyes. Sci. Cacicus cela. fermented manioc beer) into which siaákisi • from Sp. shacsho. (n.) the (typically smaller quantity) shacsho, a breed of chicken with substance is mixed. feathers that curl upwards at their siaámuri (n.) term used for two tips, giving the chickens the distinct species of bird, shihuango appearance of walking and shira, both species of Caracara, featherdusters. a type of falcon-like bird. One species has a pale head and front, siaakuruusíini rt. siaakuruúsii with a darker brown back and wing (t.v.) mix something into a liquid, tops, a barred tail, and a narrow, mash or powder; the prototypical dark stripe by the eye; it is common instance of this action is mixing a near human settlements. The other small quantity of strong, fermented is entirely black, except for a patch manioc beer into a batch of not yet of red facial skin. Sci. Milvago strongly fermented manioc beer, in chimachima (shihuango), Daptrius order to speed fermentation or ater (shira). ▶ Anth. According to dilute the stronger manioc beer. ▶ Iquito oral tradition, the former Gram. The object of the verb is species is the tapir’s brother, and the (typically smaller quantity) of responds to the latter’s whistle to substance that is being mixed into come and rid it of ticks. the other substance. Ex. Jaa náaji yaawɨ́ɨni na=ínaki sakɨ́ɨka, siaámuri íniija HDC pers.var. of iina=jina, na=imɨɨ́takwaa siaámuri íija lit. Caracara seed síratáani siaakuruusíini=íira. siaámuri íija lit. Caracara tuber The manioc beer mash had been set (n.) ojo de vaca, species of liana (to ferment) for three days (indicated that bears fruit pods with large, with fingers), and in that (i.e., the flattish ellipsoidal seeds; black fourth day), they again harvested when dried, these seeds are now (manioc), to mix it in (to the manioc used to make handicrafts destined beer mash). for the tourist market and for

392 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Siaankanáaku Siaatɨja

dangling adornments in siaariáapa • from Sp. charapa. (n.) neo-traditional dress. These seeds charapa or Giant River Turtle, were formerly used to polish fired species of large riverine turtle that ceramics, while the root was used was, even in the past, only rarely to treat skin cysts, by grating it and encountered, and then only in the applied the pulp to the site of the downrivermost parts of Iquito cyst. Sci. Mucuna sp. HDC pers.var. territory. It is now totally siaámuri íniija. extirpated in Iquito due to hunting. Sci. Podocnemis expansa. Siaankanáaku (prop.n.) nickname of Augusto Nishihano, youngest son siaárika (adv.) later in the same of Nɨɨ́sijaanu, who was born about day. 1920 and died in the early 1980s. siáaru irreg.pl. siaáruwa (n.) The nickname stems from the pinsha, species of toucan with the joking name, identical to his exact same patterning as nípaaki, nickname, that he invented for but smaller, reaching only some squirrel monkeys. 45cm in height. Sci. Ramphastos siaankanáaku play.var. of sipɨ vitellinus. dialect.var. siaarúuki. ▶ Socio. This term was reportedly siaaruwa irreg.pl. of siaruuja created as a joke on one occasion by Augusto Nishihano; the name is siaaruwa ajápaka lit. (n.) considered a silly, humorous name Yellow-rumped Cacique wasp cachabota avispa for this species of monkey, and not , a species of a ‘real’ name; the man in question small black wasp, about 1cm in was eventually given this name as a length, considered by some to give nickname; it is worth noting, the most painful sting of any wasp. however, that this family migrated Its nest is described as having the from the Mazán River basin, raising approximate shape of a boot, the possibility that this was actually consisting of a rough cylinder 30cm the term for this species of monkey in length and a blunt ‘toe’ in which in that dialect. the entrance to the nest is located; these nests are typically found in siaankáaka • from Sp. chancaca. trees where Yellow-Rumped (n.) chancaca, blocks of unrefined Caciques have constructed their sugar, generally home-made, own nests, as reflected in their produced by boiling sugarcane juice name. for a prolonged period of time and siaarúuki dialect.var. of siáaru then pouring the thickened liquid into wooden molds to solidify. This Siaatɨja (prop.n.) grandson of was an important commercial Kantáasi, who was born in product in the San Antonio area in approximately 1920, and died in the early 20th century, after the the early 1970s; as an adult lived decline of rubber-tapping. by himself on a creek a short

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 393 siaawíinta sikiáaja riitiri

distance upriver of the community deal like cultivated manioc, having of Saboya. very similar leaves and stalk, but siaawíinta (n.) guava, species of lacking the edible tubers of is cultivated fruit tree intoduced to cultivated counterpart. Iquito territory in the early 20th sikiáaja nuúruu lit. deer barbasco century. Its round green fruits reach (n.) wild variety of barbasco 7cm in diameter and have pinkish (nuúruu), which looks very much tart flesh. Its leaves are boiled to like cultivated barbasco; it roots are prepare a beverage that is used to shorter than those of the cultivated treat diarrea. Sci. Psidium guayaba. variety, and the liquid obtained siaawíita • from Sp. chaveta. (n.) from it both more watery and less fly, of pants. effective than that obtained from rt. sikárati fst.spch. the cultivated variety. When sikáratina barbasco sikártina (adj.) uneven, speaking cultivated was scarce, this of surfaces which are mostly flat, variety was sometimes mixed in but have irregular small protrusions with a portion of the former and depressions, e.g., planks cut variety, or even used alone, which with chainsaw, the bark of trees required that the fish be recovered that flakes off in patches, cement very quickly, before they revived floors that have been inexpertly from the effects of the poison. Sci. laid, and severely rusted metal. Lonchocarpus nicou var. ▶ Gram. Although likely formed sikiáaja riitiri irreg.pl. sikiáaja historically with the denominal riitiriwa lit. deer patiquina (n.) adjectivizer -ti, no corresponding species of riitiri (patiquina) with a noun sikara is now attested in the roughly heart-shaped leaf whose language. two upper lobes are elongated and sikáani rt. sika (t.v.) have sex somewhat pointed, in a manner with. ▶ Anth. Of the various words said to resemble a deer’s ears. The that express the general notion of bulbs of this plant are used in two having sex, this one is considered ways for hunting-related magic; in the coarsest. Ex. Atii nu=síkaa one use, the pulp of the grated bulb nu=majáana. There he is having is rubbed on the parts of trees sex with his woman/wife. Nanay against which deer have rubbed dialect.var. sikúuni. their horns, which when successful, draws the deer back to the site, siki impf.rt. of sikɨ́ɨni making them easier to hunt. In the (n.) sikiáaja general term for the second use, the grated pulp is two species of deer found in Iquito mixed with karásiika (achiote) and territory, kasina sikiáaja and the resulting mixture is used to aákusana sikiáaja. Sci. Mazama spp. paint the bodies of dogs to make sikiáaja asúraaja lit. deer manioc them better hunters of deer and (n.) wild plant that looks a great collared peccaries; after the dog has

394 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sikiáaja sawija sikiinúuni

been painted, it is tied up for two been exposed to the sun for a long days, to keep it away from cooking period of time, cloth whose dye has fires, which could harm the dogat not been properly fixed so that it this stage in the treatment. free.var. washes out, a house whose paint is sikiáaja tuúkuyɨ. peeling, or a person who had sikiáaja sawija free.var. of colored patches on the skin due to kanɨ́wɨɨja lit. deer stone illness, but is now returning to normal. act./mid. sikitáani (active) sikiáaja tuúkuyɨ free.var. of sikiáaja riitiri lit. deer ears sikíini rt. siki 1. (t.v.) thread, run a sikiaajákana cord-like object through a hole or irreg.pl. sikiaajákiaakɨ lit. deer holes, e.g., thread a needle, or run a manioc (n.) venado rumo, variety liana through the mouth and gill of manioc with a distinctively pale openings of multiple fish to create (t.v.) stalk that produces large tubers an easy bundle to carry. 2. with purple skin and very white skewer, pierce something solid with flesh. something relatively slender and sharp, so as to be able to sikíraja (n.) manta blanca, a manipulate it, e.g., a piece of meat species of tiny gnat so small that it with a sharpened stick. 3. (t.v.) is barely visible; especially common poke, e.g., someone with one’s in the dry season, its bite feels like finger, or a tarantula with a stick. a pin-prick, and tends to itch and ▶ Gram. In this sense the object leave a small red patch on the skin takes a postposition, typically the for a short time. Sci. general locative postposition =jina. Ceratopogonidae sp. Ex. Nu=náana=jata sikiriniijúuni rt. sikiriniíjuu nu=sikiaárikɨ náaji kakuti=jina. (t.v.) fst.spch. sikirniíjuu tickle. With his stick, he would poke like this sikitáani rt. sikita (a.v.) wash, in the sand. e.g., clothing, a table surface, or sikiinúuni rt. sikiínuu (t.v.) one’s hands. Ex. Kana=sikitaárikɨ repeatedly poke something slender, nu=sinaakɨ. We would wash his typically a stick or a finger, into clothes. Ex. Iina nɨsikati takuúyaa something. This term is used for a naami kí=kurima, number of different types of poking kana=sikitaakurá actions, e.g., probing with a stick in nu=namásikaraata. That aguaje opaque water to locate something palm that is standing there in my port, that has fallen into it; poking an we were washing behind it. act./mid. implement, ideally a branch of ipɨɨti sikitɨ́ɨni (middle) (ungurahui palm) repeatedly into sikiti impf.rt. of sikitɨ́ɨni an animal’s burrow with the aim of sikitɨ́ɨni rt. sikitɨ impf.rt. sikiti disturbing it and causing it to bolt (i.v.) bleach or fade, for something (shichshinear); or using a stick to to lose its color, e.g., cloth that has remove something from the ear.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 395 sikiitáani sikɨɨtakúuni

Similarly, this term can be used for the ball to the other child. 2. (t.v.) repeatedly poking someone, e.g., to discard, throw away, or dispose of tickle them, or for picking the nose. something unwanted, e.g., spoiled sikiitáani rt. sikiíta (t.v.) immerse fish, a broken pot, or old clothing. something in liquid without letting Ex. Púum, nu=sikɨɨkuraaná go of it, typically with the intention nu=kusi, pɨyɨ́ɨni pɨyaaja of promply removing it, e.g., minkáatu. Boom, he threw away the (t.v.) immerse a gourd bowl into a larger pot, the gruel all finished. 3. vessel full of manioc beer in order abandon someone, leave someone to remove a portion to be served. behind. Ex. Na=apárakiaakɨ=ná saminiijúuni=jina, iipɨ síkiiti (n.) species of beetle and its na=sikɨɨyaárikɨ=na na=mɨra associated edible grub; the beetle is kaámi=na, na=apárakiaakɨ=na glossy black and somewhat flat in iwáani=jina kaamiíraata. They profile, with a thorax and head began to think, and those who had left successively smaller than its long, their children behind upriver, they broad abdomen, from which began to go upriver. 4. (t.v.) emanates a buzzing, clicking sound permantly leave or separate from a if the beetle is handled. It tends to spouse. Ex. Nuú kiaa sikɨɨyaárɨɨ, be found near well-decayed logs, in iyaamiaákuji kaa which its white grubs, which reach kia=nakarɨɨ́yaa suwaata iwíini about 5cm in length but are more nuu=jata. She will leave you, slender than palm grubs, are also because you don’t want to live well found. Sci. Passalus sp. with her. Rel. sikɨɨníini (rt. sikɨɨ́nii) sikɨyawatáani rt. sikɨyawata (d.v.) throw (something to (i.v.) dance, in any manner. someone). sikɨ́ɨni rt. sikɨɨ 1. (t.v.) toss, throw sikɨ́ɨni rt. sikɨ impf.rt. siki (i.v.) something away from one, without jump, hop, or leap, with or without necessarily intending to discard it. forward motion, and with or ▶ Gram. A recipient or goal without reaching a significant argument, e.g., someone to whom height off the ground. Ex. an object is thrown, may be added Jɨɨ́tikari=na nu=samáraataárikɨ, to the argument structure of the jawáari=na nu=imɨɨ́tarɨɨ verb by means of the kí=kaakɨ́ɨja=ánuura sikɨ́ɨni, goal/benefactive applicative suffix “Ruuu!” When he (the jaguar) had -nii. Ex. Juu, paápaaja rested, afterwards he jumped again anímaakiaakɨ=ná iina towards my father, “Ruuu!” asáani=ánuura (iina) nu=sikɨɨkiaakɨ́ tii aasamu=jina. sikɨɨtakúuni (n.) sp sapana loco, Wow, fish came to eat that which he species of slender, dark blue worm, threw there, in the creek. Ex. Iina that reaches 10cm in length and is maaya nu=sikɨɨ́nii iina piirúuta generally encountered below iina taana maaya. The child threw rotting logs or in areas that are

396 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sikɨɨtáani simájaana

about to flood during the wet praying mantises, a type of insect. season; when uncovered it writhes Sci. Mantidae. free.var. sikwanaja so energetically that it hops from sɨ́ɨri. the ground. It is sometimes used as sikwanaja sɨ́ɨri free.var. of fishing bait. dialect.var. kwariku sikwanaja paniáana lit. louse biter sapáani. sikwanaka free.var. of imɨ́ɨka rt. sikɨɨta (i.v.) hop, sikɨɨtáani (t.v.) jump a small distance, e.g., to avoid sikwaníini rt. sikwani a biting ant or while playing delouse; pick lice and nits out of the hopscotch. hair of others. In former times, this was a common social activity when sikɨɨ́yuukwáani rt. sikɨɨ́yuukwa peope were otherwise idle. The hair (i.v.) jump or hop up and down in was spread apart to reveal the roots swift succession in a relatively and the scalp, and any lice or nits restricted area, e.g., an animal that spotted were picked out and eaten. has just been shot and is in its death throes, children playing jump rope. sikwaranɨ́ɨni rt. sikwaranɨɨ (t.v.) Ex. Nu=sikɨɨ́yuukwaákiaana, fst.spch. sikwarnɨɨ be kabuuu, kabuuu, kabuuu. He disgusted with or revolted by something or, less commonly, leaped up and down (onomatopoeia ▶ of movement). someone. Gram. The object (n.) casha cushillo denotes or indexes the entity or sikuja or substance inspiring disgust. Brazilian Porcupine, a nocturnal arboreal porcupine often sikwaari socio.var. of asikwaari encountered near saltlicks and said irreg.pl. sikwaariwa to feed on the bark of the simaja (n.) a relatively hard lump waakapuuráana tree and other trees under the skin, which may arise in with bitter bark. Sci. Coendou a number of ways, e.g., as the result prehensilis. of a healing puncture wound, a ▶ sikuti (n.) pijuayo blanco, a variety cyst, or a hernia. Gram. Poss.pref. of amariyaaja, pijuayo palm, with simájaana (n.) huamanzamana, pale whitish-yellowish fruits. Sci. species of tree that commonly Bactris gasipaes var. grows in mákisi (purmas, fallow sikúuni rt. síkuu Nanay dialect.var. swiddens). It is typically seen with of sikáani a slender, pale trunk and with branches only at the top of the tree, sikwanaja (n.) louse. but with time it can grow to almost sikwanaja naaki 1m in diameter, becoming yellow irreg.pl. sikwanaja naakiwa lit. in color. Its wood is soft and rots (n.) louse egg nit, i.e., louse egg. quickly when exposed to rain, such sikwanaja paniáana that care must be taken when using irreg.pl. sikwanaja paniáapɨ lit. it for construction purposes. It has louse searcher (n.) general term for very small leaves, which when

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 397 simaki simiiku

placed in the nests of domestic locative postposition =jina. This fowl, are believed to eliminate stem is ambiguous between the mites and lice that afflict these definition given here and the animals. Sci. Jacaranda copaia. intransitive verb simaájuu bearing simaki irreg.pl. simakiwa (n.) the multiple parts classifier suffix, species of kajani (macana, or knife -ta. Ex. Kí=simaajuútaa sawija fish). This species reaches some irɨwɨ=jina. I am throwing stones at 50cm in length, and while still the wooden plank. relatively slender, is more bulky Simáani (prop.n.) man who, than other species of kajani. It during the late 19th century, lived exhibits alternating pale and dark on a creek, Simáaniyúumu, that stripes across its body, which are was subsequently named after him; compared to the patterning on otherwise, nothing is now known of sajina (jergón) snakes. Sci. his life. Gymnotus sp. Simaaniyúumu lit. Simáani's creek Simakiyúumu (prop.n.) Quebrada (prop.n.) Quebrada Pijuayal, a Blancayumo, a small creek whose creek whose mouth is located a outlet is located downriver of the short distance upriver of the community of San Antonio; it is community of San Antonio, on the said that there used to be lots of same side of the river; Iquitos lived simaki in this creek. on its course before the arrival of simaajúuni rt. simaájuu (i.v.) patrones in the area, and this place throw at a target, generally to is perhaps best known as the final harm, hurt, or dislodge the target. residence of Sɨɨ́kani or Alejandro ▶ Gram. The target may be overtly Shinchija, one of the last Iquito expressed as an oblique argument, kuuráaka (leaders); the creek bearing the general locative reportedly takes its name from a postposition =jina, while the man named Simáani, who lived thrown object may also be along its course in the late 19th expressed as oblique argument, century. using the instrumental postposition simiiku (n.) term of now uncertain =jata. Ex. Kí=simaájuuyaa reference for adornments worn on sawija=jata nuu=jina. I am the head, mostly likely the throwing at it with stones. traditional male headdress, but simaajuutáani rt. simaajuúta possibly also other facial or head (t.v.) throw, at a target, generally ornaments used by either sex. The in order to harm, hurt, or dislodge traditional male headdress, the target. ▶ Gram. The object paráana, consisted of a band of denotes or index the thrown item, isakúuna (tahuarí) bark, pale in and the target at which the object is color, to which was attached, at the thrown can be expressed by an back, a long tail of fibers made by oblique argument bearing the finely splitting another band of the

398 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary simiikúuni simɨráani

same material. The headband itself simɨ́naja (Tapir tick), kaasi simɨ́naja was painted with karásiika (achiote) (Collared Pecarry tick), muuti in a repeating geometric design of simɨ́naja (Black Agouti tick), and íiri nested triangles or semicircles. This simɨ́naja (Nocturnal Currasow tick). term may have also, or instead, Sci. Ixodoidea. been applied to the slender, shiny (n.) parinari grande shafts of nawɨyinakaaja, a variety of simɨráana , reed, which were inserted in holes species of tree whose trunks grow in the earlobes as adornments. One up to some 50cm in diameter, consultant speculates that this term producing large, round fruits that may have also applied to the nose reach 10-15cm in diameter, and disks that Iquitos were believed to have a layer of tan-brown flesh have worn in the very distant past. around a large seed; after eating the flesh off the seed, long hairs are left (i.v.) simiikúuni rt. simiíkuu put standing up from the seeds. When on simiiku adornments. ripe, the sweet smell of these simiimɨ irreg.pl. simiimɨya (n.) 1. yellow fruits can be perceived from book, notebook. 2. sheet of paper. a great distance. (a.v.) simiitáani rt. simiita 1. read. Simɨraánaaka (prop.n.) man who Ex. Nu=paajɨkiaakɨ́ simiitáani. lived in the vicinity of current site (i.v.) He learned to read. 2. study. of San Antonio in the late 19th and simiiti (n.) 1. fleshy wattles and early 20th centuries, known for his crest of certain bird species, such as habit of covering his head and body the kuyɨ́ɨsi (pava del monte) and with achiote. A son-in-law of the kaakáraaja (chicken). ▶ Gram. Iquito leader Yarɨɨjáani, he is best Poss.pref. 2. the mane-like bristly remembered for failing a test of ridge, or crest, along the neck of strength that Yarɨɨjáani applied to tapirs. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. his two son-in-laws, to see if either simiitíini rt. simiítii (t.v.) remove was worthy to succeed him as the ashipa, or neck ridge, of an kuuráaka (leader). His name is said animal, normally while butchering to derive from the fact that his hair it; typically said of tapirs, which tended to stand up from his head possess a fatty crest-like ridge along like the fibers of a simɨráana fruit. their necks that was traditionally a simɨráani rt. símɨɨta drv.rt. simɨ́ra prized part of the animal, and was (t.v.) cast harmful spell on, hex; usually smoked and set aside for traditional Iquito shamans (siimana) later consumption. were the sole individuals capable of simɨ́naja (n.) general term for casting harmful spells, and were ticks; a number of specific species much feared for this ability. Ex. are also recognized as parasitizing Kuukisaákari=na particular species of animals; in na=símɨɨtakuraana kíija. Maybe decreasing size, these include: pɨsɨkɨ they cast a spell on me.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 399 simɨraati sinakatɨ́ɨni simɨraati (n.) variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti under the surface of the water and (chacruna) used in the preparation swim downward; note that this of aákuta (ayahuasca); this variety term does not denote leaping or is said to have induced visions of diving into water from a height. vines of varied colors; by choosing Ex. Iina maaya, nu=siímii to grasp either white, blue, or aaka=karikuma. The child is diving yellow vines, the spirit of the plant under the water. 2. (t.v.) dive, in would subsequently come in dreams order to recover something. to teach the person who took the ▶ Gram. The object denotes or simɨraati how to heal others. If the indexes the entity to be recovered. person chose to grasp the red or Ex. Iina maaya, nu=siímɨki black vines, however, the spirit nu=kusi iijuútaaja would come to teach the people aaka=karikuma. The child dove how to harm or kill others. This under the water for his pot lid. plant was also reportedly used by simɨɨnɨ́ɨni rt. simɨɨnɨɨ (t.v.) traditional shamans (siimana) for a repeatedly swim underwater, fatal spell in which the leaves were typically in an effort to recover put in a small gourd (ipaka), into something dropped in the water. which the shaman shaman placed ▶ Gram. The verbal object denotes his power. The shaman would or indexes the item that one seeks subsequently shatter the gourd, to recover. releasing the power of the plant, (n.) mosca and blow it toward the intended sinaja , a variety of victim, who would then sicken and blood-sucking gnat that leaves a die. As with many medicinal and small and rather itchy blood blister, shamanic plants used traditionally which is especially numerous when by Iquitos, the use of this plant the river is at a relatively high required that its consumer follow level. It was traditionally said that certain restrictions for a period, these gnats made their nests at the such as avoiding sweet foods and base or cutbanks by the river, and sex. Sci. Psychotria viridis var. that the rising waters forced them out and sent them looking for food. símɨɨja free.var. of símɨɨka Sci. Simulium sp. (n.) símɨɨka species of small edible sinákatáani rt. sinákata (t.v.) grub, measuring some 2cm in undress someone, strip someone length, found in the oily flesh of naked. fallen shapaja (niraasi) and conta (kaatiríina) palm fruits. The oil from sinákati impf.rt. of sinakatɨ́ɨni this grub was also traditionally sinakatɨ́ɨni rt. sinákatɨ impf.rt. applied to the face to prevent sinákati (i.v.) strip onself naked, pimples. free.var. símɨɨja. removing all clothing. simɨ́ɨni rt. siímɨ impf.rt. siími sinakatɨ́ɨni rt. sinakatɨɨ (t.v.) fell drv.rt. símɨ 1. (i.v.) dive, duck trees in a chain reaction, speaking

400 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sinakáani sinaakɨ

of the final step of a particular peanuts. Its trunk reaches some technique for felling large trees in 75cm in diameter and has many an area being cleared for a garden branches, starting fairly low on the plot in an efficient manner. In the trunk, and its bark was used for a first step of this process, the trunks black, varnish-like paint that served of trees are cut so as to significantly to beautify and preserve items like weaken them, but not so much as to paddles and gourd vessels that fell them; moreover, the cuts are frequently got wet. The varnishing made in such a manner that each process involved finely grinding the tree will fall in a particular bark of this tree, mixing it with direction, striking another, similarly water, and straining the resulting cut tree. In the penultimate step a mixture strained to obtain a particularly large tree is selected somewhat viscous reddish liquid. and prepared to fall in such as This liquid was applied in multiple fashion as to set off a chain coats to the object, with each coat reaction, while the final step, which being allowed to dry thoroughly. this verb denotes, consists in felling Next, a hole was dug for the object, the tree and thereby felling the ash was placed in the bottom, and entire group of prepared trees. the object itself was placed above sinakáani rt. sinaka (t.v.) crush a the ash, supported by horizontal person or thing, speaking support sticks. In the final step, specifically in the case where the urine was added to the ashes, and crushing action is realized by a the hole was covered with leaves to falling tree. act./mid. sinakɨ́ɨni create a good seal. After some 24 (middle) hours the object was removed, which was now coated with a shiny sinaki impf.rt. of sinakɨ́ɨni black lacquer. Sci. Mabea nitida. sinakija irreg.pl. siinaki (n.) maggot. sinakɨ́ɨni rt. sinakɨ impf.rt. sinaki (i.v.) sinakijɨ́ɨni rt. sinakijɨɨ (i.v.) be get crushed by a falling tree. infested with worms or maggots in act./mid. sinakáani (active) the skin or flesh, speaking of either sinakuka irreg.pl. of sinakuni a dead animal or person, or a live (n.) one. sinakuni irreg.pl. sinakuka shingo, type of fly that feeds on sinakina (n.) shringuilla or garbage and carrion; it is said that palometa huayo, species of tree this fly is a companion of vultures, that grows in inundating areas and and that it lives under their wings, riverbanks, whose fruits look like a making sorties to find carrion on smaller version of shiringa fruit, which the vulture can feed. and burst when ripe, scattering black seeds that are avidly eaten by sinaakɨ irreg.pl. sinaakɨya (n.) 1. a variety of fish but are also edible clothes or clothing. 2. piece of to humans, being remiscent of unsewn cloth.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 401 sinaakɨ́ɨni sipɨɨja sinaakɨ́ɨni rt. sinaákɨɨ (i.v.) dress, cultivated, but has not been seen put on clothes. for several decades; its fruits are siniku dialect.var. of pɨɨyɨ somewhat elongated in comparison to the round fruits of the common irreg.pl. sinikuuriwa (n.) sinikuuri variety. Sci. Solanum sessiflorum var. mojarra hediondo, species of mojarra-type fish that reaches some sipatɨ́ɨna (n.) unidentified 10cm in length. It has large bulging chimicua-type tree species, which eyes and a thicker body than is grows in elevated areas and typical of mojarras, which is produces small sweet brown fruits; covered with thick scales. It is its trunk is relatively slender. Sci. noted for emitting a very strong Pseudolmedia sp. fishy smell when removed from the sipatɨ́ɨni rt. sipatɨ impf.rt. sipati water. (i.v.) be injured by spraining, sipanɨɨtáani rt. sipanɨɨ́ta (i.v.) breaking, or dislocation, speaking limp. of a joint. Ex. Nu=námati sipari irreg.pl. sipariwa (n.) suwákiji nu=sipatɨki. He has hurt yaraquí, a silvery, scaled, toothless, the joint in his right arm. act./mid. bottom-feeding fish, with sipatáani (active) protruding lips, that reaches 30cm sipi impf.rt. of sipɨ́ɨni in length. It is similar to rt. sipíjuu 1. (t.v.) kaawaánaari (boquichico), but sipijúuni support with a forked stick a distinguished from the latter by the fruit-bearing plant whose fruit is notable yellow black and yellow causing it to fall over, or horizontal stripes on this tail. This threatening to do so; this course of fish is often seen in groups of action is most typically required for hundreds in August and September, plantains. 2. (t.v.) stretch animal when migrating upriver to spawn, hide; use sticks attached to opposite during which time they can often edges of an animal hide to keep it be heard grunting from underwater. flat, and keep it from contracting Sci. Semaprochilodus insignis. excessively while it dries. sipatáani rt. sipata 1. (t.v.) injure (n.) a joint by spraining, breaking, or sipɨ irreg.pl. sipɨya Squirrel dislocating it. 2. (t.v.) remove Monkey. Sci. Saimiri sciureus. regrowth or new shoots that are play.var. siaankanáaku. growing from the stump or from sipɨsana irreg.pl. sípɨsapɨ lit. one other remnants of a tree or plant from whom one breastfed (n.) that has been felled or pruned. deceased mother. free.var. act./mid. sipatɨ́ɨni (middle) niatíjɨɨsana. sipati impf.rt. of sipatɨ́ɨni sipɨɨja irreg.pl. sipɨɨya (n.) breast, sipatɨ́ɨna (n.) a variety of ikaja of male or female. ▶ Gram. (cocona ) that was formerly Poss.pref.

402 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sipɨɨja najika síratáani sipɨɨja najika lit. nose of the breast incisions, and they are placed either (n.) nipple. perpendicular to the axis of greatest sipɨɨjákana irreg.pl. sipɨɨjákiaakɨ length of the animal, or diagonal to lit. breast manioc (n.) chuchu it. act./mid. sipújatɨ́ɨni (middle) rumo , a short-stalked variety of sipújatɨ́ɨni rt. sipújatɨ (i.v.) manioc that grows only to some become unsewn, become undone, 1.5m in height, with a purplish speaking of a seam or similar join stalk and small purplish leaves; its held together by sewn thread or name derives from the knots on its cord. act./mid. sipújatáani (active) trunk, which reportedly resemble (t.v.) breasts with nipples on them. sipúuni rt. sípuu sew. sipɨɨkúuni rt. sipɨɨ́kuu (t.v.) kiss sipúuni (n.) largest species of giant repeatedly. hunting ant (isula), reaching 3cm in sipɨ́ɨni rt. sipɨɨ (t.v.) breastfeed. length; encountered singly or in pairs, this ant gives a very painful (i.v.) sipɨ́ɨni rt. sipɨ impf.rt. sipi 1. sting, but not as severe as that of (t.v.) breastfeed. 2. suck blood, as the muusaníkwaa. Sci. Dinoponera said of insects like mosquitoes and gigantea. ▶ Anth. It was gnats, as well as larger animals traditionally believed that when such as leeches and vampire bats. this type of ant dies, it affixes itself (t.v.) 3. kiss. to a tree trunk and gradually turns sipɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. sipɨɨ́tɨɨ (t.v.) close up, into a sisikɨyɨ (cesto tamshi) vine, speaking of a wound or cut in skin with all such vines beginning their or a cut in tree bark, prototypically life-cyle as sipúuni ants. said of cuts in which the sides grow rt. sipuúta (t.v.) close back together. sipuutáani a gap or slit in a piece of cloth or sipɨɨya irreg.pl. of sipɨɨja similar material, e.g., human skin, sipújatáani rt. sipújata 1. (t.v.) by sewing the two sides together. unsew, undo seam, remove sewn siráta impf.rt. of síratáani thread or cord from a fabric or similar material so as to separate síratáani rt. sírata impf.rt. siráta the parts, or undo a join. 2. (t.v.) fst.spch. sírta (a.v.) harvest break open the body cavity of a manioc, digging up the tubers from small animal by force; the ground. ▶ Sem. This verb is also prototypically, break open the body used metonymically to refer to the cavity of a cooked bird, e.g., a entire process of harvesting manioc. chicken, by quickly pulling open Ex. Aákari ki=sírataa asúraaja the leg bones, ideally ripping open ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji. Today I am going the entire ribcage. 3. (t.v.) remove to harvest manioc in the afternoon. the sticks over which an animal’s Ex. Jaa nu=majáana aátiki, hide is being stretched. These sticks “Aákari ki=síratakwaa, are secured in the hide by small kí=míini=íira itíniija. His wife,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 403 síraaka sirinuutáani

said, “Now I am going to go harvest sirikuma rt. =siriku (loc.postp.) 1. (manioc) to make manioc beer.” next to, beside, or along, in the case síraaka (n.) a mañacheo, or that the figure is a saliently long instance of using nuúruu (barbasco) object roughly parallel to the fishing poison, typically ina ground, which is an object of relatively small body of water, such similar or greater extent in length; as a creek, to concentrate the effects this postposition is felicitously of the poison. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. used, e.g., for a broom laid parallel Ex. Kí=nikiki nu=síraaka. I saw to the wall of a house, or a his barbasco fishing event. community located along a river; this is the default form of this siráani rt. siita drv.rt. sira (t.v.) locative postposition. 2. next to, stretch out or extend, speaking beside, along, and parallel, in the either of something flexible, e.g., a above sense, in the case that the rope that has been coiled, or a sheet figure-ground pair is located that has been folded up; or of downriver of the deictic center. 3. something elastic, e.g., a rubber next to, beside, along, and parallel, band; this term also applies to in the above sense, in the case that objects like telescoping radio the figure-ground pair is located antennae. act./mid. sirɨ́ɨni (middle) vertically below the deictic center. sirija irreg.pl. siiriwa, sirijaka (n.) (postp.) 1. knee or elbow of human or =sirikumaji be next to, animal. 2. handle of knife of in the case that the two objects are machete. extremely close to one another, even to the point of touching. sirijúuni rt. siríjuu free.var. of kaníini sirikuutáani rt. sirikuúta (i.v.) be =siriku (postp.) next to, beside; lying on one’s side in a fetal denotes a spatial configuration in position. which the figure is adjacent to the sirinuutáani rt. sirinuúta fst.spch. ground, with both entities being at sirnuúta (i.v.) fondear, a fishing approximately the same height off technique employed for certain the reference surface (e.g., a person species, such as sawijaari (corvina), standing next to a house), and the which involves use a baited hook figure not being saliently located on a long line (7-8m long) adjacent to a side of the ground connected to a fishing pole; the defined by inherent orientation hook is allowed to sink deep in the (e.g., the front or back of the river, and then successively raised ground); this postposition is most by 1-2m and then dropped back felicitously used when the figure down, with the aim of making fish does not extend lengthwise and that live near the river bed notice parallel to the a side of the ground. the bait. This technique is often, ▶ Gram. This postposition cannot but not necessarily, employed while take locative suffixes. allowing one’s canoe to drift with

404 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary siririika sirɨɨkɨ́ɨni

the current down long straight reminiscent of those of saapúuti sections of the river (saaki). (zapote). siririika irreg.pl. siririikawa, siriija (n.) general term for birds of siririikaka (n.) sacha piripiri, a all types and sizes. grass that superficially resembles siriija (n.) loro machaco, species of piripiri (sakújaaja); it does not have bright green arboreal nocturnal any use, but is known for having venomous snake that hunts other some of the hardest roots to pull snakes and amphibians; it generally out of any weed that one does not attack unless disturbed, encounters in gardens. e.g., when cutting a path through sirisíija (n.) hormiga cachorro, the forest. Sci. Philodryas species of small black ant that viridissimus viridissimus. constructs hanging nests on siríina (n.) sacha shimbillo de branches, and if sufficiently papaso, a tree species with soft inclined, the trunks of trees. This wood that grows in relatively ant is notorious for attacking low-lying areas, and has inedible people who molest the nest, fruits that resemble those of the especially when clearing gardens, guaba or shimbillo in shape. This and will swarm and bite offenders tree is notable for being the trees in in large numbers, leaving a painful which siríina imɨ́ɨni (torito) beetles caustic liquid on the skin. Masiku make their homes, burrowing into (paucares) often nest in trees ground at the base of the tree. The inhabited by this ant. They are also tree has no practical uses. employed to treat dogs that are not siríina imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. siríina good hunters, or are insufficiently imɨ́ɨka lit. madre of sacha shimbillo enthusiastic about following their de papaso (n.) torito, beetle that owners to the forest or their reaches some 8cm in length, and is gardens, by allowing them swarm equipped with three horn-like and bite by dog in question. Sci. protuberances, and which makes its Azteca sp. home at the base of the siríina tree. siritíini rt. sirítii fst.spch. sírtii Sci. Megasoma sp. free.var. tírina. (i.v.) stand bent over, with mostly sirɨ́taku fst.spch. sírtaku (n.) straight legs and back huangana pishco or Red-billed approximately parallel to the Ground-Cuckoo, largely terrestrial ground; a posture employed in, e.g., bird with long tail and crest, noted clearing weeds in a garden or for the loud clacking sound that it picking up something from the makes with its beak, but rarely ground. seen. Sci. Neomorphus puncheranii. siríwiina (n.) unidentified tree sirɨɨkɨ́ɨni rt. sirɨɨ́kɨɨ (i.v.) stretch species that grows in inundating ones one’s arms and back, generally areas; it produces large sweet fruits to relieve stiffness.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 405 sirɨ́ɨni sisíini sirɨ́ɨni rt. siítɨ impf.rt. siíti drv.rt. síruku (Woolly Monkeys). Sci. sírɨ (i.v.) extend, stretch out, or Harpia harpyja. reach, either due to external force, siruúmani (n.) fish captured or e.g., a coiled rope or a sheet of killed with barbasco. elastic fabric, or due to internal (i.v.) motivation, e.g., a worm or snake. sirúuni rt. síruu fish with fish barbasco Ex. Iina iijakuuja kí=nikiki poison, typically nuúruu ( ). aákari taariki=na, iitiika sisa (n.) cashorro-type fish species nu=ríkiija siítɨki. That anaconda that principally lives in oxbow that I saw this morning, its neck lakes, with a slender, tubular body, reached (i.e., stood off the ground) up long, pointed snout, and large, to here (with gesture). act./mid. sharp, teeth. Reaching some 60cm siráani (active) in length, its silvery body is covered síruku irreg.pl. siíruwa (n.) mono with small, fine scales. Sci. choro (also simply choro) or Woolly Acestrorhynchus sp. Monkey, a large monkey species sisikɨyɨ irreg.pl. sisikɨyɨwa (n.) prized for its meat. Sci. Lagothrix cesto tamshi, species of very lagotricha. durable liana used to weave baskets síruku niríyuusi lit. Woolly and manufacture brooms, generally (n.) churu siqui found in areas of higher elevation. Monkey anus (lit. ▶ woolly monkey anus’) basket Sci. Heteropsis sp. Anth. According weaving style, which begins with a to Iquito oral tradition, this species single length of material coiled into of vine grows from the bodies of a small loop at the base that spirals sipúuni ants, which climb up tree out in successively larger loops to trunks and attach themselves to the form the horizontal part of the trunk shortly before dying, after weave for the entire basket. This which the liana will emerge from style differs from other ones in the antennae of their corpses. which multple pieces of material sisiwɨ́ɨti (n.) chingonga, species of are plaited to form a mat-like base, tree that grows up to 1m in which then extend vertically up the diameter, and yields a white resin sides, into which additional that is used to seal gaps in canoes. material is plaited horizontally. The For this purpose, the sap is heated, baskets woven in this style are turning it black, and mixed with typically large ones for carrying copal so that it becomes more manioc, but smaller ones are also viscous and so that it will harden occasionally made. when it cools. Sci. Brosimum utile. síruku nɨɨsina lit. Woolly Monkey sisíini rt. sisii (i.v.) point or eagle (n.) gavilán chorero or Harpy indicate, typically with a finger, but Eagle, the largest species of raptor also with one’s lips. ▶ Gram. The in the neotropics, especially salient target of pointing can be introduced to Iquitos for its habit of hunting as an oblique argument bearing the

406 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sisíini siuusiuuwáasi

locative postposition =jina. Ex. sisɨ́ɨni rt. siísɨ impf.rt. siísi drv.rt. Jɨɨ́tikari iina aárɨɨyaárikɨ sísɨ 1. (i.v.) drown. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni nu=iniimíiku=na, nuu=jata suwaramaajɨtáapɨ ɨtɨ siísɨkura nu=sisiiyaárikɨ nu=nɨɨ́jina. kanáaja. All four of us might have When his enemy passed by, with that drowned. 2. (i.v.) suffocate, e.g., due (i.e., the piripiri) he pointed at his to smoke. Ex. Na=siísɨkiaakɨ=ná back. iina=jata anajaka. They suffocated from the smoke. sisíini rt. sisii (i.v.) flow, run, as said of fluids, either over a surface, sisɨɨri irreg.pl. sisɨɨriwa (n.) species or through a tube or aperture. Rel. of mojarra-type fish that strongly sisiiyúuni (rt. sisiíyuu) (i.v.) flow in resembles mamatiiri, but lacks the multiple streams. distinctive black tail and red eyes of the latter. It reaches some 10cm in (i.v.) sisíini rt. sisii slither, said of length and is found in large schools creatures that move over the in oxbow lakes. ground without limbs, especially (t.v.) snakes. sitáani rt. sita scale, remove the scales from a fish or a nɨsikati sisiinúuni rt. sisiínuu (t.v.) point (aguaje) fruit. free.var. naásitáani. repeatedly at a single object. siti impf.rt. of sitɨɨni ▶ Gram. The pluractional sense of this stem can be satisfied by either sitɨɨni rt. sitɨ impf.rt. siti (i.v.) peel a single agent pointing multiple off in flakes, flake off, said, e.g.,of times, or multiple agents pointing a people who suffer skin diseases that single time. The entity pointed at result in their skin coming off in appears bare, and does not bear the flakes. locative postposition =jina, in siuusiúupi • from Sp. shushupe. contrast to its non-pluractional (n.) shushupe, species of very counterpart sisíini. venomous snake much feared by sisiitáani rt. sisiíta (t.v.) to aim a people of the region, who believe weapon, typically said of aiming a that if it is angered, it will chase its missile weapon, e.g., spear, victims over long distances through shotgun, or blowgun. ▶ Gram. The the forest, although it is thought to object denotes or indexes the be difficult to arouse. Sci. Lachesis weapon being aimed. The target at muta. which the weapon is aimed can can siuusiuuwáasi • from Sp. be added to the clause as an oblique chuchuhuasi. (n.) chuchuhuasi, argument, using a postposition, tree species whose yellow trunk e.g., the locative position =jina. grows to some 50cm in diameter, Ex. Atii=na nu=sisiítakiaaná and which produces long roots that nuu=karikumaji iina sakújaaja, lie only a few centimeters below sáa. The he aimed at it from the surface of the soil. These roots underneath with the piripiri, saa. are used for medicinal purposes

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 407 siwánaka siwaara

over much of Peruvian Amazonia, amakɨ=jina, na=tiitakiaakɨ=ná including among the Iquitos, who, nuu. Right then they arrived at a in conjunction with a variety of paca path, and they followed it. Rel. relatively severe dietary siwanɨɨtáani (rt. siwanɨɨ́ta) (t.v.) restrictions, use it to treat make arrive, help arrive; cause rheumatism and to cure being someone to arrive in a place by aájapana (afase), i.e., unlucky in accompanying them. hunting. Sci. Maytenus macrocarpa. síwaaka (n.) chicha de maíz, a siwánaka irreg.pl. of siwánaaja type of fermented beverage made from green corn. siwánaka irreg.pl. of siwánaaja síwaamɨ irreg.pl. síwaamɨya (n.) siwánakajina rt. siwánaka (loc.n.) corn husks; in their dry form, sugarcane field. traditionally these were used to siwánaaja irreg.pl. siwánaka (n.) polish cooking pots and to make species of zúngaro-type fish nests for laying hens; the burned reminiscent of samúkwaamɨ, but ashes of these leaves are considered growing to only about 1m in length. good fertilizer. Its name derives from the fact that siwaanákaaja (n.) unidentified when boiled, the bones of its head bird species that nests in groves of become unusually soft and can be isunaaja (ñejilla) palms, on the chewed up, so that the juice can be edges of bodies of water. It is sucked out in a manner similar to described as a small bird with the sucking the juice from sugarcane. body shape of a tanager, a reddish siwánaaja irreg.pl. siwánaka (n.) upper body, a dark lower body, and sugarcane, cultivated plant a short, greenish bill. introduced into Iquito territory in siwaara irreg.pl. siwaaraa (n.) 1. patrones the early 20th century by demon, a demonic or malevolent who used forced Iquito labor to supernatural creature, grow it in large quantities, as well characterized by their as to produce a variety of products preoccupation with killing from it, including molasses, unsuspecting humans, often in unrefined sugar, and rum. Iquitos particularly horrifying and formerly used the dried pulp gruesome ways. Iquitos resulting from the processing of traditionally recognized a variety of cane to make sleeping mats, and it demonic creatures of this sort, most is now commonly grown as a of them inhabitants of the forest or chacras cultigen in individual nasi ( , of rivers, some of which have the swiddens). dialect.var. form of animals, such as the isakwánaaja. malevolent stingray-like tipanɨɨri, siwanɨ́ɨni rt. siwaánɨ drv.rt. siwánɨ while many have human or (i.v.) arrive. Ex. Íyaa iina=na human-like form, such as the siwaánɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=na tiímaaka clawed tipaku or the vampiric

408 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary siwaara júnɨɨna siyaakíini

marísana. 2. a crazy or mentally ill siwísiaaja dialect.var. of jíina person who causes harm to ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. themselves or to others; the siwiyúuka Nanay dialect.var. of behavior of such individuals is siiwíika explained as being the result of a rt. siwíyuu Nanay demon entering their bodies to siwiyúuni dialect.var. of siiyúuni make them irrational and violent. 3. a joking and affectionate way to siwɨraájuuyáana refer to a mischievous person, irreg.pl. siwɨraájuuyáapɨ (n.) a especially a child. person who spends a considerable quantity of their time visiting their siwaara júnɨɨna lit. demon smell various neighbors; traditionally (n.) ‘demon breath’, harmful air often considered a sign of laziness. associated with the passage of invisible demons that produces siwɨráani rt. síwɨɨra drv.rt. siwɨ́ra (t.v.) illness in people. Ex. Siwaara visit another person. Ex. júnɨɨna tɨɨ iina irírɨɨ iina maaya. Kw=ánaajɨsakari=na, kií kiaa It is demon breath that had gotten this síwɨɨraakuwɨɨ́kiaana. If I child. recuperate, I will go and visit you. siwɨɨka (n.) a traditional Iquito siwaara saputi lit. demon mucous dish, now very rarely eaten, made (n.) land planaria, slug-like either from aámɨɨka (airambo, invertebrate. Sci. Turbellaria. pokeweed) leaves or asúraaja (yuca, siwaarákana manioc) leaves. Tender leaves from irreg.pl. siwaarákanawaaka (n.) either plant are boiled, then buffoon; ill-behaved person who squeezed to remove all the water habitually and impulsively makes from them, forming a solid piece of inappropriate jokes and insults cooked leaf matter. This was then others, while being largely immune cut into slices, which were either to scolding and critcism. eaten as is or, more commonly, fried in animal fat and then eaten. siwaaraa irreg.pl. of siwaara siwɨɨ́taamɨ irreg.pl. siwɨɨ́taamɨya (i.v.) siwaaraasíini rt. siwaaraási (n.) corn cob. These were lose control and become highly traditionally used as a way to move agitated, sometimes to the point of fire between relatively distant becoming violent, e.g., due to an locations, since corn cobs, once lit, emotional shock or from the use of tend neither to go out nor burn intoxicants. quickly. siwirinaaja (n.) charapilla, variety siyaakíini rt. siyaákii (t.v.) braid of hot pepper, whose red, round or weave together, as said of fruits reach a diameter of 5mm; braiding hair and certain types of considered the tastiest of peppers multi-strand ropes; or of weaving by many Iquitos. Sci. Capsicum sp. together multiple strands or leaves,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 409 siyaáni Siikiyúuni

as in the making of certain now-unknown plant. The most temporary carrying baskets. commonly used plant for these siyaáni impf.rt. of siyaanɨ́ɨni purposes was a small, cultivated plant with broad leaves, which siyaanɨ́ɨni rt. siyaánɨ impf.rt. were harvested, dried, and siyaáni (a.v.) follow dietary and pulverized by rubbing against them behavioral restrictions associated a chambira rope. The resulting either with the use of certain plants powder was dusted under the as part of shamanic practices, or target’s nose so that the powder was with a curative treatment involving inhaled; the target was reported to medicinal plants. These restrictions have then been overcome with lust may involve requirements to eat for the person who had applied the particular foods, or more powder. This effect could commonly, prohibitions against reportedly be counteracted by the eating certain foods, e.g., salt or timely ingestion of aánanaka, royal fish with teeth; probitions again bee jelly. This magic was touching certain things, e.g., principally employed by men on cooking fires; and prohibitions female targets, and under such against certain activities, such as circumstances the woman’s friends having sex, touching a and relatives typically intervened to menstruating woman, walking get the woman to consume the outside in bright sunlight, or antidote. walking at night when it is cold. ▶ Gram. This verb may take either siiki irreg.pl. siikiwa (n.) restinga, an NP or non-finite clausal a relatively elevated area that complement; in the former case, the typically does not inundate, located noun denotes the plant with respect in an otherwise low-lying area that to which the relevant restrictions inundates during the times of the are being observed, while in the wet season when the waters rise latter case, the non-finite verb (i.e., maati). Restingas constitute a denotes the restricted activities. distinct habitat type in which siyɨɨkɨ́ɨni rt. siyɨɨ́kɨɨ (i.v.) darken, certain species of plants are found, said of the sky, due to an and they are also significant as approaching storm. hunting sites during the wet season, síyuuri irreg.pl. síyuuriwa (n.) since it is not unusual for rising species of mojarra-type fish found waters to trap animals in these in large schools in small creeks and elevated areas. lakes. Its silvery body is more siíkiraja (n.) corn, general term for tubular than is typical for mojarras, both fresh and dried corn, of all and reaches some 10cm in length. varieties. free.var. sakaáruuki. siijúuni rt. siíjuu (t.v.) puzangear or perform love magic on someone Siikiyúuni (prop.n.) an Iquito man by means of a particular species of who lived in the upper Nanay River

410 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary siikiyúuni siimúuni

region in the late 19th and early that siimana are distinct from 20th centuries. paanáana or healers (curanderos), siikiyúuni irreg.pl. siikiyúuwa (n.) who partake of a Amazonian species of small, very bright yellow mestizo tradition of healing wasp that reaches some 1cm in practices that do not include the length. It is abundant during the dangerous and powerful abilities of height of the dry season, and stings the siimana of the past. with very slight provocation; its siimana aakɨsíini sting is quite painful, but irreg.pl. siimana aakɨsíiya lit. short-lasting. shaman's intoxication (n.) birote siikiyúuwa irreg.pl. of siikiyúuni de brujo, the illness-causing siikíini rt. siíkii (i.v.) make a element that a shaman (siimana) kissing sound by drawing in air who wishes to harm someone sends through moistened lips that are to his victim, conceived of as an loosely pressed together; this sound invisible dart. is stereotypically associated with siimapɨ irreg.pl. of siimana calls made by one lover to another. siími impf.rt. of simɨ́ɨni (n.) siimaka the magical power siimúuni rt. siímuu 1. (t.v.) curar, that makes it possible engage in imbue someone or something with magical or shamanistic practice. a quality, typically a desirable one, Ex. Nu=iríkiaakɨ=na pɨyɨ́ɨni iipɨ by subjecting it to shamanic siimaka iipɨ taárikɨ=na treatment; if the object of the iwárɨkapɨ tii. He took all of the treatment is a human, e.g., to make magic of all the dead there. them especially strong, it typically siimana rt. siima irreg.pl. siimapɨ involves the consumption of a (n.) shaman. ▶ Anth. Iquito medicinal plant together with a shamans were very powerful, and carefully prescribed diet and set of both admired for their capacity to accompanying restrictions on heal, and feared for their capacity behavior. If the object of the to kill. According to Iquito oral treatment is an animal or object, tradition, the most powerful e.g., to make a dog a good hunter, shamans of the past were able to fly or make a spear able to knock aside vast distances, and were enemy’s spears without fail, the responsible for finding and bringing human carrying out the treatment both sakaáruuki (corn) and often consumes something, but is amariyaaja (pijuayo palms) back to subject to less rigorous restrictions, the Iquito people, and even flew to and a substance is applied to the the world of the afterlife and spoke animal or object. 2. (t.v.) teach to the Creator there. The last person shamanic knowledge and practices who was generally recognized to be to someone, generally said of an a shaman, Victor Shinchija Inuma, elder shaman teaching his died in approximately 1980. Note knowledge to a young apprentice;

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 411 siinaki siinítaari

this process typically involves from which stems its other name, extended treatments with medicinal anitáaki síruuku, because it was he plants, rigorous diets, and other who muddied creeks when the herd restrictions on behavior. arrived at them, which in siinaki irreg.pl. of sinakija perspectivalist fashion, was understood to be the leader using siinaki imáaku (n.) something nuúruu (barbasco) to fish, so that maggot-eaten, be it an inanimate the rest of the herd could eat fish. entity, such as a piece of meat, or free.var. anitáaki sirúuku. an animate entity who has wounds with maggots in them. siinakíriisi (adj.) worm-infested, siinaki imáaku lit. maggot-eaten speaking of an animal or person thing (n.) species of who has numerous bot-fly larvae rarely-encountered lisa-type fish, (tuútuuja) in their skin. that reaches only about 15cm in siinaakɨ irreg.pl. siinaakɨwa, length. Dark in color, with faint siinaakɨka (n.) species of yellow markings on its sides, it is shuyo-type fish, found in small distinctive for having a small creeks, that reaches some 8cm in mouth whose lower lip extends so length, with a yellow belly and dark far upwards that the mouth opens back, and a tail fringed with white. toward the top, rather than the siini irreg.pl. siiniwa (n.) ishanga, front. Its flesh is quite tough and species of bush with bunches of filled with small bones. Sci. very small white or pink flowers, Schizodon sp. which, if touched, produce an siinaki iíyuu lit. impregnated with intense stinging sensation, followed maggots (adj.) infested with by itching. These bunches of maggots, typically speaking of a flowers are used medicinally, for piece of meat or of the flesh of a headaches, rheumatism, and stings dead animal, but also, in rare cases, from scorpions and hunting ants, by of animals or people whose wounds gently striking the affected area. have become infested with The plant is also employed a variety maggots. of shamanic treatments, including siinakíriisi (n.) the individual one intended to permanently animal, according to Iquito oral sterilize a woman, and another tradition, that leads a given herd of intended to repel disease-producing anitáaki (White-lipped Peccaries) in attacks by demons. In a more its movements through the forest. It mundane use, children are whipped is believed that this individual is with them as a punishment. Sci. small in comparison to the rest of Urera sp. free.var. siiníisi. the herd, despite its leadership role. siinítaari irreg.pl. siinítaariwa (n.) ▶ Anth. Iquito oral tradition held variety of mɨɨ́mɨɨti (chacruna) used that this individual was the in the preparation of aákuta ‘fisherman’ of the peccary herd, (ayahuasca); this variety produces a

412 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary siiníini siíriija

sensation reminiscent of being resin, then letting it dry and stung by many insects, or of harden; the resulting candle was touching siini (ishanga), a stinging used at home. plant. It also produces a sense of siiríkiija (n.) dale-dale, a species profound cold that penetrates down of plant that produces tan, to the bones. Sci. Psychotria viridis papery-skinned, elongated tubers var. up to 5cm in length with long fibers siiníini rt. siínii (t.v.) ishanguear, near the tips; these fibers possibly strike with bunches of stinging siini motivated its name, which it shares (ishanga) flowers, either as a home with a species of catfish (the remedy for various maladies, or as similarity presumably being with part of a variety of shamanic the feelers of the catfish). When treatments, or as a form of cooked, the flesh of this tuber hasa punishment, of which children are somewhat nutty taste. Sci. Calathea the typical target. allouia. siiníisi free.var. of siini siiríkiija (n.) species of cunchi síipa (adv.) far. -type catfish which reaches 25cm in length and lives in deep siípakɨya (adv.) far from one parts of rivers and lakes. Generally another, sparsely distributed over gray, with longitudinal pale stripes, an area, scattered far apart, it has a prominent ‘beard’ consisting speaking, e.g., of houses in a of two long feelers above and two community or cultigens in a garden. shorter ones below. It has especially Ex. Nu=natakura siípakɨya nuu, large spurs by its pectoral fins that kaa nu=mananúuni=íira iina are considered poisonous and can taana. She planted them far from one deliver very painful wounds. Its another, so that they would not bother meat is yellowish and tougher than (i.e., obstruct) each other. typical for cunchi-type fish. siipíiwa • from Q. shipihui. (n.) irreg.pl. of sirija candle or torch made from sɨrɨ́ɨti, siiriwa copal resin. These are made in one siiriwa=iíjinaji ajirɨ́ɨni rt. of two ways: the older technique siiriwa=iíjinaji ajiítɨ lit. sit from (n.) involved pulverizing the hardened the tips of one's knees squat. ▶ resin and wrapping the granulated Gram. In this collocation, the material in a slender tube of noun bears possessive marking, ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) leaves some while the verb bears time finite 50-75cm long; this bundle was then TAM inflection. Poss.pref. lit and carried as a torch. The siíriija free.var. of sájiri second technique, modeled on that irreg.pl. siíriijawaaka ▶ Gram. of making beeswax candles, Vocative counterpart: siiríija. involved melting the copal resin Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. This term and soaking a wick made of tightly developed from the vocative siiríija braided strips of cloth in the melted (with the addition of possessive

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 413 siiríija siirɨ minati

constructional tone), with sájiri as resulting mash was mixed with its original referential counterpart; normal manioc beer mash (sakɨ́ɨka), in the course of the 20th century, which had been prepared however, the former vocative has separately, and then this mixed also come to be used referentially. mash was allowed to ferment. siiríija irreg.pl. siiriíjawaaka (n.) siirɨ irreg.pl. siirɨwa (n.) general vocative term for grandmother; term for all species of caiman. father or mother’s mother, male or Caimans used to be numerous in female ego. ▶ Gram. Referential the Pintuyacu basin until the trade counterparts: sájiri, siíriija. in caiman hides during the 1950s siiríinka • from Sp. shiringa. (n.) rapidly depleted their numbers, a shiringa, species of tree whose reduction from which they have not abundant natural latex made it a yet recovered. principal target for rubber tapping siirɨ íkaja lit. caiman cocona (n.) a during the Rubber Boom of the late variety of cocona believed to be 19th and early 20th centuries; in poisonous, distinguished from the Iquito territory, shiringa latex edible variety by the spines on its continued to be harvested until the stalk and by the lumps on the fruits early 1970s, at which point its price near the stem. Sci. Solanum dropped to the point that it was no sessiflorum var. longer sufficiently profitable. Sci. siirɨ ítɨɨnɨyáana free.var. of siirɨ Hevea brasiliensis. tiririija lit. thunderer caiman siiríinka imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. siiríinka ▶ Socio. Speaker JPI considers this imɨ́ɨka lit. shiringa madre (n.) form a calque of the Spanish name species of edible caterpillar found for this variety, i.e., ‘lagarto trueno’. on the trunks of siiríinka trees siirɨ minati lit. caiman pineapple during the day, and which feed on (n.) 1. lagarto piña, species of their leaves during the night; this epiphyte that grows on dead trees small caterpillar reaches only some or in debris that accumulates in the 2-3 cm in length and is covered crotches of trees; it is most common wiith hairs that are mildly irritating in low-lying areas that inundate but do not sting. They were (ikwaana). Its leaves are slender, traditionally collected in large tapered, and triangular in numbers during the few weeks each cross-section, resembling the tail of year in which they are a caiman, and it produces fruits abundundant and either toasted that resemble small pineapples in directly in the fire, or wrapped in taste and shape, reaching some leaves before cooking. 10cm in length. This plant was siirɨ (n.) lagarto, a type of beer traditionally used to treat siaraku, made from ground dry corn, which or leishmaniasis, by applying the was boiled and chewed, and then ash of the burned leaves to the mixed with sweet potato; the sores. 2. variety of cultivated

414 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary siirɨ namajaati Siirɨɨ́taja

pineapple larger and rounder than brownish tapered fruit with roughly the more commonly cultivated the same shape as a manioc tuber variety, with somewhat longer and a hard skin that has multiple spines on its leaves. ridges running along its length. siirɨ namajaati (n.) huayruro, This fruit is sometimes found species of tree best known for its floating by itself in ikwaana tahuampas seed pods, which ripen and burst, ( ), inundated forest scattering attractive glossy red and areas) or found trapped in floating black seeds. In recent decades these debris or timber tangles in creeks seeds have been heavily used both during the wet season. Its skin can by Iquitos and other groups in be cut off to reveal an oily white Peruvian Amazonia to make flesh, reminiscent of niraasi shapaja necklaces and other handicrafts ( ) fruits, this is often eaten destined for the tourist market. Sci. with farinha. It is not known from Ormosia coccinea. HDC pers.var. what vine (as Iquito speakers nasiirɨnamajaáti. suspect) or tree it comes. siirɨ náana irreg.pl. siirɨ naánaka Siirɨɨri (prop.n.) Lagarto Cocha, an lit. caiman tree • calque of Sp. oxbow lake located not far lagarto caspi. (n.) lagarto caspi, downriver of the community of San species of tree prized for its wood Antonio, on the other side of the and identifiable by its cracked, river. Formerly primarily fished in flaking, uneven bark, reminiscent of by the Yareja family, it was known caiman hide (from which its name for having a large number of black comes). When slender, the tree is caimans (siirɨ mɨɨ́nana). used for roof poles; when larger, its Siirɨɨ́taja (prop.n.) Iquito woman wood is used for making canoes born in the mid-19th century, who and for sawn timber. Sci. lived in the Aakamáana settlement Calophyllum brasiliense. earlier in her life, and in a house (n.) lagarto trueno siirɨ tiririija , near the Castilla sacarita during the variety of caiman said to reach latter years of her life; she died in some 2.5m in length, with mostly approximately 1920, with no dark coloring, except for yellow known descendants. She had two patches on its neck and head; these other names by which see was also caimans are said make nests in leaf known, Amɨriítaasi (also litter near the edges of lakes, and to Amuriítaasi) and Tiítɨɨsi. ▶ Anth. The produce a rumbling sound when following humorous story is told submerged. The term likely refers regarding Siirɨɨ́taja, who was known to the juvenile Black Caiman. Sci. for not suffering fools. One day a Caiman niger var. free.var. siirɨ girl came to pester her as she was ítɨɨnɨyáana. lying in her hammock. Tugging on siirɨ turuja lit. caiman's roasted the hammock to get her attention, manioc (n.) lagarto huayo, a the girl called out Tiítɨɨsi, Tiítɨɨsi! In

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 415 siíruwa siísiiri

irritation Siirɨɨ́taja responded forest areas in the lower branches Kia=saápara tiitɨɨ́yaa! ‘Your vulva is of trees. Sci. Turdus albicollis. stuck (shut)!’ The girl then tugged siísi impf.rt. of sisɨ́ɨni on the hammock again and called siisiáaku (n.) serrano, a person out Amɨriítaasi, Amɨriítaasi!, to from the Andes, very probably, but which Siirɨɨ́taja responded not necessarily, a speaker of Kia=saápara amuriítaa! ‘Your vulva Quechua. The patrones (paturuú) is uneven!’ Finally, the girl called that arrived in the late 19th and out Siirɨɨ́taja, Siirɨɨ́taja!, to which early 20th centuries to exploit the Siirɨɨ́taja responded Kia=saápara Iquitos were serranos from the siítii! ‘Your vulva is stretched out!’ Chachapoyas area, as were the (Note the series of puns on majority of the mayordomos or Siirɨɨ́taja’s name.). free.vars. overseers that they brought. Amuriítaasi, Amɨriítaasi, Tiítɨɨsi. ▶ Socio. Note that the regional siíruwa irreg.pl. of síruku Spanish word shishaco from which siíruwa anákana lit. Woolly this item stems is considered a Monkey head (n.) species of pejorative term for referring to shingarana-type tree that grows in people from the Andes, but the inundating areas and is Iquito form does not have characterized by its small leaves. It pejorative connotations for produces sweet brown fruits whose speakers of Iquito. shape resembles the heads of siisíija irreg.pl. siisíijawaaka (n.) woolly monkeys, and whose flesh vocative term for grandfather; and seeds are reminiscent of mother or father’s father, male or caimito. The wood of the tree is female ego. ▶ Gram. Referential used for firewood, and to make counterpart: iiyaasúuja. floats. Sci. Micrandra sp. siisíija free.var. of iiyaasúuja siirúusi (n.) Giant Anteater; irreg.pl. siisíijawaaka ▶ Socio. although not carnivorous or Historically, siisíija was probably aggressive, it is feared for its claws exclusively a vocative term, with and tremendous strength, with iíyaasúuja being its referential which it can seriously injure or kill counterpart; in the course of the dogs or people which attack it, or 20th century, however, the former surprise it with its young. Sci. has also come to be used Myrmecophaga tridactyla. referentially, so that siisíija and siíruuyáaku (n.) cholon-cholon or iíyaasúuja are now considered White-Necked Thrush, species of interchangeable, although the largely gray bird with a distinctive differentiated vocative and call often heard near human referential functions are preserved settlements in the wet season; its in traditional narratives. nests, made out of mud and plant siísiiri irreg.pl. siísiiriwa (n.) term matter, can be found in nearby for three distinct species of

416 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary siíti Siiwiíkaraaja

bujurqui-type fish: the largest (n.) yuca de título, variety of species is about 8cm in length, and manioc with a dark stalk that was is gray with vertical formerly cultivated and especially yellowish-green stripes and yellow prized for its ability to thrive in markings on the lower part of it mákisi (purmas), gardens reverting face. It is commonly found near the to forest. surface of the water, and is notable siiturúkiaakɨ irreg.pl. of for its habit of hiding its young in siiturúkana its mouth to protect them. The next largest reaches 5cm in length and siiwaamɨ́ɨna (n.) moena-type tree has black and white vertical stripes, with a pale trunk and yellow wood very long pectoral fins, and a long, that, unlike most trees of this type, slender dorsal fin that trails behind does not have fragrant wood; it when swimming. The smallest growing mostly in areas of higher species reaches 3-4 cm and is much elevation with sandy soil, it is felled like the next larger species, but with for timber. proportionally longer pectoral fins. siiwiya irreg.pl. of siiwíika siíti impf.rt. of sirɨ́ɨni siiwíika irreg.pl. siiwiya, siitíina ELY pers.var. of siitíini siiwiíkaka (n.) fish hook. Nanay siitíini irreg.pl. siitíiwa, siitiínika dialect.var. siwiyúuka. (n.) general term for boring siiwíika sɨɨ́taari lit. hook biter-off weevils, especially those that bore (n.) species of paña-type fish that into wood (polillas), but also those reaches 15cm in length and is noted that infest dried foods such as corn for its long underslung lower jaw; or rice (gorgojos); the fine dust that this species has slight red coloring falls from the holes that these and yellow spots on its belly. Its weevils bore into wood is a Iquito name stems from the fact common sight. ELY pers.var. that this species is notorious for siitíina. severing hooks from fishing lines siitíiwa irreg.pl. of siitíini with a powerful bite of its sharp siíturu (n.) titulo or teeth. Chestnut-Headed Crake, bird Siiwiíkaraaja (prop.n.) Iquito man species with a distinctive call from born in the mid-19th century, who which its names in both Iquito and died in the 1930s. Husband to local Spanish are derived, and most Aatikɨ́rɨsi, he lived with her at often heard in forest near gardens Aakamáana and obtained the that are reverting to forest Spanish name Bonifacio Inuma as purmas ( ). Sci. Anurolimnas an adult. He was known for his castaneiceps. ability to speak Quechua, which led siiturúkana irreg.pl. siiturúkiaakɨ to him having a prominent role in lit. Chestnut-Headed Crake manioc interactions with outsiders during

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 417 siiyuúmani sɨriaánaaja

the early 20th century; he was also pale bellies, gray heads and backs, famed for his tremendous appetite. and straight beaks. Sci. Tringa spp. siiyuúmani irreg.pl. siiyuúmaka siiyuútaja (n.) name applied to (n.) fish caught with fish hook. three very different plants that are siiyúuna (n.) fishing pole. each used to improve the luck of dialect.var. irúuna. fishermen. The first is small variety piripiri siiyúuna (n.) name applied to two of sakújaaja ( ), whose tubers distinct species of tree which share are grated and consumed by mixing masato the virtue of furnishing good the pulp with strong . The fishing poles; the first species, second plant is a bush with several pinsha caspi grows in low, dozen non-branching stalks that inundating areas, with a very emerge directly from the same set straight trunk with few branches, of roots, and are segmented by very hard wood, and long, slender, ridges every few centimeters; the pointed leaves reminsicent of leaves of this plant are chewed, a toucan’s tongues (hence its Spanish little of the fluid swallowed, and name). Reaching some 25m in the remainder rubbed on the body. height and 25cm diameter, it is Some believe that if one smokes used to make fishing poles when while being treated with the plant, suitably slender, and for roof poles it will be attacked with worms and when larger. The second species, die. The third species of plant is a barandilla caspi, grows in areas of small, grass-like plant, which is greater elevation, and is notable for pulped and rubbed on fishing lines its fragrant bark; this tree only and fishing poles. The use of all grows to some 5m in height and three plants is said to be efficacious 15cm in diameter, and produces only if certain restrictions are many branches. When it grows old followed for a period of one to it tends to lean or fall over, then three weeks after the use of the sending up straight shoots that plant, including not touching serve admirably as fishing poles. cooking fires, not using tobacco, not walking in the sun, not eating rt. siíyuu (a.v.) fish using siiyúuni spicy foot, not smelling burned fish hook and line. Ex. Kamíkuku things, not smelling fresh fish, not pɨ=siíyuurɨɨ iina eating sweet things, and not having kia=siwanɨɨ́tarɨɨ maámaaja sex. Sci. Cyperus sp. íyɨku. On the way upriver we will fish for that (fish) which you will bring to sɨ́nitimaaku fst.spch. sɨ́ntimaaku (n.) (your) mother’s place. Nanay Anderson’s Gray Four-eyed dialect.var. siwiyúuni. Opossum. Sci. Philander andersoni. siíyuuni irreg.pl. siíyuuniwa (n.) sɨnɨrɨ JPI pers.var. of káawu timelito or sandpiper, general term irreg.pl. sɨnɨrɨwa for a number of similar species of sɨriaánaaja (n.) species of water-edge birds with slender legs, bujurqui-type fish found in creeks

418 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sɨrika sɨrɨ́ɨti

and in larger rivers when the waters sɨrɨkɨ́tɨɨja (n.) Yellow-Tufted are low, general staying near the Woodpecker, species of small riverbanks in shallow water, and woodpecker that is overall dark in only coming to the surface at night. color, with red on the belly and It reaches some 7cm in length and forehead, a yellow stripe starting at is dark brown-green in color. the eyes and wrapping around the head, and a white patch on the sɨrika JPI pers.var. of sɨrikaka back, where the tail begins. Sci. sɨrikaka (n.) caracha, a skin Melanerpes cruentatus. disease consisting of small raised sɨrɨ́kɨɨja irreg.pl. sɨrɨ́kɨɨya (n.) itchy spots that, when they subside pihuicho or Cobalt-winged after some days or weeks, dry up Parakeet, species of green parakeet and flake off, leaving the skin that reaches about 20cm in length, rough. JPI pers.var. sɨrika. with a short tail; mainly green, it sɨriki irreg.pl. sɨrikiwa (n.) general has blue wing edges and a small term for crickets and grasshoppers. yellow patch beneath its somewhat dusky bill. Iquitos report that is sɨriki naamɨ irreg.pl. sɨriki digs nests in both termite and (n.) naamɨya lit. cricket leaf masakana (ichichimi) ant nests. Sci. katydid whose body shape and Brotogeris cyanoptera. color mimics a green leaf to a sɨrɨ́maaja (n.) sacharuna perdiz, remarkable degree; it was or Little Tinamou, a species of traditionally believed that certain tinamou that reaches about 23cm insects transformed into or from in height. Its call is said to be particular plants (see, e.g., sipúuni), identical to that of the naki imɨ́ɨni and that these katydids were insects (sacharuna), a demonic creature in midst of a transformation of that with human form that lives in the type. forest. Sci. Crypturellus soui. HDC sɨriki sikaaja lit. cricket sex (n.) pers.var. surúmaaja. free.vars. the nest of certain species of cricket súruukutáana, naki imɨ́ɨni siriija, or grasshopper, which lay their suurija. JPI pers.var. sarámaaja. eggs in a variety of trees and palms; sɨrɨ́wɨɨja (n.) dragonfly, general when the eggs hatch, the nest opens term. Sci. Anisoptera. so that the young can leave, sɨrɨ́ɨti (n.) copal, species of tree creating an opening reminiscent of best known for its resin, which a vulva. forms large, hard crystalline-like sɨrina rt. sɨri (adj.) rough, abrasive, lumps (rinɨ́ɨku) on its trunk; this speaking of surfaces such as that of resin was formerly used to start a file, a cat’s tongue, the striking fires, to make torches (siipíiwɨ), and surface of a box of matches, or the as an additive to tar made from tree skin of someone suffering from sap (kɨriija) to improve its texture. scabies. Due to the former practice of

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 419 sɨwɨ sɨɨmɨɨsíini

harvesting these lumps by felling sɨɨ́kaaja (n.) a type of forest demon the entire tree, it is now scarce in that Iquitos refer to in Spanish as the San Antonio area. Sci. Protium yashingo, a legendary forest sp. ▶ Socio. In common speech, this creature common to mestizo name has been wholly replaced folklore in Loreto. The sɨɨ́kaaja with the loanword kuupáara, such takes the form of a family member, that only some speakers recall this and using this form, lures people older name. free.var. kuupáara. into the forest and there abandons them to their deaths. sɨwɨ arch.var. of aramáasi irreg.pl. sɨwɨya sɨɨkíini rt. sɨɨ́kii (t.v.) gnaw or chew on a bone, e.g., as a dog (n.) yana yuti or Cinereous sɨɨka gnaws on a bone, or chew up Tinamou, species of small, dark bones, e.g., as people do to fish tinamou reaching 30cm in height; bones made brittle by roasting. Rel. this mainly terrestrial and sɨɨkiitáani (rt. sɨɨkiíta) (t.v.) bite an cryptically-colored bird is usually assemblage of slender rigid entities discerned by its highly distinctive (e.g., a ribcage) into pieces. whistling call; it is said to leave a (n.) dusting of fine black dust when it sɨɨ́maaku Dusky Titi monkey, ruffles its feathers. Sci. Crypturellus small species of monkey notable for cinereus. free.var. mɨ́yaki. its loud calls, especially around dawn, which consist of rapidly sɨɨkákana irreg.pl. sɨɨkákiaakɨ lit. oscillating whoops that increase in (n.) Cinereous Tinamou manioc tempo; groups often call and yana yutu rumo , avariety of manioc respond to each other in an lost in the early 20th century, alternating fashion. Sci. Callicebus known for its dark-colored stalk, moloch cupreus. Chambira reminiscent in color of the plumage dialect.var. iráaku. of the Cinerous Tinamou; little else rt. sɨɨmɨɨ́si (i.v.) be is known about this variety at this sɨɨmɨɨsíini cold, feel cold, speaking of a living point. being. irreg.pl. of sɨɨkákana sɨɨkákiaakɨ sɨɨmɨɨsíini (n.) cold, coldness; Sɨɨ́kani (prop.n.) The last Iquito term mainly used with reference to chief or kuuráaka, who received the Iquito theories of illness, which Spanish name Alejandro Sinchija, identify cold entering the body as and was born in late 19th century. responsible for a variety of physical He occupied the position of maladies, from arthritis, to a range kuuráaka from approximately 1910 of gyneocological issues, to ones until he died in the late 1940s at identified in the Western medical some 80 years of age. His last tradition as infectious illnesses, residence was near the mouth of such as sinusitis. Ex. Sɨɨmɨɨsíini Simaaniyúumu (Quebrada Pijuayal), iíkii ki=niíki=jina. There is cold where he lived with his three wives. in my bones.

420 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sɨɨmɨɨsiitáani sɨɨrimɨ sɨɨmɨɨsiitáani rt. sɨɨmɨɨsiíta large numbers around human free.var. of suúkuutáani habitations, where it feeds by sɨɨmɨɨ́tina rt. sɨɨmɨɨ́ti (adj.) cool or sucking on surfaces such as hanging cold, said both of weather fabric and paper, leaving small dark conditions and of cool or cold stains on those items. JPI pers.var. entities. Ex. K=inakurá aaka sɨɨnakíriija. sɨɨmɨɨ́tina=jina nuu. I put it in sɨ́ɨni rt. sɨɨ (t.v.) bite, speaking of cold water. Ex. Sɨɨmɨɨ́tiki tii any creature other than arthropods nu=amákɨjina tɨɨ nuú=ta and snakes, including humans. imátaa. There is a cool spot there in ▶ Gram. If the object is only the place where he was lying. Rel. partially affected, e.g., a person sɨɨmɨɨ́tiki (loc.n.) a cool or cold who suffers a bite from a dog, then location, proximal to the deictic it bears the locative postpostion center; also said of shadows and =jina; if the object is wholly shady spots that are suitable for effected, e.g., a chick that suffers a resting out of the sun. bite from a dog such that its body is sɨɨnajitiika (adv.) tenuously, crushed and it is killed, then it does barely in a stable position; for not bear this postposition. Ex. something to be in a state such that Kaa=na, kiaa kií=jina sɨɨkiáana. a minor application of force will No, you’re going to bite me. Ex. result in a drastic change in position Suwaata sɨɨja iina=jina náana. or state, e.g., something hanging by The tree was well bitten (i.e., had rope that is barely able to sustain deep teeth marks). its weight, a rotten bridge that will sɨɨpɨ (n.) leech; in Iquito territory break with even a light tread, a trap these are only found in creeks that that will spring with a minor drain areas with clayey soils application of pressure, or a trigger (tipáaka), being unknown in creeks of a cocked gun, which will cause that drain areas with sandy soils. the gun to fire with little pressure. dialect.var. sáati. sɨɨnakíriija JPI pers.var. of sɨɨri irreg.pl. sɨɨriwa (n.) spleen. sɨɨnakɨ́raaja irreg.pl. sɨɨnakíriiwa ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. (t.v.) sɨɨ́nakíini rt. sɨɨ́naki bite sɨɨrimɨ irreg.pl. sɨɨrimɨya, sɨɨrimɨka repeatedly, e.g., speaking of a dog (n.) pipitu, name applied to that is attacking a game animal. Ex. various flycatchers with a yellow Íyaa iina mɨyaaraa nakarɨɨkurá chest or belly and a mostly nu=sɨɨ́nakíini. With that, the dogs uniformly gray or olive head. Sci. were about to bite at her. Tyrannus melancholicus et sim., sɨɨnakɨ́raaja (n.) bombonero, Myiarchus ferox et sim. ▶ Anth. species of fly with a shiny blue According to Iquito oral tradition, body that becomes abundant in the this type of bird is harassed by the late dry season, and has the siaámuri (shihuango), who abuse it distinctive behavior of hovering in and eat its young.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 421 sɨɨrɨɨ́tɨɨja sɨɨ́sanurika sɨɨrɨɨ́tɨɨja (n.) species of insect, Jɨɨ́tikari taa sɨɨ́saki, kaa believed to be a cicada, that calls kia=paájii iyarákata síratáani. near dusk during the entire year. When it (the garden) is overgrown, sɨɨ́sa (adv.) badly or poorly, you can’t harvest manioc quickly. speaking of the manner in which sɨɨ́saki (n.) a particularly dense some action is realized, or in which area of the forest that is very some state is found. Ex. difficult to pass through, e.g., due Saakaa=íira k=imatɨɨkura sɨɨ́sa to having many iiyuuwaajina (liana iina kaaya kuwasiitaakura kíija, tangles) or there being an íyaa nuu=jaa pɨ́=kaakɨ́ɨja abundance of fallen branches. niyini? Why did I respond badly to sɨɨ́sami kuwasiáana rt. sɨɨ́sami that person who was conversing with kuwasiáa lit. bad speaker (adj.) me, since he is the son of our father? rude, e.g., a person who criticizes sɨɨ́sa kuwasiáana rt. sɨɨ́sa miiyáa others excessively and uses rude or lit. poor speaker (n.) scoundrel, vulgar language. immoral person; a person with one sɨɨ́samíjaarika irreg.pl. of or more prominent negative sɨɨ́sanurika character traits, such as being sɨɨ́sana rt. sɨɨ́sa (adj.) 1. bad; highly rude, a thief, a drunk, a liar, undesirable or substandard in some or sexually promiscuous. manner. Ex. Sɨɨ́sana makɨ́ɨni sɨɨ́sa kuwasiáana rt. sɨɨ́sa kí=miiyaa. I had (lit. have) a bad (adj.) kuwasiáa lit. poor speaker a dream. Ex. Iina kw=átuu kiáaja, person with a speech impediment, íyaa sɨɨ́sana=jaa, iina p=ásamaa mental defect, illness, or injury that taariki. I told you, they were bad does not allow them to speak (i.e., too small), what we ate in clearly. morning. 2. ugly. 3. irritable, sɨɨ́sajakwaa (adj.) comparatively bad-tempered, impolite, or small; small for a member of a class uncooperative, speaking of people. of entities that is not generally Ex. Kia=kuukisaákari sɨɨ́sana considered particularly small in a kaaya, kia=majáana kiaa sikɨɨ. If broader sense, e.g., a small chicken you are a bad-tempered person, your or small tapir, since neither wife will leave you. 4. weedy or chickens not tapirs are considered overgrown, said of cultivated or particularly small animals; this term cleared areas. Ex. Júura sɨɨ́sana could not be employed for, e.g., a kuúkii jaa, maasiáana iyásiika. It small ant, since ants are considered has gotten very weedy, lots of grass. small animals in a broader sense. Rel. sɨɨ́sakáana (adj.) bad, speaking sɨɨ́saki (adj.) the quality of being of relatively hard fruits, due to overgrown and requiring clearing, being, e.g., spoiled, worm infested, speaking of an area that has been or otherwise undesirable. cultivated or cleared by people, sɨɨ́sanurika rt. sɨɨ́sa e.g., a garden or soccer field. Ex. irreg.pl. sɨɨ́samijaárika

422 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sɨɨ́sanurika sɨɨsaárika

(inanimate), sɨɨ́sapɨjaárika Sɨɨsaramaajɨtáami iwarɨ́yaaka (animate) (adj.) small or little. miiyaakura kíija. I had three ▶ Gram. This root cannot cannot illnesses. combine with the typical adjectival sɨɨ́saramaajɨtáapɨ (num.) tres, inflections (i.e., -na, -pɨ, -mi, -ki, speaking of animate entities such as etc.); when bearing these people or animals. Ex. inflections, the root is construed as Sɨɨsaramaajɨtáapɨ kaayaaka, the homophonous root typically sɨɨsaramaajɨtáapɨ glossed as ‘bad’. If this root bears aátamajaniwaaka=na, adjectival classifiers, however, the na=raatikiaakɨ=ná iina ‘small’ sense is maintained. These saasasíkwaa iíraana. Three people, facts suggest a shift in the meaning three brothers, they drank the toé. of the root between ‘small’ and sɨɨ́sariika irreg.pl. sɨɨ́sariikapɨ ‘bad’ in certain morphological (adj.) stingy, the quality of being a contexts, resulting in two roots with skinflint or an ungenerous person, these two meanings, which select insufficiently generous with one’s for different adjectival inflectional possessions or resources. Ex. Iina suffixes. Ex. Íyaa iipɨ=na, mɨɨsaji sɨɨ́sariika, kaa na=jíwɨɨtakiaakɨ=na nuúkiika nu=nakarɨɨ́yaa kí=mitɨ́ɨni mɨyaara sɨɨ́sanurikɨɨka=na. Then asúraaja. That stingy woman, she and there they found a small jaguar. doesn’t want to give me manioc. Ex. Rel. sɨɨ́sakáana (adj.) small, said of Aniwa=aákuji=jaa, hard fruits. Rel. sɨɨ́sajaaka (adj.) kia=kuukisaákari sɨɨ́sariika small, said of soft fruits and kia=majáana=jata, women’s vulvas. Rel. sɨɨ́sakisa kia=mɨra=jata, kaá tɨɨ suwáani (adj.) thin-shanked; the quality of iwíini niwa. Because of that, if you having slender legs below the are stingy with your wife and children, knees, typically said of people, but it is not good to live in that way. also applicable to animals such as the maasa (trompetero). sɨɨ́saamiitáani rt. sɨɨ́samiíta (a.v.) be stingy or ungenerous, not share rt. sɨɨ́sa (adv.) a small sɨɨ́sanurika one’s possessions to the degree quantity. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta taárikɨ kaa considered socially appropriate. aniita asáana iina Ex. Iina suwáani kaaya, kaa n=arakíika=na, nu=sɨɨ́samiítaa nu=asásana. A nu=raatikuraana sɨɨ́sanuurika. good person isn’t stingy (miserly) with Since his nephew was not a glutton, he his food. drank a small quantity. sɨɨsaárika (adv.) 1. a little, to a sɨɨ́sapɨ́jaarika irreg.pl. of slight degree, to a lesser degree or sɨɨ́sanurika intensity. Ex. Na=aákɨsiaákura, sɨɨ́saramaajɨtáami (num.) three, sɨɨsaárika na=aákɨsiaákura. The speaking of inanimate entities, e.g., were drunk, they were slightly drunk. plants or manufactured objects. Ex. 2. a little, a small quantity. Ex.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 423 sɨɨtáani sɨ́ɨyɨ

Kinaa inaánii sɨɨsaárika aaka type of vine with a yellowish or kíija=na, kaa uumáata. Put a little reddish-yellow papery bark; the bit of water (in it) for me, not a lot. growing tip of the vine is slender 3. infrequently or rarely. Ex. and soft, but produces a lasting Sɨɨsaárika=na na=ijíkatataárikɨ burning sensation when touched or tíira=ánuura, brushed against, with the affected nunáani=jíritikúura, skin eventually turning black and na=iwáani=íira. They rarely peeling off. When the thicker, older pushed off to go in the middle of the part of the vine is severed, it river. produces a copious amount of clear, sɨɨtáani rt. sɨɨ́ta (t.v.) sever a string drinkable liquid which is said to be or similar object by biting through good for treating renal illnesses it, e.g., as piranhas sometimes do to when drunk, and good for eye fishing lines, or as a person might infections when dripped into the do to a string or thread that they eyes. Sci. Davilla kunthii, Tetracera cannot untie, when lacking a knife. volubilis. free.vars. maasi ánaaja, itɨyɨ, piyúuri iíyɨɨ. sɨɨtáani rt. sɨɨta 1. (t.v.) deny an accusation, e.g., of theft, whether sɨɨwɨɨnáana (n.) punga, species of true or false. ▶ Gram. The verb may slender and straight tree that grows take either a non-finite irrealis in rɨɨka (varillales) and is used for clausal complement, which roof poles; its trunk has deep indicates the eventuality being grooves in it, and is covered with a denied, or a finite clause pale bark that comes of easily in complement, which resembles a strips, like the bark of balsa trees. reported speech clause, Sci. Pseudobombax munguba. representing the content of the denial. Ex. Nu=sɨɨtaki sɨ́ɨyɨ irreg.pl. sɨɨ́yɨwa (n.) itininga, a nu=nuwáani. He denied the species of soft and flexible liana accusation that he stole (lit. his theft). whose hanging green roots are a Ex. Nu=sɨɨtaki kaa nu=iriaárɨɨ common sight in the forest. This iina kakáraaja. He denied the liana is used as a temporary rope accusation, (saying) that he had not when nothing else is available, and taken the chicken. 2. (t.v.) contradict the liquid obtained by pulverizing another’s claim. its tender green roots was used as a (n.) maría bonita sɨɨwɨɨkáana , treatment for whooping cough. Sci. species of tree with small leaves, Philodendron sp. ▶ Anth. According pale bark, buttress roots, soft, white to Iquito oral tradition, this liana wood, and red thick, sap; its wood grows from the corpses of masakana is used for planks and floats. Sci. (ichichimi) ants, which climb tree Pterocarpus sp. trunks shortly before their deaths; sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ irreg.pl. sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨwa, the lianas later emerge from their sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨka (n.) pauji chaqui, a antennae.

424 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sujuriisíini suruku sujuriisíini rt. sujuriísii • from Sp. Antonio area until the late 1940s. sufrir. Sci. Remijia peruviana. (i.v.) suffer. ▶ Socio. This Spanish suríini rt. súrii (i.v.) have a hole or loanword is used by ELY, but opening that is sufficiently large deprecated by HDC and JPI. that it can be seen through, sukwanaaja (n.) shirui negro, whether the hole exists by design, species of catfish that reaches about e.g., a gap between two planks in a 4cm in length. Generally dark in wall, or through wear, e.g., a hole ▶ color, it has shiny bluish scales and in an old pot. Gram. The subject spines on its back, and is typically obligatorily bears the locative seen swimming in large schools postposition =jina. Ex. Iina kusi, that travel in long lines parallel to nuu=jina súriiyaa. This pot, it has river banks. Sci. Corydoras sp. a (large) hole in it. sukwarúuni rt. sukwáruu (t.v.) suríini rt. súrii (i.v.) shine ▶ dirty; get something or someone strongly, of the sun. Gram. The dirty, whether it be something subject must either denote or index solid, like clothing or a person’s the sun. Ex. Nunamija, atii=kijá skin; or a liquid, e.g., when nunamija súriiyaa. The sun though, someone makes clear water turbid right there the sun is shining. by stirring up sediment. Ex. Taapɨ suriitáani rt. suriíta (i.v.) be kaaya, miríjaaja=jata partly cloudy and partly sunny, nu=sukwáruu waarata kaaya, speaking of weather characterized taana karásiika=jata, taana by heavy clouds through which the tipaáka=jata. Other people dirtied sun occasionally breaks. ▶ Gram. mishquipanga their fellows with , The subject must either denote or others with achiote, others with clay index the sun. (during Carnival). suriiwɨ́ɨni rt. suriíwɨɨ (i.v.) have (n.) chullachaqui caspi suníina , multiple holes or openings that pass slender tree with trunk that grows through an object and are to some 20cm in diameter, with sufficiently large that they can be roots that branch off from the trunk seen through, whether these holes and arc towards the ground; its exist by design, e.g., the holes in a bark is considered medicinal and is grater or the gaps in the walls of a aguardiante added to with other jungle house; or due to wear, e.g., tree barks to make a general tonic. an old thatch roof or canoe. Its wood is reddish and quite hard, (prop.n.) and is sometimes used for house Suruku One of three posts, but is not very durable. wives of Alejandro Sinchija, the last Because of their hardness, the aerial Iquito kuuráaka (leader); she died roots were formerly straightened in the 1920s. and used as ramrods for muskets, suruku irreg.pl. surukuwa, which remained in use in the San surukuka (n.) arambasa, species

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 425 surukúnitina suwáani

of stingless bee that produces ebible ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. Kinikíira honey. It makes its nests, kia=iíkwaki kiina iíkuma amakɨ resembling those of arboreal iina iíkwaa pɨ́=suwákiji. Go over termites (tukúruuja), on the trunks there on the path that goes to the of hard wood trees, and is noted for right. ELY pers.var. suwákija. aggressively defending its nest suwami irreg.pl. of suwáani against perceived threats. Although (adj.) spherical or it does not sting, it swarms suwánaja round, e.g., jaraaka passion fruits. intruders in large numbers, biting exposed skin and crawling into hair suwanajúuni rt. suwanájuu (t.v.) and orifices. Sci. Trigona make something round and smooth, amazonensis. either making it cylindrical or spherical, e.g., making balls of clay, surukúnitina (n.) ungurahuillo, a in preparation for making a clay rarely encountered species of palm pot, or neatly shaping a house post reminiscent of the ungurahui palm or paddle handle, which one makes (ipɨɨti), but with a slender trunk that round in cross-section. reaches only 15-20cm in diameter; it fruits are round, with a soft dark suwapɨ irreg.pl. of suwáani purplish skin when ripe, and have suwaramaajɨtáami (num.) four, rich oily white flesh around a single speaking of inanimate entities such hard seed. as plants or manufactured objects. surúmaaja HDC pers.var. of Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari kí=miiyaárikɨ sɨrɨ́maaja súwaramaajɨtáami kásiiri manaja kíija=na, wáari súruukutáana free.var. of kana=iíkwakiaakɨ sɨrɨ́maaja irreg.pl. súruukutáapɨ Pucallpa=jina, (i.v.) súruukutáani rt. súruukuta na=akumitɨ́ɨni=íira kanáaja. vocalize or whistle in the trilling When I had been pregrant for four manner of the sɨrɨ́maaja, Little months, then we went to Pucallpa, so Tinamou. that they would get us married. (n.) suwaka 1. goodness, speaking suwaramaajɨtáapɨ (num.) cuatro, of person’s behavior in treating speaking of animate entities, such others well, or acting in a good and as people and animals. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni moral manner. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. 2. ▶ suwaramaajɨtáapɨ ɨtɨ siísɨkura beauty or prettiness. Gram. kanáaja. All four of us might have Poss.pref. drowned. suwákija ELY pers.var. of suwákiji suwáani rt. suwa irreg.pl. suwapɨ suwákiji (n.) 1. right hand and (animate), suwami (inanimate) arm. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. Ex. (adj.) 1. good; possessed of Kí=sajii kí=suwákiji=jata. I cut appealing, worthy, or admirable with my right hand. 2. the right or qualities. ▶ Gram. The root of this right-hand side of some referent. adjective is suwa, and its singular

426 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary suwaata suúkwara iwíini

form, suwáani, is irregular. Ex. suúkuutáani rt. suúkuuta (i.v.) Jɨɨ́tikari taa=na suwáani iina cool down, speaking both of sinaakɨ=na, kaa inanimate objects and living beings, nu=kuutiíkiaana. When clothing is e.g., recently cooked food, heated good, it doesn’t tear. 2. beautful or tar that is set aside to cool, or a handsome, speaking of people. Ex. person who steps out of the sun and Suwáani taa aákari kiáaja, into the shade. Ex. Jɨɨ́tikari aríriija. You are beautiful today, nu=kuúkirɨɨ irísina jaari=na, Aunt. 3. moral; possessed of good wáari nu=inaárikɨ naamɨ=jina social and moral characteristics, nuu, nu=suúkuutáani=íira tii. e.g., generous, polite, obedient, When they got hard, then she would honest. Ex. Iina maaya taá put them on a leaf to cool there. ariwatɨɨyáana=na, suwáani tɨɨ, free.var. sɨɨmɨɨsiitáani. suwáani maaya. The child that is suukúuwa • from Sp. sucoba. (n.) obedient is good, a good child. Rel. sucoba or bellaco caspi, species of (adj.) suwakáana good, tree that grows in areas with clayey well-formed, and lacking in soils to a diameter of some 80cm, imperfections or blemishes, and produces inedible fruits speaking of relatively hard fruits. reminiscent in shape and color to (adj.) Rel. suwájaaka good, plantains; the white sap of this tree well-formed, and lacking in is used to treat hernias by applying imperfections or blemishes, it directly to the skin of the affected speaking of relatively soft fruits and area. Sci. Himantanthus sucuuba. women’s vulvas. suúkwara (adv.) disgustingly, suwaata (adv.) well, in a good way badly, foully; having negative or manner. Ex. Atii=na iina characteristics with respect to taste, mɨɨsaji nu=sakɨɨkuraaná smell, or moral characteristics. suwaata nu=itíniija. Then the suúkwara apiráani rt. suúkwara woman chewed her manioc beer ápiita lit. smell disgustingly (i.v.) (mash) well. stink or smell bad. ▶ Gram. The verb in this construction inflects suu irreg.pl. suuwa (n.) manco or with person and TAM morphology Tayra, species of omnivorous as is typical of finite verbs. mammal resembling a large weasel. Sci. Eira barbara. suúkwara iwíini rt. suúkwara iíki lit. be disgustingly (i.v.) be (n.) suúkuuja necklace. nauseated. ▶ Gram. The verb in this suukúuni rt. suúkuu (t.v.) put on construction inflects with person or wear a necklace. and TAM morphology as is typical of finite verbs. Ex. Suúkwara suúkuutaníini rt. suúkuutánii k=iíkii iyaamiaákuji kw=ásaki (t.v.) cool something down, e.g., by kuuwaa mukuuja. I am nauseated blowing on it, or placing it in water. because I ate spoiled meat.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 427 suúkwara kuwasiáana suuríija suúkwara kuwasiáana lit. suúkwarana. Before we go, cook disgusting talker (n.) ayahuasca for us, our purge, in order argumentative or difficult person, to go to heaven (with) clean guts, not said of individuals who argue and dirty. dispute excessively with others. Ex. suúkwarasíini rt. suúkwarasi 1. Iina ikwani, kaa kí=niaatíija (i.v.) dirty oneself, get dirty. 2. nakarɨɨyaárikɨ nuu, iyaamiaákuji (i.v.) menstruate. taárikɨ suúkwara kuwasiáana n=ani. That man, my mother didn’t suukwariija (n.) shirui, species of like him, because his mother was an yellowish-green fish that almost argumentative person. 10cm in length, and whose scales suúkwara míini rt. suúkwara mii are arranged in a ring-like fashion lit. do disgustingly (i.v.) behave in around the circumference of its body, in a manner reminiscent of a disgusting manner, do something carachamas filthy. ▶ Gram. The verb in this waáyuuri ( ). It mainly construction inflects with person lives in creeks, in areas with and TAM morphology as is typical abundant leaf litter (sásakɨ), and of finite verbs. Ex. Náaji=na makes burrow-like holes in the suúkwara miiyáana=na bank in which to shelter and lay its kiáaja=na, kia=asatɨɨ́kiaana eggs. They are known to croak in a kia=íiki ímani=na kanáaja iina manner that is audible from land, paápaaja. Then you are a disgusting and one traditional saying has it person, you make us eat fish that you that the sound of thunder is the catch with your poop. sound of these fish rolling over in their burrows while they sleep. Sci. suúkwara sawɨɨ́kuuyáana lit. Corydoras multiradiatus. disgusting crier (n.) crybaby, typically speaking of children who suukwariija aákuuri free.var. of shirui are considered to cry excessively. suukwariijaari lit. shell free.var. suúkwara saapiáana. suukwariija táasa lit. shirui suúkwara saapiáana free.var. of basket (n.) type of panero (táasa), suúkwara sawɨɨ́kuuyáana or large carrying basket, woven in irreg.pl. súkwara saapiáapɨ lit. the suukwariija aákuuri style. disgusting crier suukwariijaari suúkwarana rt. suúkwara (adj.) irreg.pl. suukwariijaariwa, dirty, speaking either of objects or suukwariijarika (n.) shirui cara, a living beings. Ex. Kaa herringbone-pattern weaving style kana=iíkwasakari=na used in weaving sieves. free.var. atii=ná=yaajaa, kinaa suukwariija aákuuri. kapiíniikiaana aákuta kanáaja, free.var. of sɨrɨ́maaja kana=kɨyátataaja=na, suurija kana=iwáani=íira kamijiíraji suuríija Chambira dialect.var. of suwáani kana=marasi, kaa saminaja

428 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary suúrukuuja suurukuujúuni suúrukuuja dialect.var. of maánakaja suurukuujúuni rt. suurukuújuu Nanay dialect.var. of maanakaajúuni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 429 takínuurika

takarajuutáani rt. takarajuúta 1. with multiple revolutions. Ex. Jaa (t.v.) rotate something around its kana=takátarɨɨ kana=iímina, axis through multiple revolutions, jaa nuúruu aátataárɨɨ. We had e.g., a light bulb, in order to secure tipped the canoe, and the barbasco it in its socket, or the driveshaft of a had gone downriver. 2. (t.v.) turn motor, to start it. 2. (t.v.) stir a inside out, e.g., a shirt. act./mid. substance with stick or similar takɨtɨ́ɨni (middle) instrument. act./mid. takɨrɨjɨɨtáani tákaama (adj.) empty. (middle) tákaana rt. tákaa (adj.) naked, (t.v.) takaraajúuni rt. takaraájuu nude. Ex. Aájapaki sinaakɨ kíija, roll something of roughly tákaana kw=aamɨ́yaakiaárikɨ, cylindrical shape, to move it from najaápusɨ kuwíini=aákuji. I had one location to another; said no clothes, I walked around naked, typically of cut logs, especially in because I was an orphan. the context of logging activities, but takijámiiki irreg.pl. of takínuurika also applicable to other objects of similar shape, e.g., a gasoline takijápɨɨki irreg.pl. of takínuurika cylinder. Ex. Nu=amakɨɨ́taa iimi takina (n.) lake; most lakes in naaka, nu=takaraajúuni=íira Iquito territory are oxbow lakes, aasamujina=ánuura niwa. He is and are especially good sites for making a path for those tree trunks, fishing, with some prized fish so that he can roll them to the creek. species almost exclusively found in act./mid. takɨrɨɨjɨ́ɨni (middle) these lakes. Takarnáaku (prop.n.) the Nanay takina (n.) lanchina or Spectacled River; Iquito groups formerly lived Owl, species of large owl that in both the lower and upper Nanay reaches some 50cm in length; its River basin. call was traditionally believed to be takatáani rt. takáta 1. (t.v.) turn an omen of the death of a relative. around, turn over, flip over; alter Sci. Pulsatrix perspicillata. the orientation of something by takínuurika irreg.pl. takijámiiki approximately 180 degrees along (inan.), takijápɨɨki (anim.) (adj.) any major axis, e.g., turn around a short, speaking of the length of table, or turn over a plate, but not something (e.g., a rope), or the

430 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary takíriija takɨtɨtɨ́ɨni

height of something (e.g., a she danced in circles with them. standing tree). Ex. Íyaa iina=na, act./mid. takarajuutáani (active) taákari yaawɨ́ɨni iina takɨrɨɨjɨ́ɨni rt. takɨrɨɨjɨɨ 1. (i.v.) roll siwaánɨrɨɨkiaaná waarata mɨɨsaji, back and forth, e.g., someone who nuúkiika mɨɨsajiika náaji is having difficulty sleeping. Ex. pɨ́=nikii takínuurikɨɨka náaji, Atii=na nu=takɨrɨɨjɨɨ́kiaakɨ=ná mɨɨsajiika. So then, one day, another anásana=aákuji, nu=namija woman like her arrived, a woman that ijákɨrɨɨkiaákɨ=na. There he rolled we’d see as short, a little woman. back and forth from the pain (when) (i.v.) takíriija (n.) punshito, machete his eyes burst. 2. roll, move whose handle has broken off, but over a surface by rolling, e.g., a log which can still be used for tasks rolling downhill. act./mid. that do not require much cutting takaraajúuni (active) force, such as weeding. takɨsíini rt. takɨɨ́si drv.rt. takɨ́si (i.v.) be hungry. takíina (n.) any stick-like tool used to manipulate or dislodge another takɨ́ti impf.rt. of takɨtɨ́ɨni entity, e.g a toothpick, or a stick takɨtíini (n.) madre de la yuca, used to pull or push a floating species of green caterpillar that eats object; a prototypical example of the leaves of manioc plants. When this kind of tool is a small stick touched, it writhes energetically, whose point is shaped to a thin flipping its rear end repeatedly wedge, used to remove bot-fly from one side to the other, from larvae (tuútuuja) from the skin of which behavior comes its Iquito ▶ domestic animals. name. Anth. According to Iquito oral tradition, if a person picks up (t.v.) takíini rt. taki use an one of these caterpillars and asks it instrument to dislodge an entity where the sun rises, or asks the that is inserted, stuck, floating, or direction in which someone has submerged in something else, e.g., traveled, it will flick its rear end in use a needle to work a splinter out that direction. ELY pers.var. of someone’s flesh, use a long pole takɨtɨ́ɨni. free.var. asúraaja imɨ́ɨni. to pull to shore a canoe that has takɨtɨtɨ́ɨni rt. takɨtɨ́tɨɨ (i.v.) go in a floated away, use a stick to pull out circle, said, e.g., of a person who a bucket that has sunk in a well. walks in a full circle around a house takɨrɨjɨɨtáani rt. takɨrɨjɨɨ́ta (i.v.) or tree, a vulture that soars in rotate or circle around a central circles on a an updraft, but point, typically at a distance from especially saliently, for a group of that central point, through multiple individuals to form of a ring that revolutions, e.g., a soaring, circling rotates around its center, e.g., vulture. Ex. Atii=na during traditional celebrations, nu=takɨrɨjɨɨtaárikɨ=na when people would form a ring and naawaaka=jata. There, they say, sing as they went in a circle.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 431 takɨtɨ́ɨni takuutaníini takɨtɨ́ɨni ELY pers.var. of takɨtíini tákusi naniáasi aniitáana irreg.pl. tákusi naniáasi aniitáapɨ takɨtɨ́ɨni rt. takɨ́tɨ impf.rt. takɨ́ti 1. lit. tail-carrying spider (n.) general (i.v.) turn around, turn over, or flip term for scorpions. ▶ Socio. This over; change from facing one term is mainly used in order to direction to facing another direction distinguish scorpions proper from by approximately 180 degrees, spiders, since the term tákusi is along any axis, e.g, turn when commonly used for both types of standing from facing one direction creature. to another; turn over, going from lying prone to supine; or capsize, as takuúkujina (n.) height, e.g., of a in the case of a canoe. 2. (i.v.) turn person or a tree. Ex. Atiika inside out, said, e.g., of a garment. taá=yaa nu=takuúkujina. His act./mid. takatáani (active) height is just up to there (with takúmiikwáani rt. takúmiikwa 1. gesture). (i.v.) creep, walk with bent legs and takuúnaari irreg.pl. takuúnaariwa hunched back, generally in the case (n.) species of stingray with a of someone who is attempting to relatively bulky, rather than flat, avoid detection. 2. (i.v.) walk body, which regularly reaches 1m uncertainly, as said of young in diameter; it is dark gray with children who are going from small circular markings, and has a crawling to beginning to walk. short bulky tail with numerous takumíini rt. takumi (t.v.) crawl small pointed lumps. Like all on all fours, e.g., as said of a baby, stingrays, it is found principally in or a very sick person. rivers but not lakes. free.var. murákatiiri. tákusi (n.) general term for spiders and scorpions. takúuni rt. takuu 1. (i.v.) stand, be standing. Ex. Júuti=tɨɨ iina tákusi aniáasi lit. scorpion's tail takuúyaa! That standing right there (n.) yarinilla, species of fern that is a tiger heron! 2. (i.v.) stand up. grows to some 2.5m in height, with ▶ Gram. This sense requires a trunk that reaches some 2m in momentary perfective aspect -rɨɨ. height; the fern fronds emerging Ex. Nikákiika, tran! ikwani from the trunk have small spines on takuúrɨɨ. Right away (sound of their undersides, resembling a sudden movement), the man stood up. scorpion’s tail, from which the Rel. takuutɨ́ɨni (rt. takuutɨɨ) (t.v.) plant derives its name. These young stand up, e.g., a post in a post hole; fronds are used to treat scorpion or help stand, e.g., someone who is stings, either by grating them and injured. Nanay dialect.var. narɨ́ɨni. applying the resulting pulp to the affected area, or by drinking the takuutaníini rt. takuutánii (t.v.) pulp with water. free.var. anitáaki set upright, said of things that are kajakáana. leaning over or lying on their sides,

432 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary takuútaaja tamarakíini

e.g., a book, or a plantain plant that certain lianas that grow in this is leaning over. fashion. act./mid. tamakáani takuútaaja (n.) species of (active) paña-type (piranha-type) fish that tamakúuni rt. tamákuu 1. (t.v.) lives in oxbow lakes and reaches twist or wring a flexible slender some 8cm in length, and is pale in object through multiple revolutions, color, with a single red spot on the e.g., wring a wet garment to lower part of its body, and red squeeze water from it; or repeatedly ventral fins. ▶ Anth. According to twist and wring a liana to soften it Iquito oral tradition, this fish was and make it more flexible. 2. (t.v.) the kúnɨɨri, or fried manioc cake, of twist two or more things together, the muújinaapɨ (merpeople). e.g., two lengths of patíina (topa) bark to make a temporary rope. 3. tamakajuutáani rt. tamakajuúta (t.v.) suffer an attack of the pɨɨta (t.v.) unroll something that has káaniu, a malevolent spirit that been coiled into a skein, e.g., attacks people with a gust of wind. fishing line, or rolled into a tube, In severe attacks, the victim’s head e.g., a piece of fabric. is twisted until the neck breaks; in tamakaajúuni rt. tamakaájuu less severe attacks, the victim is left (t.v.) coil a rope-like object, or roll with bruises on their body, and will up something flat and flexible, e.g., ▶ subsequently sicken and die unless a sheet of paper. Gram. The they are cured by a siimana expected non-pluractional root (shaman). ▶ Gram. This sense tamaka is not attested. requires momentary perfective tamakáani rt. tamaka (t.v.) twist, aspect -rɨɨ. e.g., a piece of clothing, to wring tamakuutáani rt. tamakuúta out water, or a támuu fruit, to break (t.v.) wind or wrap a rope it open and expose its flesh-covered repeatedly around an object, which seeds. act./mid. tamakɨ́ɨni (middle) typically exhibits roughly cylindrcal tamakɨjɨɨtáani rt. tamakɨjɨɨ́ta symmetry, e.g., wind or stringing a (i.v.) tangle oneself, typically said rope around a post to secure a boat, of a fish that has tangled itself in or winding a string around a fish fishing line, or a dog that has wrapped in leaves, so that the fish wound the rope with which it is tied can be transported without its around the post to which it is tied. wrapper coming loose. (n.) tamakɨ́ɨni rt. tamakɨɨ 1. (i.v.) tamaraki irreg.pl. tamarakiwa twist, wind into a corkscrew shape, gum abscess. e.g., a plank that twists as it dries; tamarakíini rt. tamarákii 1. (t.v.) or certain lianas that grow in a cross or slightly bend two slender corkscrew shape. 2. (i.v.) entwine, objects around each other, e.g., speaking of two (or more things) cross the legs when sitting, or wrap that entwine themselves, e.g., one wire around another for a

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 433 tamarásina támuu

single turn. 2. (t.v.) pull someone’s of weaving iitaari (crisneja thatch arm behind their back. dialect.var. panels), in which the ijáwɨɨmɨ tamarásii. (irapay) palm palm frond stems that tamarásina HDC pers.var. of wrap around the palm wood lath taramásiti are bunched together in groups of eight, with large gaps between free.var. of taramásiti tamarásiti them; the name of this style comes tamarásii dialect.var. of from this pattern resembling the tamarakíini spaced segments of the trunk of the tamaasi dialect.var. of tamuusi tamɨ́ɨna, tangarana tree. tami impf.rt. of tamɨ́ɨni tamɨ́ɨna imɨ́ɨni free.var. of tamɨ́ɨka madre tami impf.rt. of tamɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. tamɨ́ɨna imɨ́ɨka lit. of tangarana (n.) lightning that one tamɨ́nɨɨna (i.v.) sees in the sky at a distance, but tamɨ́ɨni rt. tamɨ impf.rt. tami which does strike anything on the flash, speaking of lightning. ground, and which does not make tamɨ́ɨni rt. tamɨ impf.rt. tami (t.v.) much noise. lick. tamɨ́riija dialect.var. of manɨti tamɨɨríina (n.) aguajillo, species of tamɨ́ɨka (n.) tangarana or madre tall but slender palm that grows in varillales de tangarana, a species of small ; several trunks, covered in biting ant that lives inside the small thorns, tend to grow from a hollow trunks of tamɨ́ɨna single point, reaching some 15 cm (tangarana) trees; they aggressively in diameter; it produces fruits attack anything that touches the similar in form to that of nɨsikati aguaje trunk of the tree, swarming the ( ), but smaller, and with a intruder and delivering very painful different taste. Sci. Mauritiella sp. bites. Sci. Pseudomyrmex sp. free.var. tampúura (n.) drum, musical tamɨ́ɨna imɨ́ɨni. instrument adopted by Iquitos in tamɨ́ɨna (n.) species of tangarana, the early 20th century. tree with small leaves and a támuja (n.) clitoris; traditionally, if slender, hollow, trunk that reaches a baby was born with a clitoris that up to 15cm diameter, and is was considered too large, it was cut notable for its segmented so that the labia would hide it. appearance; prized as firewood, ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. these trees are typically inhabited támuu irreg.pl. támuuwa (n.) by a species of small black ant guaba, species of fruit-bearing tree (tamɨ́ɨka) that swarms out if the tree often planted in and around Iquito is disturbed, delivering painful bites communities; the fruits pods to the intruder. Sci. Triplaris sp. measure up to 50cm in length and tamɨ́ɨna amákɨɨri irreg.pl. tamɨ́ɨna are reminiscent of long, grooved, amákɨɨriwa (n.) ‘tangarana’ style bean pods. The bark of the tree

434 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary támuu imɨ́ɨni tanakíini

extrudes a thick sap that is stems are woven around the palm administered orally to treat wood lath in a pattern that bronchitis, while the bark is used to resembles the seeds inside a támuu decongest the respiratory tract by (shimbillo) seed pod. cutting it into pieces and rubbing tamuusi irreg.pl. tamuusiwa, them on the chest. Sci. Inga edulis. tamuusika (n.) shoulder blade. támuu imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. támuu ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. dialect.var. imɨ́ɨka lit. madre of /sp guaba (n.) tamaasi. species of edible caterpillar that tanaja (n.) abdomen, extending reaches about 3cm in length and from the navel to the groin, mainly feeds on the leaves of támuu speaking of its exterior surface. guaba ( ) trees; lacking spines or ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. stinging hairs, it is marked with (i.v.) lengthwise stripes of yellow, tanajɨɨtáani rt. tanajɨɨ́ta orange, red, and black, and is eaten have a large, bulging belly, as in cooked in patarashca. the case of, e.g., overweight individuals or pregnant women. tamuujúuni rt. tamuújuu 1. (i.v.) consume something hard by tanajɨɨ́taari repeatedly sucking on it and licking irreg.pl. tanajɨɨ́taariwa, (n.) zapatero it, e.g., nɨsikati (aguaje) fruit, a hard tanajɨɨ́taarika , mojarra candy, or honey that one scoops out species of -type fish that of a container with a finger, and reaches 15cm in length. Its body is then licks off. 2. (i.v.) have sex, remarkably flat and thin, with the euphemistic expression. ▶ Gram. forward half of the body bulging The sexual partner with whom the out in such a fashion that its small sexual act is realized can be face appears to be crammed into a expressed as an oblique argument corner against its neck. bearing the comitative instumental tanaka (n.) belly, entending from =jata. the end of the rib-cage to the groin, (n.) speaking of the exterior part. támuuki irreg.pl. támuukiwa ▶ species of lisa-type fish, similar to Gram. Poss.pref. free.var. tɨnɨkɨ. the better-known karápisi, but tánaki (n.) wall, fence, corral; smaller, reaching only 20cm in general term for fence-like length. Likewise a riverine fish, it is constructions, whether they fully greenish-blue in color, with some enclose an area or not. red coloring on its face, and is tanakíini rt. tanákii (t.v.) build a known for the toughness of its wall, fence, or corral. Ex. flesh. Sci. Schizodon sp. Nu=tanákiiyaa nu=íita. He is támuuri irreg.pl. támuuriwa (n.) building his house walls. Ex. shimbillo’ style of weaving iitaari Nu=tanákiiyaa (crisneja thatch panels), in which nu=kuusi=aákuji. He is building a the ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm frond corral for his pigs.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 435 tanana taníiku tanana rt. tana (adj.) shallow, surface imperfections of the tuber speaking of vessels or bodies of were believed to have been caused water. by the spells it absorbed. taniwɨ́ɨni (n.) Spring taníyaaka (n.) 1. minga, (July-September), or onset of the collaborative work party with food dry season, when the rains decrease and drink, specifically for weaving and the rivers drop. ijáwɨɨmɨ (irapay) palm leaves into iitaari (crisnejas, or thatch panels). (n.) taniwɨ́ɨni species of cicada 2. itíniija (masato, manioc beer) that is abundant during the early prepared for a collaborative work dry season (July to September), but party for weaving iitaari (crisnejas). is absent at other times of year; as (n.) such, it is a sign of the dry season taniija irreg.pl. taniikami any and the time at which the eggs of woven thing, such as a hammock, crisneja the mɨtiija and siaariáapa turtles can bag, basket, or . be harvested. ▶ Anth. In Iquito oral taniika irreg.pl. taniikaka (n.) tradition, the taniwɨ́ɨni is identified capillejo, a type of quickly-made as the source from which the temporary basket used to carry Iquitos originally obtained corn, produce from gardens or game from and its appearance and call at the the forest; it is made from a single beginning of dry season signaled frond of an ipɨɨti (ungurahui) palm the time to plant corn. At the same gathered near where it is needed, time, the taniwɨ́ɨni was considered a thus avoiding the necessity of dangerous creature whose magical carrying a basket or bag. It is powers brought diseases. Those especially used by hunters, who who died from such diseases were travel light when going to the believed to be the prey of these forest, to carry back game. insects, who smoked their bodies taniikami irreg.pl. of taniija and took them back to wherever (i.v.) the insects lived at other times of taniikɨ́ɨni rt. taniíkɨɨ weave capillejo the year. For this reason, when (taniika) baskets. Iquito ancestors heard the call of taníiku irreg.pl. taaniwa, this cicada, they reportedly would taníikuka (n.) dead-fall trap; ask of it that they still be there to generally used for rodents, this trap receive it as a visitor when the consists of an enclosure into which cicada returned the following year, the rodent is lured by bait, where it in effect asking for another year of triggers a suspended log to fall, life. It was believed that planting crushing the prey (hence its name). katija near the home provided For larger prey such as pacas protection from this cicada because (tiímaaka), the enclosure is typically the tuber would absorb the a fence made of sticks driven disease-causing spells of the securely into the ground in creature; the ‘eyes’ and other precisely the shape to enclose the

436 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary taniikúuni tarakɨ́ɨni

suspended log, which constitutes taniiti (n.) species of small the roof of the trap; for smaller rebeco-type catfish that reaches prey, such as rats, the enclosure only 10cm in length; black in color, may be a wooden box. it is capable of pinching the tips of fingers with its spurs, from which (i.v.) taniikúuni rt. taniíkuu make comes its name. dead-fall trap (taníiku). tanɨ́yaaja (n.) capitari, the taníini rt. tani (t.v.) weave; this juvenile phase of the mɨtiija term is used for the weaving of nets, (taricaya) or Yellow-spotted River hammocks, baskets, and sieves, as Turtle; believed to be a distinct well as for the weaving of fabric. species of aquatic turtle. Sci. Podocnemis unifilis (juvenile). taníini rt. tanii (t.v.) press on or (n.) hold down, e.g., press down on tanɨɨka malaria. ground manioc to squeeze out tapuja (n.) calf of leg. ▶ Gram. liquid; press down on something so Poss.pref. that it doesn’t blow away; or hold a tapútiaa HDC pers.var. of kapítiaa dog down against the ground so (prop.n.) that it cannot escape. The force Tarakákwaa an Iquito may be great and sudden, as when man who lived on the Río Chambira a crushing force is applied to and died in the 1950s; he was given something, e.g., due to a falling the Spanish name Felipe Taracacua. tree, but this verb only denotes the tarakana (n.) pushcacuro, application of the force, and not the unidentified species of yellowish resulting state. Rel. taniitáani (rt. ant that delivers a painful bite. It taniíta) (t.v.) press down on, or makes its nests in leaf litter and in weigh down with an object; e.g., logs already hollowed out by weigh down a pot lid by placing a termites, and occasionally enters rock on it. houses to make nests in clothing or in roof thatch. irreg.pl. taniítaakami taniítaaja (i.v.) (n.) 1. a weight used to secure tarakɨ́ɨni rt. tarakɨɨ be something, e.g., in case of wind. 2. passive and shy to the point of the longest piece of weaving inactivity, shrinking from material in a basket, after the base interacting with others or asserting has been made, that serves as the oneself, which in local conceptions support for all the other pieces. 3. of this characteristic includes lever arm in a manioc press, used to avoiding starting projects or apply pressure to manioc mash to initiating work, or failing to squeeze out the fluid in the process respond to others’ requests to carry of making farinha. out tasks. When applied to men, this term has connotations of taniitaawɨ irreg.pl. taniitaawɨya effeminacy. free.var. tarakɨɨ́ta (n.) scissors. míini.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 437 tarakɨɨ́ta míini tarɨ́ɨni tarakɨɨ́ta míini rt. tarakɨɨ́ta mii some speakers who consider a free.var. of tarakɨ́ɨni ▶ Gram. The loanword, and prefer the expression verb in this construction inflects miisana míini lit. ‘do the thing one with person and TAM morphology does’. 2. (t.v.) work. ▶ Socio. For as is typical of finite verbs. some speakers, this is the general tarakɨɨ́tina rt. tarakɨɨ́ti (adj.) term for any type of work one does, excessively passive or timid; when whether paid or otherwise. applied to men, this term has taraásiija (n.) 1. glass bead, connotations of effeminacy. formerly used to make necklaces. tarakɨɨtíini rt. tarakɨɨ́tii (t.v.) call These were an important trade item someone passive or timid (i.e., in the late 19th and early 20th tarakɨɨ́tina); generally deemed a centuries. 2. a type of women’s severe criticism and insult in necklace, common in the late 19th traditional Iquito society. and early 20th centuries, made of dialect.var. sásaakáani. loops of glass beads that hung down taramásiti (n.) carahuasca de to the waist of the wearer. (t.v.) altura, tree species that grows in taraasíini rt. taraásii bore mákisi (purmas or fallow gardens), holes into something, especially with a slender, straight trunk that decorative seeds, so that they can reaches 25cm in diameter and a be threaded onto a string, e.g., to cluster of branches at the top of the make a necklace. tree; its small leaves are green on táraati (n.) pashaco, name for the upper surface and silvery gray several genera of trees that share a on their lower surface. This tree is distinctive type of small leaf; these prized for its wood, which is used leaves are roughly 1cm in length for roof poles and, as with most and less than half that in width, and carahuascas, its bark, which is pale are arranged along small stalks that and fragrant, is used for tuuku, are themselves arranged along a tumplines. Sci. Guatteria sp. HDC single larger stalk, somewhat in the pers.var. tamarásina. free.var. manner of a fern. The different tamarásiti. genera and species of this class of tarawáaja • from Sp. trabajo. (n.) trees are distinguished by their work, or a job; a task carried out different barks and the shapes of for wages. ▶ Socio. While in very their fruits. socio.var. atáraati. common use, this word is tariáana irreg.pl. tariáapɨ (n.) a deprecated by some speakers, who sad or depressed person. recognize it as a loanword. tarɨ́ɨni rt. taárɨ impf.rt. taári drv.rt. tarawaajúuni rt. tarawaájuu • tárɨ (i.v.) be sad; this emotional from Sp. trabajar, with pluractional state is especially identified with suffix -juu. 1. (i.v.) work for wages. thinking or brooding about thinking ▶ Socio. Although in very common about a person or state of affairs, use, this term is deprecated by e.g., thinking about a relative that

438 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tasikɨ tasiina

is traveling far from home, or was easy for fish to swim into the thinking about not having enough basket, but difficult for them to money to meet one’s expenses. swim out; this trap was placed in a small creek or an inundated area tasikɨ irreg.pl. tasikɨya (n.) 1. when the waters dropped, oriented tapaje, a type of traditional fish so that the current guided the fish trap consisting of a tapered basket towards the mouth of the trap. some 3m in length that narrowed to tasikɨ́ɨni rt. tasíkɨɨ (i.v.) fish using a closed point, typically woven a traditional tasikɨ (tapaje) fish with strips of material from the trap, including the laborious step of outer layer of ipɨɨti (ungurahui) or making the temporary fence that nɨsikati (aguaje) palm frond facilitated its use. petioles. These traps were tasínakíini rt. tasínaki (t.v.) employed in creeks and in areas of scratch or claw repeatedly, to the flooded forest, either when the point of injury. Ex. Iina míisi, waters were rising or dropping, and nu=tasínakiki kíija pɨyɨ́ɨni were typically used in conjunction nu=awákukwa=jata. That cat with a temporary fence that was scratched me badly with all of its built out of sticks that were driven claws. into the creek bed or forest floor at lit. waiting party (n.) 1. a narrow and relatively shallow tasíyaaka welcoming party; celebration of point at which the rising or welcome, with masato and food, dropping waters had to pass. The upon the return of a family member fence was sealed with leaves, and or friend after a prolonged absence. then one or more of these tapered 2. manioc beer prepared for a baskets were driven through gaps celebration of welcome. in the fence, oriented so that the (n.) water flowed through them in the tasíina small tree species that direction of their narrow, closed grows in inundating areas, with point. Fish swimming with the trunks reaching some 8cm in flowing water would be guided by diameter; it produces fruits when the fence into the tapered basket, these areas are flooded, and its and they would become trapped at round yellow fruit reach some some the tapered point and held there by 4cm in diameter and are similar to caimitillo the force of the flowing water. The saati ( ) fruits in general traps were subsequently pulled form, though lacking the sticky from the fence and their catch resin of the latter. emptied into canoes. 2. type of fish tasiina (n.) flat strips of flexible trap introduced into the Iquito yet durable material removed from communities in the early 20th the frond stalk of the muwaasi century, in the form of a long (sinamillo) palm, used traditionally woven basket with an opening that to weave baskets and sieves. Sci. tapered in such a fashion that it Oenocarpus mapora (fiber).

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 439 tasiina tatɨɨkúuni tasiina free.var. of muwaasi tatɨniwaaká tɨɨ. All of his dogs are ▶ Socio. The use of the term tasiina ‘daredevils’ (bold and fearless). to refer to the muwaasi palm arises tatɨni irreg.pl. tatɨniwa, tatɨnika from the metonymical use of the (n.) Bat Falcon, a small raptor term for the fiber extracted from noted for its speed and prowess in the palm to refer to the palm as a hunting small birds and bats. Sci. whole. Falco rufigularis. tasíini rt. tasii (t.v.) pinch tatɨɨ socio.var. of tatɨɨkuúkujina someone, typically between irreg.pl. tatɨɨwɨya, tatɨɨwɨ ▶ Socio. forefinger and thumb, digging in Some speakers consider this use of one’s thumbnail. ▶ Gram. The the term to be incorrect, insisting object of this verb obligatorily bears that the correct term for a floor of the locative postposition =jina. this type tatɨɨkuúkujina. The use of (t.v.) tasíini rt. tásii wait for the term tatɨɨ is presumably someone or await an event. metonymical, based on using the tasiitáani rt. tasiíta (t.v.) guard or name of the palm species from watch over something or someone which the palm wood for the floor to make sure that it is not stolen or is sourced as the name of the damaged, or in the case of an structure constructed from it. animal or person, that he or she is tatɨɨ irreg.pl. tatɨɨwɨya, tatɨɨwɨ (n.) not hurt, kidnapped, or does not cashapona or pona, species of palm escape (if held captive); crucially, with an edible heart; its wood was this term is employed when the formerly used to make floors and guarding or watching over is not walls of houses, and is still used to specifically for the benefit ofthe make laths for iitaari (crisnejas). Sci. thing, animal, or person being Socratea exorrhiza. free.var. púuna. watched over or guarded. tatɨɨ imɨ́ɨni irreg.pl. tatɨɨ imɨ́ɨka lit. tatákuwa (n.) tatatao, pona floor madre (n.) madre del Red-throated Caracara, species of emponado, species of small insect, raptor that resembles the much a little larger than a louse, that more common siaámuri comes to infest palm wood floors, (shihuango), but with a very loud after they are a few years old, and and distinctive call; according to bites people who lie down on them. Iquito oral tradition, when this bird calls, nearby birds are drawn to it. tatɨɨkuúkujina rt. tatɨɨkuúku Sci. Ibycter americanus. irreg.pl. tatɨɨkuúkajina (loc.n.) tarima emponado tatɨni irreg.pl. tatɨniwaaka (n.) a or , elevated palm person or animal who is bold and wood house floor, generally made cashapona fearless, sometimes to the point of from tatɨɨ, palm wood. being overly aggressive and socio.var. tatɨɨ. inappropriately behaved. Ex. tatɨɨkúuni rt. tatɨɨ́kuu (t.v.) Pɨyɨ́ɨni iipɨ nu=kaajiya, emponar, construct the elevated

440 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tatɨɨtaníini tawɨɨ́kiri

floor of a raised house from the through something. 2. (t.v.) wood of the tatɨɨ (pona) palm. deflower a woman, break a ▶ tatɨɨtaníini rt. tatɨɨtánii (t.v.) woman’s hymen. Socio. For some prop up; support something so that speakers, including ELY, only the it does not fall over, especially second sense (‘deflower’) obtains. something that is aready leaning. act./mid. tawatɨ́ɨni (middle) Ex. Nu=tatɨɨtániiyaa tawáti impf.rt. of tawatɨ́ɨni nu=áriitaawɨ tíira. She is propping tawatɨ́ɨni rt. tawátɨ impf.rt. tawáti here paddle there (against the wall). 1. (i.v.) get or develop a hole, tatɨɨtáani rt. tatɨɨ́ta (i.v.) lean speaking of a hard, rigid object, against something, e.g., a broom e.g., a cup or a canoe. 2. (i.v.) leaning against a wall. become deflowered, i.e., for a tatɨɨwɨjina (loc.n.) grove of tatɨɨ woman’s hymen to become broken. ▶ (pona) palms. free.vars. Socio. For some speakers, tatɨɨwɨyajina, puúnakajina. especially ELY, only the second tatɨɨwɨyajina free.var. of sense (‘become deflowered’) tatɨɨwɨjina obtains. act./mid. tawatáani (active) • tabaco (n.) tawánaja HDC pers.var. of tawáaku from Sp. . ituwánaja tobacco; according to Iquito oral history, the Iquitos did not use tawarakútina rt. tawarakúti tobacco until it was introduced by (adj.) holed or holey, the quality of the patrones in the late 19th having many round holes, e.g., a century. colander, an old thatch roof, or an old garment. tawɨ irreg.pl. tawɨya (n.) mestizo, non-indigenous person, or ‘white’ tawarakúuni rt. tawarákuu JPI person. pers.var. of tawarúuni jicra rt. tawáruu (t.v.) make tawɨ kánɨɨsi lit. white person's tawarúuni (n.) multiple holes, using something large bag made of fabric, slender like a nail or drill bit, leather, or plastic. whether by punching or drilling the tawɨ taníiku lit. white person's holes, and whether they pass dead-fall trap (n.) a type of rat trap through the object, e.g., punching introduced by outsiders in the early multiple holes through a metal can 20th century that involves a thick to make a grater; or not, e.g., stick held under tension that, when drilling multiple holes into a tree released by the trap’s trigger, trunk in order to mark the depth to crushes any small creature in the which it should be carved for trap. making a canoe. JPI pers.var. tawɨɨ́kiri (n.) Black-fronted tawarakúuni. Nunbird, a species of black bird tawatáani rt. tawáta 1. (t.v.) make with a small, sharp, curved, red a single small hole that passes beak, and a distinctive call; the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 441 taá taaki

imitation of the call of this bird was copula bears suffixes, it surfaces as a motif of some forms of traditional taa. Ex. Anuu taá nu=asásana. Iquito flute-playing. Sci. Monasa That is his food. Ex. nigrifrons. ▶ Anth. According to Na=nakusiaárikɨ=na, Iquito oral tradition, the siaruuja “Pɨ́=kumáani p=ɨ́tuukiaaná (paucar amarillo), imitates all other pɨyɨ́ɨni iipɨ taá kanɨɨrɨ miiyáapɨ.” bird species, but not this one, They knew, “God is going to burn all because the tawɨɨ́kiri once of us who are sinners.” Ex. Kuupɨ threatened to kill the siaaruja if it taárikɨ kanáaja, kuupɨ mɨɨsaji were to do so, frightening the latter taárikɨ kanáaja. We were two, we by showing it the blood on its beak were two women. Ex. Anuu (i.e., the red color of its beak). aruukiitaaja táaja. He is shamanically associated with an taá (cop.) be; copular verb. animal. Ex. Kaa nuu, iina mɨɨsaji, ▶ Gram. The copula exhibits kaa nu=nakusiaárikɨ kánɨɨka different forms depending on its táaja. She didn’t, the woman, she morphosyntactic environment and didn’t know who it was. prepaus.form its position in the clause: 1) If the táaja. allomorph tɨɨ. copula: i) appears in a main (i.e., táaja dialect.var. of túwɨja non-subordinate) clause; ii) its táaja prepaus.form of taá subject is either a referential NP or (adj.) a first or second person pronoun; taakari at a different time, at another time or moment, on iii) it bears no suffixes or enclitics; ▶ and iv) it is not in a prepausal another occasion. Gram. This position, then it surfaces as tɨɨ. In item collocates with yaawɨɨ́ni ‘day’ this case, the copula bears two low to convey the meaning ‘another tones and is preceded by a floating day, some other day’. Ex. Kiaá nuu high tone. 2) If the copula: i) paaniki, taákari, nu=iíkii appears in prepausal position, i.e., atií=yaa tii iita=siriku. You look either at the right edge of a for it, and at another time, it is right clause-initial topic phrase or there at the side of the house. Ex. utterance-finally; and ii) bears no Taákari yaawɨ́ɨni=jina, suffixes or enclitics, it surfaces as nu=aámuuyaárikɨ=na anitáaki. táaja. 3) If the copula: i) appears in On another day, he would kill a a non-prepausal position; ii) either White-lipped Peccary. appears in: a) a main clause with a taaki (adv.) other way, other third person pronominal subject; or manner; a different way of realizing b) in a subordinate clause with any some eventuality, with a type of subject; and ii) does not connotation that this different way bear suffixes, it surfaces as taa. In is worse, incorrect, dishonest, or this case, it bears a final high tone otherwise worthy of being and is followed by two floating low deprecated. Ex. tones. 4) Finally, whenever the Iyaákari=íira=ná=yaa=jaa

442 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary taaki taama

nu=kuúkikiaakɨ júura kumaati, tamping down the shot and powder nu=apárakiaakɨ=ná taaki with a ramrod. saminiijúuni=jina. Until that taama (adv.) 1. for no good reason, moment when she became very old without cause. Ex. Kaa taama and began to think in another way aniáana kíija nami=ji (i.e., became evil). k=iyáma=ji; iyaamiaákuji (n.) taaki 1. another place, another ki=níyaaka iwɨɨ́rɨkiáakɨ; location, somewhere else. Ex. Jaa niwa=aákuji kw=aníkiaakɨ iiti. nu=iíkwaki taaki jaa. He already I didn’t come (here) from my went somewhere else. 2. another homestead there downriver for no side, the other side. Ex. Atií=yaa good reason; because my husband imɨráani, taaki=ji, kuumi died; that’s why I came here. 2. káaniu, traa! Right then, again, randomly, aimlessly. Ex. from the other side, the second barrel Nu=iíkuuyaárɨɨkiaakɨ=na tíira (of the shotgun), traa! niíkuma, taamá=yaa tíira taakiírakuma (adv.) along naki=jinakuma. He went walking another path, in the direction along the path, aimlessly through the determined by another path. Ex. forest. 3. falsely, dishonestly. Nu=sapiraákɨɨsakurakari ▶ Gram. In this sense, collocates taakiírakuma, kaa pɨ́=paajii with verbs of speaking, especially nu=nikíini. If she lost her way kuwasíini ‘speak’. Ex. Taama along a different path, we will not be nu=kuwasiaárikɨ náaji, able to find her. “K=imɨɨ́tarɨɨkiaana iwíini.” (adv.) Falsely he said, “I will live again.” 4. taakiíraata in another ▶ direction. jokingly, playfully. Gram. Most often appears in the idiomatic táaku • from Sp. taco. (n.) expression taama míini ‘joke, play wadding used both for muskets, around’ (see entry). which remained in use in the San Antonio area until the late 1940s, taama (adv.) 1. just, simply, only, and in the former home without further consideration or manufacture of shortgun cartridges, elaboration. Ex. Jaa nu=paanaki which began at about that time, nuu, taamá=yaa siípa=ji. And and waned in the 1970s, with the then he cured him, just like that, from increasing availability of a distance. Ex. Taapɨ, iipɨ=na manufactured cartridges. The nakusiijiaárikɨ=na kaa wadding was made by scraping the ariwáani=na, taama=na outer surface of isuusi (ñejilla) or na=iíkii=kíyaa paapa. Others, sakunaaja (inayuga) palm frond those who didn’t know how to sing, stalks, and was placed between the they just stay quiet. 2. in a very powder and the shot, and on top of small quantity or to a slight degree. the shot, before sealing the Ex. Kí=nakúsii taamá=yaa nuu, cartridge, or in the case of muskets, náaji jɨɨ́ta nuúkiika

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 443 taama míini taamaárika

makɨ́ɨni=jina. I know him the one’s own, especially a child; most littlest bit, like in a dream. commonly said of men who do not taama míini rt. taama mii 1. (i.v.) accept being the father of a given speak unseriously or insincerely, child, but also applicable to other typically to humorous effect. ▶ Sem. types of relationships, such as not This sense is often used as a way of recognizing someone as one’s expressing, in a friendly manner, spouse; and to material objects, as disbelief or extreme surprise about when one does not acknowledge what someone has said. ▶ Gram. ownership of some item. The verb in this construction taamáaki (n.) anywhere, any old inflects with person and TAM place, a location not selected morphology as is typical of finite intentionally or with care. verbs. Ex. Kaa=na, taama=na taamáana rt. taamáa (adj.) any, kia=miiyaákiaana. No, you’re any old; no particular or specific (i.v.) joking (he said). 2. talk member of a given class of entities. carelessly, say something without Ex. Pɨ́=paanirɨɨ́kiaana tíira, an adequate basis for believing it to nuúkiika, taamáana siriija. We be true, but typically without an are going to look for one over there, intention to knowingly deceive. any bird. Ex. Taamáana taama miíniika (adv.) barely; this yaawɨɨ́ni=kari nu=iwɨɨ́rii. She adverb indicates that some may become sick any day. eventuality holds by a very narrow taamaárika (adv.) 1. alone, by margin, e.g., a pot that is just oneself. ▶ Gram. This adverb is barely hanging because of the frequently employed to convey a weakness of the rope suspending it, (defeasible) reflexive interpretation, or a person who is just barely alive ▶ without altering the valency of the due to their state of health. Gram. verb. Ex. Taamaárikɨɨka This adverb obligatorily co-occurs kí=saminiijúuni=jata with the narrower clitic =yaa ∼ ∼ ∼ kí=paajɨkiaakɨ́ niwa. By myself =yaajaa kiyaa kiyaajaa, which with my own thinking I learned that. either appears on the verb, if this Ex. “Aa,” nu=aátikiaaná adverb is sentence-initial; or on the taamaárika nuu, “Aa.” “Aa,” he adverb itself, if the adverb appears said to himself, “Aa.” Ex. in any other position. Ex. Taama Nu=saminiíjuuyaárikɨ miíniika=na nu=jíritikúura taamaárika nuu. nu=siwaánɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=ná=yaa He thought it to himself (lit. inside his tíira iitakúura, ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji. chest alone). 2. separately. Ex. He just barely arrived at the house Kia=akɨ tarawaájuuyaa (since he was badly injured), in the taamaárika, kí=tarawaájuuyaa afternoon. kí=nasi taamaárika. Your father taamaakáani rt. taamaaka (t.v.) works separately, and I work my not recognize or acknowledge as garden separately. Ex. Atii

444 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary taamaárika taariki

k=inataániikurá na=itíniija poverty. 2. (i.v.) be desolately sad naawaaka, na=raríini=íira and hopeless, e.g., shortly before taamaárika. Then I put down death. Rel. taara miiyáana (n.) a manioc beer for them, for them (the poor and sad person, a person in a men) to drink separately. miserable state. taamaárika (adj.) one’s own; this taarana rt. taara (adj.) sad, the element expresses contrastive focus psychological state of sadness or on the possessor, indicating that the depression that typically follows an possessor is a salient discourse unhappy event, such as the death of participant (often the subject of the someone to whom one was close. clause). Ex. Nu=ajaárikɨ naajaá ▶ Gram. When attributing the nu=íyiki, taamaárika quality of sadness to events, the nu=íyiki=na, aráaku. She ground plural form taarami is employed. (corn) at her place also, her own taáraa irreg.pl. taáraawa (n.) fin, place, (her) burrow. Ex. on any part of a fish body. ▶ Gram. Taamaárika nu=sakújaaja=jata Poss.pref. nu=aámuukiaakɨ=ná nuu. With taári impf.rt. of tarɨ́ɨni her own piripiri he killed her. taari (adv.) before, earlier, at a rt. taa (adj.) other, another. taana previous time; often used to refer to Ex. Nu=jikukiaakɨ a relatively distant past or era. kanaájawaaka: kíija, taana ▶ Gram. This adverb typically kí=kujímani ɨɨ́yaaka taárikɨ co-occurs with the =yaa ∼ Eliodoro. He sent us: me and another =yaajaa ∼ =kiyaa ∼ =kiyaajaa companion of mine whose name was focus clitic. Ex. Kaá tɨɨ náaji jɨɨ́ta Eliodoro. Ex. Iipɨ=na taapɨ taárikɨ taarí=yaajaa. It isn’t like it kitaákayuuri, nu=aátikiaakɨ was before. Ex. Taari=ná=yaajaa, náaji, “Saakaa=aákuji=na iina kana=maakatúuwa=na, miiyaákiaana kitáaka pɨyɨ́ɨni naawaaka taárikɨ=na siimapɨ. saakaaya=na?” Those other young Before, it is said, our ancestors, they women, they said, “Why does that were shamans. young woman have everything?” Ex. taariki (n.) morning, in the Kí=paanii taana. I will look for ▶ another. morning. Gram. While clearly a noun (e.g., in being able to form an irreg.pl. of taníiku taaniwa NP with a determiner), this element • tapa (n.) táapa from Sp. . pot lid. does not need to be licensed by a taara míini rt. taara mii 1. (i.v.) postposition to appear in a clause, a be extremely poor. ▶ Gram. The characteristic typical of locative verb in this construction inflects nouns. Indeed, the final syllable is with person and TAM morphology likely to have historically been the as is typical of finite verbs. Ex. proximal locative suffix -ki, but Náaji kumɨɨja tɨɨ kíija, taara synchronically it does not alternate míini=jata. Thus I grew up, in with other locative suffixes,

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 445 taarɨɨ́jana taasíita

suggesting that this is a lexicalized believed to result in a range of form. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni taariki maladies. ▶ Gram. The object of the nu=iikwaárikɨ asúraaja verb corresponds to the ruined diet. síratáani=ánuura. Every morning Ex. Nu=taasiíjaki nu=siyaanɨ́ɨni she went to harvest manioc. Ex. nu=iíkuku. He has ruined his diet K=ináwɨɨ taariki kí=kusi kami in his body. 2. (t.v.) ruin, e.g., a jaa. In the morning, I put my pots motor, a meal, or the preparation of there (upriver) already. manioc beer. taarɨɨ́jana rt. taarɨɨ́ja (adj.) 1. tasty taasíini rt. taási 1. (i.v.) get ruined, or delicious, e.g., fatty, speaking of e.g., a motor, if the oil is not meat, or skillfully prepared, changed; or manioc beer, if too speaking of a dish or a meal. 2. much water is added in the dilution good smelling or fragrant, e.g., a stage. 2. (i.v.) get ruined, speaking flower or food. 3. sexually pleasing. of the medical or shamanic efficacy taarɨɨjanúuni rt. taarɨɨjánuu 1. of aákuta (ayahuasca), either if one (t.v.) spice or flavor a food with fails to follow a dietary or condiments. 2. (t.v.) perfume or behavioral restriction associated scent one’s body. with its use, e.g., the avoidance of táasa (n.) bujurqui bocón, a salt or sexual activity; or if one fails bujurqui-type fish that reaches to watch over it adequately once it some 20cm in length, generally has been prepared, since spirits were believed to seek ayahuasca brown in color, with large scales ▶ and small white markings arranged and rob it of its potency. Gram. in a hexagonal pattern that recalls The subject denotes or indexes the ayahuasca the weave of táasa baskets. It is in question. Ex. Iina capable of protruding its mouth aákuta, nu=taásiki nu=iíkuku. ayahuasca several centimeters from its normal The has gone bad in his position and is noted for having body. Ex. Iina aákuta, very soft flesh. nu=taásikura, iyaamiaákuji iina siimana kaa nu=kariíniikurá táasa (n.) panero, type of large nuu. This ayahuasca has gone bad, basket with a wide weave and large because the shaman did not watch mouth, mainly used to carry tubers over it. (especially manioc) and fruits from the garden or forest. taasíita (adv.) really or truly, taasiijáani rt. taasiíja 1. (t.v.) ruin closely approximating a a ‘diet’ (siyaanɨ́ɨni), i.e., a set of prototypical or ideal realization of dietary and behavior restrictions some eventuality. Ex. Atii associated with the consumption of nu=aámuukiaakɨ́ taasíita nuu. medicinal or shamanic plants, Then she really killed it. especially aákuta (ayahuasca), by taasíita (adj.) true, real, legitimate, violating one of the restrictions; actual, exemplary, or closely generally such violations are approximating a prototypical or

446 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary taasíita iísaku taátaaja

ideal instantiation of some category eaten by pecarries and other of entities. Ex. Jaari=na, animals. Between 1950 and 1970, nu=siwaánɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=ná tii the bark was harvested nu=majáana iyikíira, taana commercially in great quantities in nu=majáana iyikíira, taasíita the areas surrounding the Iquito nu=majáana. So then he arrived community of San Antonio for use there at his wife’s residence, his other in the tanning of leather; now it is wife’s place, his real wife. Ex. Kaá occasionally felled for its timber. tɨɨ=kija iyaamiaákuji taárikɨ Sci. Parkia multijuga. free.var. kaasi taasíita nɨ́yini. But it was not táraati. because he was his true son. taasíita waaráata lit. true rubber taasíita iísaku lit. true rat (n.) tree (n.) balata sapotina, a tree sachacuy, species of large with small buttress roots which terrestrial forest rat, considered grows up to 1m in diameter; this edible, and generally captured with tree was used as a source of rubber, traps. Sci. Proechimys sp. exploited after the more profitable taasíita sisa lit. true cashorro (n.) sources were depleted in the early cashorro, species of slender fish 20th century, and was itself with very small, shiny scales, that depleted in the area by the early reaches 50cm in length; it has a 1950s. Sci. Chrysophyllum long snout, and long, sharp teeth, sanguinolentum. and lives principally in oxbow taasiítaana rt. taasiítaa (adj.) lakes. Sci. Acestrorhynchus true, legitimate, actual, exemplary. falcirostris. ▶ Gram. This form is restricted to taasíita siirɨ free.var. of musútina predicative functions in copular siirɨ irreg.pl. taasíita siirɨya lit. true constructions. caiman taátaaja irreg.pl. taátaajawaaka taasíita táraati lit. true pashaco (n.) referential term employed by (n.) type of pashaco, species of either sex for a an opposite sex tree, with a very round trunk that sibling. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. ▶ Socio. reaches some 1m in diameter. It Historically, taátaaja was lacks buttress roots and branches exclusively a vocative term, with on the lower trunk, and it has anani (brother) and atamajati relatively easily broken bark that (sister) as its referential can easily be removed from the counterparts; in the course of the trunk. Its fruits have a distinctive 20th century, however, the former wedge-like, half-moon, shape, vocative term has, following the broader at the base, at some 20cm, broader conflation of referential than where they connect to the and vocative terms, also come to be branch, and when they fall from the used referentially, although the tree, these fruits are hard and have above referential terms remain rattling seeds inside, which are more common.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 447 taatáaja tikija taatáaja (n.) vocative term used by relatively clean and flat, without a a speaker of either sex towards an ragged, fibrous, or splintered edge; opposite sex sibling. affect.var. the object may be rigid, e.g., a taataasíita. stick, or flexible, e.g., a rope, and taataasíita affect.var. of taatáaja the resulting two pieces may be of any size relative to each other. Taataayúusa free.var. of kumáani act./mid. tijakáani (active) Rel. • Tata Dios ▶ from Q. . Socio. This tijakɨjɨ́ɨni (rt. tijakɨjɨɨ) (i.v.) break term is deprecated by some into multiple distinct pieces. speakers due to its status as tijíkija aájana rt. tijíkija aája loanword. (adj.) one-legged, speaking of a Taawara (prop.n.) a man who lived person, the quality of having only a on the upper Pintuyacu River in the single leg, typically due to an late 19th century, dying in the first accident in which the other was decades of the 20th century; little is lost. known of him or his life. tijiíkija (adv.) one side of tijakáani rt. tijaka (t.v.) cut or something, one of two paired break something relatively slender things, e.g., one side of the interior into two wholly distinct pieces, of a house, one side of a tree trunk, perpendicular to its axis of greatest one of two hands. length, such that the break between tijiíkwaji (adv.) suddenly, the pieces be relatively clean and unexpectly. flat, and not have a ragged edgeor tijiíraki (n.) one side of something, have fibers, splinters, or the like exclusive of the other side. ▶ Gram. attached to the broken edges; the Poss.pref. Ex. K=iikwaákiaana object may be rigid, e.g., a stick, or náaji yaawɨ́ɨni=ánuura, náaji flexible, e.g., a rope, and the yaawɨ́ɨni, tijiíraki resulting two pieces may be of any pɨ́=titika=iíkwaji. I’m going for size relative to each other. act./mid. 15 days, this many (10 fingers) and tijakɨ́ɨni (middle) Rel. tijákatáani, one side of a foot. tijákatatáani (rt. tijákata ∼ (n.) tijákatata) (t.v.) break a filled tikija irreg.pl. tikijayuuri 1. an vessel in two. Rel. tijakaajúuni (rt. individual who has been cursed by tijakaájuu) (t.v.) break into a shaman so as to have a creature multiple pieces. living in his intestine or anus (variously described as slug-like or tijaki impf.rt. of tijakɨ́ɨni rat-like), that emerges while its host tijakɨ́ɨni rt. tijakɨ impf.rt. tijaki is sleeping unaware and eats all the (i.v.) be broken or cut into two food in the household, such that the wholly distinct pieces, speaking of victim awakens to find the house something relatively slender such stripped of food, much to his or her that the break is perpendicular to surprise. Ex. Nuúkiika tikija iíkii the axis of greatest length and is naami Sawuúya=jina. A cursed

448 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tikina tikiíraki

night eater lives down in Saboya. 2. expressed as an oblique argument. woman with an excessive sexual Ex. Kí=tikii kia=iíta=jinakuma. appetite. I am going to enter your house. 2. (adj.) (i.v.) sink, e.g., a canoe sinking in a tikina rt. tiki rounded or ▶ blunt, speaking either of something river. Gram. The body of fluid designed to be rounded, e.g., a into which the notional subject pestle, or something that was sinks may be expressed with an formerly sharp, but has been oblique argument. Ex. Iití=yaa blunted by use, e.g., a fishing spear kí=tikiaárɨɨkurá, iiti aaka=jina point that has been struck against a jaa. Up to here (with only one hand rock, or an edge that is blunt, e.g., a above water) I had sunk in the water. (t.v.) machete. 3. go down, speaking of food, especially as used in the expression rt. tikita (i.v.) be fully tikitáani taarɨ́ɨja nu=tíkii ‘it goes down submerged by flooding. ▶ Gram. tastily’. The subject denotes or indexes the entity or entities submerged by the tikiíraki (adv.) 1. equally or the flooding. same in some relevant quality, tikítiki (n.) ataulero or Spectacled speaking of two or more entities, Owl, a species of owl that reaches e.g., the same in appearance; or some 50cm in length, and has equally full, speaking of the amount spectacle-like facial markings that of liquid in two pots. Ex. Tikiíraki make its eyes seem especially large. na=naajuúwaaka nikísaa. The It is noted for its call, which is painted designs look the same. 2. compared to sound of the repeated level or even; for two entities that blows of slow hammering. Sci. are saliently extended in a Pulsatrix perspicillata. particular dimension to be of the tikíwari (n.) añañahui, firefly with same height or length, e.g., two a single flashing light in its people of the same height, or two abdomen; believed to be poisonous logs cut to the same length; or for to eat. Sci. Lampyridae sp. the ends of two entities to match evenly, even if they are not of the tikiika (adv.) 1. together, for two or same total length or height. Ex. more things to be near each other. Anuu taa tikiíraki, iina asúraaja. 2. same, in height or length. That (weedy grass) is equal (in (t.v.) tikíini rt. tikii 1. make enter height) to the manioc (plants). 3. for an enclosed space, e.g., drive an two events or actions to begin or animal into its hole while hunting. end at the same time, e.g., for two (t.v.) 2. sink, make something sink. runners to complete a race at the tikíini rt. tiki 1. (i.v.) enter a closed same time, or for two travelers to or otherwise delimited space, e.g., a depart at the same time. Ex. house or a canoe. ▶ Gram. The Nuu=jata, location entered is optionally kana=aamɨ́yaakiaárikɨ tikiíraki

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 449 tikiírakuma tiníini

nuu=jata. With her, we would go was considered attractive, but this around together, (I) with her. practice died out in the first tikiírakuma (adv.) straight, not decades of the 20th century. branching or curving off; in the timúuni iíraana free.var. of direction that continues the timúuna lit. thing for dyeing teeth direction of a path segment, rather tiniijúuni rt. tiniíjuu (t.v.) make a than in a different direction. clay vessel with the coil method. tíkuja (n.) yarina, species of palm This method involves first making a whose fronds are used to weave flat base for the vessel, and then matákaari (cumbas, roof peak rolling clay into ‘ropes’ some coverings); its fruits have edible 25-35cm long; the first ‘rope’ is flesh surrounding a large seed, and joined to the edge of the base, the seed itself contains edible flesh. thereby forming the first layer of The seeds are the source of tagua the wall of the vessel, with ropes or ‘vegetable ivory’, which was successively added onto the top collected commercially in the San layer of the growing vessel wall; the Antonio area in the early 20th coils are subsequently smoothed century, to make buttons and together to complete the vessel. similar small carved items. Sci. tiniikaka irreg.pl. of tiniikani Phytelephas macrocarpa. tiniikani irreg.pl. tiniikaka (n.) timáriija Nanay dialect.var. of corneta avispa, a species of small samaku but aggressive yellow wasp; its timúuna (n.) plant similar in form nests, which it builds on the to anajúkumɨ (bijao) or samúkwaamɨ underside of broad leaves such as (sachaplatano) that stands some muúniimɨ is distinctive, being some 1m tall. Previously, Iquitos, 8cm in diameter where it attaches especially women, chewed the soft to the leaf, but tapering, at its part of the stalk of this plant to entrance, to a slender tube with a stain their teeth black, which was hook at its end, for a total length of believed to protect the teeth from approximately 25cm. cavities, and was also considered tiníini rt. tini 1. (t.v.) tie or secure attractive, but this practice died out a rope to an entity, e.g., to a canoe in the first decades of the 20th so that it can be hauled. 2. (t.v.) century. dialect.var. atímuuti. thatch a roof by tying iitaari free.var. timúuni iíraana. (crisnejas or leaf panels) to a roof timúuni rt. tímuu (t.v.) stain one’s frame. 3. (t.v.) hang up hammock, teeth black using timúuna, the tying its ends to suitable supports. bijaoillo plant. Previously, Iquitos, Rel. tinitáani (rt. tinita) (t.v.) tie especially women, stained their something that consists of multiple teeth black by chewing the stalk of parts, e.g., the bow rope of a canoe this plant, both to protect them (which consists of the rope plus the from cavities and because doing so canoe).

450 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tiníini tipakuuka tiníini rt. tini (t.v.) perform a rite contains a sticky sap, and the hard with sakújaaja (piripiri) to make flesh is extremely tart, and is manioc plants produce large tubers. usually eaten with salt; the wood of In this rite, the asúraaja tiniáana, this tree is hard and red in color. the woman in charge of the ritual, tipakɨɨti (n.) caucho masha, pours a liquid infused with species of tree whose trunk grows sakújaaja over the manioc cuttings to 1.5m in diameter, and has large, prior to planting them. To prepare broad leaves; its abundant white this liquid, she first grates a large sap is heated to make a tar-like number of sakújaaja roots, and substance that is used to seal gaps mixes the fluid she squeezes from in canoes; and was formerly added the pulp with water and ikaja in small quantities to balata cocona ( ) juice. quebradiza y shiringa sap to thicken tiniisíini rt. tiniísii • from Sp. it so that it be used as natural teñir. (t.v.) dye fabric or fiber. rubber; the wood also serves as tipájaana (n.) amor seco, species timber. Sci. Sapium glandulosum. of low-growing plant that flourishes tipakɨɨtiisi (n.) A species of edible in recently cleared areas. It is Jungle Frog, similar to the more notable for producing small seed common hualo (muusi) but darker pods that are covered in short hairs in color, with slightly rougher skin, and, in velcro-like fashion, stick to and typically somewhat larger that fur, fabric, and even skin. The roots the latter. Sci. Leptodactylus sp. of this plant were traditionally tipaku (n.) type of forest demon, boiled to make a decoction that formerly active during the day, but women took to ease childbirth; and no longer seen; it had the form of a the leaves, mixed with egg yolk, normal human being, except for its were applied to sprained joints. Sci. large sharp teeth and claws, and Desmodium sp. attacked people walking alone in tipájaana (n.) achiotillo, species of the forest, first picking out their tree that grows mainly in bajiales, victims’ eyes with its long claws, its trunks reach some 50cm, it has and then eating them alive, leaving small somewhat reddish leaves, and only a skeleton picked clean of all is valued for its red wood, which flesh. free.var. paayuwa. yields planks that are very hard tipakuuka (n.) balata quebradiza, when dry. Sci. Rinorea racemosa. source of natural rubber that was free.var. karásiina. exploited in the San Antonio area in tipakáana (n.) huayo ácido, specie the early 20th century, until about of small tree, that reaches 5-7m in the 1940s, when it was depleted; by height and a diameter of 10cm; it itself, the sap of this tree produced produces hard fruits some 8cm in brittle rubber, so it was typically length shaped somewhat like a bar mixed in a 4:1 ratio with leche of soap; the skin of the fruit caspi (anuuti) to make is sufficiently

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 451 tipana tipáaku

flexible. Tending to grow in the but is not entirely liquid, e.g., a sasakɨ habitat type, the tree has a soup. straight trunk with somewhat flaky tipáaka (n.) 1. clayey soil, as bark, and pinkish smooth leaves; it opposed to sandy soil; this soil is has small sweet edible fruit, that prized because all traditional are dark when ripe. Sci. Micropholis cultigens grow well in this type of guyanensis. JPI pers.var. ipakuuka. soil. 2. clay used for make pottery; tipana rt. tipa (adj.) sticky, in traditional Iquito territory, such speaking of, e.g., pitch or sap. clay tends to be yellow and had a slightly acidic taste. tipanaki (n.) a traditional Iquito sweet dish, made by mixing grated Tipaákajuuri guineo irreg.pl. Tipaákajuriwaaka manioc with plantain mash, (prop.n.) which is then wrapped in leaves people of clayey soils; and cooked in coals; the resulting term used to distinguish the Iquito mash is sweet and very sticky. subgroups living in the river basins with clayey soils (tipáaka), i.e., the tipanɨɨri irreg.pl. tipanɨɨriwa (n.) Chambira, Mazán, and Momón raya mama, a legendary demonic River basins, from those living in stingray-like creature that had arms river basins with sandy soils (jɨ́ɨka); equipped with claws, and a mouth i.e., the Pintuyacu and Nanay with teeth like a piranha, which Rivers basins; the former groups was much feared for its proclivity include the Maájanakáani and to attack people in their canoes in Maásikuuri. large groups, tearing the canoes to tipaákayúumu free.var. of pieces and subsequently devouring tipaakáamu the people inside; in order to (n.) defend themselves, people would tipaakáamu turbid, or white travel with barbasco to disperse water creek, speaking of creeks that attacking groups of this creature; drain areas with clayey soil, which this creature was also feared for its are characterized by their coffee- or tendency to snatch people from cream-colored water. free.var. bridges when crossing them. tipaákayúumu. tipáaku (n.) zapotillo or zapote rt. tipánuu (t.v.) warm tipanúuni caspi, a tree species with soft white or heat something solid, typically wood that is felled to make planks; solid food such as meat or manioc, the wood is also used to make rafts but also non-food items, such as a and to float heavier woods that piece of metal, in order to work it; would otherwise sink. This species or a cold person, in order to warm grow in low-lying aras, and has a them. trunk that reaches 75cm in tipanuutáani rt. tipanuúta (t.v.) diameter, with thick bark, and warm or heat something that has a round leaves like that of the zapote considerable portion of liquid in it, (saapúuti) tree.

452 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tipi Tiriikuskaanayúumu tipi impf.rt. of tipɨ́ɨni something else using something sticky. tipi impf.rt. of tipɨ́ɨni tirija irreg.pl. tiiriwa (n.) 1. hard tipɨɨna (n.) cut-bank, sharp lump on the surface of something declivity found at the edge of rivers solid, e.g., a knot in a tree, or a or creeks in areas with fairly clayey knob on a bone. 2. ankle spur of soil, caused by sections of soil cock or rooster. collapsing into the river due to being undermined by erosion. tirijákana irreg.pl. tirijákiaakɨ (n.) extinct variety of manioc, with (t.v.) tipɨ́ɨni rt. tipɨ impf.rt. tipi numerous small lumps on its trunk, touch, for two things to be in from which comes its name. contact with each other, whether (n.) turun-turun deliberately or not, or whether, in tiriku or Gilded the case of a deliberate contact by a Barbet, species of bird that reaches person, with one’s hand or another some 18cm in length, with a body part. reddish yellow throat, reddish cap, yellow and dark mottling on its (i.v.) tipɨ́ɨni rt. tipɨ impf.rt. tipi be chest and belly, but otherwise stuck, speaking of sticky substances brown in color. It makes its nest by like pitch, or stuck entities such as boring holes in dead trees. Sci. rice burned onto a pot or an insect Capito auratus. that encounters sticky sap. Ex. Iina kɨriija, nu=tipɨki iina=jina tírina free.var. of siríina imɨ́ɨni náana ákika. The pitch stuck to the irreg.pl. tírina imɨ́ɨka tree branches. Ex. Iina siriija, tiriikuskáana (n.) species of nu=tipɨki iina=jina kɨriija. The fruit-bearing parinari-type tree that bird got stuck in the pitch. grows in a variety of habitats, with a light-colored trunk, reaching up tipɨɨtáani rt. tipɨɨ́ta 1. (t.v.) follow to 1.25m in diameter, and no or trail an animal or a person by branches on the lower part of the virtue of the sound they make, trunk; its wood is used for while assuring that they take no firewood, but no other purpose. Its notice. 2. (t.v.) spy on, observe fruits, roughly the size and shape of covertly. oranges, are hard and greenish in tipúuni rt. típuu (t.v.) rubberize a color even when ripe, and they are cloth. Before the availability of sakana (patco) when unripe, but plastic, Iquitos treated cloth with sweet when ripe. rubber in order to make it Tiriikuskaanayúumu lit. parinari waterproof, repeatedly spreading creek (prop.n.) Quebrada Castilla, shiringa or caucho sap on the cloth a white water tributary of the and letting it dry in the sun. Pintuyacu River that drains the tipuutáani rt. tipuúta (t.v.) stick, clayey soils on the bank opposite of adhere, or attach something to the community of San Antonio and

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 453 tiríini titaaríini

joins the Pintuyacu several hours titatáani (rt. titata) (t.v.) lower a downriver of the community by vessel suspended by a cord, e.g., peque peque motor. lower a basket secured to someone’s tiríini rt. tiri (t.v.) gnaw something forehead with a tumpline. hard, said of both humans and and titáani rt. tita (t.v.) harvest an rodents. amariyaaja (pijuayo palm) fruit racimo tiriitáani rt. tiriíta (t.v.) use the bunch ( ) by detaching it teeth to scrape off or remove the from the trunk, generally by using a outer layer of something, e.g., the long pole with a hook or loop on scales of aguaje fruit, or the skin of the end. This is the only palm a manioc tuber. species to which this term is applied, since the fruit bunches of (t.v.) titatáani rt. titata 1. in the other species are more securely case of something that is tied to attached to their trunks and cannot another, typically larger, object in be detached in this manner. Rel. order to secure it (e.g., a dog tied to titaajúuni (rt. titaájuu) (t.v.) detach a tree, a canoe tied to a pole stuck or remove several objects from a in the bank, or a mosquito net or larger entity or entities of which hammock tied to a house post), they form a part, especially, heads untie the end of the rope that is tied of corn from corn plants, but also, to the latter object(s), so that the e.g., hands of plantains from a former object still has the rope larger bunch of plantains, or limbs (t.v.) secured to it. 2. remove old from an animal, in butchering it. crisnejas from a roof frame, (t.v.) typically to replace them with new titáani rt. tita wean child ones. from breastfeeding. (t.v.) titaakíini rt. titaákii (t.v.) remove titaaríini rt. titaárii cut something’s limbs, typically said of loose, with a single cut, several cutting off limbs in the context of attached pieces, e.g., cut off several butchering an animal, but also splinters or segments from a piece more generally applicable, e.g., of wood with a single machete cut. removing the sleeves of a shirt. Prototypically, this term refers to a technique for working a log to a (t.v.) titáani rt. tita take off one’s make canoe, in which a tool, clothes. typically an axe, but also possibly a titáani rt. tita (t.v.) slip off a rope chainsaw, is first used to make or string that is tied around multiple vertical cuts, 2-4cm deep something without undoing the and 4-6cm apart, into the surface of knot, be it a knot that is designed a part of the log that must be for this purpose, like a noose knot, entirely removed; then, after some or any other kind of knot that can, 10 to 15 of these cuts have been e.g., be worked off the end of the made, the cutting tool is used thing to which it is tied. Rel. horizontally, parallel to the surface,

454 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary titi tiijiíraji

in order to cut off all of the chunks crisnejas and rafters, in the latter. made by the vertical cuts. 2. (t.v.) harvest bunch of fruit from titi impf.rt. of titɨ́ɨni the larger bunch of which it is a part, e.g., a hand of plantains from titi impf.rt. of titɨ́ɨni its larger bunch or racimo, bunch (n.) ▶ titija heel of foot. Gram. or of aguaje palm fruit from its Poss.pref. racimo. act./mid. titɨɨtɨ́ɨni (middle) (n.) titika irreg.pl. tiitiwa, titikaka titɨɨtɨ́ɨni rt. titɨɨ́tɨɨ 1. (i.v.) for 1. foot of human being or animal, something to detach, come off, or whether fleshy or hoofed. ▶ Gram. ▶ fall off, speaking of something that Poss.pref. 2. footprint. Gram. forms part larger entity by virtue of (adj.) Poss.pref. Rel. pari titikana being an integral part of that entity wide-footed. or tied to it, e.g., a chunk of soil titika ijákɨɨsɨɨja lit. split foot (n.) from a river bank, a piece of bark pie lajoso, malady in which the sole from a tree trunk, or thatch from a of the foot is split by numerous roof. 2. (i.v.) collapse or erode, small, painful cracks in the skin. speaking of the moment that a large titika jíritiikɨ irreg.pl. titika chunk of a river bank that has been jíritiikɨya lit. chest of foot (n.) sole undermined by erosion splits off of foot. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. and collapses into the river. act./mid. titɨɨtáani (active) titika kíyɨɨna lit. depression of foot (n.) arch of foot. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. tíwaku (adv.) places, various titikáani rt. titika (t.v.) gather spatially distributed locations. Ex. together fruits or seeds that have Kinaa aamɨ́yaakiki tíwaku fallen from a tree and are lying asúraaja paníini=jata. You will scattered at its base. travel to various places looking for manioc. Ex. Tíwaku na=ajiítii. titikɨ́ɨni rt. titikɨɨ dialect.var. of They are sitting in various places. nirikɨ́ɨni tiwaakwaárika (adv.) of varied or titɨ́ɨni rt. titɨ impf.rt. titi (i.v.) stop numerous forms, types, or manners. breastfeeding. tiwáani rt. tiika drv.rt. tiwa (t.v.) titɨ́ɨni rt. titɨ impf.rt. titi (i.v.) come wipe a surface to dry or clean, be it loose, speaking of something that is with one’s hand or a cloth. tied, hooked, or otherwise attached, e.g., a boat that was tied up or a tii (adv.) there; medial spatial fish that is hooked on a fish hook, locative adverb, used to indicate that subsequently comes loose. locations more distant from the titɨɨtáani rt. titɨɨ́ta 1. (t.v.) take speaker than those indexed by iiti apart or disassemble a house frame ‘here’, but not as distant as those or roof by untying the connections indexed by tíira ‘there’. between timbers of the frame, in tiijiíraji (adv.) on the other side; the former case, and between specifically, the region on the other

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 455 tiikɨɨkáani tiimuu

side of a broad intervening space parinari, with a straight, which can be traveled through or grayish-colored trunk with very over with no difficulty, e.g., a river, heavy, hard wood, and with roots a road, or a garden; this term that emerge from the trunk, like cannot be used if the intervening pona palm (tatɨɨ), but lacking the entity either prevents movement by thorns that cover pona roots; it is blocking the way, e.g., a house, or not used in any way by Iquitos. if it requires significant climbing, tiímaaka iísaku lit. Paca rat (n.) e.g., a hill. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni species of large arboreal rat whose na=aárɨɨrɨɨkuraaná aasamu body reaches 20 cm, but with a tijiíraji. All of them had passed to very short tail that reaches only the other side of the creek. some 1-2 cm in length, its back is tiikɨɨkáani (n.) viejilla, a variety of brownish, with broad, flattish, stiff guineo, or small sweet plantain, hairs, and white below; it has thus that has a thick but short trunk. The far defied identification, but unusually large bunches of probably a short-tailed opposum plantains produced by this variety species. eventually rest on the ground when tiímaakákana they become too large for the tree irreg.pl. tiímaakákiaakɨ (n.) majás to support; it was traditionally rumo, variety of manioc that believed that children who ate produces large tubers with purplish these plantains would be unable to skin and has markings on the stalk grow to their full heght. reminiscent of the markings on the tiímaaka (n.) majás or Paca, large tiímaaka (majás); this variety is no nocturnal rodent species that is longer cultivated. frequently hunted in the San tiimɨya (n.) tohuayo or Common Antonio area. Sci. Agouti paca. ▶ Paurarque, nocturnal bird species. Anth. According to Iquito oral Sci. Nyctidromus albicollis. ▶ Anth. tradition, this rodent and the According to Iquito oral tradition, shushupe snake transform into each this bird was the brother-in-law of other when they get old. the man who transformed into the tiímaaka amáriyaaja lit. Paca moon, and it was he who informed Peach Palm (n.) variety of the world of the moon’s name after amariyaaja, pijuayo palm, whose the transformation, despite the fact fruits have alternating red and that anyone who revealed the name white streaks, reminiscent of the of the moon was threatened with markings of tiímaaka, pacas. Sci. death; the tiimɨya was able to Bactris gasipaes var. escape this fate because of its tiímaaka ámuusiina lit. Paca characteristically evasive manner of beard (n.) varillal caspi, species of flying. tree that grows near varillales in tiimuu irreg.pl. tiimuuwa • from swampy ground, it resembled a Sp. timón. (n.) keel of canoe.

456 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tiimúuni tiírajiita tiimúuni rt. tiímuu (i.v.) attach repeatedly follows it master, or a keel to the hull of a canoe. hunter who keeps following an tiínaaja • from Sp. tinaja. (n.) animal that gets away from him tinaja, a type of urn-like ceramic from time to time. vessel, typically used to store tiipiitii irreg.pl. tiipiitiiwa • from liquids, such as manioc beer, Port. tipití. (n.) tipití, manioc press introduced in the early 20th formerly used in making fariña, and century; generally made with a introduced to Iquito territory in the small base and a bulging body that late 19th century. It was tapers to a comparative small manufactured by weaving strips of mouth, with a flaring lip. bark of the balsa tree (paátina ) into tíini rt. tii 1. (i.v.) be attached to, the form of a tube. This tube was when the area of the point of filled with grated manioc, contact between the two objects is suspended at one end, and the comparable to the size of the object bottom pulled on, which, due to the being attached, as in the case of a nature of the weave, reduced the piece of paper being attached to a diameter of the tube, squeezing out wall. 2. (t.v.) be hung up or tied, fluid from the grated manioc. speaking of a hammock that has tíira (loc.dem) there, distal locative been prepared for use by stretching demonstrative. Ex. K=ijiitiaárikɨ it out and tying the ropes at its ends tíira. I was sitting over there. (t.v.) to suitable supports. 3. for a tiírajiina rt. tiírajii (adj.) from nest to be attached to a tree, there, i.e., originating from a point speaking of certain species of insect distal to the deictic center. Ex. that construct nests whose point of Kapiki iina asúraaja tiírajiina, attachment with the exterior of the iina taana nasikuúra=jina. Cook host tree has a surface area that is this manioc (that originates) from significant in comparison to the over there, from that other chacra. overall size of the nest, e.g., the tiírajiita (adv.) 1. on the other side; nest of iísuuja ajapaka wasps. specifically, on the other side ofan (i.v.) tíini rt. tii line up in doing intervening object relative to the agricultural work; for a group to deictic center (typically the location organize themselves in a line, of the speaker), where the facing the same direction, to intervening object is something that systematically carry out work, stands vertically upwards from the typically in a garden, which ground, such as a house, a buttress involves them advancing together root, or a fallen tree. Ex. across the garden, for example, Átiiji=na=jaa, na=makɨkiáakɨ clearing, planting, or weeding. nuu=siriku, iina taana tíirajiita, tiiniwiitáani rt. tiiniwiíta (t.v.) naajaa iítijiita iina taana. So then, repeatedly follow someone or they slept by his side, the one on the something, e.g., a dog that other side and the other on this side.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 457 tiírakuma tɨrɨjátina

2. the space outside of an enclosed motion to be oriented away from region, when the deictic center the deictic center, in the relative (typically the location of the reference system, i.e., without speaker) is located inside that reference to elevation off the region. 3. on the way back, upon ground, or position relative to the returning; either during the interval river. of the return leg of a trip, or upon tiisíira • from Sp. tishela. (n.) returning to the deictic center. tishela, a tool formerly used in tiírakuma (adv.) along the way, rubber tapping, which had the form going away from the deictic center; of a cup with its edge sharpened on indicates that the eventuality one edge so that it could be denoted by the clause was realized inserted into the bark of trees to repeatedly by the subject while collect the sap that dripped from moving in a trajectory away from cuts made in their bark. deictic center. tiitáani rt. tiita (t.v.) follow a tiírakuma (adv.) there, along that person or animal, be it immediately path; this speaker-distal spatial or after a significant delay. adverb indicates a path along tiitiwa irreg.pl. of titika which some activity, typically a tiitɨ́ɨni rt. tiítɨɨ 1. (i.v.) cling to a motion, is realized. Ex. Tíirakuma surface, said of insects, spiders, kia=iíkumaa. Walk along there geckos, certain lizards, and the like, (indicating a path in the distance). that are capable of clinging to tiírakumaji (adv.) along the way, vertical surfaces. 2. (i.v.) hold on to coming towards the deictic center; something for stability or security, indicates that the eventuality e.g., hold on to a tree trunk denoted by the clause was realized emerging from a river to rest while repeatedly by the subject while swimming, hold on to pole to avoid moving in a trajectory towards the falling over while leaning over. 3. deictic center. Ex. Nu=áriikwaa (i.v.) put one’s lips to a drinking tiírakumaji. He comes singing along vessel. the way. Tiítɨɨsi free.var. of Siirɨɨ́taja tiiriwa irreg.pl. of tirija tɨnɨkɨ free.var. of tanaka ▶ Gram. tiirɨ́ɨra (adv.) further away; more Poss.pref. distant from the deictic center in tɨ́nɨɨja (n.) crop, organ found in the relative reference system, i.e., birds which serves as an additional without reference to elevation off stomach. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. the ground, or position relative to tɨrɨjátina rt. tɨrɨjáti (adj.) the river. speckled, mottled, dotted, or tiirɨɨ́raata (adv.) away, in a streaked, with small areas of one direction away from the deictic color against a larger background center; the attribute of a path of of another color, often said of the

458 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tɨ́wɨja tɨɨtiika

coloration of animals, e.g., júuti places from which foreign visitors (Rufescent Tiger Herons), tiímaaka come. (Pacas), and pɨsɨkɨ niyini (juvenile tɨɨriija (n.) freckle or mole. Tapirs). (interrog.) tɨ́wɨja ELY pers.var. of túwɨja tɨɨti where, to where. Ex. Wíija, tɨɨti kia=iíkwaki? Wife, HDC pers.var. of tɨwɨsɨ́kɨɨja where have you gone? Ex. tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨja Na=tiitakiaakɨ=ná iina aaka, tɨɨ (rel.pro.) where. Ex. kaa na=nakusiaárikɨ=na tɨɨ́tiiji Na=juúkurɨɨkiaakɨ=na iina ánii aaka. They followed the niíya=jina, kaámi=ji, nɨɨku=ji, river, and they didn’t know where the tɨɨ na=ɨɨyaárikɨ. They came down river came from. to the earth from above, from up high, (indefinite pronoun) where they were flying. Ex. Kií=ta tɨɨti wherever, kápuuyaa tii pɨ́=tasikɨ, tɨɨ any place; this element is used to nu=pajátɨrɨɨ. I was repairing our express indefinite locations. Ex. fish trap there, where it had gotten a Iina nu=sapukwaka, anuu hole. kia=kɨyɨɨ́taki tɨɨti iina ítuu ▶ kiáaja muúkwaaya. That froth, you tɨɨ allomorph of taá Gram. This rub that on wherever the rainbow allomorph of the copula does not burned you. Ex. Jawáari bear a high tone, but rather assigns na=aátikiaakɨ kanáaja, a high tone to eligible final moras “Aájapaki tɨɨ tɨɨti kinaa tikiaárɨɨ.” of immediately preceding words. Then later they told us, “There is tɨ́ɨni rt. tɨɨ (t.v.) place snugly nowhere for you to enter.” together, weave tightly, arrange (rel.pro.) where. ▶ Gram. In relatively long and slender entities tɨɨti this sense, this form is largely parallel and close together so that considered interchangeable with tɨɨ. they are placed snugly next to one Ex. Nu=siwaánɨrɨɨkiaakɨ=ná another, leaving little in the way of tɨɨti=na iipɨ iikiaárikɨ=na gaps between them, e.g., the siíruwa, maasiáana síruku=na. vertical laths or planks of a wall, He arrived where the woolly monkeys the palm leaves in an iitaari lived, lots of woolly monkeys. (crisneja thatch panel), or the woof in tightly woven fabric. tɨɨ́tiiji (interrog.) from where. ▶ tɨ́ɨni (interj.) “I don’t know!”, Gram. One would expect the form expression of ignorance of some *tɨɨ́tiji from the compositionality of state of affairs. the elements tɨɨ́ti ‘where’ and the ablative clitic =ji. Ex. Aa, máaya, tɨɨrika (adv.) distant, outside of the tɨɨ́tiiji kia=nikisarɨɨ? Hey, child, realm of common experience of the from where did you appear? speaker and interlocutors, said, e.g., of the mythical place from which tɨɨtiika (adv.) to whatever point or pijuayo palms were brought, or the extent.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 459 tɨɨtiika turuna tɨɨtiika (interrog.) 1. to what point, oral tradition, this sting is delivered to what extent, or up to where. 2. with its rear with a perceptible interrogative used to cuestion flick, which is reflected in its name. quantities that can be measured, Sci. Odontomachus bauri. e.g., quantity of manioc, length of a tukúruuja irreg.pl. tukúruuwa (n.) log, weight of meat. general term for all species of tɨɨtíira (interrog.) to where, to what termite that make their globular destination; interrogative that seeks nests in the branches of trees or information about the destination their analogues (e.g., house posts); of some moving entity. unlike ijíkija, tukúruuja do not tɨɨyɨ́ɨya ELY pers.var. of tɨɨyɨ́ɨyɨ attack living trees. Sci. Nasute spp. free.var. anatiija. tɨɨyɨ́ɨyɨ (n.) manshaco or Jabiru, species of large stork rarely seen in turi impf.rt. of turúuni traditional Iquito territory, but turíini rt. turi (t.v.) smoke food, more common on larger rivers, such typically for purposes of as the Amazon proper. Sci. Jabiru preservation, be it meat, fish, or mycteria. ELY pers.var. tɨɨyɨ́ɨya. manioc. tɨɨ́yuukwáani (n.) species of woodcreeper with long, curved red turuja irreg.pl. turujaka, tuuruwa (n.) bill, most commonly encountered in manioc that is first boiled and Iquito territory in flooded forests smoked over a fire until it is quite (ikwaana), with a distinctive loud dry; manioc was prepared in this call. Sci. Campylorhamphus way to preserve it for up to several trochilirostris. months, principally to take on long trips; to consume, the outer, heavily tɨɨ́yuukwáani rt. tɨɨ́yuukwa 1. smoked, layer was scraped off, and (i.v.) emit a series of whistles or the pieces boiled again to soften high-pitched yells; Iquitos them. reportedly traditionally yelled in this manner when they succeeded turukuni irreg.pl. turukuniwa (n.) in felling a large tree. 2. (i.v.) call, iguano machaco or paucar speaking of the manner in which machaco, species of snake with the tawɨɨ́kiri (Black-Fronted Nunbird black and yellow spots that reaches or tahuicuro) calls; according to up to 1.5m in length; traditionally Iquito oral tradition, this call was a it was believed that if one uttered warning to fellow animals that an the name of this snake, it would eagle or a jaguar was about to immediately seek out the speaker attack. and attack him. Sci. Spilotes pullatus. tujúniikɨ́ɨya lit. flicker (n.) isula turuna (n.) unidentified species of tingotero, species of dark-colored slender tree that grows in areas of ant measuring 1cm in length, with a higher elevation and produces powerful sting. According to Iquito yellow, somewhat squarish, and

460 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary turuníini tuu

edible, but not particularly tasty, túwɨja irreg.pl. tuúwɨya, tuwɨ́jaka fruits. (n.) 1. bony defensive spur or spine turuníini rt. turuni (t.v.) dry of fish, particularly the stinger ofa quickly, for something to dry stingray or the spur or spine that quickly as a result of an forms the part of certain fishes’ environmentel agent, e.g., strong dorsal or ventral fins. 2. horn or sun or strong wind. Ex. Ajaana antler of mammal. dialect.var. anásana nu=turuniki táaja. ELY pers.var. tɨ́wɨja. kí=sinaakɨya. The strong sun tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨja irreg.pl. tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨya lit. quickly dried my clothes. earwax (n.) species of grub that túruu irreg.pl. túruuwa (n.) sapo grows in jimɨɨti fungus, measuring motor, large toad which sings at only a 1cm or so in length; night with a sound that recalls a traditionally these were gathered in boat motor (hence its name in local large numbers, and cooked by Spanish), it sings in large numbers wrapping them in leaves and when the river drops from its height placing the bundle in coals; its in the wet season (approximately name derives from the similarity March-May). Sci. Bufo marinus. that the fungus it lives in bears to turúuni rt. turu impf.rt. turi (i.v.) an ear, and the grub’s occupation of dry, to be in the process of drying. it. HDC pers.var. tɨwɨsɨ́kɨɨja. Turuuríisa free.var. of Piírnaja tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨja irreg.pl. tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨya (n.) earwax. ▶ Gram. Poss.pref. turuutaníini rt. turuutánii (t.v.) be drying something, in the case tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨya irreg.pl. of tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨja that one is involved in the drying tuu (interj.) indeed, truly; this process, e.g., holding it up, or verum focus particle expresses an turning it over, to make sure it emphasis on the truth of the dries completely. assertion with which it is turuutáani rt. turuuta (i.v.) dry, associated; it is often used in for something to be in the process contexts when the speaker is of drying, said of things that take a drawing a contrast between some long time to dry. state of affairs that holds at the (n.) time of speaking, but it did not hold tuwaakíira irreg.pl. tuwaakɨya ▶ 1. ear canal, inner ear. 2. eye of before. Gram. This particle often needle, used in expression ijuuti appears as part of the expression tuwaakúura. JPI pers.var. aákari tuu, which is typically tuwaakúura. employed to indicate the realization or cumination of some anticipated JPI pers.var. of tuwaakúura or awaited state of affairs. Ex. tuwaakíira irreg.pl. tuwaakɨya “Aákari tuu, kia=ánaajɨki,” tuwaasíini rt. tuwaásii Nanay nɨɨtamu aátikiaakɨ=ná iina dialect.var. of tuujíini mɨɨsaji. “Now you have really tuwiina dialect.var. of muwaasi healed,” the vulture said to the

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 461 tuujíini túuna

woman. Ex. Jawaári=na=wa exterior part of the ear. 2. handle, tuu, iina mɨɨsaji iíkwakura tíira. speaking of loop-like handles, such After that indeed, the woman went as those found on baskets, pots, and over there. free.var. túura. cups. tuujíini rt. tuújii (t.v.) hear or tuuku irreg.pl. tuukuya (n.) listen. Nanay dialect.var. tumpline, a strap made by stripping tuwaasíini. the bark off of sakana trees, used to tuujiitáani rt. tuujiíta 1. (t.v.) assist in carrying heavy loads by listen with great attention for attaching the tumpline to the load something, typically an animal, to in such a fashion that the strap can betray its location by making a be held against the forehead, so that sound. 2. (t.v.) eavesdrop or listen the weight can be supported by the surreptitiously typically while muscles in the neck and upper back. hidden from view of those talking. Tuúkuyɨ (prop.n.) name of tuujúuni rt. tuújuu (t.v.) flick, Maajanakáani man who lived on typically with a finger, whether to the Chambira in the first decades of displace a small entity or to attract the 20th century, and died in the attention of another person. approximately 1955; he received the surname Tocuyo from his (prop.n.) Tuúkani man of patrón Eliazar Díaz, but his children considerable social influence and changed their surname to Sánchez. personal strength, and possibly a (n.) cumaseba lanza kuuráaka or chief, who lived in the túuna or caspi area in which San Antonio was , species of tree similar to remo caspi founded, in the late 19th and early in having small buttress 20th centuries, dying some time in roots. This species has white wood the early 1920s; he was renowned and a dark, chocolate-colored for his industry, bravery, and heartwood; the heartwood in the prowess in spear duels. buttress roots was traditionally used to make túuna spears. Its bark (adj.) tuukina rt. tuuki narrow, of serves to treat arthritis, when lesser width, said of flat objects, mixed with aguardiente and other e.g., a plank. barks. Sci. Swartzia polyphylla. tuuku free.var. of sakana (n.) ▶ túuna type of fishing spear irreg.pl. tuukuya Sem. This made from the heavy heartwood of variant reflects part-whole the buttress roots of the túuna tree, metonymy, where the part (the used to fish for large prey such as tumpline, tuuku) made from the sámuu (paiche), matu (gamitana), bark of the tree (sakana) comes to and aakáayɨ (vaca marina). The refer to the tree itself. spear was assembled with a túuku irreg.pl. tuúkuya (n.) 1. ear, detachable metal tip that was speaking of either the exterior ear attached to the spear’s shaft with a and ear canal as a whole or only the long cord; when the prey was

462 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary túuni tuúwɨya

struck, it would typically flee, it is best treated by applying ampi, detaching the head and unspooling concentrated tobacco juice, to the the cord attached to the shaft; this hole in which the worm is growing, cord would subsequently be reeled and squeezing the worm out of the back in with the exhausted prey. hole when is emerges from its hole ampi túuni rt. tuu (i.v.) said of people or in reaction to the . Sci. animals, to be full with food or Dermatobia hominis. drink. tuutúuja (n.) type of traditional small knife; its precise form and its túuni rt. tuu (t.v.) make holes in manner of manufacture is now the trunk of a palm in order to unkown. facilitate the laying of eggs by palm • toa (n.) toa weevils, so that their grubs, túuwa from Sp. . , zúngaro especially aniita marajákwaa and species of -type catfish that muusajákwaa, will grow in that lives in creeks and rivers, typically trunk in great numbers, for later 50cm-75cm in length, light gray in harvesting and consumption. color, with a single wide black stripe on its side running down túura free.var. of tuu from its dorsal fin towards its belly. tuúrisɨɨja • from Sp. torres. (n.) Sci. Hemisorubim platyrhynchos. zúngaro torres pez torres or , tuúwɨya irreg.pl. of túwɨja species of catfish that reaches up to 2m in length, with a dark brown back and pale yellow belly. It is encountered in the deep spots of large rivers, and is capable of severing large fish hooks with its powerful jaws. Sci. Phractocephalus hemioliopterus. tuurúuja • from Sp. toronja. (n.) citrus tree with fruit similar to a grapefruit; this cultigen was introduced into Iquito territory in the early 20th century. tuútuuja (n.) species of worm that grows in the flesh and skin of wild and domesticated animals, as well as people; this worm, 1-3cm in length, is noticed when it forms a small eruption in the skin, from which its tip emerges from time to time; Iquitos observe that it is transmitted by mosquitoes, and that

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 463 ujii

ujii irreg.pl. ujiiwa • from Sp. ojé. (n.) ojé, species of tree valued for its medicinal uses across much of Peruvian Amazonia. Its sap, gathered from cuts in its trunk, is used as a vermifuge. Iquitos traditionally believed that it was dangerous to consume the sap without following particular restrictions after its ingestion, including not eating salt or bathing with cold water for eight days; and not eating animal fat or sweet things, not walking in the rain or strong sun, and not having sex for a month. Sci. Ficus insipida.

464 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary uumáata

uumáana rt. uumáa (adj.) large, tired,” he responded to my late big. mother. uumáana kásiiri lit. big moon (n.) uumáata (adj.) much, a lot, or a full moon. large quantity of an entity, denoted uumaarii irreg.pl. uumaariiwa • by a mass noun. Ex. Uumáata from Sp. umarí. (n.) umarí, tree kinaa karásiika katákwaa. Go species that produces edible ovoid gather a lot of achiote. fruits 5-10cm in length, with several millimeters of rich oily flesh surrounding a large seed. The tree occurs both in the wild and as a cultigen, although the Iquitos did not traditionally cultivate it, having become familiar with it in the early 20th century. Sci. Pouraqueiba sericea. uumáata (adv.) a lot, very, intensely, to a great degree, or for a long time; realize to a great or extreme degree some eventuality. Ex. Nu=tikiaárɨɨkiaaná takinakúura, maakwaárika, kaa uumáata áriitáani=jata, náaji maakwaárika, kaa samuu tuujíini=íira nuu. He entered the lake slowly, without paddling much, slowly, so that the paiche would not hear him. Ex. Jaa uumáata kia=iíkirɨɨ káami! You were upriver for a long time! Ex. “Uumáata kí=samɨɨ́rii,” nu=imatɨɨ́rɨɨkuraana kí=niaatíija nawɨɨ́tana. “I am very

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 465 wákii

waitii irreg.pl. waitiiwa • from Sp. As for the macaw, he arrived at the huaytiti. (n.) huaytiti, unidentified other side. species of small worm-like insect waka • from Q. huaca. (n.) huaca, that constructs a protective species of bush introduced in the covering out of small sticks that it is early 20th century as a source of able to carry with it when it moves. fish poison for fishing; formerly it The insect typically secures one end was commonly cultivated in of this covering to the underside of gardens, but now it is seen only a leaf, from which it hangs. It is rarely. In order to use as a fish known for producing a chime-like poison, the leaves of the plant are tii tii tii sound at night. ▶ Anth. pulped and mixed with either According to Iquito oral tradition, amariyaaja (pijuayo) or nɨsikati taking one of these creatures into (aguaje) palm fruit flesh and one’s home confers good luck in formed into small balls 2cm in hunting. diameter. These balls are thrown • waiwáasi from Q. huayhuashi. from the riverbank into strategic (n.) term used for two very similar parts of the river, especially species of relatively large red palizadas, areas with considerable squirrel, which were formerly submerged driftwood. It has an hunted for food. Sci. Sciurus effect similar to nuúruu (barbasco), spadiceus, Sciurus igniventris. asphyxiating the fish and causing =waja (adv.) in contrast, them to float to the surface, where unexpectedly; indicates that they can be retrieved easily with something about the utterance fishing spears or hand nets. Sci. contrasts with expectations or Clibadium sp. propositions implicit or explicit in waka • from Sp. vaca. (n.) cow, ▶ the previous discourse. Gram. cattle. This clitic bears a mobile HLL tonal free.var. of muúkwaayɨ melody. Ex. Aákarí=waja, waka nɨɨti naamɨ lit. cow tongue • calque of nu=nikii maasiáana tiímaaka. Sp. lengua de vaca. Now (unlike before) he finds lots of pacas. Ex. Iina=wajá anapa, wákii irreg.pl. wákiiwa (n.) sacha nu=siwaánɨkiaakɨ=ná tiijiíraji. shimbillo or sacha guabilla, a

466 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary wápapa waarata kaaya aatiáana

species of tree that mainly grows on free of branches until the very top river banks, especially on beaches. of the tree. The outer layer of its It has inedible, brown, furry, wood is relatively soft, but its crescent-shaped bean-pod-like fruits heartwood is very hard and is some 10cm in length, and the prized for house posts. Its bark, leaves are also somewhat furry. Sci. soaked in aguardiente, is taken as a Inga sp. tonic for anemia. Sci. Minquartia wápapa • from Sp. huapapa. (n.) guianensis. Boat-billed Heron, species of heron waakapuuráana • from Sp. with a very broad bill, found in huacapurana. (n.) huacapurana, a Iquito territory in the vicinity of the species of tree that grows on the Cocha de Wayta. Sci. Cochlearius banks of rivers and lakes. The tree cochlearius. grows in two forms, either as a wásiamɨ Chambira dialect.var. of single trunk, which is considered macho jaakáana the ‘male’ ( ) of the species, or with multiple trunks emerging (n.) wasiáraja species from a single set of roots, which is bujurqui of -type fish that resembles considered the ‘female’ (hembra). acarahuasú , and is found in larger Its hard wood is valued as rivers, measuring up to 25cm in firewood. Its bark is considered length. It is overall reddish brown medicinal; after soaking it in color, with a dark circle on its aguardiente, the liquid is drunk as tail. a tonic for colds and rheumatism. wásiuuja Maájanakáani dialect.var. Sci. Campsiandra sp. of káaji waanaáwana • from Sp. Wásiuujaánaaka (prop.n.) an guanábana. (n.) guanábana, Iquito man who lived in the species of fruit tree introduced in Pintuyacu River basin in the early the San Antonio area in the early 20th century. A son-in-law of 20th century. Sci. Annona muricata. Yarɨɨjáani, the famous Iquito wáara • from Sp. bala. (n.) musket kuuráaka (leader), he is now best shot or shotgun cartridge. known for having wrestled Yarɨɨjáani unsuccessfully in a test of waarata 3.poss. of =árata fst.spch. strength that was intended to waarta determine if he was worthy to waarata aámiikáaka lit. become kuuráaka following yesterday's/tomorrow's fellow day Yarɨɨjáani’s death. (n.) the day two days away from waakapuu irreg.pl. waakapuuwa • the present day in either the past or from Sp. huacapú. (n.) huacapú, future, i.e., the day before yesterday species of tree that grows on high or the day after tomorrow. ground, up to a diameter of 75 cm. waarata kaaya aatiáana Its bark is flakey, and its trunk is irreg.pl. waarata kaaya atiáapɨ lit.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 467 waaráata waaríina

person who speaks about his fellow eventuality, often expressed in a people (n.) nosy person who is preceding sentence. ▶ Gram. In this overly concerned with the matters sense, the adverb appears of their neighbors, often post-verbally. Ex. Marataki maliciously, and is inclined to paápaaja wáari, kw=arakíika, gossip about them. pɨ́=kapíini=íira. Gut the fish in the meantime, nephew, for us to cook. waaráata • from Sp. balata. (n.) Ex. Kíija, k=itaákuuyaa wáari. In general term for three species of the meantime, I’ll get the fire going. trees that produce latex sap, taasíita waaráata (balata sapotina), waárika (adv.) at once, just do tipakuuka (balata quebradizo), and (something); adverb that expresses balata proper, which were an intention or desire that the commercially exploited from the enventuality denoted by the clause late 19th century through the late in which it appears be realized 1960s in the San Antonio area, but promptly and without further especially intensely until the early delay, often in the face of possible 20th century. reasons for delay or past evidence of delays, and often conveying a wáari (adv.) 1. then, subsequently, sense of impatience or frustration afterwards; indicates that the with the amount of time that has eventuality denoted by the clause been taken thus far. Ex. in which this element appears Kí=nakarɨɨ́yaa nuúkiika kusi occurs subsequent to the kɨráani waáriká=yaajaa, eventuality denoted by the previous nuúkiika kusi amɨ́yaja asúraaja clause. This adverb is often used kɨráani. I just want to peel one when the eventualities involved potful, to peel one full potful of constitute steps in a larger process, manioc. Ex. Jawaárika=kija or when they are are seen as kia=iíkwaki. Just go right away. connected episodes in a larger arc JPI pers.var. jawaárika. of events. ▶ Gram. In this sense, the adverb appears in clause-initial, waaríina • from Sp. fariña. (n.) often sentence-initial, position. Ex. fariña, a dry, coarse meal made Jɨɨ́tikari nu=ipaásii=na, wáari from manioc, which can remain kiaá nuu raatiki. When it has edible for years, and is principally fermented, then you will drink it. Ex. eaten during long trips away from Kia=ánaajɨsakari, wáari gardens where manioc is available. kia=tarawaájuurɨɨ. If you get Introduced to Iquito people in the healthy, then you will work. 2. while, early 20th century by rubber in the meanwhile, in the meantime; tappers, it is prepared by first indicates that the eventuality soaking whole manioc tubers denoted by the clause in which this submerged in the river for 2-3 days, element appears overlaps until they begin to decompose temporally with some other slightly. The tubers are then

468 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary waaríisita wíira

recovered, washed, and left to waatiiruu irreg.pl. waatiiruuwa • decompose on land for a few more from Sp. batelón. (n.) any boat days, until they begin to soften. other than the traditional Iquito Once softened, the tubers are dugout canoe (iímina), from smaller mashed and the inedible fibers are plank boats to large multi-level removed. Finally, the mash is boats. stirred continuously and vigorously waáyuuri irreg.pl. waáyuuriwa for several hours while (n.) 1. general term for simultaneously being toasted in a carachamas, a family of armored very large flat pan, until a hard, catfishes, often dark gray in color, dry, granular meal results. Ex. whose scales form a hard Waariínaka na=miisɨɨ́yaa. They exoskeleton. These bottom-dwellers are making fariña (various batches in have the somewhat flattened body various places). shape typical of catfishes, and are a waaríisita • from Sp. balista. prized food throughout much fst.spch. Tee penultimate vowel is Peruvian Amazonia, especially for typically elided, yielding the the preparation of soups. Sci. form waaríista (n.) bow; Iquitos Loricariidae spp. 2. species of carachama had no familiarity with bows until , an armored fish with the early 20th century, at which yellowish-gray scales that lives in point some people adopted them the larger rivers of the area, for bow fishing. reaching up to 25cm in length. Unlike other carachama species, it waasiaárika dialect.var. of has neither spine clusters on its jaakáana irreg.pl. waasiaáriwa, ▶ head nor fleshy tentacle-like waasiaárikaka Socio. This growths on its mouth. variant was reportedly used by the Wísiikani (prop.n.) The nickname Yareja family. assigned by some Iquitos to waátina rt. waáti (adj.) good Manuela Luisa de Güimack, wife of smelling, said specifically of the the patrón Elias Güimack, due her appetizing smell characteristic of tendency to issue commands by smoking or smoked meat. first saying “wishii”, an interjection whose meaning remains obscure. waatísɨɨja (n.) fierro uma, one of (n.) the larger species of cotolo-type wíija wife; affectionate vocative term used by a man to catfishes, reaching some 35cm in ▶ length. It is a large-bellied fish with address his wife. Gram. a very hard head, and a generally Referential counterpart: majáana. dark body except for its belly, Ex. Wíija, tɨɨti kia=iíkii? Wife, which is light-colored. It lives in where are you? lakes and tahuampas (inundated wíira • from Q. wira. (n.) 1. animal areas), but it is uncommon in the or human body fat, whether still San Antonio area. attached to the body, or rendered

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 469 wiírana wúumpu

as the result of cooking. ▶ Gram. wɨɨrɨ́ɨni rt. wɨɨrɨɨ 1. (i.v.) emit or Poss.pref. when denoting body fat. make sound, be it something that 2. any edible fat, oil, or grease. emits sound by its own action, like wiírana rt. wiíra (adj.) fatty, for a an animal, motor, or radio, or piece of meat to be fatty, or for a something that makes a sound by persona or an animal to carry a virtue of something acting on it, notable quantity of fat, a prized like a drum. Note that this term quality in fish and game animals. does not apply to sounds made by the human voice. Ex. Jɨɨ́ta=na (t.v.) wiiraajúuni rt. wiiraájuu nu=sikɨɨkuraaná iina fry food using cooking oil or animal sɨɨ́saramaajɨtáami paatíina fat. aaka=jina, na=tuújiikuraaná wiíraaki dialect.var. of káraaki iina aaka, na=tuújiikuraaná wiíraaki irreg.pl. wiíraakiwa (n.) aaka wɨɨrɨ́ɨni, Siuuu! As he threw wax candle, an innovation the three pieces of balsa wood into the introduced during the Rubber water, they heard the water roar, (i.v.) Boom of the late 19th and early Shuuu! 2. sing or call, said of 20th centuries. certain species of birds and animals that have prolonged or repetitive wiiraakúusi • calls, including birds such as irreg.pl. wirakuúsiwaaka from Q. roosters, doves, and certain species viracocha (n.) señor . a ‘ ’, term of toucans, but also animals such as applied in the early and mid 20th Howler Monkeys and Dusky Titi century to members of the upper monkeys. Ex. Kutatáani=aákuji, levels of the regional social jɨɨ́tikari kaakáraaja wɨɨrɨɨ́yaa, hierarchy, generally upper-class wáari kií=ta makɨɨ́taa nuu mestizos who were engaged in (kw=aníriti). In the wee hours (this commercial activity. morning), when the rooster crows, wiiriirii irreg.pl. wiiriiriiwa (n.) then I was dreaming of her (my aunt). huiririma, species of palm that wɨɨrɨɨtáani rt. wɨɨrɨɨ́ta (a.v.) ask a grows in inundating areas along question. ▶ Gram. An optional NP river and lake edges. Similar in object indicates the recipient of the general form to the nɨɨ́kamɨ question; this verb also commonly (chambira) palm, though with a takes an optional direct speech more slender trunk, its trunk is report complement clause covered with large numbers of long expressing the question asked. Ex. sharp spines, and it produces edible Nu=wɨɨrɨɨ́takiaakɨ=ná nuu, fruits similar to pájaati (chambira “Saakaa kia=miíyaa iiti?” He fruits). Traditionally, baskets for asked him, “What are you doing short-term use were woven from here?” the resilient central veins of the leaves of young fronds of this palm. wúumpu irreg.pl. wúumpuka • Sci. Astrocaryum jauari. from Sp. bombo. (n.) bombo, a

470 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary wúursa wúusa kɨriija

type of two-sided drum introduced into Iquito territory in the early 20th century; according to current elders, Iquitos did not traditionally use drums. ▶ Gram. There is no tone shift in the plural form. wúursa irreg.pl. wúursaka • from Sp. bolsa. (n.) bag manufactured from fabric or plastic. ▶ Gram. There is no tone shift in the plural form. wúusa • from Sp. bosa. (n.) bosa, term used for several bee species whose nests have a similar structure consisting of a long, pipe-like entrance that emerges from the nest. The prototypical wúusa species is black in color and is valued for both its honey and the hard black material out of which its nest is made, which can be melted to use as tar. These bees nest in trees, and the entrance of their nests resembles a wide-mouthed pipe some 30-50cm long. Other species make nests with smaller entrances, and one species makes its nest in the ground. wúusa kɨriija lit. bosa pitch (n.) a pitch obtained by melting the hard black material constituting the nest of bosa (wúusa) bees. This pitch is typically used as an admixture to improve the texture of pitch derived from boiling the sap of latex-producing trees.

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 471 yaasina

yákuni socio.var. of iyákuni manioc whose long slender tubers have tapering points that resemble yarakátina rt. yarakáti socio.var. the tails of yaamɨ, or Golden Tegu of iyarakátina lizards; the skin of the tubers is Yarɨɨjáani (prop.n.) An Iquito white and the trunk becomes kuuráaka (leader) who lived in the silvery gray when the plant is older. last decades of the 19th century and (interj.) the first few of the 20th century. yaana “um”, “uh”, filler When he became older, he wanted word used by speakers to maintain to name one of his two son-in-laws, the conversational floor during Wasiuujaánaaka or Simɨraánaaka, as word searches or other pauses in his replacement, but both of them the speaker’s conversational turn. failed the tests of strength that he yáana rt. yáa irreg.pl. yáami devised. He was baptised José (inanimate) (n.) belonging or Yareja by a priest in the area, possession, something owned by or which is the origin of that common pertaining to someone. ▶ Gram. It surname among ethnic Iquitos. is generally infelicitous to use this yaamɨ (n.) Golden Tegu, a species term for animals, for which the of tegu (a type of lizard) that is term kajinani ‘domestic animal’ is mostly found near fallow gardens preferred. Poss.pref. Ex. Pɨyɨ́ɨni and open areas in the forest caused kana=yáami aníkiaakɨ by treefalls, where it can sun itself. lancha=jina. All of our things were Considered edible, it reaches some coming in the riverboat. 90cm in length, tail included, with yaana Nanay dialect.var. of ajaana a striking black and yellow reticulated pattern. Although called yaasiki (adj.) late or deep, iguano in San Antonio, it is not speaking of the night, used in strictly speaking an iguana (which reference to the middle part of the are not found in the Pintuyacu night, in the vicinity of midnight. River basin). Sci. Tupinambus yaasina rt. yaasi (adj.) thick, teguixin. speaking of relatively planar yaamɨ́kana irreg.pl. yaamɨ́kiaakɨ objects, like planks and pieces of (n.) iguano rumo, a variety of fabric.

472 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary yaasiita yuukwana yaasiita (adv.) thick; often accompanies mensural gestures of thickness, e.g., of a plank. yaawɨ́ɨni (n.) 1. day, referring both to the period of light during the 24 hour cycle of day and night, and to the entirety of the cycle itself. Ex. Na=apárakiaaná yaawɨ́ɨni sanitáani=jina. They began to count (lit. measure) the days. Ex. Jaari=na yaawɨ́ɨni kutɨ́tɨɨrɨɨkuráana. The day had dawned 2. season, or period of time considerably longer than a day, such as the season in which a particular insect or fruit is abundant, e.g., jimɨ́nati yaawɨ́ɨni ‘horsefly season’. Ex. Aákari tɨɨ jimɨ́nati yaawɨ́ɨni. Now is horsefly season. 3. an occasion, instance, or time when some event takes place. Ex. Niwa=aákuji iipɨ maakatúuwa na=aatiaárikɨ náaji, “Kuumi yaawɨ́ɨni na=aámuukiaakɨ=ná iina nawɨyini.” For this reason the ancestors said, “That ghost died two times.” yaawɨ́ɨni ɨɨ́jakɨya lit. day's midpoint (n.) noon or midday. yuukíiya • from Sp. yuquilla. (n.) yuquilla, a creeper that has inedible tubers similar to those of manioc. The vine contains a starchy substance which is used to treat conjunctivitis by dripping it directly into the affected eye. Sci. Martinella obovata. yúuku socio.var. of iyúuku yuukwana socio.var. of iyuukwana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 473

English − Iquito Reversal Index

acceed to a request

a few (animate) (adj.) abdominal tissue (game jɨɨ́tipɨjaarika animal) (n.) sámakɨ a few (inanimate) (adj.) abdominal wall (n.) jirítiikɨ jɨɨ́timijaarika Abelmoschus moschatus, plant a little (degree) (adv.) sɨɨsaárika species (n.) anajásiija a little (quantity) (adv.) Abiramo Quebrada (prop.n.) sɨɨsaárika Awíraamu a little above, there (loc.dem) able, be (t.v.) paríini kamíjiita about to, be (t.v.) nakarɨ́ɨni a little below, there (loc.dem) above (loc.postp.) =isákuji namíjiita above (a little) (loc.postp.) a little downriver, there =isákujiita (loc.dem) namíjiita above (two-dimensional (adj.) a little older maánuurika surface) (loc.postp.) =iíkumaji a little upriver, there (loc.dem) above, a little (there) (loc.dem) kamíjiita kamíjiita (adv.) a lot (do) uumáata abrasive (adj.) sɨrina (adj.) a lot of (count noun) abscess of the gums (n.) maasiáana tamaraki (adj.) a lot of (mass noun) abscess, skin (n.) pisaki uumáata abscess, under fingernail (n.) (det.) a, an nuúkiika áwaku aákɨɨsi, áwaku imɨ́ɨni (interj.) “aargh!” (cry of pain) absence (loc.n.) amákɨjina akɨríija absence, in preparation for “aargh!” (cry of self-pitying (postp.) amakɨ́ɨra pain) (interj.) akɨriíjanii Abuta sp., plant species (n.) (t.v.) abandon (person) sikɨ́ɨni maasa anásiiki abandoned (place) (adj.) iriyaki Acamana Quebrada (prop.n.) abandoned residence site Aakamáana (loc.n.) irítijina acceed to a request (t.v.) abdomen, exterior (n.) tanaja aríwatɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 477 Accipitridae, type of bird afternoon, in the

Accipitridae, type of bird (n.) actual (adj.) taasíita nɨɨsina adam’s apple (n.) aríina accompany (t.v.) anitáani add color (t.v.) naamúuni accompany in activity (t.v.) add water (t.v.) aakanúuni kujíini adhere (t.v.) tipuutáani accomplished (person) (adj.) adorn with feathers (i.v.) iikiáana paraanɨ́ɨni accuse (t.v.) atuutáani adult (n.) máana (t.v.) accustomed, become adult female (n.) mɨɨsaji paajɨ́ɨni adult male (n.) ikwani aceite caspi (n.) , tree species adult male (middle-aged) (n.) sásana pɨɨta kaaya Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, adult woman (middle-aged) (n.) fish species taasíita sisa (n.) pɨɨta mɨɨ́saji Acestrorhynchus sp., fish adultery, commit (t.v.) kanɨɨrɨ (n.) species aasamu sisa, nunáani míini sisa, sisa adze (n.) kajátaja, kajátana, kijátaja achilles heel (n.) ánimɨ (n.) achiote (n.) Aechmea sp., plant species , tree species kakánaaka karásiika aerial root mass (n.) papasika achiotillo, tree species (n.) afaninga, type of snake (n.) karásiina, tipájaana awásɨɨyɨ achira, plant species (n.) muuti affected strongly (by iíkiaaja ayahuasca) (adv.) namájata acidic (flavor) (adj.) ijɨɨ́rana affection, display (t.v.) acknowledge as own, not juúmaasiitáani (child) (t.v.) taamaakáani affirmative interjection (interj.) Acouchy, Green (rodent ɨ́ɨ species) (n.) arasaaki, músiaaki acquire lover (t.v.) paajamaníini affirmative response (yes) (interj.) ɨɨjɨɨ acrid smelling (adj.) anajatina afflict (t.v.) kasiráani Acromyrmex sp., ant species sarna (n.) kakúuja, makúuja afflicted with (skin (adj.) across (above) (postp.) disease) isiíkutaka (n.) =isákuma affluent (river) ájika, aki (a.v.) across (from one side to afraid, be kɨɨrɨ́ɨni (postp.) another) (postp.) =akájinakuúraji after =iíkwaji, across, directly (on the other kaániwaaka, nɨtikumaji side) (postp.) isakijiíraji after that (temporal sequence) (adv.) act insensitively (t.v.) jatɨníini átiiji active (of person) (adj.) afternoon (n.) ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji iyarakátina, yarakátina afternoon, in the (adv.) activity (n.) miísana ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji

478 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary afterwards along the way (coming)

afterwards (adv.) jawáari, wáari aimlessly (adv.) taama afterwards (postp.) nɨtikumaji air, harmful (from demons) again (adv.) imɨráani (n.) siwaara júnɨɨna again (too soon) (adv.) iwaárika airambo, dish made from (n.) again, do (t.v.) imɨráani siwɨɨka against (spatial relation) airambo, plant species (n.) (postp.) =iyakúura, =iyikúura, aámɨɨka =iyɨkúura ajo sacha, creeper species (n.) age, be (in years) (t.v.) míini mɨɨ́sɨɨya, mɨɨ́sɨɨyɨ Ageneiosus brevifilis, fish alarm, expression of (interj.) species (n.) piruja kɨ́ɨra (i.v.) age-worn face, have alight (bird) (i.v.) ajatatɨ́ɨni, amɨriitáani, amuriitáani ajatɨtɨ́ɨni, isitɨ́ɨni, jimɨɨtɨ́ɨni (n.) aggressive person ípɨɨtáana alight (bird) (t.v.) ikatɨ́ɨni (adj.) agile iyarakátina, yarakátina alight, set (chacra) (t.v.) ikatáani agitate water to attract fish alive (adj.) namísaana (i.v.) siápuukwatáani all (adj.) pɨyɨ́ɨni agitated (emotionally), (i.v.) (i.v.) all fours, be on become siwaaraasíini ajarakuutáani (n.) Agouti paca, rodent species allow to go (t.v.) kanatɨ́ɨni, tiímaaka kanɨtɨ́ɨni Agouti, Black (rodent species) almendra, tree species (n.) (n.) muuti imɨ́ɨka, sikwanaka aguaje palm grove (loc.n.) almidón, manioc starch (n.) nɨɨsikajina aguaje (n.) aramituu palm grove nɨɨsika (adv.) aguaje (n.) alone taamaárika palm, grub of aniita (loc.postp.) marajákwaa along (below) aguaje (n.) sirikuma palm, trunk of (loc.postp.) nɨsikánaaja along (beside) aguaje (n.) sirikuma , palm species (loc.postp.) nasikati, nɨsikati, nɨɨsika along (downriver) aguajillo, palm species (n.) sirikuma iísuuja tamɨɨríina, tamɨɨríina along (path or surface) (loc.postp.) aguardiente, distilled iíkuma (adv.) sugarcane alcohol (n.) kaasiáasa along other path aguaymanto, plant species (n.) taakiírakuma (adv.) kúrija along path, there agujón, fish species (n.) asa tiírakuma (loc.postp.) “ah!” (death cry) (interj.) ákɨɨ along the middle “aha!” (discovery or satisfied jíritiíkuku expectation) (interj.) araa along the way (coming) (adv.) aim weapon (t.v.) sisiitáani tiírakumaji

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 479 along the way (departing) Anderson’s Gray Four-eyed Opossum

along the way (departing) Amazonian Pygmy Owl (n.) (adv.) tiírakuma ipija along the way downriver (adv.) Ameiva ameiva, lizard species namíkuma (n.) kurɨtɨɨja along the way upriver (adv.) among (loc.postp.) ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma kamíkuku amor seco, plant species (n.) (adv.) along this path, here tipájaana iitiírakuma ampiri, plant species (n.) Alouatta seniculus, monkey ramúkwaa species (n.) iipɨɨ Anacardium occidentale, tree already (adv.) jaa, jaari species (n.) maraniuu, miiti “alright!” (agreement or assent) (interj.) kwaasɨja anaconda, of elevated areas (n.) iijakuuja “alright!” (intention to act) (n.) (interj.) jimaakija anaconda, of water irámani, iyákuni, kuraja, yákuni also (adv.) naajaa, naajáaja Áñamu Quebrada (prop.n.) alter (quality of object) (t.v.) kuwitɨ́ɨni Aaniáamu alternate between sunny and Ananas comosus, pineapple (n.) cloudy (i.v.) mɨ́nɨɨkɨɨtáani minati although (adv.) aájapaa, aajapáaja anaphor, discourse (anaph.pro.) amasisa, tree species (n.) iina amasíisi anaphor, discourse (procl.) niwa Amazon Bushmaster, snake anaphor, discourse (focused) species (n.) siuusiúupi (procl.) aniwa Amazon Forest Dragon, lizard añashúa pintado, fish species species (n.) aapaku (n.) másiina kíwaaku Amazon Kingfisher, bird añashúa-type fish, species of (n.) species asi (n.) aákwarani, jinɨ́ɨka, narapu, Amazon Whiptail, lizard nɨɨrapɨ, sakatiika (n.) species kurɨtɨɨja Anaueria brasiliensis, tree Amazona amazonica, bird species (n.) muuti asúraaja, (n.) species kaáruukwaaja puusuukwáana Amazona farinosa, bird Anaxagorea spp., type of tree (n.) species aájiiti (n.) sakana, tuuku Amazona ochrocephala, bird ancestor (n.) maákata species (n.) kirísɨɨja “and me?” (interj.) kiiwaja Amazonian Manatee (n.) (n.) aakaayɨ, aakáayɨ Andean person siisiáaku Amazonian Milk Treefrog (n.) Anderson’s Gray Four-eyed maámaati Opossum (n.) sɨ́nitimaaku

480 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Andropogon bicornis, reed species any old place

Andropogon bicornis, reed Ant, Giant Hunting (species species (n.) kawáayɨ aniáasi, of) (n.) muusaníkwaa, sipúuni nawɨyinakaaja ant, leafcutter (general term) anger (n.) anásaka (n.) kaniyúuja anger (t.v.) anijikúuni ant, species of (n.) anasúuni, angrily (adv.) ánasa aákusana masakana, kuumakímari, angry, be (i.v.) ánasa iwíini masakana ijɨɨ́rana, panaka, tamɨ́ɨka, angry, become (i.v.) anijikɨ́ɨni tamɨ́ɨna imɨ́ɨni, tarakana, Anhinga anhinga, bird species tujúniikɨ́ɨya (n.) aaka paáraasi antbird (general term) (n.) Anhinga, bird species (n.) aaka riitaki siriija paáraasi Anteater, Giant (n.) siirúusi Ani, Greater or Smooth-billed Anteater, Silky (n.) aaríija (bird species) (n.) aapɨ́ya antler (n.) táaja, tɨ́wɨja, túwɨja animal demon (n.) juríini ants (group of) (n.) ásapɨ animal, domestic (n.) kajinani Antshrike, Fasciated (bird Anisoptera, dragonfly (n.) species) (n.) mɨɨnɨɨ siriija sɨrɨ́wɨɨja Antthrush, Blackfaced (bird ankle (n.) kurija species) (n.) ijántuuja, nɨrímɨɨna annatto, tree species (n.) siriija karásiika Antwren (gray or black), type Annona muricata, tree species of bird (n.) muuti siriija (n.) waanaáwana Antwren, White-flanked (bird Annona sp., tree species (n.) species) (n.) kaasi siriija aanúuna añuje avispa, wasp species (n.) Anodus elongatus, fish species mɨɨka (n.) purútaari añuje, rodent species (n.) muuti anona, tree species (n.) aanúuna anuran (general term) (n.) another (adj.) taana makwaati another time (adj.) taakari Anurolimnas castaneiceps, bird another way (adv.) taaki species (n.) siíturu answer (t.v.) imatɨ́ɨni anus (n.) niríyuusi ant (leafcutter), queen (n.) anus, prolapsed (n.) niríyuusi kaniyúuja niaatíija sikɨɨ́taaja ant (leafcutter), species of (n.) añushi puma, cat species (n.) kakúuja, makúuja muuti mɨyaara Ant Lion, insect species (n.) añushi rumo, tree species (n.) níiya imɨ́ɨni muuti asúraaja, puusuukwáana ant, army (general term) (n.) any kind (adj.) jɨɨ́taaraatina riitaki any old (entity) (adj.) taamáana Ant, Fire (n.) irákana any old place (n.) taamáaki

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 481 anything Ascaris worm

anything (indefinite pronoun) Araçari, Ivory-billed (bird saakaa, saakaaya species) (n.) muúruuki anywhere (n.) taamáaki Araçari, Many-banded (bird Aotus vociferans, monkey species) (n.) pirɨ́ɨni species (n.) míyɨɨri, mɨɨtáari arch of foot (n.) titika kíyɨɨna apacharama, tree species (n.) arched, be (i.v.) muyúuni kusáaka Ardea alba, bird species (n.) aparina, baby sling (n.) kísiika musútina káarsa Apetama Quebrada (prop.n.) are (cop.) taá, táaja, tɨɨ Apítamu area of abundant leaf litter Apodidae spp., type of bird (n.) (champal) (n.) sásakɨ namisu, samisu area of cleared land (n.) Apoica sp., wasp species (n.) kamarɨ́ɨta (n.) jiiti area, clear kwaaki (n.) appear (i.v.) nikisáani area, planted nataaka (a.v.) appear (to have trait) (i.v.) argue kuwasíini (n.) karíini argumentative person appearance (n.) nikisáani suúkwara kuwasiáana (n.) (n.) karíini arm námati appearance (facial) (t.v.) applaud (t.v.) amaniikúuni arm trap riimúuni, ríini arm, pull behind back (t.v.) Applesnail, Giant (n.) ajuuka tamarakíini, tamarásii apply chili pepper to (animal, armadillo (general term) (n.) person) (t.v.) napɨ́ɨni iísuuja apply hot pitch (t.v.) kɨriijúuni Armadillo, Giant (n.) aasámaaja approach rupturing (abscess) armpit (n.) nɨɨkaríira (i.v.) aakɨ́ɨni armpit smell (n.) muúsaka Ara ararauna, macaw species (i.v.) (n.) arms, spread masɨɨtáani anapa army ant (general term) (n.) Ara chloropterus, macaw (n.) riitaki species anapa (n.) panaka arambasa (n.) army ant, species of , bee species around (surrounding) (postp.) suruku =isakwaji Aramides cajanea, bird species around (touching) (postp.) (n.) kiisara =akájinakuúraji Arapaima gigas, fish species Arrabidaea chica, plant species (n.) sámuu, samuu (n.) nasɨ́ɨna Aratinga leucophthalma, bird arrive (i.v.) siwanɨ́ɨni (n.) species íyɨɨja arthritis, have (i.v.) marisɨɨkíini Aratinga weddellii, bird species Artocarpus altilis, tree species (n.) kaáraaja (n.) pantíisi Araçari, Chestnut-eared (bird as (like) (conj.) jɨɨ́taaraata species) (n.) apisɨ Ascaris worm (n.) sapaani

482 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ash attach with glue

ash (n.) pukiti Astrocaryum chambira, palm ash, be covered in (i.v.) pukitíini species (n.) nɨɨ́kamɨ ashamed, embarrassed (i.v.) Astrocaryum chonta, palm karánakíini species (n.) muruwɨ́ɨra ashamed, make (t.v.) kanɨɨrɨ Astrocaryum jauari, palm iwitɨ́ɨni species (n.) wiiriirii ash-colored (adj.) kasina Astrocaryum javarense, palm ashipa, plant species (n.) aasíipa species (n.) muruwɨ́ɨra ashipa, remove (t.v.) simiitíini astute (adj.) irísina (n.) ashy, be (i.v.) pukitíini Astyanax sp., fish species asiento de pelejo, liana species ariímaari (i.v.) (n.) káaji ajírɨna, káaji ijírɨna asymmetrical, be ask for (d.v.) masɨ́ɨni amɨriitáani, amuriitáani (postp.) ask for gifts (pluractional) at =jina (i.v.) masánakíini at (event, group activity) (loc.postp.) ask question (a.v.) wɨɨrɨɨtáani ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma (i.v.) at a previous time (adv.) taari asleep, fall (body part) (adv.) sasɨ́ɨni at any moment kaapɨɨta asma at noon (adv.) níiya jíritiku , person suffering from (adv.) (n.) at once jawaárika, waárika isijaati (adv.) asma, respiratory illness (n.) at that moment íyaa, íyaa iina, iyaákari isija at that point (temporal asna charapa, turtle species (n.) sequence) (adv.) atii makwaa ímaaja, muusiaaráaja at that time (adv.) iyaákari asnay, odor of (n.) muúsaka at the edge of (postp.) =iyáaji asnay, peccary scent gland (n.) at the end of (postp.) =iíjinaji pisaki at the same time (adv.) tikiíraki Aspidosperma nitidum, tree at the side of (postp.) =iríkumaji (n.) áriitaawɨ náana species at the tip of (postp.) =iíjinaji Asplenium serratum, plant atadijo (n.) (n.) , tree species rúsuuna species muúkwaayɨ naamɨ, ataulero, owl species (n.) tikítiki waka nɨɨti (t.v.) Ateles belzebuth, monkey assist paríjatáani species (n.) ɨɨti associate animal or demon athlete’s foot (n.) iíwaaka (t.v.) shamanically aruukiitáani atinga (caecilian), amphibian (adj.) astringent (flavor) sakana species (n.) pisúuni Astrocaryum chambira (palm), Atta spp., leafcutter ant (n.) fronds of kámiiyɨ (general term) (n.) kaniyúuja Astrocaryum chambira (palm), attach at tips (t.v.) paakiitáani fruit of (n.) apájaati, pájaati attach keel to canoe (i.v.) Astrocaryum chambira (palm), tiimúuni undried fiber cord (n.) kámiiyɨ attach with glue (t.v.) tipuutáani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 483 attached to, be azufre caspi, tree species

attached to, be (i.v.) tíini axe handle, put on (t.v.) kajíini, attack (deliver strike) (t.v.) kaníini ipɨráani axe head (n.) kaaji Attalea huebneri, palm species ayahuasca song (n.) (n.) niraasi akutuuyuukami Attalea tesmannii, palm ayahuasca, creeper species (n.) species (n.) kaatiríina aákuta ayahuasca (i.v.) attempt unsuccessfully (t.v.) , go bad taasíini ayahuasca maárijɨ́ɨni , hallucinogenic (n.) attention, pay (to advice) (t.v.) beverage aákuta aríwatɨ́ɨni ayahuasca, strongly affected (adv.) (n.) by namájata aunt, maternal aníriti, ayaymama (n.) aniriika , bird species paani aunt, maternal (deceased) (n.) Azteca sp., ant species (n.) anirítiisana (n.) sirisíija aunt, maternal (vocative) azúcar huayo resin (n.) paáyuuku aríriija azúcar huayo, tree species (n.) (n.) aunt, paternal íkina paáyuuna aunt, paternal (vocative) (n.) azufre caspi, tree species (n.) ikínaaja anaraati, naraati aunt, paternal (deceased) (n.) ikínɨɨsana avispa de tierra, wasp species (n.) níiya pániija avispa dura, wasp species (n.) muturuniika avispa solo, wasp species (n.) kuyajatíini avocado, tree species (n.) imúuna avoid blow (t.v.) aarɨtɨ́ɨni await (t.v.) tasíini awake, be (i.v.) karíini awaken (i.v.) inikáani awaken (t.v.) inikajɨ́ɨni aware of, become (t.v.) nakusíini away (direction) (adv.) tiirɨɨ́raata away from (depriving) (postp.) =kiniji axe (with handle) (n.) kajiija axe handle (n.) kaaji ámaaka

484 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary band (adornment)

baby (female, affectionate) (n.) bad omen, experience (i.v.) ítiika karikúuni baby (male, affectionate) (n.) bad, go (ayahuasca) (i.v.) taasíini íniika badly (adv.) sɨɨ́sa, suúkwara baby sling (n.) kísiika bad-tempered (adj.) sɨɨ́sana baby, healthy and chubby (n.) bag (n.) wúursa nɨɨkika bag, large (n.) tawɨ kánɨɨsi (n.) back nɨɨ́jina bag, net (jicra) (n.) kánɨɨsi (n.) back of head atímaji bail (i.v.) aakɨ́ɨni (adv.) back, on the way tiírajiita bait (fishing) (n.) iíruuja backwards (cord-spinning) bait, fish (made from manioc) (adv.) makajaya, makɨjɨyɨ (n.) jíniija Bactris gasipaes (palm) season bajial, area that floods (n.) maati (n.) amariyaana, amáriyaana balata de varillal, tree species Bactris gasipaes (palm), grove (n.) rɨɨka waaráata (loc.n.) of amarijina, amariyaajina balata quebradiza, tree species Bactris gasipaes (palm), grove (n.) ipakuuka, tipakuuka (n.) of amari balata sapotina, tree species Bactris gasipaes, palm species (n.) taasíita waaráata (n.) amariyaaja balata, rubber producing tree Bactris gasipaes, palm species (n.) waaráata (variety of) (n.) iipɨɨ aríyasi, balatillo, tree species (n.) jitúuna kuyɨ́ɨsi amáriyaaja, mɨ́yuujáana, bald (adj.) kwaata anákana múyuujáana, sikuti, tiímaaka (adj.) amáriyaaja bald-headed (shaved) karata anákana Bactris sp. (palm), grove of (adj.) (loc.n.) isunaajina balding kwaata kariyáa (n.) Bactris sp., palm species (n.) ball piirúuta (n.) isunaaja, isuusi ball of resin rinɨ́ɨku (n.) bad (adj.) sɨɨ́sana balsa, tree species paatíina (n.) bad habit, leave off (i.v.) inɨ́ɨni bamboo, species of puráaja (n.) bad omen (n.) karíkuuyáana Banana Spider kuni anákaasi bad omen, be (t.v.) karikúuni band (adornment) (n.) kurijaakɨ

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 485 Banisteriopsis caapi, creeper species be bifurcated

Banisteriopsis caapi, creeper Bassiricyon gabbii, Olingo (n.) species (n.) aákuta inɨ́ɨki, inɨ́ɨku baptize (t.v.) aakataanúuni bat (n.) jaati barandilla caspi, tree species bat (vampire), species of (n.) (n.) siiyúuna kánɨɨri (n.) barb (n.) kuyaja Bat Falcon tatɨni batán caspi (n.) barbasco garden (loc.n.) , tree species nuúruuwajina ájana barbasco batán mashing trough, make , fish captured with (i.v.) (n.) siruúmani ajanɨ́ɨni batán (n.) barbasco, fish poison plant (n.) , mashing trough ájana nuúruu, sikiáaja nuúruu bathe (i.v.) naráani barbasco, fish with (i.v.) bathe (t.v.) naráani amaniijúuni, sirúuni bayuca barbasco (t.v.) (stinging caterpillar), , pound species of (n.) juúmɨyɨ, karijɨ́ɨsi, amaniijúuni káaji, kɨ́jɨsi barbasco (n.) -fishing event bayuca, stinging caterpillar síraaka (general term) (n.) kɨ́jɨsi (i.v.) bare teeth kisiriikuutáani be (cop.) taá, táaja, tɨɨ barely (adv.) taama miíniika be (exist) (i.v.) iwíini barely stable (adv.) sɨɨnajitiika be (in a state) (i.v.) iwíini bark (i.v.) rurúuni be (irrealis) (cop.) kuwíini bark (tree) (n.) ísɨkɨ be (located in a place) (i.v.) base (basket, vessel) (n.) namija iwíini base (cylindrical object) be (subordinate clause) (cop.) (loc.n.) nuútima kuwíini (t.v.) base, make (basket, pottery) be a certain age míini (t.v.) (i.v.) namijɨ́ɨni be able paríini (t.v.) (n.) síruku be about to nakarɨ́ɨni basket weaving style (a.v.) niríyuusi be afraid of kɨɨrɨ́ɨni (i.v.) basket weaving support (n.) be angry ánasa iwíini (i.v.) muyúuni taniítaaja be arched be ashamed (i.v.) karánakíini basket, base of (n.) namija be asymmetrical (i.v.) (n.) aniita basket, large-holed amɨriitáani, amuriitáani namijana be awake (i.v.) karíini (n.) basket, smoking iyúuri, be bad omen (t.v.) karikúuni muyuuri be bent over (extensively) (i.v.) (n.) basket, type of iipɨɨ ímaaja, imujuutáani suukwariija táasa, taniika, táasa be bent over (upper part) (i.v.) Bass, Peacock (fish species) imujúuni (n.) awáara be bifurcated (t.v.) jikútiitáani

486 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary be blocked (tubular object) be poor

be blocked (tubular object) be insufficient (i.v.) kárɨɨtáani (i.v.) jaámanakɨ́ɨni be intoxicated (i.v.) aákɨsíini be bored of (a.v.) iyájasíini be intoxicated by something be bored of (t.v.) samɨrɨ́ɨni (t.v.) aákɨsíini be cold (living being) (i.v.) be jaundiced (i.v.) nɨya karíini sɨɨmɨɨsíini be jealous (t.v.) amariníini be constipated (i.v.) puusɨ́ɨni be lazy (i.v.) iyujúuni be covered with flies (i.v.) be left behind (i.v.) aasapɨ́ɨni ipárasíini be left over (i.v.) apɨrɨ́ɨni be dark and indistinct (i.v.) be less strong (sunlight) (i.v.) mɨ́nɨɨtáani makɨ́ɨni be delirious (i.v.) aanawasíini be lost (i.v.) masíini be depressed (part of surface) be low to the ground (i.v.) (i.v.) kíyɨɨtáani parikɨɨtáani be disgusted with (t.v.) be lying (composite object) sikwaranɨ́ɨni (i.v.) imatáani be drunk (i.v.) aákɨsíini be lying (object) (i.v.) imáani be drunk (pluractional) (i.v.) be lying down (i.v.) iwɨɨtáani aákɨsiitíini be lying down straight (i.v.) be embarrassed (i.v.) karánakíini iwɨ́ɨni be familiar with (t.v.) nakusíini be nauseated (i.v.) suúkwara be flat against the ground (i.v.) iwíini parikɨ́ɨni be next to (close proximity) be full (food, drink) (i.v.) túuni (postp.) =sirikumaji be hanging (i.v.) apíini be noisy (human voice) (i.v.) be head of household (i.v.) rúruutáani mɨjɨráani be none (existential verb) aájapaki be hot (person) (i.v.) iípanɨ́ɨni be obsessed with (t.v.) jɨyɨɨsíini be hung up (hammock) (t.v.) be on hands and knees (i.v.) tíini ajarakuutáani be hungry (i.v.) takɨsíini be opened (concave shape) be ill (i.v.) iwarɨ́ɨni (i.v.) manɨɨtáani be ill with (t.v.) míini be overcast (i.v.) mɨ́nɨɨtáani be in a pile (i.v.) ikaanúuni be pallid (i.v.) nɨya karíini be in hammock (i.v.) mɨjɨráani be partially blocked (tube) be in the way (t.v.) kuujúuni (i.v.) kɨ́ɨni be in view (i.v.) nikisáani be partly cloudy and sunny be inclined (i.v.) imujuutáani (i.v.) suriitáani be infested (worms, maggots) be passive (i.v.) tarakɨ́ɨni, tarakɨɨ́ta (i.v.) sinakijɨ́ɨni míini be influential (i.v.) mɨjɨráani be piled up (i.v.) ikaanúuni be injured (i.v.) ánasa míini be playful (i.v.) maayaasíini be inserted (i.v.) jimɨ́ɨni be poor (i.v.) taara míini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 487 be powerful (as head of household) become angry

be powerful (as head of be unable (t.v.) paajɨ́ɨni household) (i.v.) mɨjɨráani be uneven (i.v.) amɨriitáani, be prostrate (i.v.) imatáani amuriitáani “be quiet!” (interj.) paapaárika be ungenerous (a.v.) be raised (feathers, fur, sɨɨ́saamiitáani hackles) (i.v.) ririíkɨɨtáani be unwilling to separate (t.v.) be retiring (i.v.) tarakɨ́ɨni, kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨni tarakɨɨ́ta míini be visible (i.v.) nikisáani be revolted by (t.v.) sikwaranɨ́ɨni be well cooked (i.v.) mɨjɨ́ɨni be ruffled (hair, feathers, be without hope (i.v.) taara míini thatch) (i.v.) ririíkɨɨtáani be Y-shaped (t.v.) jikútiitáani be sad (i.v.) tarɨ́ɨni beach (n.) kakuti be sad, desolately (i.v.) taara bead, glass (n.) taraásiija míini beak (n.) iika be seated (i.v.) ajirɨ́ɨni, ijirɨ́ɨni beard (n.) amuusíika be shorter (t.v.) kɨ́jɨɨtáani beard, have (i.v.) amuusíini be sick (i.v.) iwarɨ́ɨni bearded one (vocative, be sitting (i.v.) ajirɨ́ɨni, ijirɨ́ɨni affectionate) (n.) amúusi be sitting (composite object) Bearded Palm Weevil, insect (i.v.) imatáani species (n.) muusajákwaa aarɨwati be sitting (object) (i.v.) imáani beat (heart) (i.v.) ajiráani, ijiráani be sitting (vessel) (i.v.) imatáani beat (in competitive activity) be snagged (i.v.) íriitáani (t.v.) imáani be standing (i.v.) takúuni beat (with fists) (t.v.) be standing (vessel) (i.v.) kujuniijúuni imatáani beat against (t.v.) aamuutáani be startled (i.v.) inarɨ́ɨni beat with instrument (t.v.) be stingy (a.v.) sɨɨ́saamiitáani amániikɨ́ɨni be stretched out (rope-like beautiful (adj.) suwami, suwapɨ, object) (i.v.) atɨ́ɨni suwáani be stuck in (i.v.) jimɨ́ɨni beauty (n.) suwaka be stuck on (i.v.) tíini because (conj.) iyaamiaákuji be sufficient for (t.v.) aratiinɨ́ɨni, because of (postp.) =aákuji paataasíini because of (indirect cause) be sunken (part of surface) (postp.) =íiku (i.v.) kíyɨɨtáani become (t.v.) kuwíini be the same (in some quality) become accustomed (t.v.) (t.v.) aratiinɨ́ɨni paajɨ́ɨni be thirsty (i.v.) karɨjɨ́ɨni become afflicted with sarna be tied (hammock) (t.v.) tíini (skin malady) (i.v.) isiikúuni be tired (i.v.) samɨrɨ́ɨni become agitated be tired of (a.v.) iyájasíini (emotionally) (i.v.) siwaaraasíini be tired of (t.v.) samɨrɨ́ɨni become angry (i.v.) anijikɨ́ɨni

488 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary become aware of believe mistakenly

become aware of (t.v.) nakusíini bedding, spread out (t.v.) become black (i.v.) mɨnɨ́ɨni mantaasíini become blunt (i.v.) pirikɨ́ɨni bee (general term) (n.) samiyani, become cheerful (i.v.) samiyini juúmaasíini bee (species, rather than hive) become dark (day) (i.v.) (n.) niaatíija nínɨɨtáani bee larva (n.) májiiti become deflowered (i.v.) bee, species of (n.) maratásiija, tawatɨ́ɨni maárakuuja, paani jíina, raamíisi, become dislocated (i.v.) suruku kurijatɨ́ɨni beer, corn and manioc (n.) siirɨ become fat (i.v.) kianɨ́ɨni beer, green corn (n.) síwaaka (n.) become fearful (i.v.) niitinɨ́ɨni beer, manioc itíniija (n.) become fond (t.v.) paajɨ́ɨni beer, manioc (thick) rariika (n.) become full (i.v.) amɨ́yɨɨtáani beer, Peach Palm become happy (i.v.) juúmaasíini amarisiáaka (n.) become hollowed out (i.v.) beeswax kuruja papaanɨ́ɨni beetle grub, edible (general (n.) become infected (i.v.) aanisíini term) kumakija (i.v.) beetle, species of (n.) síkiiti become lazy sasɨ́ɨni (adv.) become loose and wrinkled before taari (postp.) =aákuji (i.v.) kɨsɨkɨ́ɨni before begin (t.v.) aparáani, namitɨ́ɨni become moldy (i.v.) janɨ́ɨni begin (first day) (t.v.) atitíini become numb (body part) (i.v.) begin (for first time) (t.v.) sasɨ́ɨni namíini become old (man) (i.v.) begin to spoil (meat, fish) (i.v.) kumakusíini pakírasíini become old (woman) (i.v.) begin weaving (t.v.) nirikɨ́ɨni, kumaatíini titikɨ́ɨni become overgrown (garden) behave cheerfully (i.v.) juuma (i.v.) rikiitáani (i.v.) iwíini become pregnant behave in disgusting manner manajɨ́ɨni, mɨrɨ́ɨni (i.v.) suúkwara míini purma (i.v.) become rikiitáani (i.v.) kuwaajɨ́ɨni (i.v.) behave properly become skinny kisɨ́ɨni behind (postp.) =amásikaraata, (i.v.) become skittish niitinɨ́ɨni =namásikaraata (i.v.) become socially timid behind, following (postp.) sasɨ́ɨni =níwaji (i.v.) become thin kisɨ́ɨni belch (i.v.) nayajɨ́ɨni, nɨyajɨ́ɨni, (i.v.) become widow(er) nɨyɨjɨ́ɨni masiikúuni believe (t.v.) aríwatɨ́ɨni (n.) bedding makɨɨ́taaja believe mistakenly (t.v.) iiníini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 489 bell pepper, plant species bite

bell pepper, plant species (n.) Bertholletia excelsa, tree napɨki iísakwana species (n.) sajii Bell Wasp (n.) aasíyuuka beside (postp.) =siriku bellaco caspi, tree species (n.) beside (close proximity) suukúuwa (postp.) =sirikumaji belly button (n.) kuyaja beside (parallel and below) belly, exterior (n.) tanaka, tɨnɨkɨ (loc.postp.) sirikuma belly, have large (i.v.) beside (parallel and tanajɨɨtáani downriver) (loc.postp.) sirikuma belonging (n.) yáana beside (parallel) (loc.postp.) belonging to another (adj.) sirikuma kanɨɨrana betray by motion (i.v.) belongings (n.) miísana pujuniwɨɨtáani beloved thing or person (n.) between (loc.postp.) ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma nakarɨɨ́sana beverage (n.) raatisana (loc.postp.) below =isámaji, beverage, strongly karikuma intoxicating (n.) nakitaaka (postp.) below =karíira bifurcate (t.v.) rarɨɨjɨ́ɨni (loc.postp.) below (slightly) bifurcated, be (t.v.) jikútiitáani =isámajiita (adj.) ani, uumáana (loc.dem) big below, a little (there) big (adv.) aniita namíjiita big (guaba and shimbillo fruits) (postp.) =kari below, at edge of (adj.) karatina below, from (adv.) naamiiji big (relatively) (adj.) anijákwaa Bembix sp., wasp species (n.) biggest (adj.) iwítani íini bijao leaf vessel (n.) puriku bench (n.) ajirɨna, ijirɨna bijao leaf vessel, make (i.v.) bend (i.v.) riwakɨ́ɨni (t.v.) purikúuni bend riwakáani bijao (n.) (t.v.) , species of masiínaamɨ bend (multiple places) bijao (n.) riwakaajúuni , type of plant (i.v.) anakújumɨ, nakújumɨ bend (repeatedly) bijaoillo (n.) muyuunɨ́ɨni , plant species bend into circle (t.v.) atímuuti, timúuna, timúuni iíraana (n.) riwakatáani bile ipaja bend, of river (n.) amúriija Biotodoma cupido, fish species (n.) bent (adj.) riwana asúwaja, asuúkwaaja (n.) bent over (extensively), be bird (general term) siriija (n.) (i.v.) imujuutáani bird trap noose sawuuya bent over (upper part), be (i.v.) bird, species of (unidentified) (n.) imujúuni iyásiika imɨ́ɨni, níiya imɨ́ɨja, bent over, stand (i.v.) siritíini pururuuku, siwaanákaaja bentón, fish species (n.) rusaari bite (t.v.) sɨ́ɨni

490 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary bite (arthropod, snake) Blue-headed Parrot

bite (arthropod, snake) (t.v.) blink repeatedly (i.v.) asáani makɨsiniiwɨɨtáani bite repeatedly (t.v.) sɨɨ́nakíini blister (i.v.) ikáani bitter (adj.) ipana bloat (belly) (i.v.) ríini Bixa orellana, tree species (n.) block (t.v.) kuujúuni karásiika blocked (tubular object), be black (adj.) mɨɨ́nana, sapatina (i.v.) jaámanakɨ́ɨni Black Agouti, rodent species blocked partially (tubular (n.) muuti object), be (i.v.) kɨ́ɨni Black Caiman (n.) mɨɨ́nana siirɨ blood (n.) májaaka, naanaka Black Caiman variety (n.) siirɨ blood, coagulated or clotted ítɨɨnɨyáana, siirɨ tiririija (n.) nanati Black Caracara, bird species blood, suck (t.v.) sipɨ́ɨni (n.) siaámuri blossom (i.v.) iniisíini Black Hawk-Eagle, bird blow (breeze) (i.v.) apiraasiitáani, (n.) species maayitɨ́ɨsi junɨɨnɨɨkɨɨtáani (n.) Black Vulture pasúuja blow (exercise shamanic Black-bellied Cuckoo, bird power) (t.v.) aruukiitáani (n.) species asapáasi, sapáasi (i.v.) aruukíini (i.v.) blow (shamanic) blacken mɨnɨ́ɨni blow (wind) (i.v.) akirajɨɨtáani (t.v.) muunúuni blacken blow (with breath) (a.v.) núuni Blackfaced Antthrush, bird blow on repeatedly (t.v.) (n.) ijántuuja, nɨrímɨɨna species nuwaniijúuni siriija blow smoke on (shamanic) Black-fronted Nunbird, bird (a.v.) junɨ́ɨni species (n.) tawɨɨ́kiri blow strongly (wind) (i.v.) Black-headed Parrot (n.) akirajɨ́ɨni nɨɨrɨsɨ́wɨɨja blowfly (n.) sinakuni Black-necked Red-Cotinga, (n.) (n.) blowgun nimúuna bird species nɨ́sira, nɨ́siri, (n.) nɨ́sirɨ blowgun dart nawánɨɨna, bladder (n.) ísaasi nawɨ́nɨɨna Blancayumo Quebrada (prop.n.) blowgun dart poison (n.) Simakiyúumu ramúkwaa (i.v.) bland (adj.) iísaana blowgun dart, fire nimúuni (adj.) blanket (n.) maantáana blue nɨyana blaze path (i.v.) apiyɨ́ɨni, Blue Morpho, butterfly species (n.) apiyɨɨnɨ́ɨni múkuuti bleach (i.v.) sikitɨ́ɨni Blue-crowned Motmot, bird (n.) bleed (i.v.) majaakɨ́ɨni species imaka bleed animal (t.v.) sanitɨ́ɨni Blue-gray Tanager, bird (n.) blind (adj.) karijɨɨja species mɨ́riija blind (t.v.) karijúuni Blue-headed Parrot (n.) kuríkɨɨja

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 491 Blue-throated Piping-Guan Bottle Gourd Plant

Blue-throated Piping-Guan, bolsa mullaca, plant species bird species (n.) kuyɨ́ɨsi (n.) kúrija Blue-winged Parrotlet (n.) bombardier beetle, species of nɨrɨkɨkaaja, nɨrɨrɨkaaja (n.) paránaja blunt (adj.) tikina bombo, type of drum (n.) blunt tip (n.) aniáasi wúumpu blunt tip (t.v.) pirikáani bombonero, fly species (n.) blunt, become (i.v.) pirikɨ́ɨni sɨɨnakíriija, sɨɨnakɨ́raaja boa camote, creeper species bone (n.) niiki (n.) iyákuni katija, kurajaayɨ bone marrow (n.) asáriina, sáriina Boa constrictor, boa species bone, fracture (i.v.) nasikɨtɨtɨ́ɨni (n.) jaayɨ bones, gnaw or chew (t.v.) boa de altura, boa species (n.) sɨɨkíini jaayɨ bony (flesh) (adj.) niíkitina (n.) boa, legendary másiina book (n.) simiimɨ (n.) board irɨwɨ boquichico, fish species (n.) (n.) boat waatiiruu kaawaánaari Boat-billed Heron, bird border (loc.n.) iíyajina (n.) species wápapa (n.) bobona border íyaaji, iyáaji , palm or plantain pod bore hole (into decorative (n.) íniiki seed) (t.v.) taraasíini bocón con espada, fish species bored of, be (a.v.) iyájasíini (n.) ariyuukwaaja bored of, be (t.v.) samɨrɨ́ɨni bocón, fish species (n.) piruja bodily effluvia, hardened (n.) boring weevil (general term) (n.) siitíina, siitíini marakuja bosa (n.) wúusa kɨriija bodily grime (n.) sapakaka pitch bosa (n.) body (n.) náani , bee species wúusa patrón (n.) body cavity (oriented upward) boss ( ) paaturuu (n.) (n.) jinakuku Bot Fly (larva) tuútuuja (t.v.) body fat (n.) wíira bother mananúuni body odor (n.) muúsaka Bothrops atrox (adult), snake body odor, smelling of (adj.) species (n.) sajina muúsana Bothrops atrox (juvenile), body surface (n.) iíkuku snake species (n.) aminakíisi, body surface, something from minakíisi (n.) iíkukuuna Bothrops brazili, snake species (n.) boil (i.v.) iríini irúuna ijírataaka boil (t.v.) iritɨ́ɨni bottle gourd (n.) ipaaka bolaina, tree species (n.) ruutíina Bottle Gourd Plant, creeper bold one (person, animal) (n.) species (n.) ipaaja, ipaaka, tatɨni maatarɨnaaja

492 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Boulengerella cuvieri, fish species break off (plant shoot)

Boulengerella cuvieri, fish break (into pieces) (t.v.) species (n.) asa kukwáani Boulengerella sp., fish species break apart (Y-shape) (t.v.) (n.) aanaapáapa, puriki jikutáani bow (n.) waaríisita break bone (t.v.) nasikatatáani bow, fire (i.v.) riimɨ́ɨni break cleanly in two (slender bowl, clay (n.) manɨti, nɨɨri, object) (i.v.) tijakɨ́ɨni tamɨ́riija break cleanly in two (slender bow-legged (adj.) riwa anásiikina object) (t.v.) tijakáani (t.v.) box (n.) kaajuu break fighting spirit boy, teenage (n.) maníini maarijúuni (t.v.) boyfriend (n.) paajámaka, break hymen tawatáani paajámani break in two (rope-like object) (i.v.) boyfriend or girlfriend, aquire isikɨ́ɨni (t.v.) paajamaníini break in two (rope-like object) (t.v.) Brachyplatysoma isikáani filamentosum, fish species (n.) break in two (stick-like (i.v.) samúkwaamɨ object) masikɨ́ɨni, nasikɨ́ɨni (n.) íniiki break in two (stick-like object; bract (t.v.) Bradypus variegatus, sloth not clean break) masikáani, nasikáani, nɨsikáani species (n.) aaka káaji break in two, with parts braid (t.v.) siyaakíini remaining connected (t.v.) (n.) asáriina, sáriina brain masikatatáani, nasikatatáani (n.) aki branch (plant) break into pieces (i.v.) kukúuni (n.) branch (river) aki break into small pieces (i.v.) (i.v.) branch off ajikɨ́ɨni rapɨ́ɨni (t.v.) branch, remove akíkatáani break into small pieces (t.v.) (n.) branching part ájika rapíini branchy (tree) (adj.) akíkatina break joint (t.v.) sipatáani brave (adj.) kusiaamɨ break neck (i.v.) rikíjatɨ́ɨni Brazil Nut Tree (n.) sajii break neck (t.v.) rikíjatáani Brazilian Porcupine (n.) sikuja break off (branch) (i.v.) Brazilian Tapir (n.) pɨsɨkɨ akíkatɨ́ɨni brea caspi, tree species (n.) break off (bunch of palm fruit) sásana (i.v.) rikutɨ́ɨni break (i.v.) ajakuusíini break off (fruit, tuber) (i.v.) break (t.v.) ájakuusiijáani katɨ́ɨni break (by opening angle) (i.v.) break off (plant shoot) (i.v.) rikutɨ́ɨni rikíjatɨ́ɨni break (by opening angle) (t.v.) break off (plant shoot) (t.v.) rikutáani rikíjatáani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 493 break open (container, fruit) budding leaf

break open (container, fruit) Brosimum utile, tree species (i.v.) ijakɨ́ɨni (n.) sisiwɨ́ɨti break open (fork-shaped brother (female ego) (n.) ánani object) (t.v.) ajíkatáani brother (female ego, break open (palm bud) (i.v.) deceased) (n.) anániisana amatɨ́ɨni brother (female ego, vocative) break, with parts remaining (n.) aánaaja connected (i.v.) nasikɨtɨtɨ́ɨni brother (male ego) (n.) breaking branches, make aátamajani sound of (i.v.) isinɨɨkɨɨtáani brother (male ego, deceased) (n.) breast (n.) sipɨɨja aátamajániisana (n.) (n.) jipáani brother, younger niwájiina breast bone (n.) breastbone, remove (t.v.) brother-in-law (male ego) akúumi jipaanɨ́ɨni brother-in-law (male ego), breastbone, tip of (n.) jimɨɨsi obtain (t.v.) akuumíini breastfeed (i.v.) sipɨ́ɨni (t.v.) Brotogeris cyanoptera, bird breastfeed sipɨ́ɨni species (n.) sɨrɨ́kɨɨja (n.) breath júnɨɨna brow (n.) námikɨ (i.v.) breathe júnɨɨna iríini brown (plant) (i.v.) iwárɨɨtáani breeze (n.) akíraja Brown Capuchin, monkey breeze, blow (i.v.) apiraasiitáani species (n.) mɨɨnɨɨ bridge (n.) aarɨna, iniyana Brown-throated Three-toed bridge of nose (n.) najika Sloth (n.) aaka káaji nuútima Brugmansia sp., plant species briefly (adv.) nikákiika (n.) isúuna, saasakíkwaa, bright (adj.) kwaana saasakíkwaa iíraana (adj.) bring (t.v.) anitáani bruised (all over body) bristle (n.) kajasi mukwájatina (t.v.) bristles, grow new (i.v.) kajɨ́ɨni brush off nanuusíini (n.) broad (adj.) parina Brycon hilarii, fish species aaka íyuuri, aakɨ́yuuri broad, make (by flattening) Brycon melanopterus, fish (t.v.) parikaani species (n.) miyɨɨ́kɨɨri bromeliad, species of (n.) Brycon sp., fish species (n.) kakánaaka, nípaaki nɨɨti, rɨɨka sáawu minati (i.v.) (n.) bubble iríini bronchitis isija bubble (one after another) bronchitis, person suffering (i.v.) iriijɨ́ɨni (n.) from isijaati bubbles, produce (i.v.) irijɨɨtáani (n.) broom nanúusi buco golondrina, bird species Brosimum rubescens, tree (n.) amúwɨɨja species (n.) riyájɨɨ budding leaf (n.) amaki

494 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary buduqui, bird species Buteo magnirostris, bird species

buduqui, bird species (n.) imaka bulge upward (soil) (i.v.) bufeo cunchi, fish species (n.) puruujuutáani aana siiríkiija bump against (t.v.) kukúuni bufeo rumo, manioc variety bumpy (small lumps on (n.) aanákana surface) (adj.) purújatina bufeo shimbillo, tree species bunch (fruit) (n.) aasi (n.) aana aamuutakáana, aana bunch of palm fruits, break off támuu (i.v.) rikutɨ́ɨni (n.) buffoon (n.) siwaarákana bundle (tied) íjiija (t.v.) Bufo margaritifer (typhonius), bundle (tied), make ijíini (n.) toad species (n.) kukwanárasi, bundle (wrapped) ípuki (t.v.) kukwanaati bundle (wrapped), make Bufo marinus, toad species (n.) ipukíini irapay (n.) túruu bundle of leaves ikija (loc.n.) Bug, Dragon-headed (n.) kuni burial place jimuúkujina (i.v.) pakɨti burn itɨ́ɨni, karɨ́ɨni (t.v.) (n.) aniita burn itúuni bug-eyed person (i.v.) namijana burn (fire) núuni (adj.) build (t.v.) míini burning, poorly (wood) sasana build fence or wall (t.v.) burnt-smelling (adj.) rarana tanakíini burp (i.v.) nayajɨ́ɨni, nɨyajɨ́ɨni, build house (i.v.) iitɨ́ɨni nɨyɨjɨ́ɨni (t.v.) build house frame burrow (n.) aráaku aamaakúuni Burrowing Flea, insect species build house with palm thatch (n.) rɨ́tija (i.v.) roof ijawɨɨtíini burst (i.v.) ijakɨ́ɨni (t.v.) build up edge namikɨ́ɨni bury (t.v.) jimúuni bujurqui amarillo , fish species bury (deceased person) (t.v.) (n.) asúwaja, asuúkwaaja jimúuni bujurqui bocón, fish species (n.) Bush Dog (n.) aariwa táasa Bushmaster, Amazon (snake bujurqui hacha vieja, fish species) (n.) siuusiúupi species (n.) imakwaaja busybody (n.) waarata kaaya bujurqui negro, fish species (n.) aatiáana maniákaaja but (grammatical clitic) =kija bujurqui volador, fish species “but what about me?” (interj.) (n.) siísiiri kiiwaja bujurqui-type fish, species of butcher animal (remove (n.) ijáwɨɨja, iyasúuri, muuti limbs) (t.v.) titaakíini asúwaja, naásiraaja, saatiija, Buteo magnirostris, bird sɨriaánaaja, wasiáraja species (n.) awíraaja

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 495 butterfly (general term) by the end

butterfly (general term) (n.) pakɨti buttock (n.) jaakika, jaakiwa buttress root (n.) animɨ butt-wiper (n.) pɨɨ́taki buy (t.v.) masɨ́ɨni by oneself (adv.) taamaárika by the end (postp.) =iíkwaji

496 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary callana, clay bowl

Cabassous unicinctus, Caiman, Spectacled (n.) armadillo species (n.) iísuuja musútina siirɨ, taasíita siirɨ cacao, variety of (n.) kajikúuna, caimitillo de supay chacra, tree kaakáawu, páari kajikúuna species (n.) ikwaniáasi cachabota avispa, wasp species caimitillo del monte, tree (n.) siaaruwa ajápaka species (n.) saati Cacicus cela, bird species (n.) caimito, tree species (n.) siaruuja kaimíitu, kaiimíita Cacique, Yellow-rumped (bird Cairina moschata, bird species species) (n.) siaruuja (n.) aaka páatu cackle (i.v.) sataakɨ́ɨni cake, manioc (n.) kúnɨɨri cadaver (n.) jiimaaki Calathea allouia, plant species cafesillo, tree species (n.) (n.) siiríkiija puujáana Calathea spp., bijao, type of Cahuarano, closely related plant (n.) anakújumɨ, nakújumɨ ethnic group (n.) Aámuuwáaja calf (leg) (n.) tapuja caibro, slanting roof pole (n.) call (Black-Fronted Nunbird) ápiika (i.v.) tɨɨ́yuukwáani caiman (general term) (n.) siirɨ call (roosters, toucans, (i.v.) Caiman crocodilus, caiman monkeys, etc.) wɨɨrɨ́ɨni species (n.) musútina siirɨ, taasíita call (use name or term) (a.v.) siirɨ ɨ́ɨni Caiman niger, Black Caiman call effeminate or timid (t.v.) (n.) mɨɨ́nana siirɨ sásaakáani, tarakɨɨtíini Caiman niger, Black Caiman call repeatedly (d.v.) anɨɨkúuni (variety of) (n.) siirɨ ítɨɨnɨyáana, call someone lazy (t.v.) siirɨ tiririija iyújaakáani, iyújuukwáani Caiman, Black (n.) mɨɨ́nana siirɨ call to (a.v.) anɨ́ɨni Caiman, Black (variety) (n.) callana avispa, wasp species siirɨ ítɨɨnɨyáana, siirɨ tiririija (n.) jiiti Caiman, Smooth-fronted (n.) callana, clay bowl (n.) manɨti, aasamu siirɨ nɨɨri, tamɨ́riija

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 497 Calliandra angustifolia, tree species Capuchin, Brown

Calliandra angustifolia, tree candle, copal (n.) siipíiwa species (n.) asinaja candle, wax (n.) wiíraaki Callicebus moloch cupreus, cane, wild (species of) (n.) (n.) monkey species iráaku, miyajáana, mɨyajáana sɨɨ́maaku canero, fish species (n.) kaníiru calling place (loc.n.) anɨɨ́kujina canine tooth (n.) iika ápiika calm (character trait) (adj.) paapana Canis familiaris, domesticated dog (n.) mɨyaara calm (pain) (i.v.) sasɨɨtáani (n.) calm down (t.v.) amikaajúuni canoe iímina Calophyllum brasiliense, tree canoe, construct (i.v.) iiminɨ́ɨni species (n.) siirɨ náana canoe, get in (i.v.) juwɨ́ɨni Calycophyllum spruceanum, canoe, rotten (n.) pukiku tree species (n.) kwarákiina canoe, submerge (t.v.) saráani calzón panga (n.) , palm species cap (fruit) (n.) akusi pasɨɨmɨ capillejo (n.) camote blanca basket, type of iipɨɨ , plant species ímaaja (n.) musútina katija capillejo basket, weave (i.v.) camote de ayahuasca, plant (n.) taniikɨ́ɨni species aákuta katija capillejo (n.) camote, plant species (n.) katija , type of basket camotillo, creeper species (n.) taniika capirona (n.) iyákuni katija, kurajaayɨ , tree species campana avispa, wasp species kwarákiina (n.) aasíyuuka capitari, type of turtle (n.) Campephilus melanoleucos, tanɨ́yaaja bird species (n.) panasi Capito auratus, bird species camping spot (loc.n.) makɨ́rajina (n.) tiriku Campsiandra sp., tree species Capsicum anuum, plant species (n.) waakapuuráana (n.) napɨki iísakwana Campylorhamphus Capsicum frutescens, plant trochilirostris, bird species (n.) species (n.) napɨki tɨɨ́yuukwáani Capsicum sp. (variedad), plant camu camu (n.) , plant species species (n.) makusáari kwarákiija Capsicum sp., plant species (n.) (t.v.) can paríini míisi jíina, siwirinaaja caña brava, plant species (n.) capsize (i.v.) sarɨ́ɨni, takɨtɨ́ɨni miyajáana, mɨyajáana (t.v.) cañagre, plant species (n.) capture kasiráani (t.v.) atímɨɨna capture with hand net candela caspi, tree species (n.) maakɨɨsíini, maasíini iinamináana Capuchin, Brown (monkey candiru, fish species (n.) kaníiru species) (n.) mɨɨnɨɨ

498 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Capuchin, White-fronted cast fishing line with rod

Capuchin, White-fronted carry on back (t.v.) ániitáani (monkey species) (n.) jaákaa, carry on shoulder (t.v.) jaakáana, kwaata kariyáana, ariikuutáani wásiamɨ, waasiaárika carry with tumpline (t.v.) Capybara (n.) kapíwari ániikíini Caracara, Red-throated (bird carry with tumpline (multiple species) (n.) tatákuwa people) (t.v.) ániikitúuni Caracara, Yellow-headed or carry with tumpline Black (bird species) (n.) (pluractional) (t.v.) aniikiitúuni siaámuri cartilage (n.) sasakaraawɨ caracha , type of skin disease cartridge (n.) wáara (n.) sɨrika, sɨrikaka carve (layers) (t.v.) kaajáani, carachama (n.) , type of fish kijáani waáyuuri Caryodendron orinocense, tree carachama -type fish, species of species (n.) mujinana (n.) aasamu waáyuuri, waáyuuri cascabel (n.) carachupa avispa , snake species , wasp species aminakíisi, minakíisi (n.) iísuuja ajápaka cascajo (n.) carachupa uza , sedimentary rock , mosquito kanɨ́wɨɨja, kanúwɨɨja, sikiáaja sawija (n.) species iísuuja ánaasi cascarillo, tree species (n.) carahuasca de altura, tree (n.) pukíraati species tamarásina, casha cushillo, porcupine tamarásiti, taramásiti species (n.) sikuja carahuasca, type of tree (n.) cashapona, palm species (n.) sakana, tuuku púuna, tatɨɨ carahuasca-type tree, species cashasa, distilled sugarcane of (n.) kaasimajáana alcohol (n.) kaasiáasa Caraipa densifolia, tree species (n.) (n.) sásana cashew, tree species (n.) maraniuu, miiti care nakusíini cashirí (n.) (t.v.) kariiníini , tree species kasirii care for Cashirimo Quebrada (prop.n.) care for dying person (t.v.) Kasiríimu iwarɨtɨ́ɨni cashorro de quebrada care for eggs (i.v.) imáani , fish (n.) care for woman giving birth species aasamu sisa cashorro (t.v.) kutɨɨtɨ́ɨni -type fish, species of (n.) Carica papaya, tree species (n.) nunáani sisa, sisa, taasíita sisa (n.) paapáayɨ Cassia alata, plant species carioca, chicken lacking neck ritáamɨ feathers (n.) kariyúuka cast fishing line repeatedly (i.v.) carry in arms (t.v.) kisijuutáani majániiwɨɨtáani carry in sling (t.v.) kisijuutáani cast fishing line with rod (i.v.) carry multiple loads (t.v.) itɨ́ɨni majaatáani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 499 cast harmful spell celebration of welcome

cast harmful spell (t.v.) caught, get (in trap, on fish simɨráani hook) (i.v.) imáani cast lure (i.v.) paraanɨ́ɨni cauldron (n.) piirúura castaña, tree species (n.) sajii caulla lisa, fish species (n.) Castilla Quebrada (prop.n.) iínuunaki Tiriikuskaanayúumu caura, tree species (n.) Castilla ulei, tree species (n.) sápuuraati káawsi cause pain (t.v.) anasɨɨtɨ́ɨni castrate (t.v.) kaapaasíini cause to err (t.v.) maarijúuni cat (domestic) (n.) míisi cause, without (adv.) taama cat, wild (general term) (n.) caution (n.) nakusíini mɨyaara Cavanillesia umbellata, tree cat, wild (spotted, smaller; species (n.) ruupúuna aákusana general term) (n.) kuuja cavity, in tree (n.) pápana catahua, tree species (n.) cease (an action) (t.v.) kitɨ́ɨni katáawa cease undesirable behavior cataract-eyed (adj.) kasi namijana (i.v.) inɨ́ɨni catch (prey) (t.v.) kasiráani Cebuella pygmaea, monkey caterpillar (of Inga sp. trees) species (n.) aayijiija (n.) támuu imɨ́ɨni Cebus albifrons, monkey caterpillar (of shiringa tree) species (n.) jaákaa, jaakáana, (n.) siiríinka imɨ́ɨni kwaata kariyáana, wásiamɨ, caterpillar (stinging), species waasiaárika of (n.) juúmɨyɨ, karijɨ́ɨsi, káaji, kɨ́jɨsi Cebus apella, monkey species caterpillar, edible (general (n.) mɨɨnɨɨ term) (n.) jiinaka, jiinakaníini Cecropia spp., type of tree (n.) caterpillar, species of (n.) narati asúraaja imɨ́ɨni, takɨtíini, takɨtɨ́ɨni Cedrela odorata, tree species caterpillar, stinging (general (n.) kɨyaáwina, kɨyaawina term) (n.) kɨ́jɨsi Cedrelinga cataneiformis, tree catfish, type of (n.) rakáani, species (n.) amánaati rɨkáani cedro, tree species (n.) Cathartes aura, bird species kɨyaáwina, kɨyaawina (n.) nɨɨtamu aákusa kariyáana Ceiba samauma, tree species Cathartes melambrotus, bird (n.) nawánaati species (n.) nɨɨtamu Ceiba sp., tree species (n.) catridge wadding (n.) táaku mísiaa, ruupúuna cattle (n.) waka celebration for new household caucho masha, tree species (n.) (n.) rariika tipakɨɨti celebration of welcome (n.) caucho, tree species (n.) káawsi tasíyaaka

500 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary celebration, menarche change position

celebration, menarche (n.) chacruna, for magic visions (n.) kajíini kaaya nikiiti Celeus flavus, bird species (n.) chacruna, plant species músati (variety of) (n.) asapɨ́ɨti, aákɨsiiti, cemetery (loc.n.) jimuúkujina aamuuniíraana, kiaájaati, center (n.) ɨɨ́jakúura kukwanaati, maasaati, nakimɨ́ɨti, center (of surface) (n.) ɨɨjɨɨ́jina nɨrimɨɨ́tari, nɨsinɨɨ́tari, paasiiti, center of, at (exact) (postp.) sapatiki, simɨraati, siinítaari chacruna (n.) =ɨɨjɨɨ́jina , type of plant center of, in (loc.postp.) jíritijina mɨɨ́mɨɨti (n.) ajirɨna, ijirɨna (n.) ɨ́ɨja chair center, hard (adj.) centipede, type of insect (n.) chalky (flavor) sakana chambira cord (from undried sásɨɨti (n.) (n.) fiber) kámiiyɨ ceramic vessel paajanáaku, chambira (n.) tiínaaja cord bundle májuuku ceramic vessel, base of (n.) chambira cord, skein of (n.) namija iniyuusi Ceratopogonidae sp., insect chambira (n.) fruit harvester, species sikíraja (n.) cesto tamshi (n.) legendary snake pájaati , liana species nakutáana, pájaati rikutáana sisikɨyɨ chambira palm fiber (n.) kanuu Cestrum hediondinum, plant chambira palm fronds, new (n.) (n.) pasúuja naamɨ species kámiiyɨ cetico (n.) , type of tree narati chambira palm leaf, strip fiber chacarero (n.) , gardener from (t.v.) amitáani, rikatáani nasiwáani chambira palm, fruit of (n.) Chachalaca, Speckled (bird apájaati, pájaati (n.) species) kwaátaraku Chambira River (prop.n.) chacra (t.v.) perimeter, mark Nɨɨkamúumu iyɨɨtáani, iyuutáani chambira rope or cord (n.) iniyɨ chacra pests, medicinal plant chambira, palm species (n.) (n.) to prevent anajúuti nɨɨ́kamɨ chacra, make (i.v.) nasíini chambirina, fish species (n.) chacra, old (n.) mákisi nɨɨ́kamɨ chacra, set alight (t.v.) ikatáani champal, area of leaf litter (n.) chacra, swidden garden (n.) sásakɨ nasi chancaca, unrefined solid chacra-burning minga, manioc sugar (n.) siaankáaka beer for (n.) itúyaaka change (quality of object) (t.v.) chacra-burning, minga for (n.) kuwitɨ́ɨni itúyaaka change position (i.v.) iniwɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 501 Channel-billed Toucan children (non-possessed)

Channel-billed Toucan, bird chest (surface) (loc.n.) jirítijina, species (n.) siáaru, siaarúuki jirítikajina chant (n.) ariwáani Chestnut-eared Araçari, bird chapear, strain with hand (t.v.) species (n.) apisɨ puríini chew (t.v.) sakɨ́ɨni chapo, sweet plantain drink chew manioc beer mash (t.v.) (n.) púriija itipíini Characidae, type of fish (n.) chew up bones (t.v.) sɨɨkíini nɨyari chew with full mouth (i.v.) characteristic, change (t.v.) pajíini kuwitɨ́ɨni chewed manioc beer mash (n.) charapilla, chili pepper variety itipiáaka (n.) siwirinaaja chicha de maíz, corn beer (n.) charapilla, tree species (n.) síwaaka ɨɨmana chicharra machaco, insect charcoal (n.) nɨ́siija species (n.) kuni pakɨti charichuelo, tree species (n.) Chichlid sp., fish species (n.) majuu táasa Chartergus chartarius, wasp chick, lacking feathers (n.) species (n.) aasíyuuka niríyuuja chat up (member of opposite chicken (n.) kaakáraaja sex) (t.v.) kuwasiitáani chicken, breed of (n.) siaákisi check on (t.v.) karíini, nikíini chicle huayo, tree species (n.) check over (t.v.) saminiijúuni sapaánuuti cheek (n.) amúuku chicua, bird species (n.) cheer up (i.v.) juúmaasíini asapáasi, sapáasi (n.) cheerful (adj.) juúmana chief áapu, kuuráaka cheerful, become (i.v.) chigger (general term) (n.) juúmaasíini aákusaja Chelidoptera tenebrosa, bird child (any age) (n.) maaya, mɨra species (n.) amúwɨɨja child (vocative) (n.) máaya Chelonoidis carbonaria and child (vocative, affectionate) Chelonoidis denticulata, (n.) máa tortoise species (n.) nakikuuja child (young) (n.) maaya Chelus fimbriatus, turtle child, female (n.) niyiti species (n.) maataamáata child, male (n.) niyini Chesnut-headed Crake, bird child, small (n.) maayaarika species (n.) siíturu childhood (n.) maayaarika chest (general term) (loc.n.) childless person (n.) maayitɨ́ɨsi jirítijina, jirítikajina children (non-possessed) (n.) chest (interior) (n.) jiritikúura mɨrajaarika

502 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary children, person who loses multiple circle, go in

children, person who loses chopped manioc (for manioc multiple (n.) maayitɨ́ɨsi beer) (n.) maánakaja, suúrukuuja chili pepper (general term) (n.) choque de aire, type of evil napɨki spirit (n.) pɨɨta káaniu chili pepper, apply to (animal, Chrysophyllum bombycinum, person) (t.v.) napɨ́ɨni tree species (n.) jitúuna chili pepper, spice with (t.v.) Chrysophyllum caimito, tree (n.) napɨ́ɨni species kaimíitu, kaiimíita (n.) Chrysophyllum sanguinolentum, chili pepper, variety of (n.) makusáari, míisi jíina, siwirinaaja tree species taasíita waaráata Chimarris glabriflora, tree Chrysophyllum ulei, tree species (n.) jitúuna species (n.) asa amúuku chimicua Chrysophyllum venezuelanense, -type tree, species of (n.) (n.) tree species riyɨɨti kɨraájuuna, mɨyaara chubby, healthy baby (n.) titikaaríina, mɨyitina, nakikuuja nɨɨkika titikaaríina, namikúuna, piritíina, chuchu rumo, manioc variety sipatɨ́ɨna (n.) sipɨɨjákana chinche (n.) , type of insect chuchuhuasi, plant species (n.) napɨnija siuusiuuwáasi chingonga (n.) , tree species chullachaqui caspi, tree species sisiwɨ́ɨti (n.) suníina chip, wood (n.) iniisi chupo bucal, infection of chiriclés, bird species (n.) salivary glands (n.) páasi ípuusi nɨɨrɨsɨ́wɨɨja churo, snail species (n.) ajuuka Chironius spp., type of snake cicada, species of (n.) kapɨsiiti, (n.) awásɨɨyɨ sɨɨrɨɨ́tɨɨja, taniwɨ́ɨni Chloroceryle spp., bird species Cichla monoculus, fish species (n.) asi (n.) awáara choke on (sharp object) (i.v.) Cichla spp., type of fish (n.) kɨ́ɨni awáara (n.) choke on food (i.v.) jaámanakɨ́ɨni Cichlidae spp., type of fish nujija Choloepus didactylus, sloth cielo pihuicho (n.) káaji, wásiuuja , parrotlet species (n.) cholon-cholon, bird species (n.) species nɨrɨkɨkaaja, nɨrɨrɨkaaja siíruuyáaku Cinereous Tinamou, bird species (n.) mɨ́yaki, sɨɨka chontaquiro, tree species (n.) circle (n.) niíniiti jinakuna, pɨyarúuna (t.v.) (t.v.) circle, bend into choose jaritáani riwakatáani (t.v.) chop sajíini circle, coil in (rope-like chop and peel manioc (t.v.) object) (t.v.) riwasikaajúuni anakujúuni circle, go in (i.v.) takɨtɨtɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 503 circle, make clouds, red (at sunset)

circle, make (i.v.) muriyúuni cleared land, area of (n.) circular shape, form (i.v.) kamarɨ́ɨta muriyúuni clearly (easily visible) (adv.) circumference, this (dem.) kwaata iitiirakumaana cleave off (i.v.) titɨɨtɨ́ɨni Cissopis leveriana, bird species Clibadium sp., plant species (n.) mɨjika (n.) waka city (loc.n.) iitakajina Clidemia hirta, plant species (n.) claw (n.) awaku, kúwaku kúrija (i.v.) claw repeatedly (t.v.) tasínakíini climb maakáani (n.) clay (n.) tipáaka climbing tree iyúuna (n.) clay bowl (n.) manɨti, tamɨ́riija climbing, means of iskaníira, maakánaaja clay pot (for steaming (i.v.) (n.) kapíjiisi cling to surface tiitɨ́ɨni manioc) (n.) (n.) clitoris támuja clay pot or vessel iniyaasi, (n.) niíyaasi clitoris, exposed pisiaari close (object with aligned clay pot, make (i.v.) kusíini edges) (t.v.) pakiitáani clay pot, with tamshi netting close (open wound) (i.v.) kapɨ́ɨni (n.) paajanáaku close eyes (i.v.) makɨsiitáani clay vessel, make with coil close hole (in weave) (t.v.) method (t.v.) tiniijúuni kɨsɨríini clay, prepare (to make close opening (t.v.) iijúuni pottery) (t.v.) paniijúuni close together (adj.) minana clayey soil (n.) tipáaka close together, place (t.v.) tɨ́ɨni clayey soil areas, Iquito (i.v.) (prop.n.) close up (at edges) subgroups of pakiitɨ́ɨni Tipaákajuuri close up (cut) (t.v.) sipɨɨtɨ́ɨni clean oneself (after close up (opening) (i.v.) kapɨ́ɨni defecating) (i.v.) pɨ́ɨni (n.) closed up (e.g. flower, cleaner (personal) pɨɨ́taki drawstring) (adj.) itiyɨki (adj.) clear (of vegetation) clot (blood) (i.v.) nanatíini kwaana cloth (general term) (n.) sinaakɨ clear area (due to tree fall) cloth, rubberize (t.v.) tipúuni (loc.n.) akiriítajina, akirɨɨ́tajina clothes (n.) sinaakɨ (loc.n.) clear area around house clothes, put on (i.v.) sinaakɨ́ɨni pakariku clothes, take off (t.v.) titáani (n.) clear area or space kwaaki clotted (blood) (adj.) nanatina (t.v.) clear fallow garden clotted blood (n.) nanati majáani cloud (n.) anajaka (a.v.) clear land kamaráani clouds, red (at sunset) (n.) clear throat (i.v.) íjaanɨ́ɨni nawarɨ́ɨni

504 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary cloudy and sunny, alternate between comb

cloudy and sunny, alternate Coendou prehensilis, porcupine between (i.v.) mɨ́nɨɨkɨɨtáani species (n.) sikuja cloudy, partly (be) (i.v.) coffin (n.) kaajuu suriitáani cogollo, immature palm frond cluck (laying hen) (i.v.) (n.) amaki járaakatáani coil (rope-like object) (t.v.) clustered tightly (adj.) minana riwakaajúuni, tamakaajúuni coagulate (blood) (i.v.) nanatíini coil in circle (rope-like object) coagulated (blood) (adj.) (t.v.) riwasikaajúuni nanatina coil in figure-eight (rope-like coagulated blood (n.) nanati object) (t.v.) riwasikúuni (i.v.) coal, hot (n.) nɨ́siija coil oneself riwasikɨɨjɨ́ɨni cojón huayo (n.) Coati, South American (n.) kamɨ , tree species Coati, South American kujúnii cola de caballo (variety) (n.) naki páraaka , reed species (n.) cob, corn (n.) siwɨɨ́taamɨ kawáayɨ aniáasi, nawɨyinakaaja cola de veranero Cobalt-winged Parakeet (n.) , type of knot (n.) sɨrɨ́kɨɨja masɨ́yaja iíwaasi (n.) cold (adj.) sɨɨmɨɨ́tina Coccloba sp., tree species (n.) namii, nípaaki namii cold sɨɨmɨɨsíini (n.) coccyx (n.) iríiku cold (illness) saputi (i.v.) sɨɨmɨɨsíini Cocha Cunimaja (n.) Kunímaaja cold, feel Cocha Whiptail, lizard species collaborative activity, (n.) akúmari (n.) anakwáasa oganizer of collapse (riverbank) (i.v.) Cochlearius cochlearius, bird titɨɨtɨ́ɨni species (n.) wápapa Collared Peccary (n.) kaasi cock (gun) (t.v.) riimúuni, ríini collect (t.v.) juntaasíini cock (lacking tail) (n.) collide (i.v.) jimɨɨtɨ́ɨni rankuríina collide (t.v.) jíwɨɨtáani cockroach (general term) (n.) collide with (t.v.) kukúuni iísuuja colmena (n.) bee (and hive and cock’s spur tirija, tiiriwa (n.) iwaana coco (n.) honey) , opening in weave color, add (t.v.) naamúuni namija color, lose (i.v.) sikitɨ́ɨni cocona (n.) , plant species ikaja Colossoma macropomum, fish cocona , plant species (variety species (n.) matu (n.) of) siirɨ íkaja colpa, salt lick (n.) raati cocona (n.) , species of sipatɨ́ɨna Columbina talpacoti, bird coconilla (n.) , plant species species (n.) mɨ́yaaja kúrija, paaríkwana column, get in (i.v.) atɨɨtɨ́ɨni (n.) cocoon kíyuuka comb (n.) imɨɨ́taari cocoon, form (i.v.) kiyuukúuni comb (t.v.) imɨɨtáani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 505 come cooking oil

come (i.v.) aníini conejito, plant species (n.) come down (i.v.) juwɨ́ɨni ikwasimɨ, kwasimɨ “come here!” (imperative) conjunctivitis (n.) karijákika, (interj.) anímaa karijɨ́kika come loose (i.v.) titɨ́ɨni consciousness, lose (i.v.) iísikɨ́ɨni come off (branch) (i.v.) akíkatɨ́ɨni constantly (adv.) sámɨɨra come off (grains, seeds) (i.v.) constipation, suffer from (i.v.) jarɨ́ɨni puusɨ́ɨni come off (large cross-section) construct dugout canoe (i.v.) (i.v.) titɨɨtɨ́ɨni iiminɨ́ɨni (i.v.) come to an end (i.v.) pɨyɨ́ɨni construct house iitɨ́ɨni come with (someone) (t.v.) construct hunting platform (i.v.) anitáani aamaakúuni (t.v.) command (d.v.) íyaakitáani construct palmwood floor commit error (t.v.) maárijɨ́ɨni tatɨɨkúuni commit incest (i.v.) amusíini construct temporary shelter (i.v.) commit sexual transgression mɨyitíini (t.v.) kanɨɨrɨ míini construct tree-felling platform (t.v.) Common Opossum (n.) múrina iyuukíini Common Paurarque, bird consume a great deal, insist that someone (t.v.) jiipúuni species (n.) tiimɨya consume excessively (t.v.) Common Potoo, bird species jɨyɨɨsíini (n.) paani conta, palm species (n.) companion (n.) kujímani kaatiríina companion spirit (of shaman) contract (i.v.) rɨrɨkɨ́ɨni (n.) káani contract and wrinkle (i.v.) complete (planting garden) (t.v.) jipɨkɨ́ɨni kapúuni (t.v.) (t.v.) contradict sɨɨtáani complete (task) pɨyáani contribute food or beverage to complete planting manioc (t.v.) aakúuni (t.v.) an event asuukíini control, lose (emotional) (i.v.) complete task (obliged by siwaaraasíini (t.v.) another) aratiinɨ́ɨni, converse (i.v.) saakɨ́ɨni, saanúuni paataasíini cook (by boiling) (i.v.) kapíini (adv.) completely jaari cook (general term) (i.v.) kapíini (t.v.) compress plant matter cook (general term) (t.v.) kimakáani jitiitáani (i.v.) concave shape, have cooked (well), be (i.v.) mɨjɨ́ɨni purikuutáani cooked manioc (n.) aákuuja (t.v.) concave, make cooking fire (n.) iinami purikuutaníini cooking fire, start (i.v.) itaakúuni (n.) concavity in surface kíyɨɨna cooking oil (n.) aasɨ́ɨti

506 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary cooking paddle cousin

cooking paddle (n.) samírɨɨwɨ corneta avispa, wasp species cooking pot, remove from fire (n.) tiniikaka, tiniikani (t.v.) ɨɨ́tatáani corpse (n.) jiimaaki cool (adj.) sɨɨmɨɨ́tina corral (n.) tánaki cool down (i.v.) sɨɨmɨɨsiitáani, corral, build (t.v.) tanakíini suúkuutáani corvina, fish species (n.) cool down (t.v.) suúkuutaníini sawijaari copal candle or torch (n.) Corydoras multiradiatus, fish siipíiwa species (n.) suukwariija copal, tree species (n.) kuupáara, Corydoras sp., fish species (n.) sɨrɨ́ɨti sukwanaaja copula, locative (i.v.) iwíini cosho, make (t.v.) kimakɨ́ɨni Coragyps atratus, bird species cosho, tahuarí bark trough (n.) (n.) pasúuja kimakɨ Coral Snake (general term) (n.) cost (d.v.) iyakuuraanɨ́ɨni, nɨsikáriiyɨ iyikuuraanɨ́ɨni Corallus hortulanus, snake Costus erythrocoryne, plant species (n.) pájaati nakutáana species (n.) atímɨɨna cord (n.) iiyɨɨ Cotinga, Black-necked Red cord bundle, chambira (n.) (bird species) (n.) nɨ́sira, nɨ́siri, májuuku nɨ́sirɨ cord, chambira (n.) iniyɨ coto huayo, tree species (n.) cord, undried chambira fiber aarúwiiti (n.) kámiiyɨ coto pashaco, tree species (n.) Corixidae spp., type of water iipɨɨ táraati insect (n.) aaka sikwanaja cotolo-type fish, species of (n.) corkscrew shape, have (i.v.) aatiaáruuki, iyásiikwaaja, mɨtɨni, tamakɨ́ɨni muwanaaja, muukúruuja, Cormorant, Neotropic (bird ruutiaákɨɨja, waatísɨɨja species) (n.) kusiúuri cotton (plant) (n.) arakutuu, corn (general term) (n.) aramáasi, ramáasi, sɨwɨ sakaáruuki, siíkiraja cotton thread (n.) arakutuu, corn (green), ear of (n.) káraaki aramáasi, ramáasi corn and manioc beer (n.) siirɨ Couepia dolichopoda, tree corn beer (n.) síwaaka species (n.) kwarana corn cob (n.) siwɨɨ́taamɨ cough (i.v.) isiinɨ́ɨni corn dish (tamal, humita) (n.) could (t.v.) paríini kúsɨɨti Couma macrocarpa, tree corn husks (n.) síwaamɨ species (n.) anuuti corn meal (n.) imuja count (t.v.) sanitáani corn, variety of (n.) kajíyaaki coup-de-grace, deliver (t.v.) corner (n.) iríkumaji imaniijúuni corner, go to (i.v.) irikɨ́ɨni cousin (n.) kuuna

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 507 cousin (archaic) cricket nest

cousin (archaic) (n.) mɨɨniáaja craving for soil, plant to cure cousin (deceased) (n.) (n.) ipakanɨ́ɨna kuunɨɨ́sana crawl (t.v.) takumíini cousin (vocative) (n.) aakuuna, crazy person (n.) siwaara, aakuuníita siwaaraa cover (insects) (t.v.) rúruutáani Cream-colored Woodpecker (n.) cover (lid) (n.) iijuútaaja músati (t.v.) cover (with fabric) (t.v.) iijúuni create míini (n.) aasamu cover cultigen roots (t.v.) púuni creek creek (with aguaje grove cover hole or opening (t.v.) source) (n.) nɨɨsikayúumu kapúuni creek, name of (prop.n.) cover opening (with rigid Apítamu, Awíraamu, Aakamáana, material) (t.v.) iijúuni Aaniáamu, Ikwaniaasiyúumu, (t.v.) cover with soot anajúuni Kasiríimu, Kuyɨɨsiyúumu, covered with substance, Mákisiyúumu, Míriiyúumu, completely (adj.) iíyuu Mɨyaaráamu, Mujariyúumu, covertly (adv.) náwɨɨta Niíyaamu, Nuríyɨyúumu, cow (n.) waka Simakiyúumu, Simaaniyúumu, coward (n.) kɨɨrɨɨyáana Tiriikuskaanayúumu (n.) cowardly (adj.) sasana creek, sandy jɨɨka yúumu (n.) Cowbird, Giant (n.) apɨ́ɨsi, pɨ́ɨsi creek, turbid tipaákayúumu, tipaakáamu (n.) iíjinaari co-wife (i.v.) (n.) creep takúmiikwáani crab (general term) (n.) amákɨɨja, mákɨɨja creeper, species of (n.) jimákaayɨ, kuni iíkaka crack (gap) aríkuma (n.) (i.v.) Crenicichla sp., fish species crack (sound) isinɨ́ɨni jinɨ́ɨka, narapu, nɨɨrapɨ, sakatiika (i.v.) crack (split) ijakɨ́ɨni Crescentia cujete, tree species crack open (i.v.) ijakɨɨtáani (n.) samaku, timáriija crack partially (i.v.) nɨɨkɨtɨ́ɨni crest (feather, hair, bristle) crackling sound in sky (n.) (n.) paráana juúmɨyɨ crest (fleshy) (n.) simiiti crackling sound, with (adv.) crest (tapir) (n.) simiiti kɨrɨkɨ́kɨta crest, remove (t.v.) simiitíini Crake, Chestnut-headed (bird Crested Forest Toad (n.) species) (n.) siíturu kukwanárasi, kukwanaati cramp, muscle (n.) kurɨ́ɨsi Crested Owl (n.) iyúuku, yúuku crash (t.v.) jíwɨɨtáani crevice (gap) (n.) aríkuma crave soil (anemia) (i.v.) cricket (general term) (n.) sɨriki ipákanɨ́ɨni cricket nest (n.) sɨriki sikaaja

508 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Cricket, Mole cumala de altura, tree species

Cricket, Mole (n.) iika súniija, cry of severe pain (interj.) iikanásuuja, kwáani akɨríija Crimson Masked Tanager, bird cry of severe pain species (n.) nasipánaaja (self-pitying) (interj.) akɨriíjanii Crimson-crested Woodpecker cry repeatedly (i.v.) sawɨɨkúuni (n.) panasi cry repeatedly (for deceased crisneja, woven panel of person) (i.v.) jimuukúuni (n.) thatch iitaari cry, at time of death (interj.) ákɨɨ crisnejas (t.v.) , remove titatáani crybaby (n.) suúkwara (t.v.) criticize (another person) sawɨɨ́kuuyáana, suúkwara aríini saapiáana crooked (adj.) riwana (adv.) Crypturellus cinereus, bird crookedly ríwaata species (n.) mɨ́yaki, sɨɨka crop (organ of birds) (n.) tɨ́nɨɨja (n.) Crypturellus soui, bird species crop (organ of fish) ípuusi (n.) naki imɨ́ɨni siriija, sarámaaja, (i.v.) cross (body of water) sɨrɨ́maaja, surúmaaja, iniyáani súruukutáana, suurija cross (by boat) (t.v.) aamuutɨ́ɨni (n.) Crypturellus soui, vocalize in cross (Christian) kúrusu manner of (i.v.) súruukutáani cross between river basins Crypturellus undulatus, bird (t.v.) apíini species (n.) saakaákuuja cross two objects (t.v.) Crypturellus yapura, bird tamarakíini, tamarásii (n.) (i.v.) species paankwáana cross, make kurɨsɨ́ɨni cuchipe crossbeam (of houseframe) (n.) , illness suffered by (n.) kaakáraaja saaniita chickens muúruwa Crotophaga ani, bird species (n.) aapɨ́ya Cuckoo, Black-bellied or (n.) Crotophaga major, bird species Squirrel (bird species) (n.) aapɨ́ya asapáasi, sapáasi Crow, Purple-throated Fruit Cuckoo, Pavonine (bird (n.) (bird species) (n.) káawu, sanɨrɨ, species) maasiítaaja, sɨnɨrɨ maasiítaaja siriija (t.v.) crown, of pineapple (n.) minati cuddle kakatáani aniáasi cultigen (general term) (n.) crunching sound, with (adv.) natánaaja kɨrɨkɨ́kɨta cumaca, liana species (n.) crush (falling tree) (t.v.) kuumáaka sinakáani cumala colorado, tree species crushed by falling tree, get (n.) nuríina (i.v.) sinakɨ́ɨni cumala de altura, tree species cry (i.v.) sawɨ́ɨni (n.) arikamɨ́ɨna, aátiiti

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 509 cumala-type tree, species of cut into small pieces

cumala-type tree, species of Currasow, Nocturnal (bird (n.) kisaati, nɨrimakɨ́ɨna species) (n.) íiri cumaseba, tree species (n.) Currasow, Salvin’s (bird túuna species) (n.) pitu, piyúuri cumba skewer (n.) matákaari cursed night eater (n.) tikija sikiija curuhuara banda negra, fish cumba, make and install (i.v.) species (n.) miíniti kánɨɨsi matakɨ́ɨni curuhuara, fish species (n.) cumba, roof peak covering (n.) aramaásiiku mátaka, matákaari curve (i.v.) riwakɨ́ɨni cumbrera, uppermost roof pole curve (movement) (i.v.) (n.) imúkina muyuutakwáani cunchi aceitero, fish species curved (adj.) riwana (n.) muwanaaja curved shape, have (i.v.) cunchi moena, type of tree (n.) muyúuni ikati cushuri, bird species (n.) cunchi negro, fish species (n.) kusiúuri mɨsiáani, sarɨɨti custom (n.) míini cunchi, type of catfish (n.) cut (back side of tree) (t.v.) rakáani, rɨkáani atimajíini cunchi-type fish, species of (n.) cut (chop) (t.v.) sajíini anisíkina, anisíkini, inisíkini, cut (free-standing object) (i.v.) jɨyúuni, kajɨɨ́waani, maákuwa, apiyɨ́ɨni nisíkina, rakáani, rɨkáani, siiríkiija cut (slice) (t.v.) iyatáani Cunimaja Lake (n.) Kunímaaja cut (superficially) (t.v.) asáani Cunimaja Quebrada (prop.n.) cut (under tension) (t.v.) Niíyaamu sajiitáani cup hands (t.v.) purikuutaníini cut (with glancing below) (t.v.) curaca, chief (n.) áapu, kuuráaka asɨ́ɨni curado, be (with medicinal cut circumferential notch (t.v.) plant) (adj.) iíyuu maaraakɨ́ɨni curandero, modern mestizo cut cleanly in two (slender shaman (n.) paanáana object) (t.v.) tijakáani curarina, plant species (n.) cut cleanly in two, be (slender kuuraríina object) (i.v.) tijakɨ́ɨni Curcuma longa, plant species cut firewood (i.v.) jarakíini (n.) kiisatúura cut hair (t.v.) maaraakúuni cure (t.v.) ánaajiijáani, anaajɨɨjáani cut in two (long rigid object) cure (medical) with smoke (t.v.) anákatáani (t.v.) anajúuni cut into small pieces (t.v.) curl up (i.v.) riwakɨ́ɨni rapíini

510 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary cut lengthwise in multiple pieces cyst, water-filled

cut lengthwise in multiple Cyclopes didactylus, anteater pieces (t.v.) nɨɨkajúuni species (n.) aaríija cut lengthwise into two pieces Cymbilaimus lineatus, bird (t.v.) nɨɨkáani species (n.) mɨɨnɨɨ siriija cut manioc stalk (for planting) Cyperus sp., plant species (n.) (n.) ajirákana, ijirákana, nasíkana asúraaja niriyaákuuja, ituútaja, cut manioc stalk (for planting) kaaya amuútaja, kuumakiija, (t.v.) nasikáani miíriyaaja, pupukuuja, siiyuútaja cut multiple sticks (t.v.) sajikíini Cyperus spp., type of plant (n.) cut notch (t.v.) arikɨ́ɨni sakújaaja cut off (escape route) (t.v.) Cyphomandra hartwegii, plant sakatúuni species (n.) músati cut off (multiple parts) (t.v.) Cyphorhinus aradus, bird titaaríini species (n.) kuupíkuuja cut off, get (trapped) (i.v.) cyst (in groin) (n.) púruuna sakatɨ́ɨni cyst (on finger joint) (n.) cut on opposite side (with puuwíika axe) (t.v.) atimajíini cyst, water-filled (n.) kusuja, cut path (a.v.) amakɨ́ɨni púpuuku cut repeatedly (t.v.) sajiinúuni cut temporary path (i.v.) apiyɨ́ɨni, apiyɨɨnɨ́ɨni cut through (land between parts of river) (i.v.) irikitɨtɨ́ɨni cut tree (far from ground) (t.v.) anakatijúuni cut up (pile of sticks) (t.v.) sajikíini cut, widen (t.v.) anísitáani, inísitáani cut-bank (n.) tipɨɨna cutipando, harmful via sympathetic effect (adj.) saasana cutipar, harm by violating dietary restrictions (t.v.) aanisiijáani cutipar, repay serving of drink (d.v.) namíini cutiparse, suffer harm by violating dietary restrictions (a.v.) aanisíini cutting edge (of tool) (n.) iika cutting off (postp.) =isakúura

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 511 deep

dale dale, plant species (n.) daughter-in-law (female ego) siiríkiija (n.) aji dam creek (t.v.) puujúuni daughter-in-law (female ego), damage (t.v.) ájakuusiijáani obtain (t.v.) ajíini damp, falling (mist) (n.) Davilla kunthii, liana species panakaja (n.) itɨyɨ, maasi ánaaja, piyúuri dance (i.v.) maayaasíini, iíyɨɨ, sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ sikɨyawatáani dawn (i.v.) kutɨtɨ́ɨni dance (n.) maayaasíini dawn (n.) kutatáani=aákuji dance, traditional (n.) kajíini day (n.) yaawɨ́ɨni dandruff (n.) pukitika day after tomorrow (n.) waarata dangerous place (n.) kɨɨ́raki aámiikáaka Daptrius ater, bird species (n.) day before yesterday (n.) siaámuri waarata aámiikáaka daredevil (n.) tatɨni day, sunny (n.) ajaana, yaana daring (animal) (adj.) ɨɨ́jaana de Castilla, Quebrada (prop.n.) dark (adj.) niínana Míriiyúumu dark and indistinct, be (i.v.) dead person, body of (n.) mɨ́nɨɨtáani jiimaaki dark, become (day) (i.v.) deadfall trap (n.) taníiku, taaniwa nínɨɨtáani death cry (interj.) ákɨɨ darken sky (storm) (i.v.) decay (plant matter) (i.v.) siyɨɨkɨ́ɨni pukíini darn hole (t.v.) kɨsɨríini decayed (plant matter) (adj.) dart (blowgun) (n.) nawánɨɨna, pukina nawɨ́nɨɨna deceased (adj.) nawɨɨ́tana Dasyprocta fuliginosa, rodent deceit (n.) asapɨ́ɨni species (n.) muuti deceive (t.v.) asapɨ́ɨni Dasypus kappleri, armadillo decorate with feathers (i.v.) species (n.) iísuuja paraanɨ́ɨni Dasypus novemcinctus, decorative band (adornment) armadillo species (n.) iísuuja (n.) kurijaakɨ daughter (n.) niyiti deep (adj.) isítina

512 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary deep night deteriorate

deep night (adj.) yaasiki demonstrative (general deep spot in river (n.) púusa number, speaker distal) (dem.) deep, make (concavity) (t.v.) iina tíira isitɨɨnɨ́ɨni demonstrative (plural deer (general term) (n.) sikiáaja animate) (dem.) iipɨ Deer, Gray Brocket (n.) kasina demonstrative (plural sikiáaja animate, addressee proximal) Deer, Red Brocket (n.) aákusana (dem.) kiipɨ sikiáaja demonstrative (plural defeat (t.v.) paríini inanimate) (dem.) iimi defeat, admission of demonstrative (plural (idiomatic) (n.) iíkwaji inanimate, addressee defecate (i.v.) niríini proximal) (dem.) kiimi defecate repeatedly (i.v.) Dendrocolaptidae spp., niriikɨ́ɨni woodcreeper, type of bird (n.) deflect (blow) (t.v.) aarɨtɨ́ɨni pasiija, páasi ípuusi deflower (break hymen) (t.v.) dental plaque (n.) iika sawija tawatáani deny (accusation) (t.v.) sɨɨtáani deflowered, become (break depart (i.v.) jikatɨ́ɨni, jimatɨ́ɨni (i.v.) hymen) tawatɨ́ɨni depressed person (n.) tariáana (adv.) degree, slight taama depressed, be (part of surface) (adv.) degree, to a great uumáata (i.v.) kíyɨɨtáani (adj.) delicious taarɨɨ́jana (n.) kíyɨɨna (t.v.) depression delimb sajikiitáani (t.v.) (i.v.) depression, make delirous, be aanawasíini kíyɨɨtaníini deliver killing blow (t.v.) Dermatobia hominis, Bot Fly imaniijúuni (larva) (n.) tuútuuja delouse (t.v.) sikwaníini deserted (adj.) iriyaki demon (from soul of dead (n.) naajuúwaaka (n.) kɨɨ́wasiija design person) (t.v.) demon (general term) (n.) desire nakarɨ́ɨni siwaara, siwaaraa Desmodium sp., plant species (n.) demon, animal (n.) juríini tipájaana (adv.) demon, type of (n.) anakatu, despite aájapaa, aajapáaja (interrog.) marísana, muyújuni, paayuwa, destination, to what sɨɨ́kaaja, tipaku tɨɨtíira demonstrate (d.v.) nakusitɨ́ɨni detach (i.v.) kɨrɨtɨtɨ́ɨni demonstrative (general detach (large cross-section) number) (dem.) iina (i.v.) titɨɨtɨ́ɨni demonstrative (general detach and fall off (multiple number, addressee proximal) objects) (i.v.) ijáani (dem.) kiina deteriorate (i.v.) ajakuusíini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 513 determiner, definite (general number) dislocate joint

determiner, definite (general Diplotropis sp., tree species (n.) number) (det.) iina jinakuna, pɨyarúuna determiner, definite (plural Dipteryx micrantha, tree animate) (det.) iipɨ species (n.) ɨɨmana determiner, definite (plural direction, in other (adv.) inanimate) (det.) iimi taakiíraata determiner, indefinite directly across (on the other (general number) (det.) side) (postp.) isakijiíraji nuúkiika directly at (look at heavenly (postp.) developmentally disabled body) =iíjinaji person (n.) aásiwa directly, go (down, (adv.) dew (n.) panakaja downriver) namíkiika (adv.) dewlap (of person) (n.) íraaka, directly, go (up, upriver) kamíkiika nɨ́raaka dirtiness (n.) iíyɨɨkaka diarrhea (n.) iijaaka dirty (adj.) suúkwarana diarrhea, defecate (i.v.) íjaakɨ́ɨni dirty (t.v.) sukwarúuni Didelphis marsupialis, Common (adj.) (n.) dirty (said of people) Opossum múrina sapákatina (i.v.) die iwarɨ́ɨni dirty oneself (i.v.) suúkwarasíini die (euphemism) (i.v.) ajatáani disable game animal (t.v.) die, draw last breath and (i.v.) maarijúuni jiitáani disappear (i.v.) nawárɨɨjɨ́ɨni Dieffenbachia spp., type of disarm (trap) (t.v.) riimuutáani plant (n.) riitiri disassemble (house, roof) (t.v.) dietary restriction, observe titɨɨtáani (a.v.) siyaanɨ́ɨni discard (t.v.) sikɨ́ɨni different time (adj.) taakari discharge (cartridge) (i.v.) dig hole (i.v.) muráani ijakɨ́ɨni dig up (t.v.) muráani discourse anaphor (anaph.pro.) digit (n.) ajíkaasi, awasi, awásikaka iina dim (sun) (i.v.) makɨ́ɨni discourse anaphor (focused) (procl.) diminish (pain) (i.v.) sasɨɨtáani aniwa disease (general term) (n.) diminish (sunlight) (i.v.) makɨ́ɨni iwarɨ́yaaka, iwarɨ́ɨni Dinoponera gigantea, ant disease, have (t.v.) míini species (n.) sipúuni disgusted with, be (t.v.) Dioscorea trifida, plant species (n.) sikwaranɨ́ɨni katija disgusting manner, behave in Dioscorea trifida, plant species (i.v.) suúkwara míini (n.) (variety of) písiika katija disgustingly (adv.) suúkwara (t.v.) dip (food) jimuutáani dishonestly (adv.) taama dip out (liquid) (t.v.) iritáani dislocate joint (i.v.) sipatɨ́ɨni

514 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary dislocate joint down there (near addressee)

dislocate joint (t.v.) kurijatáani, do same as another (t.v.) sipatáani aratiinɨ́ɨni dislocated, become (i.v.) do something filthy (i.v.) kurijatɨ́ɨni suúkwara míini dismay and wonderment, do, not yet (i.v.) kwarɨ́ɨni expression of (interj.) jɨɨ dodge (t.v.) aarɨtɨ́ɨni disobedient person (n.) kaa Dog, Bush (n.) aariwa aríwatɨɨyáana dog, domesticated (n.) mɨyaara díspera, tree species (n.) píkii Dolichoderus sp., ant species display affection or fondness (n.) aákusana masakana, masakana (t.v.) juúmaasiitáani dolphin (general term) (n.) display displeasure (with aana eyes) (t.v.) sakinɨɨtáani domestic animal (n.) kajinani dispose of (t.v.) sikɨ́ɨni doncella, type of catfish (n.) disrespectful (adj.) ɨɨ́jaana amariiki dissolve (i.v.) ipɨ́ɨni door (n.) iijuútaaja distant and unknown (adv.) doorway (loc.n.) pakarimaji tɨɨrika doorway (n.) púunku distant kin (n.) papaaja Doradidae spp., type of fish (n.) distant lightning (n.) tamɨ́nɨɨna riyákɨɨja distill alcohol (t.v.) sanitɨ́ɨni dotted (adj.) tɨrɨjátina distract (t.v.) mananúuni doubled teeth (n.) marísaka dive (i.v.) simɨ́ɨni Dove, Gray-fronted (n.) isiwaaja dive (pluractional) (t.v.) down (loc.dem) naami simɨɨnɨ́ɨni down (feathers) (n.) janɨɨwɨ dive to recover (object) (t.v.) down here (loc.dem) iima, simɨ́ɨni iimajiíraji divide into multiple parts (t.v.) down here (a small distance) nɨɨkajúuni (loc.dem) iimajiita divide up (t.v.) raraajúuni down lower, here (loc.dem) Diyphylla ecaudata, bat iimɨ́ɨra species (n.) kánɨɨri down or downriver, go dizzy, feel (i.v.) sawiyɨɨjɨɨtáani directly (adv.) namíkiika do (t.v.) míini down there (anaphoric) (adv.) do (for first time) (t.v.) namíini nami do again (t.v.) imɨráani down there (anaphoric, do as a pair (people) (adv.) focused) (adv.) anami kuupɨkiiraata down there (lower part of do habitually or frequently space) (loc.dem) namijiíraji (t.v.) paríini down there (near addressee) do quickly (i.v.) iyarakasíini (loc.dem) kinima

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 515 down there, further drunk, be

down there, further (loc.dem) Dracontium loretense, plant naamíira species (n.) níiya namija down there, further (near drag (t.v.) jɨ́ɨni addressee) (loc.dem) kinimɨ́ɨra drag (composite object) (t.v.) down towards here (adv.) jɨɨ́tatáani iimɨɨ́raata drag (vessel) (t.v.) jɨɨ́tatáani down towards there (adv.) dragonfly (general term) (n.) kinimɨɨ́raata sɨrɨ́wɨɨja (n.) down, fine (feathers) (n.) Dragon-headed Bug kuni pukitika pakɨti (t.v.) down, go or come (i.v.) juwɨ́ɨni draw naajúuni draw behind one (multiple downhill, while going (adv.) things) (t.v.) jɨɨniwiitáani namíkuma dream (i.v.) makɨ́ɨni downriver (loc.dem) naami (n.) makɨ́ɨni (loc.postp.) dream downriver of dregs (n.) ísiku =isámaji dress (i.v.) sinaakɨ́ɨni downriver of (a little) drill hole (t.v.) tawatáani (loc.postp.) =isámajiita drill hole (into decorative downriver there, further seed) (t.v.) taraasíini (loc.dem) naamíira drill hole (through thin, flat downriver there, further (near object) (t.v.) muníini addressee) (loc.dem) kinimɨ́ɨra drink (n.) raatisana downriver, a little (there) drink (t.v.) raríini (loc.dem) namíjiita drink or eat a great deal, insist downriver, float (i.v.) aátatáani that someone (t.v.) jiipúuni downriver, from (adv.) naamiiji drink with others (d.v.) ráriitáani downriver, here (loc.dem) drink, finish off (t.v.) imáani iimajiíraji drink, hand-strained (n.) púriija downriver, there (anaphoric) drip (i.v.) sanɨ́ɨni (t.v.) (adv.) nami drip, make sanitɨ́ɨni (i.v.) downriver, there (anaphoric, drizzle ijatáani focused) (adv.) anami Dromococcyx phasianellus, (n.) downriverward towards here bird species maasiítaaja, (adv.) iimɨɨ́raata maasiítaaja siriija drool (i.v.) aáraatatáani downriverward towards there (adj.) (adv.) drool-mouthed pikawaasa kinimɨɨ́raata (i.v.) (adv.) drop (level of water) downriverwards jawɨ́ɨni naamiíraata (i.v.) sisɨ́ɨni (loc.n.) drown downslope iijakarikuma drum (n.) tampúura (loc.dem) downward naami drum, type of (n.) wúumpu downwards (adv.) naamiíraata drunk, be (i.v.) aákɨsíini

516 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary drunk, be (pluractional) dying person, care for

drunk, be (pluractional) (i.v.) dust, be covered in (i.v.) aákɨsiitíini pukitíini drunk, get someone (t.v.) dusty (adj.) pukitina aakɨsiijáani dusty, be (i.v.) pukitíini dry (adj.) jawana dye (t.v.) tiniisíini dry (i.v.) turúuni dye, plant used for (red) (n.) dry (t.v.) turuutaníini nasɨ́ɨna dry (quickly) (t.v.) turuníini dying breaths, take (i.v.) dry (slowly) (i.v.) turuutáani anaanɨɨtáani dry for bouyancy (timber) dying person, care for (t.v.) (t.v.) sasaanúuni iwarɨtɨ́ɨni dry out (throat) (i.v.) jawakɨ́ɨni dry rot, wood with (n.) awásuuku dry season (n.) ájaana yaawɨ́ɨni dry season, onset of (n.) taniwɨ́ɨni dry up (liquid) (i.v.) jawakɨ́ɨni Dryocopus lineatus, bird species (n.) panasi duck, domesticated (n.) páatu Duck, Muscovy (bird species) (n.) aaka páatu due to (postp.) =aákuji, =iyikúura due to (indirect cause) (postp.) =íiku dugout (n.) iímina dugout, construct (i.v.) iiminɨ́ɨni dump out (t.v.) saráani dunk (food) (t.v.) jimuutáani during (postp.) =kari during sleep (adv.) makɨɨna Duroia hirsuta, tree species (n.) ikwaniáasi Duroia paraensis, tree species (n.) ikwaniáasi Dusky Titi, monkey species (n.) iráaku, sɨɨ́maaku Dusky-headed Parakeet, bird species (n.) kaáraaja dust (n.) pukitika dust off (t.v.) nanuusíini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 517 eggs, of fish

eagle (general term) (n.) nɨɨsina eat or drink a great deal, insist Eagle, Harpy (n.) síruku nɨɨsina that someone (t.v.) jiipúuni ear (n.) túuku eat soft foods (t.v.) imáani ear canal (n.) tuwaakíira, eater, cursed (n.) tikija tuwaakúura eavesdrop (t.v.) tuujiitáani ear of corn, green (n.) káraaki Eciton spp., army ant (general earlier (adj.) jɨɨ́tikariina term) (n.) riitaki earlier (adv.) taari Ectatomma sp., ant species (n.) early-planted manioc (n.) anasúuni amákɨɨja, amákɨɨja áaku edge (loc.n.) iíyajina earring (traditional) (n.) edge (n.) íyaaji, iyáaji, íiyɨ namuuri edge of, below (postp.) =kari Earth (n.) níiya edge, build up (t.v.) namikɨ́ɨni earth (soil) (n.) níiya edge, cutting (of tool) (n.) iika earth mound (from tree fall) edge, flat (n.) iríkura (n.) aníriiti edge, on or at (postp.) =iyáaji earthquake (n.) irija edge, sharp (n.) kuukwaka earthworm (general term) (n.) edge, thick (of object) (n.) sapaani námikɨ earthworm, species of (n.) edges, make meet or touch akusakáani, akusaníini, aákusaka, (t.v.) pakiitáani iitu edges, meet or touch (i.v.) earwax (n.) tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨja pakiitɨ́ɨni ease (pain) (i.v.) sasɨɨtáani edible caterpillar (general easily visible (adj.) kwaana term) (n.) jiinaka, jiinakaníini eat (a.v.) asáani effeminate, call (t.v.) sásaakáani, eat all food by oneself (t.v.) tarakɨɨtíini kurɨ́ɨni egg (n.) naaki eat by sucking or licking (i.v.) egg, unfertilized (chicken) (n.) tamuujúuni akíraja naaki, káraaki, wiíraaki eat only meat (adv.) namíiku eggs, of fish (n.) ruunkaníisi

518 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Egret, Snowy or Great (bird species) erode (riverbank)

Egret, Snowy or Great (bird ends, attach or join at (t.v.) species) (n.) musútina káarsa paakiitáani Egretta thula, bird species (n.) endure (a.v.) mɨɨ́ratáani musútina káarsa energetic (adj.) iyarakátina, Eira barbara, Tayra (n.) suu yarakátina Elanoides forficatus, bird energetic, not (adj.) iíruwana, species (n.) masɨ́yaja jiímana elbow (n.) sirija energy, with (adv.) amátana elder female relative (n.) enjoy excessively (t.v.) jɨyɨɨsíini aákujiiti enjoy greatly (t.v.) jɨyɨ́ɨni elder male relative (n.) aákujiina enough, not be (i.v.) kárɨɨtáani elder relative (n.) pɨɨtana, pɨɨtapɨ entangle oneself (i.v.) electric eel (n.) pirusu tamakɨjɨɨtáani Electrophorus electricus, enter (i.v.) tikíini (i.v.) electric eel (n.) pirusu enter (sharp object) jimɨ́ɨni (t.v.) elevated area (n.) iija enter, make tikíini elevated area in lowland Enterobius sp., intestinal worm (n.) (restinga) (n.) siiki species nasaani (adj.) embark (i.v.) juwɨ́ɨni entertaining juúmana (adj.) embarrassed, be (i.v.) entire (quantity) karánakíini namísaana (n.) embarrassed, make (t.v.) kanɨɨrɨ entrance (burrow, nest) iwitɨ́ɨni awɨyɨ, aáwɨya (i.v.) embarrassing (adj.) kanɨɨrami entrance (round), make embrace (pluractional) (t.v.) awɨyɨ́ɨni entryway (loc.n.) pakarimaji kakámatíini (n.) emponar, construct raised entryway of nest jíina entwine (i.v.) tamakɨ́ɨni palmwood floor (t.v.) tatɨɨkúuni (adj.) Enyalioides laticeps, lizard empty tákaama (n.) (t.v.) species aapaku empty (liquid) itíini (n.) (t.v.) epilepsy iisikɨ́ɨni empty out saráani (i.v.) (n.) epileptic fit, suffer iísikɨ́ɨni empty shell or husk áaku epiphyte, species of (n.) (loc.n.) amákɨjina empty space muúniimɨ, nípaaki nɨɨti, paranaasi, (t.v.) enclose (wrap) pakiitáani siirɨ minati (t.v.) encounter jíwɨɨtáani equal (t.v.) paríini (i.v.) end pɨyɨ́ɨni equal (in some quality) (t.v.) (n.) end (blunt) aniáasi aratiinɨ́ɨni (loc.n.) end (natural) anákaku equally (adv.) tikiíraki (n.) end (slender object) iíjinaji era (postp.) iyákari (postp.) end of, at or on =iíjinaji erection, get (i.v.) jiinɨ́ɨni Endlicheria acuminata, tree erode (i.v.) murúuni species (n.) ikati erode (riverbank) (i.v.) titɨɨtɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 519 err, cause to eyes, light-colored (having)

err, cause to (t.v.) maarijúuni Eutrombicula spp., chigger error, commit (t.v.) maárijɨ́ɨni (general term) (n.) aákusaja erysipelas, skin disease (n.) even (adv.) tikiíraki masiku amúuku everyone (n.) pɨyɨ́ɨni (n.) Erythrina fusca, tree species everything pɨyɨ́ɨni (n.) (n.) amasíisi evil spirit kuúkuusi (n.) Erythrina peruviana, tree evil spirit, type of (n.) nasiirɨnamajaáti maasiítaaja species (t.v.) Erythrinus erythrinus, fish excavate muráani exemplary (adj.) taasíita species (n.) isɨ́ɨni exert force (i.v.) riikíini escalera de motelo, liana exist (i.v.) iwíini species (n.) nakikuuja ámakɨ, existential, negative (existential nakikuuja marasi, nakikuuja verb) aájapaki maakánaaja (i.v.) (t.v.) experience flooding escape apɨrɨ́ɨni ikwaanɨɨtáani (t.v.) escape (allow to) apɨráani experience nightfall (i.v.) Eschweilera coriacea, tree ninɨ́ɨni, nínɨɨtáani species (n.) imaati experience pain (i.v.) ánasa míini Eschweilera sp., tree species exposed, penis or clitoris (n.) (n.) kurɨ́ɨsi, muwɨ́ɨna pisiaari esophagus (n.) ímaaja express affection or fondness espintana, tree species (n.) ipakɨ (t.v.) juúmaasiitáani estaca, sharp stick in ground extend (i.v.) sirɨ́ɨni (n.) músiaaki takíina extend (t.v.) siráani estirón of upper Pintuyacu extinguish (i.v.) makɨ́ɨni (t.v.) River (prop.n.) Másiina Iíjinaku extract jikatáani, jimatáani (loc.n.) estirón, straight stretch of extremum (natural) river (n.) saaki anákaku (n.) Eunectes murinus, anaconda eye namija (n.) tuwaakíira, (n.) yákuni eye of needle tuwaakúura Eunectes murinus, anaconda eyebrows (n.) namíkɨɨsíika, (of elevated areas) (n.) iijakuuja namíkɨɨsíini Eunectes murinus, anaconda eyebrows, flash (i.v.) (n.) irámani, iyákuni, (of water) amaniiwɨɨtáani kuraja eyelashes (n.) namíkɨɨsíika, Eurypyga helias, bird species namíkɨɨsíini (n.) maasiisi eyes, close (i.v.) makɨsiitáani Euterpe precatoria (palm), new eyes, light-colored (having) (n.) fronds of musaamɨ (adj.) saki namijana Euterpe precatoria, palm species (n.) musaasi

520 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary far

fabric, worn or old (adj.) fall off (detach, multiple kurúuku objects) (i.v.) ijáani face (n.) naamiya fall off (fruit) (i.v.) katɨ́ɨni face down, lie (i.v.) ajákumɨ́ɨni fall off (large cross-section) face, have an age-worn (i.v.) (i.v.) titɨɨtɨ́ɨni amɨriitáani, amuriitáani fall out (hair, feathers) (i.v.) face, look in (i.v.) karíini kajatɨ́ɨni (i.v.) face, make a (i.v.) amɨriitáani, fall out (tooth) katɨ́ɨni amuriitáani fall over (i.v.) imáani facial hair (n.) amuusíika fall over (object inserted in (i.v.) facial hair, have (i.v.) amuusíini ground) murɨtɨ́ɨni (i.v.) facial hair, having (adj.) fall over (pluractional) amuúsitaka iwɨɨkɨ́ɨni fall short (i.v.) kárɨɨtáani fade (i.v.) sikitɨ́ɨni fall, make (t.v.) imatɨ́ɨni, imɨ́ɨni fail (i.v.) ajakuusíini fall, make (fruits) (t.v.) ijɨ́ɨni fail to do (t.v.) maárijɨ́ɨni fallen fruits, gather (t.v.) (i.v.) iísikɨ́ɨni faint titikáani Falco rufigularis, bird species false (adj.) iikwáami (n.) tatɨni falsely (adv.) taama Falcon, Bat (n.) tatɨni familiar with, be (t.v.) nakusíini (n.) Falcon, Laughing maákuwa family member (n.) iíkwajiina (i.v.) fall (light things) ijatáani fan (t.v.) apiraajuutáani (i.v.) fall (through the air) itɨ́ɨni fan (general term) (n.) apíraati (i.v.) fall (to the ground) itɨ́ɨni fan fire beneath vessel (t.v.) fall apart into small pieces itaakuutáani (i.v.) rapɨ́ɨni fan, manatee tail-style (n.) fall asleep (body part) (i.v.) aakáayɨ iíwaasi sasɨ́ɨni fan, paiche-tail style (n.) sámuu fall heavily (rain) (adv.) paka iíwaasi fall in trap (i.v.) imáani fang (n.) iika fall off (i.v.) kɨrɨtɨtɨ́ɨni far (adv.) síipa

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 521 far from one another ferment

far from one another (adv.) feathers, be raised (i.v.) siípakɨya ririíkɨɨtáani far, very (adv.) tɨɨrika feathers, be ruffled (i.v.) farinha (n.) waaríina ririíkɨɨtáani fart (i.v.) kiríini feathers, grow new (i.v.) kajɨ́ɨni fasaco, type of fish (n.) páasi feces (n.) iiki Fasciated Antshrike, bird feed (d.v.) asɨ́ɨni species (n.) mɨɨnɨɨ siriija feed (domestic animal, infant) fat (edible) (n.) wíira (a.v.) asúuni fat (person) (adj.) naasiíjataka feel (t.v.) nakusíini fat or oil (cooking), smell of feel cold (i.v.) sɨɨmɨɨsíini (i.v.) (adv.) karaákiya feel dizzy sawiyɨɨjɨɨtáani (i.v.) fat, become (i.v.) kianɨ́ɨni feel hot (person) iípanɨ́ɨni (i.v.) father (n.) akɨ, kaakɨ́ɨja feel hot frequently father (Catholic) (n.) paari iípanɨɨtíini (t.v.) father (deceased) (n.) feel jealous amariníini (i.v.) kaakɨɨ́jɨɨsana, maákata feel pain anasɨ́ɨni (i.v.) father (vocative) (n.) kaakɨ́ɨja feet, place atijúuni (n.) fell multiple trees (t.v.) anirúuni father-in-law (female ego) (t.v.) aji fell tree aníini fell tree (cutting far from father-in-law (female ego), (t.v.) (t.v.) ground) anakatijúuni obtain ajíini (t.v.) father-in-law (male ego) (n.) fell tree to obtain anitáani akúumi fell trees in chain reaction (t.v.) sinakatɨ́ɨni father-in-law (male ego), felled tree (n.) aníina obtain (t.v.) akuumíini fellow (n.) ɨɨyáana, paraja father’s sister (deceased) (n.) fellow member of group (n.) ikínɨɨsana (adj.) árata fatty wiírana (n.) (n.) female mɨɨsaji fault míini (n.) (a.v.) female child or offspring fear kɨɨrɨ́ɨni niyiti (n.) fear kɨɨ́raka female relative, elder (n.) (adj.) fearful niítina aákujiiti fearful one (person, animal) fence (n.) tánaki (n.) kɨɨrɨɨyáana fence, build (t.v.) tanakíini (i.v.) fearful, become niitinɨ́ɨni Fer-de-Lance, South American (adj.) fearless (animal) ɨɨ́jaana (adult), snake species (n.) fearless one (person, animal) sajina (n.) tatɨni Fer-de-Lance, South American feather (n.) kajasi (juvenile), snake species (n.) feathers, adorn with (i.v.) aminakíisi, minakíisi paraanɨ́ɨni ferment (i.v.) ipaanɨ́ɨni, ipaasíini

522 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ferment (ripe fruits) firearm

ferment (ripe fruits) (i.v.) pikɨ́ɨni figure-eight form, coil in (t.v.) ferment, set aside to (t.v.) riwasikúuni ipanɨtɨ́ɨni, ipaanúuni fill (t.v.) amɨ́yajáani fern, species of (n.) anitáaki fill hole (t.v.) kapúuni kajakáana, tákusi aniáasi fill up (i.v.) amɨ́yɨɨtáani Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (n.) filler word (interj.) yaana (i.v.) pupuja filthy, do something fertilize plant (t.v.) púuni suúkwara míini (n.) festivity (n.) maayaasíini fin taáraa find (t.v.) jíwɨɨtáani, nikíini fetal position, be lying in (i.v.) fine (powder, meal) (adj.) sirikuutáani (i.v.) rapana fetal position, lie in “fine!” (agreement or assent) riwasiitáani (interj.) kwaasɨja (n.) fever iípanaka finger (n.) ajíkaasi, awasi, (adj.) few, a (animate) awásikaka jɨɨ́tipɨjaarika fingernail abscess (n.) áwaku (adj.) few, a (inanimate) aákɨɨsi, áwaku imɨ́ɨni jɨɨ́timijaarika finish (planting garden) (t.v.) fiber from sinamillo palm (n.) kapúuni tasiina finish (task) (t.v.) pɨyáani fiber, manioc tuber (n.) áruu finish last portion (t.v.) fiber, strip from chambira iwárajáani palm leaf (t.v.) amitáani, finish off (quantity) (t.v.) rikatáani pɨyáani fibers, frayed (quality of finish off food or drink (t.v.) having) (adj.) rarákatina imáani fibers, small (n.) janɨɨwɨ finish task (obliged by (t.v.) fibrous (manioc) (adj.) another) aratiinɨ́ɨni, aruúwatina paataasíini (i.v.) Ficus insipida, tree species (n.) fire (cartridge) ijakɨ́ɨni (n.) ujii fire (for cooking) iinami (i.v.) Ficus sp., plant species (n.) fire (gun) rimusíini (i.v.) rimutɨ́ɨni kámɨɨti fire (snare trap) fire (trap) (i.v.) rikutɨ́ɨni, fierro uma, fish species (n.) riimuutɨ́ɨni waatísɨɨja Fire Ant (n.) irákana Fig, Strangler (creeper fire beneath vessel, fan (t.v.) (n.) kámɨɨti species) itaakuutáani (i.v.) fight ipurúuni fire blowgun dart (i.v.) nimúuni (t.v.) fight ipɨráani fire bow or slingshot (i.v.) fighting spirit, break (t.v.) riimɨ́ɨni maarijúuni firearm (n.) rimúsiija

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 523 firefly, species of fishing technique, for mojarras

firefly, species of (n.) namiiti, fish parasite (n.) paápaaja imɨ́ɨka, tikíwari paápaaja imɨ́ɨni firewood (n.) járaki fish poison (barbasco) (n.) firewood, make (i.v.) jarakíini nuúruu firewood, partially burned (n.) fish sauce (n.) kanasi asásana itɨwɨ́naja, ituwánaja, tawánaja fish scale (n.) naasi (n.) first (adv.) iitíini, namíini fish trap (introduced) tasikɨ (n.) first person exclusive plural fish trap (traditional) tasikɨ (i.v.) pronoun (pro.) kana=, kanáaja fish trap, use tasikɨ́ɨni (i.v.) first person exclusive plural fish with fish poison pronoun (exhaustive focus) sirúuni (a.v.) (pro.) kanaárika fish with hook and line first person exclusive plural siiyúuni (i.v.) pronoun (possessive) (pro.) fish with hook and line kana= siwiyúuni tapaje (i.v.) first person inclusive plural fish with trap pronoun (pro.) pɨ́=, pɨ́ɨja tasikɨ́ɨni first person inclusive plural fish, slightly spoiled (cooked in leaf packet) (n.) mukwani pronoun (exhaustive focus) (n.) (pro.) pɨɨ́rika fish, tiny (general term) majarúwaaka first person inclusive plural fishing arrow head, type of pronoun (possessive) (pro.) (n.) saapi aniáasiri, saapi táaja pɨ́= fishing bait (n.) iíruuja first person singular pronoun fishing line (n.) iíruuku (pro.) kí=, kíija fishing lure (n.) paráana first person singular pronoun fishing pole (n.) irúuna, siiyúuna (exhaustive focus) (pro.) kiírika fishing spear (heavy) (n.) túuna first person singular pronoun fishing spear (light) (n.) jírisi (possessive) (pro.) kí= fishing spear tip (n.) arapuu (t.v.) namíini first time, do for (i.v.) jirisíini (adv.) fishing spear, make first time, for saámikari fishing technique (agitate (n.) fish (general term) water’s surface) (i.v.) paápaaja, paápaaraja siápuukwatáani fish bait (made from manioc) fishing technique (casting line (n.) jíniija forward) (i.v.) majaatáani fish eggs (n.) ruunkaníisi fishing technique (casting line fish hook (n.) siwiyúuka, siiwíika repeatedly) (i.v.) majániiwɨɨtáani fish hook (mojarrero) (n.) nujija fishing technique (fondear) iiráana (i.v.) sirinuutáani fish hook, fish caught with (n.) fishing technique, for mojarras siiyuúmani (small fish) (i.v.) aniijúuni

524 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary fishing technique, nocturnal foam

fishing technique, nocturnal flies, be covered with (i.v.) (using lure) (t.v.) irúuni ipárasíini fishing technique, using flint stone (n.) ituwanajáati, barbasco (i.v.) amaniijúuni jinítaaku, jinítaasi fishing, go (idiomatic) (i.v.) flip over (i.v.) takɨtɨ́ɨni makɨ́ɨni flip over (t.v.) takatáani fishy smelling (adj.) imaánanana float (i.v.) ikatáani fist (n.) kujúuni float bladder (fish organ) (n.) fist fight, have (i.v.) pururaaki kujuniiwɨɨtíini float downriver (i.v.) aátatáani fisticuffs, engage in (i.v.) floating plant litter (n.) ipurúuni papákɨɨti, papásiiti fix (t.v.) irikataajúuni flood (n.) ikwaana fix oneself up (i.v.) irikatɨjɨ́ɨni flood (fully submerge) (i.v.) (i.v.) flake off sitɨɨni tikitáani (t.v.) flame source, put out flood (river) (i.v.) ikwaanɨ́ɨni, makiijáani jiitáani (i.v.) flame up (fire) núuni flooding, experience (i.v.) (t.v.) flap wings (quickly) ikwaanɨɨtáani amaniikuutáani floor, palmwood (loc.n.) (t.v.) flap wings (slowly) tatɨɨkuúkujina aamuutáani floor, palmwood (n.) púuna, tatɨɨ (i.v.) flash (lightning) tamɨ́ɨni (i.v.) riníkiinɨ́ɨni (i.v.) flop about flash eyebrows flow (i.v.) sisíini amaniiwɨɨtáani flow (air) (i.v.) ɨ́ɨni flat edge (n.) iríkura flow (water in river) (i.v.) aatɨ́ɨni flat, smooth part of tree (n.) flower (i.v.) iniisíini náana párɨɨna flower (n.) iniisi flatten (t.v.) pariinúuni flower pod, plantain (n.) kuyaja flatten plant matter (t.v.) flu (n.) saputi kimakáani quena (n.) (t.v.) flute ( ) puráaja flavor taarɨɨjanúuni (i.v.) (adj.) iísaana flute, play puraajɨ́ɨni flavorless (i.v.) (n.) rɨ́tija fly ɨ́ɨni Flea, Burrowing (n.) flecha, fishing spear (n.) jírisi fly sinakuni (n.) flecha, make (i.v.) jirisíini fly (of pants) siaawíita (n.) flee (i.v.) masíini fly, species of ipara flee, make (t.v.) masikɨ́ɨni Flycatcher (bird), species of (n.) flesh (n.) naasíija jiwíriku fleshy (animal, person) (adj.) Flycatcher, Piratic (bird (n.) naasiíjataka species) nawɨ́yɨɨja (i.v.) flexible (adj.) iíruwana, jiímana foam sapukúuni flick (t.v.) tuujúuni foam (n.) sapukwaka

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 525 foam, scoop off form cocoon

foam, scoop off (t.v.) for the first time (adv.) saámikari sapúkwatáani force, exert (i.v.) riikíini follow (t.v.) tiitáani force, with (adv.) amátana follow animal by sound (t.v.) forebear (n.) maákata tipɨɨtáani forefather (deceased) (n.) follow around (t.v.) kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨni maákata follow repeatedly (t.v.) forehead (n.) imɨɨjɨɨ́jina tiiniwiitáani forelimb (n.) námati following behind (postp.) foreskin (n.) itiyɨ =níwaji foreskin, break or tear (i.v.) fond, become (t.v.) paajɨ́ɨni iríkitɨ́ɨni fondear, fishing technique (i.v.) foreskin, break or tear (t.v.) sirinuutáani iríkitáani fondness, display (t.v.) forest (general term) (n.) naki juúmaasiitáani forest being, magical (n.) naki fontanel (n.) kíyuuka, kíyuuna imɨ́ɨni food (general term) (n.) forest demon, type of (n.) asasami, asasana marísana, muyújuni, paayuwa, food stuck in throat, have (i.v.) sɨɨ́kaaja, tipaku jaámanakɨ́ɨni Forest Dragon, Amazon (lizard food, finish off (t.v.) imáani species) (n.) aapaku food, give large portion (d.v.) forest, area that floods (bajial) jiipuutáani (n.) maati food, ingested (n.) ásɨɨka forest, area with moist soil food, leave for other (d.v.) (varillal) (n.) rɨɨka kurɨɨníini forest, dense area of (n.) sɨɨ́saki food, reject impolitely (i.v.) forest, inundated (tahuampa) maayaakáani (n.) ikwaana food, saved or leftover (n.) forest, natural clearing in (n.) asáaku ikwaniáasi foot (n.) titika, tiitiwa forest, riverside area foot (human only) (n.) iínuwa (successional plants) (n.) foot arch (n.) titika kíyɨɨna makínaata foot, sole of (n.) titika jíritiikɨ forest, search (t.v.) apiriniikúuni football (soccer) (n.) piirúuta forget (t.v.) aríwatáani, iyajáani footprint (loc.n.) amákɨjina forked object (n.) jíkuti footprint (n.) asiyaákuma, titika forked object, make (i.v.) for (purpose) (postp.) =íira jikutíini for (temporal duration) (postp.) forked support, place (t.v.) =ánuura jikutíini for a long time (adv.) maasia form a circular shape (i.v.) for a short time (adv.) nikákiika muriyúuni for no good reason (adv.) taama form cocoon (i.v.) kiyuukúuni

526 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary form fork (by growing branch) fruit, species of

form fork (by growing branch) frightening place (n.) kɨɨ́raki (i.v.) akikɨ́ɨni frog (general term) (n.) form lump (i.v.) púruutáani makwaati form mound (i.v.) púruutáani Frog, Jungle (n.) marimuusi, former (adj.) pɨɨta tipakɨɨtiisi Formicariidae spp., antbird Frog, Painted Antnest (n.) (general term) (n.) riitaki siriija kaniyúuja niaatíija Formicarius analis, bird Frog, Smoky Jungle (n.) muusi species (n.) ijántuuja, nɨrímɨɨna frog, species of (n.) kakánaaka, siriija kuuráaka makwaati, kwaata forms, varied (adv.) nɨkíjaati, mɨɨ́riaaka, nuriisi, pɨɨka, tiwaakwaárika riiniáaka Forpus xanthopterygius, bird from (depriving) (postp.) =kiniji species (n.) nɨrɨkɨkaaja, nɨrɨrɨkaaja from (escape) (postp.) =iíkwaji (adv.) fortunately kájapaki, from below (adv.) naamiiji kaajapaárika from downriver (adv.) naamiiji (adv.) foully suúkwara from the end (postp.) =iíkwaji (num.) four (animate) from there (adj.) tiírajiina suwaramaajɨtáapɨ (adv.) kámiji (num.) from upriver four (inanimate) from where (interrog.) tɨɨ́tiiji suwaramaajɨtáami from yesterday (adj.) fracture bone (i.v.) nasikɨtɨtɨ́ɨni (adj.) aamikaákaana fragrant taarɨɨ́jana frond, immature (palm) (n.) (n.) aamaakúuja frame, house amaki frayed fibers, quality of fronds of chambira palm, new having (adj.) rarákatina (n.) kámiiyɨ freckle (n.) tɨɨriija fronds of huasaí palm, new (n.) free, get (from piercing musaamɨ implement) (i.v.) jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni froth (i.v.) sapukúuni freely (without obstacle) (adv.) froth (n.) sapukwaka kwaata (i.v.) frequent visitor (n.) frown amɨriitáani, siwɨraájuuyáana amuriitáani (n.) frequently (adv.) sámɨɨra fruit iniija (n.) frequently, do (t.v.) paríini fruit bunch, empty apisi chambira (n.) friend (n.) isɨ́ɨku fruit of palm friend (archaic) (n.) kaanawara apájaati, pájaati friend, intimate (n.) papaaja fruit, loaded with (above (adj.) friends, become (t.v.) isɨɨkúuni ground) íniijataka frighten (t.v.) inajɨ́ɨni fruit, loaded with (below (adj.) frighten (pluractional) (t.v.) ground) iíjataka (i.v.) inájaakɨ́ɨni fruit, produce iniijɨ́ɨni, iníini frightening (adj.) kɨɨ́rana fruit, species of (n.) siirɨ turuja

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 527 fruit, underdeveloped further upriver there (near addressee)

fruit, underdeveloped (n.) íkiaari fruits (fallen), gather (t.v.) titikáani fruits (unripe), harvest (t.v.) makitáani fry (t.v.) wiiraajúuni fulfill commitment (t.v.) aratiinɨ́ɨni, paataasíini Fulgora sp., insect species (n.) kuni pakɨti fulgurite (n.) nɨrímɨɨna sawija full (adj.) amɨ́yaja full moon (n.) uumáana kásiiri full, be (food, drink) (i.v.) túuni fully toothed (human) (adj.) iíkataka fungal infection, have (t.v.) imáani fungus (foot) (n.) iíwaaka funny (adj.) juúmana fur (n.) kajasi fur, be raised (i.v.) ririíkɨɨtáani furry (adj.) kajatina further away (adv.) tiirɨ́ɨra further down there (loc.dem) naamíira further down there (near addressee) (loc.dem) kinimɨ́ɨra further downriver there (loc.dem) naamíira further there downriver (near addressee) (loc.dem) kinimɨ́ɨra further up there (loc.dem) kaamíira further up there (near addressee) (loc.dem) kinikúura further upriver there (loc.dem) kaamíira further upriver there (near addressee) (loc.dem) kinikúura

528 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary get injured

Galbula cyanocollis, bird gather leftovers or scraps (t.v.) species (n.) iinamináaja sapuujúuni gallinazo panga, plant species gather slightly spoiled fish (n.) músati (i.v.) mukwatáani game animal (n.) kuuwaa gather spoiled fish (i.v.) game animal (caught) (n.) ímani mukwatáani gamitana (n.) gavilán polletero, bird species , fish species matu (n.) (n.) awíraaja gap aríkuma (n.) (n.) gaze (direction of vision) gap in teeth katɨyáaku namija (adj.) gapped sarákutina Gecko, Tropical House (n.) kɨtɨ gaps, full of (adj.) sarákutina Genipa americana, tree species gap-toothed person (n.) katɨ́yasi (n.) aamina, nɨɨ́tana garbage (small) (n.) iririka Geonoma macrostachys, palm garbage heap (loc.n.) iririkajina species (n.) pasɨɨmɨ (n.) Garcinia macrophylla, tree Geonoma sp., palm species species (n.) majuu aayimɨtɨna garden (swidden) (n.) nasi Gerridae spp., type of water insect (n.) aaka sikwanaja garden (swidden), make (i.v.) get (t.v.) iríini nasíini get (composite object) (t.v.) garden plot perimeter, mark iritáani (t.v.) iyɨɨtáani, iyuutáani get (vessel) (t.v.) iritáani (loc.n.) garden, manioc get an erection (i.v.) jiinɨ́ɨni asúrakajina get dirty (t.v.) sukwarúuni (n.) gardener nasiwáani get free (from piercing gather (t.v.) juntaasíini implement) (i.v.) jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni gather (fruit, grain) (t.v.) get hole (i.v.) pajatɨ́ɨni, tawatɨ́ɨni katáani get husband (i.v.) niyɨ́ɨni gather edible leafcutter ants get in a line (i.v.) atɨɨtɨ́ɨni (i.v.) kaniyuujúuni get in canoe (i.v.) juwɨ́ɨni gather fallen fruits (t.v.) get in or inside (i.v.) tikíini titikáani get injured (i.v.) ánasa míini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 529 get lost go to side or corner

get lost (i.v.) sapiraakɨ́ɨni Gladiator Treefrog (n.) júuri get ruined (i.v.) taasíini glass bead (n.) taraásiija get someone drunk (t.v.) Glaucidium brasilianum, bird aakɨsiijáani species (n.) pupuja get up (i.v.) sanɨ́ɨni Glaucidium hardyi, bird get used to (t.v.) paajɨ́ɨni species (n.) ipija get wet (a.v.) pikúuni glean (t.v.) sapuujúuni ghost (n.) nawɨyini glittery (adj.) sawíjatina Giant Anteater (n.) siirúusi glossy (adj.) aákanana Giant Applesnail (n.) ajuuka glutton (n.) aniita asáana (n.) Giant Armadillo (n.) aasámaaja gnat, species of sikíraja, giant boa, legendary (n.) sinaja (t.v.) másiina gnaw tiríini (t.v.) Giant Cowbird (n.) apɨ́ɨsi, pɨ́ɨsi gnaw off outer layer Giant Hunting Ant, species of tiriitáani (t.v.) (n.) muusaníkwaa, sipúuni gnaw on bone sɨɨkíini (i.v.) Giant Otter (n.) kanasi go iwáani (t.v.) Giant River Turtle (n.) siaariáapa go around sakatáani (t.v.) Gilded Barbet, bird species (n.) go around (skirting) tiriku isakúuni (t.v.) (n.) arísaka go away, make masikɨ́ɨni gill (fish) ayahuasca (i.v.) gills, exterior covering of (n.) go bad ( ) taasíini amúuku go bad, begin to (meat, fish) (i.v.) pakírasíini gills, remove (t.v.) arísakatáani go directly (down, downriver) ginger (plant) (n.) anari (adv.) namíkiika girl, teenage (n.) kitáaka go directly (up, upriver) (adv.) girlfriend (n.) paajámaka, kamíkiika paajámani go down (i.v.) juwɨ́ɨni girlfriend or boyfriend, go down (food) (t.v.) tikíini acquire (t.v.) paajamaníini go hunting (i.v.) aamɨ́yaakíini give (d.v.) miitɨ́ɨni (t.v.) go hunting or fishing give back mɨyikáani (i.v.) (a.v.) (idiomatic) makɨ́ɨni give birth kutɨ́ɨni go in circle (i.v.) takɨtɨtɨ́ɨni give equal gift (t.v.) namíini (i.v.) (d.v.) go in different directions give food asɨ́ɨni ririikɨ́ɨni (t.v.) give haircut maaraakúuni go in or inside (i.v.) tikíini (interj.) “give it!” kiijawaja, go off (gun) (i.v.) riitɨ́ɨni kiiwaja go off (snare trap) (i.v.) rimutɨ́ɨni (d.v.) give large share jiipuutáani go off (trap) (i.v.) rikutɨ́ɨni, (d.v.) give name ɨ́ɨni riimuutɨ́ɨni (i.v.) give off light nuníini go out (flame) (i.v.) makɨ́ɨni (i.v.) give off smell apiráani go to side or corner (i.v.) irikɨ́ɨni

530 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary go up greater part

go up (i.v.) maakáani grandmother (deceased) (n.) God (Christian) (n.) kumáani sajíriisana God (Christian) (prop.n.) grandmother (vocative) (n.) Taataayúusa siiríija Golden Tegu, lizard species grandson (n.) aájinani (n.) yaamɨ grandson (deceased) (n.) Gonatodes sp., lizard species aajinániisana (n.) isɨ grapefruit, tree species (n.) good (adj.) suwami, suwapɨ, tuurúuja suwáani grasp (t.v.) kasiráani good smelling (adj.) taarɨɨ́jana grasp tightly (t.v.) kiwáani good vision, person with (n.) grass (general term) (n.) iyásiika kwaata kariyáana grass, razor (plant species) (n.) goodness (manner of ariyuuka, riyuuka behaving) (n.) suwaka grass, species of (n.) sásaaka, goods (n.) kásami saakaákuuja iyásiika, siririika good-smelling (smoked meat) grasshopper (general term) (adj.) waátina (n.) sɨriki Gossypium sp., plant species grate (t.v.) jinitáani (n.) arakutuu, aramáasi, ramáasi, grater (n.) jinítaari sɨwɨ grave (loc.n.) jimuúkujina gourd used by shamans (n.) grave (surface) (n.) jiimaaki kwaakɨ́ɨna nɨɨ́jina gourd vessel (pate) (n.) samaku gray (adj.) kasina gourd vessel, make (t.v.) Gray Brocket Deer (n.) kasina samakúuni sikiáaja gourd, bottle (n.) ipaaka Gray-fronted Dove (n.) isiwaaja grab (t.v.) kasiráani Gray-necked Wood-Rail, bird grain (n.) iniija species (n.) kiisara grains, remove (t.v.) jaráani grease (edible) (n.) wíira granadilla (plant), species of greasy (surface) (adj.) iyɨɨ́tina (n.) aakáayɨ jaraaka, jaraaka great (adv.) aniita grandchildren (n.) aájiya Great Egret, bird species (n.) granddaughter (n.) aájinati musútina káarsa granddaughter (deceased) (n.) Great Kiskadee, bird species aajinátiisana (n.) isukiáaja grandfather (n.) iiyaasúuja, Great Potoo, bird species (n.) siisíija anitáaki nɨɨsina grandfather (deceased) (n.) Great Tinamou, bird species iyaasuújuusana (n.) ráana grandfather (vocative) (n.) Greater Ani, bird species (n.) siisíija aapɨ́ya grandmother (n.) sájiri, siíriija greater part (n.) náani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 531 Greater Yellow-headed Turkey Vulture grow branch

Greater Yellow-headed Turkey grimy (surface) (adj.) iyɨɨ́tina Vulture (n.) nɨɨtamu grind (t.v.) ajáani great-granddaughter (n.) grinder (traditional) (n.) aájinati ajátaari great-granddaughter grip, spear (n.) mɨyaara aniaásiija (n.) (deceased) aajinátiisana groan in pain (i.v.) íjiikáani (n.) great-grandfather groan while asleep (i.v.) iiyaasúuja, siisíija iwánɨɨtáani great-grandfather (deceased) groin (n.) akásima, akásimɨ (n.) iyaasuújuusana groin cyst (n.) púruuna great-grandfather (vocativo) (n.) níiya (n.) siisíija ground (i.v.) great-grandmother (n.) sájiri, ground, be low to siíriija parikɨɨtáani great-grandmother (deceased) Ground-Cuckoo, Red-billed (n.) (n.) sajíriisana (bird species) sirɨ́taku great-grandmother (vocative) Ground-Dove, Ruddy (bird (n.) (n.) siiríija species) mɨ́yaaja great-grandson (n.) aájinani group member, same (n.) great-grandson (deceased) (n.) ɨɨyáana aajinániisana group, move in (i.v.) jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni great-uncle (paternal) (n.) grove of aguaje palms (loc.n.) kumáani nɨɨsikajina great-uncle (paternal, grove of aguaje palms (n.) vocative) (n.) ámaaja nɨɨsika green (color) (adj.) nɨyana grove of ñejilla palms (loc.n.) green (unripe) (adj.) makina isunaajina Green Acouchy (playful name) grove of pijuayo palms (loc.n.) (n.) amúsiaaki amarijina, amariyaajina Green Acouchy, rodent grove of pijuayo palms (n.) (n.) species arasaaki, músiaaki amari (n.) Green Ibis, bird species grove of pona palms (loc.n.) kwariku puúnakajina, tatɨɨwɨjina, Green Kingfisher, bird species tatɨɨwɨyajina (n.) asi grove of ungurahui palms Green Oropendola, bird (loc.n.) ipɨɨtikajina species (n.) masiku túruuja grow (i.v.) kumɨ́ɨni Green-striped Vine Snake (n.) grow (t.v.) kumɨtɨ́ɨni kanɨɨya, kanuúmɨ, kanuuyɨ (i.v.) purikúuni greet (t.v.) saaruutaasíini grow (palm pod) (i.v.) grimace (i.v.) amɨriitáani, grow (tuber) iijɨ́ɨni (i.v.) amuriitáani grow (young plant) rikíini (i.v.) grime on body (n.) sapakaka grow branch akikɨ́ɨni

532 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary grow in size (buttocks) Gynerium sagittatum, plant species

grow in size (buttocks) (i.v.) guava, tree species (n.) jaakíini siaawíinta grow large (plantains) (i.v.) Guazuma sp., tree species (n.) irisíini ruutíina grow new hair, feathers (i.v.) “guess what?” (giving news) kajɨ́ɨni (interj.) nakusii (n.) grub (suri), species of (n.) aniita guilty party kɨɨna guineo vinagre marajákwaa, jitúuni, juuja, , plantain (n.) muusajákwaa, samaríyuuja, símɨɨja, variety samúkwaati nɨyana guineo (n.) símɨɨka, tɨwɨsɨ́kɨɨja, tɨwɨsɨ́kɨɨja, , plantain variety tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨja, tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨya kiiníiya guisador (n.) grub (suri), type found in dead , plant species trees (n.) jawarákuuti kiisatúura gulp air (fish) (i.v.) ráriitáani grub (suri), variety of (n.) gulp quickly (t.v.) imaakúuni panasi kumakija gum abscess (n.) tamaraki grub, beetle (edible, general gums and jawbone (n.) ámɨsi, (n.) kumakija term) ámusi grub, in naturally fallen palms gun, cock (t.v.) riimúuni, ríini (n.) panasi kumakija gut animal (t.v.) maratáani gruel (n.) minkáatu Gymnotus sp., fish species (n.) gruel (manioc, plantain) (n.) kajani, rɨɨwɨ́ɨya, simaki jákɨɨ Gymnotus spp., type of fish (n.) gruel, make (i.v.) jakɨ́ɨni kajani grunt (aggressive male Gynerium sagittatum, plant display) (i.v.) muríyuukwáani species (n.) miyajáana, mɨyajáana grunt (peccary, pig) (i.v.) riikáani guaba, tree species (n.) támuu guacamayo rumo, manioc variety (n.) anapaakákana Guadua sp., bamboo species (n.) puráaja Guan, Spix’s (bird species) (n.) paríiku, paáriwa guanábana, tree species (n.) waanaáwana guard (t.v.) tasiitáani Guatteria sp., tree species (n.) tamarásina, tamarásiti, taramásiti Guatteria spp., type of tree (n.) sakana, tuuku

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 533 hard (material)

habit (n.) míini hand net (n.) maakɨɨsi, maasi habitually (adv.) sámɨɨra hand net handle (n.) maasi habitually, do (t.v.) paríini ánaaja hack (t.v.) sajiinúuni hand net, capture with (t.v.) hackles, be raised (i.v.) maakɨɨsíini, maasíini ririíkɨɨtáani handle (flexible) (n.) íyuuti haft (axe) (t.v.) kajíini, kaníini, handle (knife, machete) (n.) sirijúuni sirija hair (n.) kajasi handle (pot, basket) (n.) túuku hair, be ruffled (i.v.) ririíkɨɨtáani handle, put on (axe) (t.v.) hair, grow new (i.v.) kajɨ́ɨni kajíini, kaníini, sirijúuni hair-covered (adj.) kajasi áraka handle, put on (hand net) (t.v.) haircut, give (t.v.) maaraakúuni anasiikíini hairless (penis) (adj.) karatikíina hands and knees, be on (i.v.) (adj.) hairless (vulva) karatijaaka ajarakuutáani (adj.) hairy kajata, kajatina hands, cup (t.v.) purikuutaníini (n.) half akájinaku handsome (adj.) suwami, suwapɨ, (i.v.) hallucinate aanawasíini suwáani hallucinogen, be intoxicated hand-strained drink (n.) púriija (i.v.) with aánuukwáani hand-strained manioc beer (n.) hallucinogenic beverage maajariáaka (n.) (ayahuasca) aákuta (t.v.) (adv.) hang apíini haltingly íriikɨɨta (t.v.) hamaca huayo (n.) hang (composite object) , tree species apiitaníini kwarana hang (from) (i.v.) apitáani hammock (n.) inɨ́ɨsi hang (limbs) (i.v.) apirakiitáani hammock cords (n.) ániinaka (t.v.) tiníini (n.) inɨ́ɨki hang up hammock hammock rope (i.v.) hammock rope, make (t.v.) hanging, be apíini (t.v.) aniinúuni happen aarɨ́ɨni, míini (i.v.) hammock, be in (i.v.) mɨjɨráani happy, become juúmaasíini (t.v.) hammock, hang up (t.v.) tiníini harass sexually ijiwíini hand (n.) awánaka, kurika hard (material) (adj.) irísina

534 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary hard and watery (manioc) have sex (euphemism)

hard and watery (manioc) haul (composite object) (t.v.) (adj.) iwárɨɨja, sakina jɨɨ́tatáani hard center (n.) ɨ́ɨja haul in with instrument (t.v.) hard lump (under skin) (n.) takíini simaja have (t.v.) míini harden (i.v.) irisíini have a look at (t.v.) karíini hardened bodily effluvia (n.) have child (i.v.) mɨrɨ́ɨni marakuja have concave shape (i.v.) hard-shelled (adj.) muúturuna purikuutáani hard-working (adj.) kuwana have curved shape (i.v.) harm by violating dietary muyúuni restrictions (t.v.) aanisiijáani have facial hair (i.v.) amuusíini harmful air (from demons) (n.) have fist fight (i.v.) kujuniiwɨɨtíini siwaara júnɨɨna have food stuck in throat (i.v.) harmful via sympathetic effect jaámanakɨ́ɨni (adj.) saasana have hernia (i.v.) pupuukúuni Harpia harpyja, bird species have hiccoughs (i.v.) rikúuni (n.) síruku nɨɨsina have hole (large) (i.v.) suríini Harpy Eagle (n.) síruku nɨɨsina have hollow spot (i.v.) papɨ́ɨni harrass (t.v.) mananúuni have illness (t.v.) míini harrass sexually (t.v.) have large belly (i.v.) tanajɨɨtáani mananúuni have lengthwise stripes (i.v.) harvest (t.v.) katáani kuyuutíini harvest (palm fruit bunch) have lump (i.v.) pujuutáani (t.v.) nakutáani have multiple holes (i.v.) harvest (plantain bunch, palm suriiwɨ́ɨni fruit bunch) (t.v.) titɨɨtáani have multiple lumps (i.v.) harvest immature manioc (t.v.) puruujuutáani makitáani have nest in tree (insect) (t.v.) harvest manioc (a.v.) síratáani tíini harvest manioc for first time have painful joints (i.v.) (i.v.) makijuutáani marisɨɨkíini harvest palm fruit bunch (t.v.) have pimples (i.v.) imakiijɨ́ɨni rikutáani have pustules (i.v.) rapɨ́ɨni harvest Peach Palm fruit have rheumatism or arthritis bunch (t.v.) titáani (i.v.) marisɨɨkíini harvest unripe fruits (t.v.) have severe malady (t.v.) imáani makitáani have sex (t.v.) sikáani, sikúuni hat (general term) (n.) mɨyáaku have sex (euphemism) (i.v.) hat, put on (i.v.) mɨyaakúuni tamuujúuni hate (t.v.) sakíini have sex (euphemism) (t.v.) haul (t.v.) jɨ́ɨni ijiwíini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 535 have sexual relationship (euphemism) here downriver

have sexual relationship heart, of pineapple (n.) minati (euphemism) (i.v.) iwíini nɨɨti have stuck in throat (i.v.) kɨ́ɨni heartwood, hard (n.) ɨ́ɨja hawk (general term) (n.) nɨɨsina heat (n.) iípanaka Hawk, Roadside (bird species) heat (t.v.) iipanúuni (n.) awíraaja heat (liquid) (t.v.) tipanuutáani Hawk-Eagle, Black (bird heat (solid) (t.v.) tipanúuni species) (n.) maayitɨ́ɨsi heated water (n.) ipɨyáaka he (pro.) nu=, nuu heavily, fall (rain) (adv.) paka he (focus, topic) (pro.) anuu, heavy (adj.) iinana anúuja heed, take (t.v.) aríwatɨ́ɨni he only (pro.) anuúrika, nuúrika heel (n.) titija (n.) head (n.) ánaka heel tendon ánimɨ head adornment (traditional) height (n.) takuúkujina (n.) (n.) simiiku height (of object) nɨɨku (n.) head of household, be (i.v.) Heliconia sp., plant species mɨjɨráani ikwasimɨ, kwasimɨ, masiínaamɨ head, back of (n.) atímaji Heliconia spp., bijao, type of (n.) head, lower (i.v.) ajákumatáani plant anakújumɨ, nakújumɨ head, wrap (t.v.) ipukíini Helicops spp., snake species (n.) aaka sajina headdress (general term) (n.) Heliornis fulica, bird species mɨyáaku (n.) aaka puújari, puújari headdress (traditional) (n.) “hello!” (greeting) (interj.) juu paráana help (t.v.) paríjatáani headdress, put on (i.v.) Hemidactylus mabouia, reptile mɨyaakúuni species (n.) kɨtɨ headwaters (n.) anákaku (t.v.) Hemiodus microlepsis, fish heal ánaajiijáani, anaajɨɨjáani species (n.) purútaari (t.v.) heal (cut) sipɨɨtɨ́ɨni Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, (i.v.) heal (open wound) kapɨ́ɨni fish species (n.) túuwa heal (tobacco shamanism) her (pro.) nu= (t.v.) panáani her (focus, topic) (pro.) anuu, (adj.) healthy namísaana anúuja healthy, chubby baby (n.) her only (pro.) anuúrika, nuúrika nɨɨkika here (loc.dem) iiti healthy, make (t.v.) ánaajiijáani, here (a little downriver) anaajɨɨjáani (loc.dem) iimajiita heap of garbage (loc.n.) here (further away) (loc.dem) iririkajina iitíira hear (t.v.) tuwaasíini, tuujíini here downriver (loc.dem) iima, heart (n.) akánataaja, kuuraasuu iimajiíraji

536 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary here inside hillside (uphill)

here inside (loc.dem) iima, hernia, have (i.v.) pupuukúuni iimajiíraji Heron, Boat-billed (bird here inside (up) (loc.dem) species) (n.) wápapa iikujiíraji Heron, Rufescent Tiger (bird here outside (loc.dem) iiku, species) (n.) júuti, mɨyaara júuti iikujiíraji Heron, Zigzag (bird species) (loc.dem) here upriver iiku, (n.) aaka siaákaaja iikujiíraji Heros efasciatus, fish species here upriver (a small (n.) imakwaaja (loc.dem) distance) iikujiita Herpailurus yaguarondi, cat “here you go!” (to draw (n.) muuti mɨyaara (interj.) species attention) atɨja Herpotheres cachinnans, bird “here you go!” (to give species (n.) maákuwa something) (interj.) árija Heteropsis sp., liana species here, along this path (adv.) (n.) sisikɨyɨ iitiírakuma Heteropsis spp., type of liana here, at same level (near (n.) addressee) (loc.dem) kiniki núriyɨ (n.) here, down (loc.dem) iima, Heteroptera, type of insect iimajiíraji napɨnija here, down lower (loc.dem) Hevea brasiliensis, tree species (n.) iimɨ́ɨra siiríinka here, downriverward towards hex (t.v.) simɨráani (adv.) iimɨɨ́raata “hey!” (greeting) (interj.) juu here, downward towards (adv.) hide (n.) ísɨkɨ iimɨɨ́raata hide (t.v.) nawatajúuni here, further downriver hide oneself (i.v.) nawatajúuni (loc.dem) iimɨ́ɨra hide, stretch (t.v.) sipijúuni (loc.dem) here, further upriver hierba cunchi, fish species (n.) iikúura iyásiikwaaja here, perpendicular to river hierba dormilón (loc.dem) , plant speces (near addressee) kiniki (n.) makɨɨti (n.) here, person or thing from hierba mudo, grass species (n.) iítiijiina sásaaka here, up (loc.dem) iiku hierba santa, plant species (n.) here, up (a small distance) pasúuja naamɨ (loc.dem) iikujiita (adv.) nɨɨku here, up higher (loc.dem) iikúura high (n.) here, upriverward towards high ground iija (loc.n.) (adv.) iikuúraata hillside (downhill) here, upward towards (adv.) iijakarikuma iikuúraata hillside (uphill) (loc.n.) hernia (n.) púpuuku iijakarikuku

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 537 hiluli, intestinal worm species hook (traditional)

hiluli, intestinal worm species hold back from attacking (i.v.) (n.) nasaani ítɨɨtáani him (focus, topic) (pro.) anuu, hold down (t.v.) taníini anúuja hold in mouth (t.v.) pakiitáani him only (pro.) anuúrika, nuúrika hold on (for stability) (i.v.) Himantanthus sucuuba, tree tiitɨ́ɨni species (n.) suukúuwa hold person (arm across hinge (n.) paákiija shoulder) (t.v.) kɨkɨtáani (t.v.) hip bone (n.) pɨyaánaamɨ hold tightly (in hand) Hirundidae spp., type of bird kiwáani (t.v.) (n.) namisu, samisu hold up niwíini (loc.n.) his (pro.) nu= hole aráama (i.v.) historical figure (prop.n.) hole (large), have suríini (t.v.) Amɨriítaasi, Amuriítaasi, Apúriija, hole in palm trunk, make Aatáaja, Aatikɨ́rɨsi, Iruwaríkwaa, túuni (i.v.) Isiaamajákwaa, Iyúuri, Iísuuja, hole, develop or get Kantáasi, Kɨrɨwɨɨti, Kuriásɨɨja, tawatɨ́ɨni Kuriyáani, Kuyajaati, Kuuwaa Níiki, hole, in tree (n.) pápana Maákina, Mitáyakana, Mɨɨniikáani, hole, make (t.v.) pajatáani Musutiriíkwaa, Nɨɨ́sijaanu, Piírnaja, holed, get (i.v.) pajatɨ́ɨni Piisíruuja, Pukina, Pukisíkwaapɨ, holes, have multiple (i.v.) Riisamɨ́ɨni, Saákisa, Saáraku, suriiwɨ́ɨni Siaankanáaku, Siaatɨja, Simáani, holes, make for seeds (t.v.) Simɨraánaaka, Siikiyúuni, Siirɨɨ́taja, ajiraakíini, ijáani Siiwiíkaraaja, Sɨɨ́kani, Suruku, holes, make multiple (t.v.) Tarakákwaa, Taawara, Tiítɨɨsi, tawarakúuni, tawarúuni Turuuríisa, Tuúkani, Tuúkuyɨ, holey (adj.) tawarakútina Wásiuujaánaaka, Yarɨɨjáani hollow (adj.) papáana (t.v.) hit ipɨráani hollow out (t.v.) papaanúuni hit (living being) (t.v.) aamúuni hollow spot, have (i.v.) papɨ́ɨni hit (object) (t.v.) aamúuni hollow, in tree (n.) pápana hit (target) (t.v.) kasirtɨ́ɨni hollowed out, become (i.v.) hit against (pluractional) (t.v.) papaanɨ́ɨni amaniikuutáani homebody (adj.) iitakaasi hit with instrument honest (adj.) suwáani (pluractional) (t.v.) amaniikúuni honey (n.) aaka, iísakwaka Hoatzin, bird species (n.) honey (colmena bee) (n.) iwaana saásaaja hoof (n.) titika, tiitiwa hold (t.v.) kasiráani hook (pull toward) (t.v.) hold affectionately lying kaniijɨ́ɨni down (t.v.) kakatáani hook (traditional) (n.) kaniija

538 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary hook (traditional), make huasaco, type of fish

hook (traditional), make (i.v.) how (interrog.) jaátaaraa, kaniijɨ́ɨni jaátaaraata, jɨɨ́taaraa hook, get caught on (fish) (i.v.) how (manner) (interrog.) imáani jɨɨ́taaraata hoop (n.) niíniiti how many (animate) (interrog.) hoop, make (i.v.) niiniitíini jɨɨ́tipɨ, jɨɨ́tiripɨ hop (i.v.) sikɨ́ɨni, sikɨɨtáani how many (inanimate) hope, be without (i.v.) taara (interrog.) jɨɨ́timi, jɨɨ́tirimi míini how old (interrog.) jɨɨ́tikariina Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus, “how surprising!” (adv.) fish species (n.) núuni kuutanaakáana Hoplias malabaricus, fish “how?” (expression of (n.) species páasi wonderment) (interj.) jɨɨ́taaraata hormiga cachorro , ant species however (adv.) sákumatáani (n.) sirisíija however long (adv.) jɨɨ́tikari (n.) horn táaja, tɨ́wɨja, túwɨja (n.) (n.) Howler Monkey, Red iipɨɨ horn (for blowing) anɨɨ́taaja huaca (n.) (n.) , fish poison bush horsefly (general term) waka jimɨ́nati huacapú, tree species (n.) hot (high temperature) (adj.) waakapuu iípanana huacapurana, tree species (n.) hot (spicy) (adj.) anana, ɨɨjɨɨ́tina waakapuuráana hot coal (n.) nɨ́siija huacrapona, palm species (n.) hot water (n.) ipɨyáaka awasika hot water, pour over (to hualo (n.) remove feathers, fur) (t.v.) , frog species muusi huamanzamana ipɨyaakúuni , tree species (n.) hot, feel (person) (i.v.) iípanɨ́ɨni simájaana huambé (n.) hot, feel frequently (i.v.) , liana species iípanɨɨtíini murúunku huangana bujurqui house (n.) iita , fish species (n.) house and home (loc.n.) iyikíira, saatiija (n.) íyɨ huangana curo, ant species house frame (n.) aamaakúuja panaka house frame, build (t.v.) huangana pishco, bird species aamaakúuni (n.) sirɨ́taku house with irapay palm roof huangana sapo, frog species (n.) ijáwɨɨti (n.) anitáaki makwaati house, abandoned (loc.n.) huapeta, fish species (n.) aakaari irítijina huapetero, fishing tackle for house, build (i.v.) iitɨ́ɨni huapeta (n.) aakaari iíraana how (conj.) jaátaaraata huasaco, type of fish (n.) páasi

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 539 huasaco-type fish, species of hypnotize

huasaco-type fish, species of hung up, be (hammock) (t.v.) (n.) anapa páasi, pɨsɨkɨ pɨɨ́taki tíini huasaí palm fronds, new (n.) hungry, be (i.v.) takɨsíini musaamɨ hunt, go (i.v.) aamɨ́yaakíini huasaí (n.) , palm species hunting platform (n.) musaasi aamaakúuja huayerillo (n.) , fish species hunting platform, construct sáawu (i.v.) aamaakúuni huayhuashi tambo, improvised (i.v.) (n.) hunting, go (idiomatic) shelter naamɨ jimuútaaja makɨ́ɨni huayo ácido, tree species (n.) Hura crepitans, tree species (n.) tipakáana katáawa huayra caspi, tree species (n.) hurry (i.v.) iyákumasíini, amánaati huayruro (n.) iyarakasíini , tree species (t.v.) nasiirɨnamajaáti, siirɨ namajaati hurt anasɨɨtɨ́ɨni (i.v.) huaytiti, insect species (n.) hurt (body part) rikúuni (t.v.) waitii hurt (disable) anasúuni hug (t.v.) kiwáani husband (n.) níyaaka hug (pluractional) (t.v.) husband (deceased) (n.) kakámatíini niiyaákɨɨsana huicungo palm species (n.) husband (vocative) (n.) ajáaja muruwɨ́ɨra husband, get (i.v.) niyɨ́ɨni huimba, tree species (n.) husk (n.) ísɨkɨ nawánaati husk, empty (n.) áaku huingo (n.) , tree species samaku, husks, corn (n.) síwaamɨ timáriija hut (n.) iita huiririma, palm species (n.) Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris, wiiriirii Capybara (n.) kapíwari huishhuincho, bird species (n.) kwakúsiaaja Hydrolycus scomberoides, fish (n.) huitina, plant species (variety species aakaari (n.) of) (n.) anapa anákaari, ikijáani, Hyla boans, frog species kasiíniika, mɨyaara jíina, mɨyaara júuri jiínaari Hyla lanciformis, frog species (n.) huitina, type of plant (n.) riitiri anitáaki makwaati huito, tree species (n.) aamina, hymen, break (t.v.) tawatáani nɨɨ́tana Hymenaea courbaril, tree human being (n.) kaaya species (n.) paáyuuna humita, corn dish (n.) kúsɨɨti Hymenolobium sp., tree species humitas, make (i.v.) kusɨɨtíini (n.) jɨɨtinákwaa hummingbird (n.) mɨɨja hypnotize (t.v.) paasiijúuni

540 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Hypophthalmus edentatus, fish species hysterically, laugh

Hypophthalmus edentatus, fish species (n.) amúsitajáani hysterically, laugh (i.v.) sataakɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 541 in favor of

I (pro.) kí=, kíija illuminated space (n.) kwaaki “I don’t know!” (interj.) tɨ́ɨni imbue, via shamanic I only (pro.) kiírika treatment (t.v.) siimúuni Ibis, Green (bird species) (n.) imitate (t.v.) saminiijúuni kwariku immerse (t.v.) jimúuni, sikiitáani Ibycter americanus, bird immobile (adj.) irísina (n.) species tatákuwa immoral person (n.) sɨɨ́sa icarar, perform shamanic kuwasiáana (t.v.) incantation naaraajúuni impede (t.v.) kuujúuni ichichimi colorado , ant species impolite (adj.) sɨɨ́sana (n.) aákusana masakana, masakana impregnate (t.v.) manajúuni, ijɨɨ́rana mɨrɨ́ɨni ichichimi negro (n.) , ant species impregnated (with substance) masakana (adj.) iíyuu Ichnosiphon sp., liana species impression (loc.n.) amákɨjina (n.) kuumáaka imprint (loc.n.) amákɨjina idea (n.) saminiijúuni improvised shelter (n.) naamɨ identity, mistake (t.v.) iiníini (n.) jimuútaaja idle person iyújusana (postp.) ignore words or feelings (t.v.) in =jina jatɨníini in (event, group activity) (loc.postp.) iguana, lizard species (n.) yaamɨ ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma (loc.postp.) iguano machaco, snake species in (river basin) (n.) turukuni jinakuma (postp.) iguano rumo, manioc variety in (temporal) =kari (adv.) (n.) yaamɨ́kana in an indicated manner ill, be (i.v.) iwarɨ́ɨni náaji ill-behaved jokester (n.) in contrast (adv.) sákumatáani, siwaarákana =waja illness (general term) (n.) in exchange for (postp.) iwarɨ́yaaka, iwarɨ́ɨni =iyakúura, =iyikúura, =iyɨkúura illness, have (t.v.) míini in favor of (postp.) =iyakúura, illuminated (adj.) kwaana =iyikúura, =iyɨkúura

542 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary in front of (spatial) injure joint

in front of (spatial) (postp.) number (det.) nuúkiika =aákuji indentation, make (t.v.) in front of (witnessing) (postp.) kíyɨɨtaníini =karíjata indistinct and dark, be (i.v.) in good health (adj.) namísaana mɨ́nɨɨtáani in one’s sleep (adv.) makɨɨna induce to go somewhere (t.v.) in order to (postp.) =íira iniwɨ́ɨni in order to (with motion) industrious (adj.) kuwana (postp.) =ánuura ineffective (adj.) sasana in other direction (adv.) infallible (in fishing, hunting) (adj.) taakiíraata pasina (t.v.) in presence of (postp.) =karíjata infect kasiráani in single vessel (placed) (adv.) infection of salivary glands (n.) namíkiika páasi ípuusi (adj.) in the afternoon (adv.) inferior sɨɨ́sana (adj.) ninɨ́ɨni=aákuji infested with maggots (adv.) wáari siinaki iíyuu in the meantime (i.v.) in the middle of (loc.postp.) infested with maggots, be sinakijɨ́ɨni ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma inflate (t.v.) ríini in the pre-dawn hours (adv.) influential (person) (adj.) kutatáani aákuji iikiáana in the way of (postp.) =isakúura influential, be (i.v.) mɨjɨráani in the way, be (t.v.) kuujúuni inform (d.v.) nakusitɨ́ɨni (adv.) nami in there (anaphoric) (adv.) sɨɨsaárika (adv.) infrequently in this manner or way Inga edulis, tree species (n.) naaraata támuu in this manner or way (n.) (adv.) Inga sp., tree species (exhaustive focus) aamuutakáana, aana naárika aamuutakáana, aana támuu, káaji in this manner or way námati, káaji támuu, kukwana (adv.) (focused) anaaraata námikɨ, mákisi támuu, inayuga (n.) , palm species maájarakúuna, mírii, wákii sakunaaja ingested food (n.) ásɨɨka incest, commit (i.v.) amusíini Inia geoffrensis, dolphin incest, commit (t.v.) kanɨɨrɨ míini species (n.) aana inclined, be (i.v.) imujuutáani initiative, lacking (adj.) increase (reproduce) (i.v.) iíruwana, jiímana iyákatɨ́ɨni injure by beating with increase by reproduction (t.v.) instrument (t.v.) amániikɨ́ɨni iyakatúuni injure by stepping on sharp “indeed!” (interj.) tuu, túura object (i.v.) payɨ́ɨni indefinite determiner, general injure joint (i.v.) sipatɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 543 injure joint irapay thatch house, build

injure joint (t.v.) sipatáani intoxicated with injured, be or get (i.v.) ánasa hallucinogen, be (extremely) míini (i.v.) aánuukwáani injury, receive or get (i.v.) ánasa intoxicated, be (i.v.) aákɨsíini míini intoxicating (mind-altering) inner ear (n.) tuwaakíira, (adj.) namájatina tuwaakúura intoxication, recover from insect nest (n.) iita (i.v.) kariitáani insect silk (n.) aáwaayɨ introduce (person) (d.v.) insert (t.v.) ikáani, jimúuni nakusitɨ́ɨni insert (composite object) (t.v.) inundated forest (tahuampa) jimuutáani (n.) ikwaana inserted, be (i.v.) jimɨ́ɨni invite (activity) (t.v.) anɨɨtɨ́ɨni inside (loc.dem) naami Ipomea batatas, plant species inside (loc.n.) jinakuma (n.) katija, musútina katija inside (loc.postp.) ɨɨjakúura, Iquito (language) (n.) ikíitu jinakuma Iquito (person) (n.) ikíitu inside (here) (loc.dem) iima Iquito subgroup (Chambira inside out, turn (i.v.) takɨtɨ́ɨni River) (prop.n.) Kajiyuuri inside there (anaphoric) (adv.) Iquito subgroup (Chambira, nami Momón, and Mazán Rivers) inside, here (loc.dem) iimajiíraji (prop.n.) Maájanakáani inside, there (anaphoric, Iquito subgroup (Mazán focused) (adv.) anami River) (prop.n.) Maasikuuri insist someone consume a Iquito subgroup (Nanay River) great deal (t.v.) jiipúuni (prop.n.) Aamuutújuri, inspect (t.v.) karíini, nikíini, Naamuutújuri saminiijúuni Iquito subgroup (Pintuyacu insufficient, be (i.v.) kárɨɨtáani River) (prop.n.) Inkawɨɨ́raana, insult (t.v.) aájakúuni Iíjakawɨɨ́raana intend to do (t.v.) aríini Iquito subgroups of clayey soil intensely (adv.) uumáata areas (prop.n.) Tipaákajuuri interior part (n.) ɨɨ́jakúura Iquitos, city of (prop.n.) Ikíitu interior space (loc.n.) jinakuma irapay leaves, bundle of (n.) internal organ (n.) jinakuma ikija intestinal worm, species of (n.) irapay load, prepare (t.v.) ikíini nasaani irapay load, tie up (t.v.) ikijɨ́ɨni intestines (n.) marasi irapay palm, woven panel of intimate friend (n.) papaaja (n.) iitaari intoxicated by something, be irapay thatch house, build (i.v.) (t.v.) aákɨsíini ijawɨɨtíini

544 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary irapay, palm species Ixodoidea, tick (general term)

irapay, palm species (n.) its (pro.) nu= ijáwɨɨmɨ, ijawɨɨ́taamɨ “it’s done!” (interj.) jaari Iriartea deltoidea, palm species “it’s fine!” (i.e., adequate) (n.) awasika (interj.) awuúka, awuúkaja, irritable (adj.) sɨɨ́sana awuúkwa, awuúkwaja irritating (hairs) (adj.) kajútina Ivory-billed Araçari, bird Iryanthera tricornis, tree species (n.) muúruuki species (n.) nɨrimakɨ́ɨna Ixodoidea, tick (general term) is (cop.) taá, táaja, tɨɨ (n.) simɨ́naja isana, caña brava flower stalk (n.) miyajáana isango, chigger (general term) (n.) aákusaja Ischonema sp., frog species (n.) mɨɨ́riaaka, riiniáaka ishanga, plant species (n.) siini, siiníisi ishanga, strike with (t.v.) siiníini ishanguear, strike with ishanga (t.v.) siiníini ishpanero, lowest row of thatch (n.) iita ápisi isleño, plantain variety (n.) riimɨ Isothrix bistriata, rat species (n.) náana ɨɨ́jaaku isula ants, nest of (n.) muúsaniika isula huayo, tree species (n.) muusayúuna, muusáyuuti isula tingotero, ant species (n.) tujúniikɨ́ɨya isula, ant species (n.) muusaníkwaa isula-type ant, species of (n.) sipúuni isulilla, ant species (n.) anasúuni it (pro.) nu=, nuu it (focus, topic) (pro.) anuu, anúuja it only (pro.) anuúrika, nuúrika itchy (adj.) iíwana itininga, liana species (n.) sɨ́ɨyɨ

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 545 jussive particle

Jabiru mycteria, bird species jicama, plant species (n.) aasíipa (n.) tɨɨyɨ́ɨya, tɨɨyɨ́ɨyɨ jicra (net bag), large (n.) Jacamar, Yellow-billed (bird maákata kánɨɨsi, maákatuusi species) (n.) iinamináaja jicra, make (i.v.) kanɨɨsíini Jacaranda copaia, tree species jicra, net bag (n.) kánɨɨsi (n.) simájaana job (n.) tarawáaja Jacaranda sp., tree species (n.) join at ends (t.v.) paakiitáani aapaanaamɨ join together (t.v.) paakiitɨ́ɨni jagua, tree species (n.) aamina, joint (n.) paákiija nɨɨ́tana joint, injure or break (t.v.) jaguar (n.) ikíiku sipatáani jaguar, legendary type of (n.) joints, be painful (i.v.) pɨsɨkɨ mɨyaara marisɨɨkíini Jaguarundi, cat species (n.) joke (i.v.) maayaasíini muuti mɨyaara joke around (i.v.) juuma iwíini jarabe huayo, tree species (n.) joke with someone (t.v.) aarúwiiti maayaásiitáani jaundiced, be (i.v.) nɨya karíini jokester, ill-behaved (n.) jaw, lower (n.) ámaana, pájiiti siwaarákana jealous, be (t.v.) amariníini jokingly (adv.) taama jergón, snake species (n.) sajina jondear, fishing technique (i.v.) jerk (body) (i.v.) atáani sirinuutáani jerk (yank) (t.v.) atáani jovial (adj.) juúmana jerk repeatedly (body) (i.v.) jump (i.v.) sikɨ́ɨni ataanɨ́ɨni jump a short distance (i.v.) Jessenia bataua (palm), grove sikɨɨtáani of (loc.n.) ipɨɨtikajina jump up and down repeatedly Jessenia bataua (palm), trunk (i.v.) sikɨɨ́yuukwáani of (n.) sakumánaaja jungle (general term) (n.) naki Jessenia bataua, palm species Jungle Frog (n.) marimuusi, (n.) ipɨɨti tipakɨɨtiisi jetón, suri species (n.) jitúuni jussive particle (prtcl.) paa

546 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary just juvenile (animal, plant)

just (adv.) taama just (do something) (adv.) jawaárika, waárika juvenile (animal, plant) (n.) ákati

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 547 knowledge

Kapok, tree species (n.) kiss (pluractional) (t.v.) nawánaati sipɨɨkúuni Katydid, leaf-mimic (n.) sɨriki kissing sound, make (i.v.) naamɨ siikíini keel, attach (to canoe) (i.v.) kitchen (n.) kuusáana tiimúuni Kite, Swallow-tailed (bird keel, of canoe (n.) tiimuu species) (n.) masɨ́yaja keep legs open (i.v.) manɨɨtáani knead (t.v.) jiníini Kelep, ant species (n.) anasúuni knee (n.) sirija Kentropyx altamazonica, lizard kneecap (n.) manɨti (n.) species (n.) anakwáasa knife (general term) kernels, remove (t.v.) jaráani paaniiwɨ (n.) kick (t.v.) asiyáani knife (traditional) tuutúuja (t.v.) kick (repeatedly) (t.v.) asímatíini knock out (with blow) kidney (n.) akájinaaja maarijúuni (t.v.) knock over (object inserted in kill aamúuni (t.v.) kill multiple entities (t.v.) ground) murutáani (i.v.) itiyuutɨ́ɨni amaníini knot knot, tie (t.v.) itiyúuni killing blow, deliver (t.v.) knot, type of (n.) masɨ́yaja imaniijúuni iíwaasi, ráana jirítiikɨ kin, distant (n.) papaaja knots, tie multiple (t.v.) King Vulture (n.) kapítiaa, itiyuutáani tapútiaa know (t.v.) nakusíini Kingfisher, Amazon or Green know how, not (t.v.) maárijɨ́ɨni (n.) asi (bird species) knowledge (n.) nakusíini Kingfisher, Ringed (bird species) (n.) kataraa Kinkajou (n.) kwasini kinship relation (general term) (n.) múuta Kiskadee, Great (bird species) (n.) isukiáaja kiss (t.v.) sipɨ́ɨni

548 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary land, clear

labia majora (vagina) (n.) Lagenaria siceraria, creeper namíkɨya species (n.) ipaaja, ipaaka, labia minora (vagina) (n.) maatarɨnaaja ájuukwaasi Lagothrix lagotricha, monkey (n.) labor (n.) miísana species síruku (n.) Lachesis muta, snake species lake takina (n.) siuusiúupi Lake Cunimaja (n.) Kunímaaja lack (t.v.) kwarɨɨníini lake, former (on upper Pintuyacu) (prop.n.) Másiina lacking initiative (adj.) iíruwana, Irítiku jiímana lament (deceased person) (i.v.) lacking initiative and energy jimuukúuni (adj.) sasana (n.) Lampyridae sp., firefly species Lacmellea sp., tree species (n.) tikíwari sapaánuuti (n.) Lancehead, South American ladder iskaníira, maakánaaja (adult), snake species (n.) Ladenbergia magnifolia, tree sajina (n.) species pukíraati Lancehead, South American Laemolyta sp., fish species (n.) (juvenile) (n.) aminakíisi, kajiika minakíisi lagarto caspi, tree species (n.) Lancehead, Velvety (snake siirɨ náana species) (n.) irúuna ijírataaka Lagarto Cocha, lake near San lanchina, bird species (n.) takina Antonio (prop.n.) Siirɨɨri land (n.) níiya lagarto huayo, wild fruit land (bird) (i.v.) jimɨɨtɨ́ɨni species (n.) siirɨ turuja land (boat on shore) (i.v.) lagarto piña, pineapple variety ajatatɨ́ɨni, ajatɨtɨ́ɨni, ikatɨ́ɨni, isitɨ́ɨni (n.) siirɨ minati land (boat) (i.v.) jimɨɨtɨ́ɨni lagarto trueno, caiman variety land planaria (general term) (n.) siirɨ ítɨɨnɨyáana, siirɨ tiririija (n.) siwaara saputi lagarto, corn and manioc beer land snail (n.) aasiwáriika (n.) siirɨ land, clear (a.v.) kamaráani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 549 land-clearing minga, manioc beer for leave (spouse)

land-clearing minga, manioc lazy, be (i.v.) iyujúuni beer for (n.) kamarɨ́yaaka lazy, become (i.v.) sasɨ́ɨni land-clearing, minga for (n.) lazy, call someone (t.v.) kamarɨ́yaaka iyújaakáani, iyújuukwáani langosta, caterpillar species lazy, make (t.v.) sasaanúuni (n.) mɨtíkiri lead (n.) purúumu language (n.) kuwasíini lead dance (t.v.) kajíini lanza caspi, tree species (n.) leader (curaca) (n.) áapu túuna leader of collaborative lapicero, fish species (n.) puriki activity (n.) akúmari large (adj.) ani, uumáana leader of menarche large (adv.) aniita celebration (n.) kájiiyáana large (relatively) (adj.) leader of White-lipped anijákwaa Peccary herd (n.) anitáaki large-holed basket (n.) aniita sirúuku, siinakíriisi namijana leaf (detached) (n.) naamɨ larva, bee (n.) májiiti leaf (of specific plant) (n.) íimɨ larva, Bot Fly (n.) tuútuuja leaf litter, thick layer of (n.) larynx (n.) aríina sásakɨ lash (n.) majaatayɨ leaf vessel (bijao) (n.) puriku lasso (t.v.) sawúuni leaf vessel, make (i.v.) purikúuni lasso trap (n.) sawúuna leaf, budding (n.) amaki last (in series) (n.) anákaaja leafcutter ant (general term) last breath, draw (and die) (n.) kaniyúuja (i.v.) jiitáani leafcutter ant, queen (n.) late (deceased) (adj.) nawɨɨ́tana kaniyúuja niaatíija late (night) (adj.) yaasiki leafcutter ant, species of (n.) later (in the same day) (adv.) kakúuja, makúuja siaárika leafcutter ants (edible), gather latrine (loc.n.) niriíkujina (i.v.) kaniyuujúuni laugh (i.v.) satáani leaf-mimic Katydid (n.) sɨriki laugh (in someone’s face) (t.v.) naamɨ sataaníini leaf-wrapped food laugh hysterically (i.v.) (patarashca) (n.) ijiika sataakɨ́ɨni leak resin to form ball (i.v.) Laughing Falcon (n.) maákuwa rinɨɨkɨ́ɨni Lauraceae spp., type of tree (n.) lean (i.v.) imujuutáani atija lean against (i.v.) tatɨɨtáani lay bowl (n.) nɨɨri leap (i.v.) sikɨ́ɨni lay egg (i.v.) naakíini learn (a.v.) paajɨ́ɨni lay egg (t.v.) ináani leave (i.v.) jikatɨ́ɨni, jimatɨ́ɨni lazy (adj.) sasana leave (part) (t.v.) apɨráani lazy person (n.) iyújusana leave (spouse) (t.v.) sikɨ́ɨni

550 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary leave behind (person) liana, species of

leave behind (person) (t.v.) lengua de vaca, plant species sikɨ́ɨni (n.) muúkwaayɨ naamɨ, waka nɨɨti leave food for other (d.v.) Leopardus pardalis, cat species kurɨɨníini (n.) kuuja leave in a location (t.v.) ináani Leopardus wiedii, cat species leave off bad habit (i.v.) inɨ́ɨni (n.) kuuja leave trace (in vegetation) leoporina, fish species (n.) (t.v.) irítatáani kamámani leaves, lose (i.v.) mɨtɨ́ɨni Leoporinus fasciatus, fish leaves, remove from plant species (n.) kamámani (t.v.) iímɨtáani, mɨtáani Leoporinus moralesi, fish leche caspi, tree species (n.) species (n.) iyámaana, iyámaani anuuti Lepidocaryum tessmannii, palm (n.) leech (n.) sáati, sɨɨpɨ species ijáwɨɨmɨ, ijawɨɨ́taamɨ left arm and hand (n.) jamɨ́kiji, Leptodactylus pentadactylus, (n.) jaámɨɨkiji frog species muusi left behind be (i.v.) aasapɨ́ɨni Leptodactylus sp., frog species (n.) left over manioc beer (n.) kukwaaja, kwaata nɨkíjaati, pɨɨtáaka marimuusi, nuriisi, tipakɨɨtiisi Leptotila rufaxilla, bird species left over manioc tubers (in (n.) (n.) sapɨɨja isiwaaja garden) (t.v.) left over, be (i.v.) apɨrɨ́ɨni let go kanatɨ́ɨni, kanɨtɨ́ɨni (t.v.) aarɨtɨ́ɨni left side (n.) jaámɨɨkiji let pass let try (food, drink) (d.v.) left-handed (adj.) jaámɨɨna sanitɨ́ɨni leftover food (n.) asáaku level (adv.) tikiíraki leg (n.) áaja level (t.v.) iijinajɨ́ɨni Legatus leucophaius, bird lever arm of manioc press (n.) species (n.) nawɨ́yɨɨja taniítaaja legitimate (adj.) taasíita, lever, pull open (t.v.) rikutáani taasiítaana (n.) (i.v.) liana (general term) iiyɨɨ legs, keep open manɨɨtáani tamshi (loc.n.) (i.v.) liana cluster, of legs, open manɨ́ɨni nuríyuwajina (t.v.) legs, put on (furniture) liana, species of (n.) aríyuujáana, anasiikíini aasíyuu, aasíyuuti, itɨyɨ, iyuukwana, (n.) leishmaniasis, skin disease iikaayɨ, jimɨ́nati ánaaja, káaji siaraku ajírɨna, káaji ijírɨna, kuumáaka, (n.) lemon riimuu maasi ánaaja, murúunku, nakikuuja leñero leñatero or , invertebrate ámakɨ, nakikuuja marasi, nakikuuja (n.) species aakíini maakánaaja, núriyɨ, páriiti, páriiyɨ, (n.) length saana piyúuri iíyɨɨ, rújuuja, siaámuri lengthwise stripes, have (i.v.) íniija, siaámuri íija, sisikɨyɨ, kuyuutíini sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ, sɨ́ɨyɨ, yuukwana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 551 lianas, area dense with little finger

lianas, area dense with (loc.n.) liked thing or person (n.) iiyuuwaajina nakarɨɨ́sana Licania sp., tree species (n.) limbs, remove (t.v.) titaakíini kusáaka limp (i.v.) sipanɨɨtáani (t.v.) lice, pick out of hair line up (people) (i.v.) atɨɨtɨ́ɨni sikwaníini (t.v.) line up, in agricultural work lick tamɨ́ɨni (i.v.) tíini lid (n.) iijuútaaja line, put in (t.v.) atɨ́ɨni, atɨɨtɨ́ɨni lid, pot (n.) táapa Lineated Woodpecker (n.) lid, put on (t.v.) iijúuni panasi lie (i.v.) iíkwa míini Linnaeus’s Mouse Opossum lie (n.) asapɨ́ɨni, iíkwa míini (n.) mɨɨ́saka (t.v.) kakatáani lie cuddling (n.) lie curled up (i.v.) riwasiitáani lip (of human, animal) íiyɨ (n.) lie face down (i.v.) ajákumɨ́ɨni lip, thick (of object) námikɨ lie in fetal postion (i.v.) Lipaugus vociferans, bird (n.) riwasiitáani species kwakúsiaaja lie in hammock (i.v.) mɨjɨráani lips, put to (drinking vessel) lie mouth-down (i.v.) ajákumɨ́ɨni (i.v.) tiitɨ́ɨni lie prostrate (i.v.) imatáani lisa colorada, fish species (n.) life (contrasted with other life karápisi forms) (loc.n.) íyaki, iyikíira, íyɨ lisa negra, fish species (n.) lift (t.v.) niwíini iyámaana, iyámaani lift load up onto another’s lisa yulilla, fish species (n.) aana back (t.v.) kɨnitáani karásiija light (match) (t.v.) jinitáani lisa-type fish, species of (n.) light rain (n.) musútina aasi ijámani, kajiika, kamámani, siinaki light, give off (i.v.) nuníini imáaku, támuuki light, without (adj.) niínana listen (t.v.) tuwaasíini, tuujíini light-colored (eyes) (adj.) sakina listen for location (animal) light-colored eyes, with (adj.) (t.v.) tuujiitáani saki namijana listen surreptitiously (t.v.) lightning that strikes the tuujiitáani (n.) nɨrímɨɨna, nɨsínɨɨna ground lit space (n.) kwaaki lightning, distant (n.) tamɨ́nɨɨna Lithodytes lineatus, frog lightning, flash (i.v.) tamɨ́ɨni species (n.) kaniyúuja niaatíija lightweight (wood) (adj.) sasana litter, plant (floating) (n.) like (t.v.) nakarɨ́ɨni (conj.) papákɨɨti, papásiiti like (similar) jɨɨ́ta, (adj.) jɨɨ́taaraata little sɨɨ́sanurika (adv.) like (similar) (postp.) =árata, little by little naárika waarata little finger (n.) áwasi sɨɨ́sanurika

552 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Little Tinamou, bird species lose (by it escaping)

Little Tinamou, bird species Lonchocarpus nicou, plant (n.) naki imɨ́ɨni siriija, sarámaaja, species (variety of) (n.) sikiáaja sɨrɨ́maaja, surúmaaja, nuúruu súruukutáana, suurija long (adj.) saana Little Tinamou, vocalize in long time (adv.) saaniita manner of (i.v.) súruukutáani long time, for a (adv.) maasia live (i.v.) iwíini long-fingered (adj.) saa awásina live (habitual activities) (i.v.) long-haired (adj.) kajatina iwíini Lontra longicaudis, Neotropical live (in a place) (i.v.) iwíini Otter (n.) muúkwanasi live quietly and calmly (i.v.) look (i.v.) karíini paapa iwíini look (like) (i.v.) karíini live well-established (i.v.) look all around (i.v.) mɨjɨráani kariniwɨɨtáani live with (t.v.) kujíini look at prolongedly (t.v.) live with (in household) (t.v.) kariiníini (t.v.) iwitáani look for paníini (i.v.) liver (n.) kúwaaja look in face karíini (i.v.) living (adj.) namísaana look like nikisáani (t.v.) saminiijúuni lizard, species of (n.) isɨ look over “look!” (t.v.) karíini llaga, skin disease (n.) siaraku loop (n.) niíniiti llama lluvia, liana species (n.) loose and wrinkled (adj.) aasíyuu, aasíyuuti kɨsɨ́kɨtina llambina, fish species (n.) loose, come (i.v.) titɨ́ɨni kawɨɨ́naari loosely woven (adj.) sarana llica, hand net (n.) maakɨɨsi, loosely-spaced (adj.) sarákutina maasi loosen (t.v.) titáani load (for carrying on back) (n.) Lophostrix cristata, bird ániitaaja (n.) iyúuku, yúuku lobera (n.) species , manioc variety Loricariidae spp., type of fish ruuwíira (n.) waáyuuri lobo isma (n.) , fish sauce kanasi loro aguajero, bird species (n.) asásana nɨɨsika ásaaja, nɨɨsikaaja (n.) location, other taaki loro machaco, snake species locations, many (adv.) (n.) siriija maasiaakíwaku loro pedrito, bird species (n.) locative copula (i.v.) iwíini kaáraaja locust, species of (n.) maátaaka lose (t.v.) masikɨ́ɨni Lonchocarpus nicou, plant lose (by it escaping) (t.v.) species (n.) nuúruu apɨráani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 553 lose (hair, feathers) lymph node infection in groin

lose (hair, feathers) (i.v.) lump under skin, soft (n.) kajatɨ́ɨni púpuuku lose (permanently) (i.v.) lump, form (i.v.) púruutáani iyájatɨ́ɨni lump, hard (n.) tirija, tiiriwa lose color (i.v.) sikitɨ́ɨni lump, hard (under skin) (n.) lose consciousness (i.v.) iísikɨ́ɨni simaja lose control (emotional) (i.v.) lump, have (i.v.) pujuutáani siwaaraasíini lumps of manioc (in manioc lose footing (i.v.) nɨtɨtɨ́ɨni beer) (n.) maájarina lose hair (from head) (i.v.) lumps on hair, hard (n.) anaja mɨtɨ́ɨni lumps, have multiple (i.v.) lose leaves (i.v.) mɨtɨ́ɨni puruujuutáani lose one’s way (i.v.) sapiraakɨ́ɨni lumpy (large lumps on (adj.) lose vision (i.v.) karijɨ́ɨni surface) pujújatina loses multiple children, lumpy (small lumps on (adj.) person who (n.) maayitɨ́ɨsi surface) purújatina (adj.) lost, be (i.v.) masíini lumpy (substance) lots of (count) (adj.) maasiáana maájarina lung (n.) sasaja loud (voice) (adj.) aniwaasa lupuna colorada, tree species loudly (adv.) ijɨ́ɨra (n.) ruupúuna aákusana louse (n.) sikwanaja lupuna, tree species (n.) mísiaa, louse egg (n.) sikwanaja naaki ruupúuna (t.v.) nakarɨ́ɨni love lure, cast (i.v.) paraanɨ́ɨni love magic (powder used in) lure, fishing (n.) paráana (n.) kwaakɨ́ɨna (t.v.) lure, fishing technique using love magic, perform (t.v.) irúuni siijúuni Lurocalis semitorquatus, bird (n.) lover paajámaka, paajámani species (n.) májuuku (t.v.) lover, acquire paajamaníini lying down straight, be (i.v.) (adj.) low niíyamɨɨka iwɨ́ɨni (i.v.) low to the ground, be lying down, be (i.v.) iwɨɨtáani parikɨɨtáani lying in fetal position, be (i.v.) low water, period of (n.) jáwɨɨna sirikuutáani lower (t.v.) juwɨtɨ́ɨni lying, be (composite object) lower cooking pot from fire (i.v.) imatáani (t.v.) ɨɨ́tatáani lying, be (object) (i.v.) imáani lower head (i.v.) ajákumatáani lymph gland (n.) ranaja lower jaw (n.) ámaana, pájiiti lymph glands, swell (i.v.) lower leg (n.) anásiiki ranajɨ́ɨni luckily (adv.) kaajapaárika lymph node infection in groin lúcuma, tree species (n.) (n.) púruuna ruúkuma

554 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary magical ability or power

Mabea nitida, tree species (n.) Macrolobium acaciaefolium, sinakina tree species (n.) aaka macambo, tree species (n.) puririkáana, nɨsirɨnákɨɨ makáampu macusari, chili pepper variety macana blanca, fish species (n.) (n.) makusáari rɨɨwɨ́ɨya made deep (concavity) (t.v.) macana cinturón, fish species isitɨɨnɨ́ɨni (n.) puukiáayɨ madre de la lluvia, bird species macana, type of fish (n.) kajani (n.) amúwɨɨja macana-type fish, species of madre de la selva, magical (n.) akasɨyɨ, akasɨyuwa, kajani, forest being (n.) naki imɨ́ɨni simaki madre de la yuca, caterpillar Macaw, Blue-and-Yellow (n.) species (n.) asúraaja imɨ́ɨni, anapa takɨtíini, takɨtɨ́ɨni macaw, large (general term) madre de tangarana, ant (n.) anapa species (n.) tamɨ́ɨka, tamɨ́ɨna Macaw, Red-and-Green (n.) imɨ́ɨni anapa madre del emponado, insect Macaw, Red-bellied (n.) nɨɨsika species (n.) tatɨɨ imɨ́ɨni ásaaja, nɨɨsikaaja madre del trueno, bird species machete (n.) saáwiri (n.) ijántuuja, nɨrímɨɨna siriija machete stub (n.) takíriija madre of plant or place (n.) machimango blanco, tree imɨ́ɨni species (n.) muwɨ́ɨna maggot (n.) sinakija machimango colorado, tree maggot-eaten thing (n.) siinaki species (n.) imaati imáaku machimango de altura, tree maggot-infested (adj.) siinaki species (n.) awáaja iíyuu machimango-type tree, species maggot-infested, be (i.v.) of (n.) kurɨ́ɨsi, nawɨ́yɨɨ, naakuna sinakijɨ́ɨni Macoubea guianensis, tree magical ability or power (n.) species (n.) aarúwiiti, iipɨɨ táraati siimaka

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 555 magical forest being make jicra

magical forest being (n.) naki make cosho trough (t.v.) imɨ́ɨni kimakɨ́ɨni magical incantation (prtcl.) kaa make cross (i.v.) kurɨsɨ́ɨni aatiáana make dam (t.v.) puujúuni Magpie Tanager, bird species make deadfall trap (taníiku) (n.) mɨjika (i.v.) taniikúuni maintain swidden garden (i.v.) make drip (t.v.) sanitɨ́ɨni (i.v.) kwaráani make dugout canoe maize (general term) (n.) iiminɨ́ɨni sakaáruuki, siíkiraja make edges meet or touch (t.v.) (n.) pakiitáani maize, variety of kajíyaaki (t.v.) majás rumo make enter tikíini , manioc variety (t.v.) (n.) make even iijinajɨ́ɨni tiímaakákana (t.v.) majás (n.) make fall imatɨ́ɨni, imɨ́ɨni , rodent species make fall (fruits) (t.v.) ijɨ́ɨni tiímaaka make firewood (i.v.) jarakíini Makalata rhipidura, rodent make fishing spear (i.v.) jirisíini (n.) species iisaku ijúwatina make flecha (i.v.) jirisíini (t.v.) make míini make flee (t.v.) masikɨ́ɨni make a face (i.v.) amɨriitáani, make friends (t.v.) isɨɨkúuni amuriitáani make fruits fall (t.v.) ijɨ́ɨni make angry (t.v.) anijikúuni make fun of (t.v.) ijiwíini make ashamed or make go away (t.v.) masikɨ́ɨni embarrassed (t.v.) kanɨɨrɨ iwitɨ́ɨni make gourd vessel (t.v.) make base (pottery, basket) samakúuni (i.v.) namijɨ́ɨni make grow (t.v.) kumɨtɨ́ɨni make boil (t.v.) iritɨ́ɨni make gruel (i.v.) jakɨ́ɨni (t.v.) make broad (by flattening) make hammock rope (t.v.) parikaani aniinúuni (t.v.) make bundle (cloth, leaf) (t.v.) make healthy ánaajiijáani, ipukíini anaajɨɨjáani make hole (t.v.) pajatáani, make bundle (leaves) (t.v.) ijíini (t.v.) tawatáani make buoyant (timber) make hole in palm trunk (t.v.) sasaanúuni túuni (i.v.) make circle muriyúuni make holes for seeds (t.v.) (i.v.) make clay pot kusíini ajiraakíini, ijáani make clay vessel (coil make hook (traditional) (i.v.) method) (t.v.) tiniijúuni kaniijɨ́ɨni make concave (t.v.) make hoop (i.v.) niiniitíini purikuutaníini make indentation (t.v.) make cooking fire (i.v.) kíyɨɨtaníini itaakúuni make jicra (i.v.) kanɨɨsíini

556 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary make kissing sound mamey, tree species

make kissing sound (i.v.) siikíini make same length (t.v.) make lazy (t.v.) sasaanúuni iijinajɨ́ɨni make leaf vessel (i.v.) purikúuni make smooth (surface) (t.v.) make manioc beer (i.v.) itiniijɨ́ɨni aakanaajúuni, kanaajúuni make manioc beer for minga make sound (i.v.) wɨɨrɨ́ɨni (t.v.) aakúuni make sound of breaking make manioc beer mash (t.v.) branches (i.v.) isinɨɨkɨɨtáani sakɨɨkɨ́ɨni make swidden garden (i.v.) make manioc cake (i.v.) nasíini kunɨɨríini make tamales or humitas (i.v.) make mashing trough (i.v.) kusɨɨtíini ajanɨ́ɨni make thinner (plank-like make measure (d.v.) sanitɨ́ɨni object) (t.v.) kɨɨnaajúuni make mistake (t.v.) maárijɨ́ɨni make timid (t.v.) sasaanúuni make multiple holes (t.v.) make try (food, drink) (d.v.) tawarakúuni, tawarúuni sanitɨ́ɨni make narrowing (t.v.) itikaríini make watery (t.v.) aakanúuni make noise (human voice) make waves or ripples (i.v.) (i.v.) rúruutáani iyuutɨ́ɨni make paca trap (i.v.) maakɨ́ɨni make wet (a.v.) pikúuni make paddle (i.v.) ariitaawɨ́ɨni make Y-shaped object (i.v.) make pass (t.v.) aarɨtɨ́ɨni jikutíini make patarashca (for smoking) make taníiku trap (i.v.) (i.v.) kunitaakɨ́ɨni taniikúuni make pate (t.v.) samakúuni Malachra alceifolia, plant make path (a.v.) amakɨ́ɨni species (n.) maáruwa make path to (tree) (t.v.) malady (general term) (n.) amakɨɨtáani iwarɨ́yaaka, iwarɨ́ɨni make prove oneself (t.v.) malady, have (t.v.) imáani sanitɨ́ɨni malar (of bird) (n.) íraaka make rack (i.v.) masikúuni malaria (n.) tanɨɨka make raft (i.v.) masikúuni male (n.) ikwani make roof peak covering (i.v.) male child or offspring (n.) matakɨ́ɨni niyini make round (smooth) (t.v.) male relative, elder (n.) suwanajúuni aákujiina make round opening or male, adult (middle-aged) (n.) entrance (i.v.) awɨyɨ́ɨni pɨɨta kaaya make rounded (wood) (t.v.) mallet (n.) aamuútaaja kakaajúuni malva, plant species (n.) make run (t.v.) nɨtɨtɨ́ɨni maáruwa make run away (t.v.) masikɨ́ɨni mamey, tree species (n.) maamii

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 557 Mammea americana, tree species manioc press lever arm

Mammea americana, tree manioc beer for tree-felling species (n.) maamii minga (n.) anirúyaaka man (n.) ikwani manioc beer for weeding man, excessively sexually minga (n.) kwaarɨ́yaaka active (n.) mɨɨsaji jɨɨyɨ manioc beer for welcome man, old (n.) kumaku celebration (n.) tasíyaaka man, young (n.) pɨɨta maníini manioc beer mash (n.) sakɨ́ɨka mañacheo, barbasco-fishing manioc beer mash, chew (t.v.) event (n.) síraaka itipíini Manakin, Wire-tailed (bird manioc beer mash, chewed species) (n.) pɨɨsɨrɨ́ɨja (n.) itipiáaka Manatee, Amazonian (n.) manioc beer mash, make (t.v.) aakaayɨ, aakáayɨ sakɨɨkɨ́ɨni (n.) mane (tapir) simiiti manioc beer stew (n.) jikuriáaka Mangifera indica, tree species manioc beer, hand-strained (n.) máankwa (n.) maajariáaka mango de hacha, fish species (n.) (n.) manioc beer, left over kaaji ámaaka pɨɨtáaka (n.) mango, tree species manioc beer, make (i.v.) máankwa itiniijɨ́ɨni mangua, tree species (n.) manioc beer, make for minga máankwa (t.v.) aakúuni maní huayo, tree species (n.) manioc cake (n.) kúnɨɨri mujinana (i.v.) Manihot esculenta (manioc), manioc cake, make kunɨɨríini plant species (n.) asúraaja (n.) manioc (immature), harvest manioc fish bait jíniija (i.v.) (t.v.) makitáani manioc for eating, cook manioc and corn beer (n.) siirɨ aakuujúuni (loc.n.) manioc and plantain dish (n.) manioc garden tipanaki asúrakajina manioc beer (n.) itíniija manioc leaves, dish made (n.) manioc beer (thick) (n.) rariika from siwɨɨka manioc beer for land-clearing manioc lumps (in manioc (n.) minga (n.) kamarɨ́yaaka beer) maájarina manioc beer for marriage manioc peels, pile of (n.) party (n.) akumíyaaka muúkuya manioc beer for planting manioc plant (n.) aminákana, minga (n.) natɨ́yaaka minákana manioc beer for manioc press (n.) tiipiitii thatch-weaving minga (n.) manioc press lever arm (n.) taníyaaka taniítaaja

558 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary manioc segment, cut for planting man’s brother (deceased)

manioc segment, cut for manioc, variety of (n.) planting (n.) ajirákana, anapaakákana, aanákana, aminákana, ijirákana, nasíkana, aariímuya, inkawɨɨ́raana, iipɨ́kana, niiki ɨɨtíkana, mɨtiijákana, manioc segment, cut for múkuutiríkana, nakikuujákana, planting (t.v.) nasikáani naapíinu, pirujákana, ruuwíira, manioc stalk, replanted (n.) sikiaajákana, sipɨɨjákana, jimúkiaakɨ, jimúkwana siiturúkana, sɨɨkákana, tirijákana, manioc starch (n.) aramituu tiímaakákana, yaamɨ́kana manioc tuber fiber (n.) áruu manioc, wild plant resembling (n.) manioc tuber with stalk at sikiáaja asúraaja (adv.) center (n.) puusúraaka manner, in an indicated (n.) anákuja náaji manioc tuber, small (adv.) manioc tubers, left over (in manner, in this naaraata garden) (n.) sapɨɨja manner, in this (exhaustive focus) (adv.) naárika manioc, chopped (for manioc manner, in this (focused) (adv.) beer) (n.) maánakaja, suúrukuuja anaaraata manioc, cooked as food (n.) manners, varied (adv.) aákuuja tiwaakwaárika manioc, early-planted (n.) manshaco, bird species (n.) amákɨɨja, amákɨɨja áaku tɨɨyɨ́ɨya, tɨɨyɨ́ɨyɨ manioc, harvest (a.v.) síratáani Mansoa alliacea, creeper manioc, harvest for first time (n.) mɨɨ́sɨɨya, mɨɨ́sɨɨyɨ (i.v.) species makijuutáani manta blanca (gnat), insect (n.) manioc, immature makika species (n.) sikíraja (i.v.) manioc, peel and chop Mantidae, praying mantis, maanakaajúuni, suurukuujúuni type of insect (n.) sikwanaja manioc, peeled, roasted in paniáana, sikwanaja sɨ́ɨri (n.) coals kutíija mantona, boa species (n.) jaayɨ manioc, perform rite to make Manuela Luisa de Güimack, (t.v.) grow tiníini nickname of (prop.n.) Wísiikani manioc, plant species (n.) many (adj.) maasiáana asúraaja many locations (adv.) manioc, roast in skin (t.v.) maasiaakíwaku kuwaniijɨ́ɨni, kuwaniijúuni many places (adv.) manioc, smoked and maasiaakíwaku preserved (n.) turuja Many-banded Araçari, bird manioc, steam (t.v.) kapijíini species (n.) pirɨ́ɨni manioc, steamed (n.) kapíjiija man’s brother (n.) aátamajani manioc, unpeeled, roasted in man’s brother (deceased) (n.) coals (n.) kuwaníija aátamajániisana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 559 man’s father-, brother-, or son-in-law maternal uncle

man’s father-, brother-, or Martinella obovata, creeper son-in-law (n.) akúumi species (n.) yuukíiya man’s mother-in-law (n.) Martiodrilus sp., earthworm akúmiiti species (n.) iitu man’s nephew (n.) arakíika marupá, tree species (n.) man’s niece (n.) kiwɨɨ́nari maatɨ́yuuti man’s sister (n.) irímaati masaranduba, tree species (n.) man’s sister (deceased) (n.) riyɨɨti irímaatiisana masato lagarto, corn and maparate, fish species (n.) manioc beer (n.) siirɨ amúsitajáani masato mash (n.) sakɨ́ɨka maquisapa rumo, manioc masato, manioc beer (n.) itíniija variety (n.) ɨɨtíkana masato, manioc beer (thick) Marbled Wood Quail, bird (n.) rariika species (n.) puukúru mash (t.v.) ijiráani Margay (n.) kuuja mash (with pestle) (t.v.) ajiráani maría bonita, tree species (n.) mash (with ajátaari) (t.v.) ajáani sɨɨwɨɨkáana mash, manioc beer (n.) sakɨ́ɨka maricahua, plant species (n.) mashadiño, type of hatchet (n.) isúuna masiaaríina marimari del bajial, tree species masher (pestle-like) (n.) (n.) asikwaari, sikwaari ajírataaja, ajíritaaja, máasu marimari, tree species (n.) masher (traditional) (n.) ajátaari jɨɨtinákwaa mashing trough, make (i.v.) mariposa rumo, manioc variety ajanɨ́ɨni (n.) múkuutiríkana massage (to alleviate pain) mark garden plot perimeter (t.v.) kaakuusíini (t.v.) iyɨɨtáani, iyuutáani masticate (t.v.) sakɨ́ɨni Marmosa murina, opossum mat, type of (n.) isitíira species (n.) mɨɨ́saka Matamata, turtle species (n.) Marmoset, Pygmy (monkey maataamáata species) (n.) aayijiija match (n.) jinítaaku, jinítaasi marona (bamboo), plant match (t.v.) paríini species (n.) puráaja match performance (t.v.) marriage party (n.) akumíyaaka aratiinɨ́ɨni marriage party, manioc beer maternal aunt (n.) aníriti, for (n.) akumíyaaka aniriika marrow, bone (n.) asáriina, maternal aunt (deceased) (n.) sáriina anirítiisana marry a woman (t.v.) akumíini maternal aunt (vocative) (n.) martin, type of bird (n.) namisu, aríriija samisu maternal uncle (n.) ákuma

560 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary maternal uncle (deceased) meet or touch, make (edges)

maternal uncle (deceased) (n.) measure (t.v.) sanitáani akúmɨɨsana meat (for eating) (n.) kuuwaa maternal uncle (vocative) (n.) meat (piece of) (n.) naasíija akúmaaja meat only, eat (adv.) namíiku mature (palm grub) (adj.) pukipɨ meaty (animal) (adj.) mature (plantain) (adj.) irísina naasiíjataka mature person (n.) máana medicate (t.v.) ampiisíini Mauritia flexuosa (palm), medicinal plant, for burning (loc.n.) grove of nɨɨsikajina chacra (n.) ituútaja Mauritia flexuosa (palm), medicinal plant, for death (n.) grove of nɨɨsika magic (n.) kaaya amuútaja Mauritia flexuosa, palm medicinal plant, for edible (n.) species nasikati, nɨsikati, palm grubs (n.) kuumakiija nɨɨsika medicinal plant, for fishing Mauritiella armata, palm luck (n.) siiyuútaja (n.) species iísuuja tamɨɨríina medicinal plant, for hunting Mauritiella sp., palm species peccaries (n.) kaasiija (n.) tamɨɨríina medicinal plant, for magic Maximiliana maripa, palm (n.) kaaya nikiiti (n.) visions species aniniíkiina, aniniíkiisi medicinal plant, for manioc Maximiliana venatorum, palm growth (n.) asúraaja niriyaákuuja, (n.) sakunaaja species miíriyati, miíriyaaja, pupukuuja mayaco (slighty spoiled fish), patarashca (n.) medicinal plant, for of mukwani preventing garden pests (n.) mayaquear, gather spoiled fish anajúuti (i.v.) mukwatáani medicinal plant, to help maybe (adv.) kuukisaákari, kuuta children learn to walk (n.) Maytenus macrocarpa, plant maaya iikuútaaja species (n.) siuusiuuwáasi medicinal plant, to improve Mazama americana, deer dogs’ hunting ability (n.) species (n.) aákusana sikiáaja muutíina Mazama gouazoubira, deer medicinal plant, type of (n.) species (n.) kasina sikiáaja Mazama spp., deer (general saantamaaríiya (n.) medicinal restriction, observe term) sikiáaja (a.v.) (prop.n.) siyaanɨ́ɨni Mazán River (n.) Maasayúumu medicine ampiisiítaaja (t.v.) me (pro.) kí=, kíija medicine, take raríini (adj.) me only (pro.) kiírika meek, excessively sasana (t.v.) meal, corn (n.) imuja meet jíwɨɨtáani (i.v.) Mealy Parrot (n.) aájiiti meet (edges) pakiitɨ́ɨni meantime, in the (adv.) wáari meet or touch, make (edges) measles (n.) siarampiiwa (t.v.) pakiitáani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 561 Megaceryle torquata, bird sp. Milvago chimachima, bird sp.

Megaceryle torquata, bird Micrandra sp., tree species (n.) species (n.) kataraa siíruwa anákana Megascops choliba, bird Micropholis guyanensis, tree species (n.) kurukukúuni species (n.) ipakuuka, tipakuuka Megasoma sp., beetle species Micrurus spp., Coral Snake (n.) siríina imɨ́ɨni, tírina (general term) (n.) nɨsikáriiyɨ Melanerpes cruentatus, bird midday (n.) níiya jíritiku, yaawɨ́ɨni species (n.) sɨrɨkɨ́tɨɨja ɨɨ́jakɨya (n.) melt (i.v.) ipɨ́ɨni middle (cylindrical object) menarche celebration (n.) akájinakuúraji (loc.n.) kajíini middle (slender object) menarche celebration leader akájinaku (n.) kájiiyáana middle (time period, activity) (n.) (n.) ɨɨ́jakɨya, ɨɨ́jɨkɨya menarche celebration song (postp.) kajíini middle of =akájinakúura middle of, in (loc.postp.) jíritijina menarche celebration, (postp.) perform (t.v.) kajíini middle of, in (exact) =ɨɨjɨɨ́jina menarche, experience (i.v.) middle of, in the (loc.postp.) irisíini ɨɨjɨɨ́kuma menstruate (i.v.) kɨɨ́raki iwíini, middle part (loc.postp.) suúkwarasíini =akájinaku (i.v.) menstruate (first time) middle point (loc.postp.) irisíini =akájinaku (n.) menstruation kɨɨ́raki middle, along (loc.postp.) menstruation, having jíritiíkuku (adj.) experienced irisiiti midnight (adj.) yaasiki mentally ill person (n.) aásiwa, midpoint (of surface) (n.) siwaara, siwaaraa ɨɨjɨɨ́jina merperson (n.) muújinaapɨ midpoint (slender object) merry (adj.) juúmana (loc.n.) akájinaku Mesembrinibis cayennensis, midpoint (time period, bird species (n.) kwariku activity) (n.) ɨɨ́jakɨya, ɨɨ́jɨkɨya mestizo, non-indigenous midpoint of (postp.) person (n.) tawɨ =akájinakúura metal, piece of (n.) kaajírɨwɨ midvein of leaf (n.) áruu meto huayo, tree species (n.) midwife (n.) kutɨɨtɨɨyáana mujinana might (possibly) (adv.) kuuta Micona sp., tree species (n.) millipede, type of insect (n.) mɨ́nɨna sásɨɨti Miconia sp., tree species (n.) Milvago chimachima, bird anuna species (n.) siaámuri

562 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Mimosa pudica, plant species Monasa flavirostris, bird species

Mimosa pudica, plant species moan while asleep (i.v.) (n.) makɨɨti iwánɨɨtáani mind-altering (adj.) namájatina mock (t.v.) ijiwíini minga (n.) míinka moena negra, tree species (n.) minga for burning chacra (n.) aaruujáana itúyaaka moena, type of tree (n.) atija minga (n.) for clearing land moena-type tree, species of (n.) kamarɨ́yaaka imúuna, siiwaamɨ́ɨna minga (n.) for felling trees moenilla, tree species (n.) anirúyaaka ikwatiínaaja minga for planting (n.) natɨ́yaaka mojarra duro, fish species (n.) minga for weaving thatch (n.) sakáraja taníyaaka mojarra hediondo minga for weeding (n.) , fish species (n.) sinikuuri kwaarɨ́yaaka minga Mojarra Yumo Quebrada , make manioc beer for (prop.n.) (t.v.) aakúuni Mujariyúumu mojarra (n.) Minquartia guianensis, tree -type fish, species species (n.) waakapuu sakutiiri miscarriage, suffer (i.v.) mojarra-type fish, species of (n.) majitɨ́ɨni ariímaari, asákuuri, mamatiiri, mischievous person (n.) paakaniiri, paakanɨɨri, sákuuri, siwaara, siwaaraa sisɨɨri, síyuuri, tanajɨɨ́taari misdeed, reveal (t.v.) atuutáani mojarrero, type of fish hook mishi uyiyu, chili pepper (n.) nujija iiráana variety (n.) míisi jíina molar (n.) amúriija, iika misho isma, plant species (n.) molasses (n.) míira anajásiija moldy, become (i.v.) janɨ́ɨni mishquipanga, plant species mole (n.) tɨɨriija (n.) mírija, miríjaaja Mole Cricket (n.) iika súniija, (t.v.) mislead asapɨ́ɨni iikanásuuja, kwáani (n.) mist anajaka, panakaja Molothrus oryzivorus, bird (t.v.) mistake identity iiníini species (n.) apɨ́ɨsi, pɨ́ɨsi mistake, cause (t.v.) maarijúuni (adv.) (t.v.) moment, at any kaapɨɨta mistake, make maárijɨ́ɨni (adv.) (t.v.) moment, at that iyaákari mistakenly belive iiníini (adj.) (n.) moment, different taakari Mitu salvini, bird species (prop.n.) pitu, piyúuri Momón River mix (by pouring) (t.v.) itiikúuni Muumúumu mix (two substances) (t.v.) Momotus momota, bird species (n.) siaakuruusíini imaka mix in (t.v.) siaakuruusiitáani Monasa flavirostris, bird moan in pain (i.v.) íjiikáani species (n.) naki tawɨɨ́kiri

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 563 Monasa nigrifrons, bird species move

Monasa nigrifrons, bird species mother (deceased) (n.) (n.) tawɨɨ́kiri niatíjɨɨsana, sipɨsana money (n.) kuúriki mother (vocative) (n.) Monk Saki Monkey (n.) kurɨ́ɨsi, maamáaja, niaatíija kwaríyuuja mother-in-law (female ego) monkey trap (n.) aarɨ́ɨku (n.) aji Monkey, Monk Saki (n.) kurɨ́ɨsi, mother-in-law (male ego) (n.) kwaríyuuja akúmiiti Monkey, Owl (n.) míyɨɨri, mɨɨtáari mother-in-law, obtain (female (t.v.) Monkey, Squirrel (n.) ego) ajíini siaankanáaku, sipɨ mother-in-law, obtain (male (t.v.) Monkey, White-Bellied Spider ego) akumiitíini (n.) (n.) ɨɨti mother’s sister (deceased) (n.) síruku anirítiisana Monkey, Woolly (i.v.) month (n.) kásiiri motion, reveal by pujuniwɨɨtáani moon (n.) kásiiri Motmot, Blue-crowned (bird moon, full (n.) uumáana kásiiri species) (n.) imaka (n.) makina kásiiri moon, new motor oil (n.) aasɨ́ɨti (adj.) moral suwami, suwapɨ, mottled (adj.) tɨrɨjátina suwáani moult (skin, exoskeleton) (i.v.) (n.) morning taariki kɨrɨ́ɨni Morpho sp., butterfly species mound of earth (from tree (n.) múkuuti fall) (n.) aníriiti mosca blanca (n.) , fly species mound, form (i.v.) púruutáani ipara mouse (general term) (n.) iisaku mosca (n.) , gnat species sinaja Mouse Opossum, Linnaeus’s mosquito (general term) (n.) (n.) mɨɨ́saka anaasi moustache (n.) amuusíika mosquito net (n.) makɨɨka moustache, have (i.v.) amuusíini mosquito species (n.) anaasi mouth (n.) itípuma muriítaasi mouth of body of water (loc.n.) mosquito, species of (n.) iísuuja aájijina ánaasi, káaji ánaasi, nawánaasi mouth, hold in (t.v.) pakiitáani moss, tree (n.) apísikaka mouth, open (i.v.) aákanɨ́ɨni motelo chaqui, tree species (n.) mouth, put in (t.v.) itípiitáani nakikuuja titikaaríina mouth, work (t.v.) asaajuutáani motelo rumo, manioc variety mouth-down, lie (i.v.) ajákumɨ́ɨni (n.) mɨtiijákana mouth-down, put (t.v.) moth (general term) (n.) pakɨti ajákumɨ́ɨni mother (n.) ani, maámaaja, move (i.v.) iniwɨ́ɨni niaatíija move (t.v.) iniwɨ́ɨni, iríini

564 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary move (to a higher location) Myrmotherula spp., type of bird

move (to a higher location) Musician Wren, bird species (t.v.) maatɨ́ɨni (n.) kuupíkuuja move haltingly (i.v.) iriikɨɨtáani musky smelling (adj.) muúsana move in a group (i.v.) jɨɨtɨtɨ́ɨni mussel (n.) samaja move in column (army ants) mute person (n.) aásiwa (pro.) (i.v.) aátatáani my kí= (interj.) move with curving trajectory “my god!” (alarm) kɨ́ɨra (i.v.) muyuutakwáani Myiarchus ferox et sim., type of (n.) much (mass noun) (adj.) bird sɨɨrimɨ uumáata Myiarchus spp., bird species (n.) jiwíriku Mucuna sp., liana species (n.) Myleus rubripinnis, fish species siaámuri íniija, siaámuri íija (n.) aramaásiiku mucus (n.) saputi (n.) Myleus schomburgkii, fish mud arama, rama species (n.) miíniti kánɨɨsi (n.) Mud Dauber Wasp níiya Mylossoma duriventre, fish pániija species (n.) nimaku mud mixed with leaves (n.) Myoprocta pratti, rodent juúkaka species (n.) arasaaki, músiaaki muddy (area) (loc.n.) ramákatina Myrciaria dubia, plant species muddy (water) (adj.) riítina (n.) kwarákiija muddy water (t.v.) riiníini Myrmecophaga tridactyla, muddy water (intentionally) anteater species (n.) siirúusi (t.v.) riiniitáani Myrmeleon sp. (larva), insect muela de víbora, creeper species (n.) níiya imɨ́ɨni species (n.) kuni iíkaka Myrmotherula axillaris, bird mullaca caspi, tree species (n.) species (n.) kaasi siriija kúrina Myrmotherula spp., type of (n.) mullaca, plant species (n.) kúrija bird muuti siriija mullaquilla, tree species (n.) kúrina multi-colored (adj.) naámutina murco, hard lumps on hair (n.) anaja Musa sp., plant species (n.) káaji námati muscle cramp (n.) kurɨ́ɨsi Muscovy Duck, bird species (n.) aaka páatu mushroom, species of (n.) jimɨɨti, muúsaari, nípaaki kúwaaja, saapi jimɨɨti

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 565 Neotropic Cormorant, bird species

nacanaca, type of snake (n.) nauseated, be (i.v.) suúkwara nɨsikáriiyɨ iwíini nail (t.v.) karaawaasíini navel (n.) kuyaja nail (body part) (n.) awaku navel, protruding (n.) kuyajaati nail (for fastening wood) (n.) near together (adv.) tikiika karáawɨ neck (n.) ríkiija naked (adj.) tákaana neck (of object) (n.) itíkari name (d.v.) ɨ́ɨni necklace (n.) suúkuuja name (n.) ɨɨ́yaaka necklace, type of (n.) taraásiija name, remember or utter (t.v.) necklace, wear (t.v.) suukúuni aajawatáani Nectandra cissiflora, tree name, same (person with) (n.) species (n.) aaruujáana ɨɨyáana Nectandra lineatifolia, tree Nanay River (prop.n.) Takarnáaku species (n.) ikati napino, manioc variety (n.) Nectandra riparia, tree species naapíinu (n.) ikati naranja podrida, tree species need (i.v.) kwarɨ́ɨni (n.) anakana needle (n.) ijúuti, ruuwana narrate story (t.v.) saakɨ́ɨni needle, eye of (n.) tuwaakíira, narrow (adj.) tuukina tuwaakúura narrowing, make (t.v.) itikaríini negation particle (negation) kaa Nasua nasua, South American negative existential verb Coati (n.) kamɨ (existential verb) aájapaki Nasua nasua, South American ñejilla de restinga, palm Coati (variety) (n.) naki páraaka species (n.) isuusi Nasute sp., insect species (n.) ñejilla palm grove (loc.n.) ijíkija isunaajina Nasute sp., termite species (n.) ñejilla, palm species (n.) isunaaja jíkija, jíkiwa Neomorphus puncheranii, bird Nasute spp., termite (general species (n.) sirɨ́taku term) (n.) anatiija, tukúruuja Neotropic Cormorant, bird natural rubber (n.) káawsi species (n.) kusiúuri

566 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Neotropical Otter nosy person

Neotropical Otter (n.) nightfall, experience (i.v.) muúkwanasi ninɨ́ɨni, nínɨɨtáani Neotropical Pygmy Squirrel Nighthawk, Short-tailed (bird (n.) jimɨɨti iriáaku species) (n.) májuuku Neotropical Water Snake (n.) nigua, skin parasite (n.) rɨ́tija aaka sajina nina caspi, tree species (n.) (n.) nephew (female ego) iinamináana aánuura nipple (n.) sipɨɨja najika (n.) nephew (male ego) arakíika nit (n.) sikwanaja naaki nephew or niece (female ego) no (negation) kaa (n.) najaápusa, najaápusɨ no particular (entity) (adj.) nest (n.) iyúusi taamáana nest (underground) (n.) íjuwa isula (n.) muúsaniika “no problem!” (i.e., it’s nest of ants (interj.) nest, have in tree (insect) (t.v.) adequate) awuúka, tíini awuúkaja, awuúkwa, awuúkwaja (indefinite pronoun) nest, insect (n.) iita nobody nest, of crickets (n.) sɨriki sikaaja kánɨɨka net bag (jicra) (n.) kánɨɨsi Nocturnal Currasow, bird net bag, large (n.) maákata species (n.) íiri kánɨɨsi, maákatuusi nod from side to side (i.v.) never (adv.) iinawaja imaakɨɨtáani never (in negative polarity noise, make (human voice) clause) (adv.) jɨɨ́tikari (i.v.) rúruutáani never again (adv.) iwaárika none (adv.) iinawaja new (adj.) saámina non-indigenous person (n.) tawɨ new moon (n.) makina kásiiri non-kin intimate (archaic) (n.) next to (postp.) =siriku kaanawara next to (parallel and below) noon (n.) níiya jíritiku, yaawɨ́ɨni (loc.postp.) sirikuma ɨɨ́jakɨya next to (parallel and noon, at (adv.) níiya jíritiku downriver) (loc.postp.) sirikuma noose of bird trap (n.) sawuuya next to (parallel) (loc.postp.) nor (adv.) kuukisaákari sirikuma (t.v.) Northern Amazon Red nibble tiríini (n.) nickname of Manuela Luisa de Squirrel waiwáasi (n.) Güimack (prop.n.) Wísiikani nose najika (n.) niece (female ego) (n.) iínari nose, bridge of najika niece (male ego) (n.) kiwɨɨ́nari nuútima niece or nephew (female ego) nose, pick (t.v.) sikiinúuni (n.) najaápusa, najaápusɨ nostril (n.) najiwáaku night (n.) ninɨ́ɨni, niínaki nosy person (n.) waarata kaaya night, middle of (adj.) yaasiki aatiáana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 567 not Nyctidromus albicollis, bird species

not (negation) kaa not acknowledge as own (child) (t.v.) taamaakáani not at all (adv.) iinawaja not at all (t.v.) aájapaki not be enough (i.v.) kárɨɨtáani not do at all (t.v.) aájapaki not energetic (adj.) iíruwana, jiímana not even one (adv.) iinawaja not exist (existential verb) aájapaki not know how (t.v.) maárijɨ́ɨni not yet do (i.v.) kwarɨ́ɨni notch (n.) árikɨ notch (circumferential), cut (t.v.) maaraakɨ́ɨni notch to secure rope (circumferential) (n.) maaraaka notch, cut (t.v.) arikɨ́ɨni notebook (n.) simiimɨ Nothocrax urumutum, bird species (n.) íiri Notonectidae spp., type of water insect (n.) aaka sikwanaja novia-type fish, species of (n.) nɨjinakɨɨja now (adv.) aákari nude (adj.) tákaana numb, become (body part) (i.v.) sasɨ́ɨni numerous (forms, types, manners) (adv.) tiwaakwaárika Nunbird, Black-fronted (bird species) (n.) tawɨɨ́kiri Nunbird, Yellow-billed (bird species) (n.) naki tawɨɨ́kiri Nyctibius grandis, bird species (n.) anitáaki nɨɨsina Nyctibius griseus, bird species (n.) paani Nyctidromus albicollis, bird species (n.) tiimɨya

568 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary old swidden garden

obero, skin malady (n.) makina Oenocarpus mapora, palm isíiku, musútina isíiku, sakina isíiku species (n.) muwaasi, tasiina, obey (t.v.) aríwatɨ́ɨni tuwiina (postp.) observe covertly (t.v.) tipɨɨtáani of (partitive) =iíkwaji (postp.) observe dietary or shamanic off the end =iíkwaji (n.) restriction (a.v.) siyaanɨ́ɨni offender kɨɨna offshoot of plant (n.) janaka obsessed with, be (t.v.) jɨyɨɨsíini offspring, female (n.) niyiti obstruct (t.v.) mananúuni (n.) niyini (postp.) offspring, male obstructing =isakúura “oh no!” (dismayed surprise) (t.v.) obtain jikatáani, jimatáani (interj.) kaá tɨɨ obtain daughter-in-law “oh!” (mirative) (interj.) amaa (t.v.) (female ego) ajíini oil (edible) (n.) wíira obtain parent-in-law (female oil or fat (cooking), smell of ego) (t.v.) ajíini (adv.) karaákiya occasion (n.) yaawɨ́ɨni oil, motor or cooking (n.) aasɨ́ɨti occupy hammock (i.v.) mɨjɨráani ojé, tree species (n.) ujii ojo de vaca (n.) Ocelot (n.) kuuja , liana species Ochroma pyramidale, tree siaámuri íniija, siaámuri íija (interj.) species (n.) paatíina “OK” (affirmative) ɨ́ɨ (interj.) Ocotea obovata, tree species “OK!” (intention to act) jimaakija (n.) imúuna “OK!” (agreement or assent) Odontomachus bauri, ant (interj.) kwaasɨja species (n.) tujúniikɨ́ɨya “OK!” (anticipation) (interj.) Odontophorus gujanensis, bird aajaa (n.) puukúru species old (adj.) kumaku (n.) odor júnɨɨna old (fabric) (adj.) kurúuku (n.) odor of peccary muúsaka old man (n.) kumaku odor, body (n.) muúsaka old man (vocative, Oenocarpus mapora (palm), affectionate) (n.) kumakúusi fiber of (n.) tasiina old swidden garden (n.) mákisi

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 569 old, become (woman) Ortalis guttata, bird species

old, become (woman) (i.v.) open palm pod (n.) puriku kumaatíini open ribcage (t.v.) sipújatáani old, man (become) (i.v.) open up (from single point) kumakusíini (i.v.) amatɨ́ɨni older (adj.) jɨɨ́tikariina open up (something tied at a older, a little (adj.) maánuurika point) (t.v.) amatáani Olingo (n.) inɨ́ɨki, inɨ́ɨku open wound (n.) kapɨsi, pakɨsi omen (bad), experience (i.v.) opened, be (concave shape) karikúuni (i.v.) manɨɨtáani (n.) omen, bad karíkuuyáana opening (n.) itípumaji (postp.) on =jina opening (burrow, nest) (n.) (loc.postp.) on (surface) iíkuku awɨyɨ, aáwɨya (postp.) on (temporal) =kari opening (round), make (i.v.) (postp.) on behalf of =iyakúura, awɨyɨ́ɨni =iyikúura, =iyɨkúura, =íiku opening in weave (n.) namija on other side (adv.) tiírajiita (loc.postp.) Opithocomus hoazin, bird on slope karikuma (n.) saásaaja (postp.) species on the edge of =iyáaji Opossum, Anderson’s Gray (postp.) =iíkwaji on the end Four-eyed (n.) sɨ́nitimaaku on the other hand (adv.) Opossum, Common (n.) múrina sákumatáani Opossum, Linnaeus’s Mouse on the tip of (postp.) =iíjinaji (n.) mɨɨ́saka on the way back (adv.) tiírajiita or (adv.) kuukisaákari on top of (postp.) =nɨɨ́jina (n.) naaráaja (num.) nuúkiika orange one (n.) one day distant from today Orange-cheeked Parrot (adv.) aámiikáaka iímaatiíkwaaja (n.) one of (postp.) =iíkwaji Orange-winged Parrot one side (adv.) tijiíkija kaáruukwaaja (d.v.) one side only (n.) tijiíraki order íyaakitáani (n.) one-legged (adj.) tijíkija aájana organ, internal jinakuma (t.v.) one’s own (adj.) taamaárika organize irikataajúuni only (adv.) taama organizer of collaborative only (exhaustive predicate activity (n.) akúmari focus) (adv.) nuúrika Ormosia coccinea, tree species only meat, eat (adv.) namíiku (n.) siirɨ namajaati open (concavity) (t.v.) manɨɨtɨ́ɨni Oropendola, Green (bird open (door, bottle) (t.v.) species) (n.) masiku túruuja iíjutáani Oropendola, Russet-backed open (flower) (i.v.) ijakɨ́ɨni (bird species) (n.) masiku open (slit) (t.v.) amítatáani orphan (n.) najaápusa, najaápusɨ open mouth (i.v.) aákanɨ́ɨni Ortalis guttata, bird species (n.) open one’s legs (i.v.) manɨ́ɨni kwaátaraku

570 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Orthopsittaca manilata, bird sp. Oxydoras niger, fish sp.

Orthopsittaca manilata, bird overwork (someone) (t.v.) species (n.) nɨɨsika ásaaja, samurúuni nɨɨsikaaja owe money or goods (t.v.) oscillate rapidly (i.v.) minikɨ́ɨni riwiisíini Osprey, bird species (n.) Owl Monkey (n.) míyɨɨri, mɨɨtáari paápaka nɨɨsina, paápaaja nɨɨsina Owl, Amazonian Pygmy (n.) other (adj.) taana ipija other path, along (adv.) Owl, Crested (n.) iyúuku, yúuku (n.) taakiírakuma Owl, Ferruginous Pygmy other place (n.) taaki pupuja (n.) other side (adv.) tiijiíraji Owl, Spectacled takina, tikítiki other side (n.) taaki Owl, Tropical Screech (n.) other side, directly across kurukukúuni (postp.) isakijiíraji own, one’s (adj.) taamaárika (adv.) tiírajiita other side, on (n.) akúmari (adv.) owner other way taaki Oxandra espintana, tree (n.) Otter, Giant kanasi species (n.) ipakɨ (n.) Otter, Neotropical oxbow lake (n.) takina muúkwanasi oxbow lake, incipient (n.) our (exclusive) (pro.) kana= piipíisika our (inclusive) (pro.) pɨ́= oxidize (i.v.) niriikɨ́ɨni out of (partitive) (postp.) Oxybelis argenteus, snake =iíkwaji species (n.) kanɨɨya, kanuúmɨ, out there (loc.dem) kamijiíraji kanuuyɨ out there (anaphoric) (adv.) Oxydoras niger, fish species kami (n.) kuyúkuyu outer layer (loc.n.) iíkuku outside (adv.) tiírajiita outside (loc.dem) kamijiíraji, káami outside (here) (loc.dem) iiku outside, here (loc.dem) iikujiíraji over (surface) (loc.postp.) iíkuku over (two-dimensional surface) (loc.postp.) =iíkumaji overcast, be (i.v.) mɨ́nɨɨtáani overgrown (adj.) sɨɨ́sana overgrown (become) (i.v.) rikiitáani overgrown area (adj.) sɨɨ́saki overly meek (adj.) sasana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 571 palm thatch load, tie up

paca trap (n.) maakɨ pair (that grows together) (n.) paca trap, make (i.v.) maakɨ́ɨni marísapɨ paca, rodent species (n.) pájaro candela, bird species (n.) tiímaaka iinamináaja pace back and forth (i.v.) pájaro matón, bird species (n.) aamɨ́yaakitáani nawɨ́yɨɨja Pachyrhizus erosus, plant Paleosuchus trigonatus, species (n.) aasíipa Smooth-fronted Caiman (n.) paddle (i.v.) áriitáani aasamu siirɨ paddle (n.) áriitaawɨ Palicourea elata, plant species paddle shaft (n.) anásiiki (n.) mɨɨja jikuriáaka paddle, make (i.v.) ariitaawɨ́ɨni palisangre, tree species (n.) paiche, fish species (n.) sámuu, riyájɨɨ samuu palizada, timber pile, in river pain (n.) anásaka (loc.n.) naanakíkaaku (t.v.) pain, cause anasɨɨtɨ́ɨni palizada, timber pile, on land pain, cry of (interj.) akɨríija (loc.n.) naanakíkajina pain, cry of (self-pitying) pallid, be (i.v.) nɨya karíini (interj.) akɨriíjanii pallor (n.) nɨyaka pain, experience (i.v.) ánasa palm frond, immature (n.) míini amaki pain, feel (i.v.) anasɨ́ɨni palm fruit bunch, harvest (t.v.) pain, groan from (i.v.) íjiikáani nakutáani, rikutáani painful (adj.) anásana palm pod (n.) íniiki painful joints, have (i.v.) (n.) marisɨɨkíini palm pod (open) puriku (n.) painful, be (i.v.) rikúuni palm pod vessel puriku paint stripes (t.v.) naajúuni palm pod, grow (i.v.) purikúuni Painted Antnest Frog (n.) palm thatch load, prepare kaniyúuja niaatíija (t.v.) ikíini pair (of people), do as (adv.) palm thatch load, tie up (t.v.) kuupɨkiiraata ikijɨ́ɨni

572 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary palm weevil (general term) parinari grande, tree species

palm weevil (general term) panguana hierba, grass species (n.) aarawati, aarɨwati, aaruwati (n.) saakaákuuja iyásiika Palm Weevil, insect species panguana, bird species (n.) (n.) aniita marajákwaa aarɨwati, paankwáana, saakaákuuja aarawati, aarɨwati, aaruwati Panthera onca, cat species (n.) palm, species of (unidentified) ikíiku (n.) nakuta, rakanaaka, rɨkɨnaaja, pants (n.) ijikaakɨ rɨkɨnaaki, sapaani naamɨ, sarɨɨtiimɨ papaso sierra, weevil species palmiche (n.) , palm species (n.) anakátiija aayimɨtɨna papaso torneador (loc.n.) , weevil palmwood floor species (n.) anakátiija tatɨɨkuúkujina papaya, tree species (n.) palmwood floor (n.) púuna, tatɨɨ paapáayɨ palmwood floor, construct papelillo caspi (n.) (t.v.) tatɨɨkúuni , tree species palometa blanca, fish species isakúuna, sákuuna (n.) (n.) nimaku paper, sheet of simiimɨ paracuca (n.) palometa huayo, tree species , type of bird (n.) sinakina anápuuja palometa-type fish, species of Parahancornia peruviana, tree (n.) aramaásiiku, miíniti kánɨɨsi species (n.) anakana palta moena, tree species (n.) Parakeet, Cobalt-winged (n.) imúuna sɨrɨ́kɨɨja palta mojarra, fish species (n.) Parakeet, Dusky-headed (n.) ariímaari kaáraaja pampa remo caspi, tree species Parakeet, White-eyed (n.) íyɨɨja (n.) ikwaniáasi parallel to (loc.postp.) sirikuma pan flute (n.) nɨɨtiiri parallel to (below) (loc.postp.) (n.) paña blanca, fish species sirikuma nɨyari sawíjatina parallel to (downriver) paña muda (n.) , fish species (loc.postp.) sirikuma iruúnaaja paña negra (n.) Paraponera clavata, ant , fish species species (n.) muusaníkwaa niimɨ parasite (of fish) (n.) paápaaja paña, type of fish (n.) nɨyari imɨ́ɨka, paápaaja imɨ́ɨni paña-type fish, species of (n.) (n.) jiiti siiwíika sɨɨ́taari, takuútaaja Parasol Wasp parco, patco, astringent flavor Pandion haliaetus, bird species (adj.) (n.) paápaka nɨɨsina, paápaaja sakana parinari de altura nɨɨsina , tree species (n.) pandishu, tree species (n.) páruuti pantíisi parinari grande, tree species panero, type of basket (n.) táasa (n.) simɨráana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 573 parinari-type tree, species of paternal aunt (vocative)

parinari-type tree, species of pass (effects of intoxicant) (n.) kakuna, páriiti, tiriikuskáana (t.v.) aarɨ́ɨni Parkia igneiflora, tree species pass (interval of time) (i.v.) (n.) isɨɨja táraati, pisíiku táraati aarɨ́ɨni Parkia multijuga, tree species pass (make, let, or assist) (t.v.) (n.) taasíita táraati aarɨtɨ́ɨni Parkia velutina, tree species pass (movement) (t.v.) aarɨ́ɨni (n.) kaasi táraati pass (skirting) (t.v.) isakúuni Parrot, Black-headed (n.) pass through (t.v.) apíini nɨɨrɨsɨ́wɨɨja Passalus sp., beetle species (n.) Parrot, Blue-headed (n.) síkiiti kuríkɨɨja Passiflora sp., plant species (n.) Parrot, Mealy (n.) aájiiti aakáayɨ jaraaka, jaraaka Parrot, Orange-cheeked (n.) passion fruit (plant), species iímaatiíkwaaja of (n.) aakáayɨ jaraaka, jaraaka Parrot, Orange-winged (n.) passive (adj.) tarakɨɨ́tina kaáruukwaaja passive, be (i.v.) tarakɨ́ɨni, Parrot, Yellow-crowned (n.) tarakɨɨ́ta míini kirísɨɨja pat (repeatedly) (t.v.) Parrotlet, Blue-winged (n.) amaniijuutáani nɨrɨkɨkaaja, nɨrɨrɨkaaja pata de añuje, wasp species part of (postp.) =iíkwaji (n.) muuti áwasi part of, leave (t.v.) apɨráani Patagioenas plumbea, bird part, branching (n.) ájika species (n.) kusakúuni part, greater (n.) náani Patagioenas subvinacea, bird partially burned firewood (n.) species (n.) kusákuuja itɨwɨ́naja, ituwánaja, tawánaja patarashca of mayaco (n.) partly cloudy, be (i.v.) suriitáani mukwani partly ripe (adj.) puwakana patarashca, food wrapped and partly sunny, be (i.v.) suriitáani cooked in leaves (n.) ijiika patarashca party (n.) maayaasíini , make (for pashaco de pichico, tree smoking) (i.v.) kunitaakɨ́ɨni patarashca (n.) species (n.) isɨɨja táraati, pisíiku , smoked táraati kunitaaka pashaco legítimo tree species patch hole (t.v.) kɨsɨríini (n.) kaasi táraati, taasíita táraati pate, gourd vessel (n.) samaku pashaco, type of tree (n.) pate, make (t.v.) samakúuni atáraati, táraati paternal aunt (n.) íkina pashaco-type tree, species of paternal aunt (deceased) (n.) (n.) iipɨɨ táraati ikínɨɨsana Paspalum sp. grass species (n.) paternal aunt (vocative) (n.) maákatuusi ikínaaja

574 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary paternal great-uncle penetrate the body

paternal great-uncle (n.) Pava Quebrada (prop.n.) kumáani Kuyɨɨsiyúumu paternal great-uncle Pavonine Cuckoo, bird species (vocative) (n.) ámaaja (n.) maasiítaaja, maasiítaaja siriija paternal uncle (deceased) (n.) pay (debt) (t.v.) paakaraasíini kumaániisana pay attention to (t.v.) aríwatɨ́ɨni paternal uncle (vocative) (n.) Peach Palm beer (n.) amarisiáaka paati, paatíija Peach Palm season (n.) path (loc.n.) niíkuma amariyaana, amáriyaana path (n.) amakɨ Peach Palm, palm species (n.) path (temporary) (n.) apiyɨ amariyaaja path over here, along (adv.) Peach Palm, variety of (n.) iipɨɨ iitiírakuma aríyasi, kuyɨ́ɨsi amáriyaaja, path over there, along (adv.) mɨ́yuujáana, múyuujáana, sikuti, tiírakuma tiímaaka amáriyaaja (n.) path, along other (adv.) Peacock Bass, fish species taakiírakuma awáara (n.) (i.v.) apiyɨ́ɨni, pebble sawija path, blaze (n.) apiyɨɨnɨ́ɨni Pecarry, White-lipped (a.v.) anitáaki path, cut amakɨ́ɨni (n.) path, cut (temporary) (i.v.) Peccary, Collared kaasi (n.) muúsaka apiyɨ́ɨni, apiyɨɨnɨ́ɨni peccary, odor of peccary, scent gland of (n.) path, make to (tree) (t.v.) pisaki amakɨɨtáani pecho de perdiz, type of knot patio, clear area around house (n.) ráana jirítiikɨ (loc.n.) pakariku peck (t.v.) ajiráani patiquina, plant species peduncle (n.) akusi (variety of) (n.) iíwɨɨti, iíwuuti, peel (fruit, tuber) (t.v.) kɨráani sikiáaja riitiri, sikiáaja tuúkuyɨ (i.v.) patiquina (n.) peel (in flakes) sitɨɨni , type of plant peel (skin) (i.v.) kɨrɨ́ɨni riitiri (i.v.) patrón (n.) peel and chop manioc , boss paaturuu maanakaajúuni, suurukuujúuni (n.) pattern naajuúwaaka peel and chop manioc (t.v.) paucar amarillo , bird species anakujúuni (n.) siaruuja pelejo shimbillo, tree species paucar machaco , snake species (n.) káaji námati, káaji támuu (n.) turukuni pen or pencil (n.) naajuútaaja paujil chaqui (n.) , liana species Penelope jacquacu, bird itɨyɨ, maasi ánaaja, piyúuri iíyɨɨ, species (n.) paríiku, paáriwa sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ penetrate (sharp object) (i.v.) Paurarque, Common (bird jimɨ́ɨni species) (n.) tiimɨya penetrate the body (t.v.) paríini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 575 penis Phoenicircus nigricollis, bird species

penis (n.) siwísiaaja perol, type of cauldron (n.) penis (of adult) (n.) jíina, piirúura siwísiaaja Persea americana, plant penis (of child) (n.) pítuuja species (n.) imúuna penis, exposed (n.) pisiaari person (n.) kaaya penis-like tree growth (n.) person from a given region (n.) asapɨ́ɨna juríini peón (n.) kaaya person of same age (vocative) peón, take somone as (t.v.) (n.) máana kaayɨ́ɨni person who loses multiple (n.) people kaayaaka children (n.) maayitɨ́ɨsi (t.v.) pepper (chili), spice with person with good vision (n.) napɨ́ɨni kwaata kariyáana (n.) pepper (chili), variety of person with poor vision (n.) makusáari, míisi jíina, siwirinaaja karijiáana pepper, chili (general term) (n.) (n.) person with same name napɨki ɨɨyáana (n.) pepper, sweet napɨki person, non-indigenous (n.) iísakwana tawɨ perch, Tinamou (branch) (n.) pertaining to another (adj.) ráana ajírɨna kanɨɨrana perform love magic (t.v.) Peruvian Tree Rat (n.) iisaku siijúuni ijúwatina perform menarche celebration (n.) (t.v.) kajíini pestle aamuútaaja (n.) perform rite to make manioc pet kajinani grow (t.v.) tiníini Phalacrocorax brasilianus, bird (n.) perform shamanic incantation species kusiúuri (t.v.) naaraajúuni Pharomacrus pavoninus, bird performance, match (t.v.) species (n.) anápuuja aratiinɨ́ɨni pharynx (n.) arísaka perfume (n.) júnɨɨna Philander andersoni, opossum perfume (t.v.) taarɨɨjanúuni species (n.) sɨ́nitimaaku perhaps (adv.) kuukisaákari, kuuta Philodendron solimoesense, pericote caspi, tree species (n.) liana species (n.) murúunku mɨɨ́saka ariyajáana Philodendron sp., liana species pericote, Mouse Opossum (n.) (n.) sɨ́ɨyɨ mɨɨ́saka Philodryas viridissimus period (postp.) iyákari viridissimus, snake species (n.) period (of woman) (n.) kɨɨ́raki siriija period of low water (n.) jáwɨɨna Phoenicircus nigricollis, bird permeated (adj.) iíyuu species (n.) nɨ́sira, nɨ́siri, nɨ́sirɨ

576 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Phoneutria sp., spider species pinch

Phoneutria sp., spider species pierce (t.v.) ajiráani, ijiráani (n.) kuni anákaasi pierce through (t.v.) apíini photograph (n.) nawɨyini piercing point of tool (n.) iika Phractocephalus pifear, whistle (tapir, parrot) hemioliopterus, fish species (i.v.) amáriinɨ́ɨni (n.) tuúrisɨɨja pig (n.) kuusi Phrynohyas resinifitrix, frog (n.) (n.) Pigeon, Plumbeous species maámaati kusakúuni Phrynops sp., turtle species (n.) Pigeon, Ruddy (n.) kusákuuja makwaa ímaaja, muusiaaráaja Piha, Screaming (bird species) Phthirusa adunca, creeper (n.) (n.) kwakúsiaaja species kusakúuni aákuta Pijuayal Quebrada (prop.n.) Physalis angulata, plant species (n.) kúrija Simaaniyúumu pijuayo (n.) Phytelephas macrocarpa, palm (Peach Palm) beer species (n.) tíkuja amarisiáaka pijuayo blanco (n.) Phytolacca rivinoides, plant palm variety species (n.) aámɨɨka sikuti Piaya cayana, bird species (n.) pijuayo palm fruit, harvest asapáasi, sapáasi (t.v.) titáani Piaya melanogaster, bird pijuayo palm grove (loc.n.) species (n.) asapáasi, sapáasi amarijina, amariyaajina picachear, cut up pile of sticks pijuayo palm grove (n.) amari (t.v.) sajikíini pijuayo palm season (n.) pichana, plant species (n.) amariyaana, amáriyaana piisiáana pijuayo palm variety (n.) iipɨɨ pichico shimbillo, tree species aríyasi, kuyɨ́ɨsi amáriyaaja, (n.) isɨɨja táraati, pisíiku táraati mɨ́yuujáana, múyuujáana, tiímaaka pichirina, tree species (n.) amáriyaaja makísiina pijuayo, palm species (n.) pichu huayo, tree species (n.) amariyaaja muusayúuna, muusáyuuti pile of manioc peels (n.) (t.v.) pick lice out of hair muúkuya sikwaníini pile up (t.v.) ikaanuutɨ́ɨni (t.v.) sikiinúuni pick nose piled up, be (i.v.) ikaanúuni pick out (t.v.) jaritáani pile-like shape, have (i.v.) piece (flat) (n.) ánɨɨja ikaanúuni piece (of long object) (n.) (n.) imakija atákija pimple (n.) irɨwɨ pimple, remove or squeeze piece (plank-shaped) (t.v.) piece (plank-shaped), remove imakiíjatáani (i.v.) (t.v.) irɨ́wɨtáani pimples, have imakiijɨ́ɨni piece of metal (n.) kaajírɨwɨ pinch (t.v.) miriyáani

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 577 pinch (digging in thumbnail) place, any old

pinch (digging in thumbnail) piripiri, for hunting peccaries (t.v.) tasíini (n.) kaasiija pineapple crown (n.) minati piripiri, for manioc growth (n.) aniáasi asúraaja niriyaákuuja, miíriyati, pineapple heart (n.) minati nɨɨti miíriyaaja, pupukuuja pineapple plot (loc.n.) piripiri, type of plant (n.) minatikajina, miinajina sakújaaja pineapple, plant species (n.) pisango caspi, tree species (n.) minati saakúuna pineapple, variety of (n.) siirɨ Pitangus sulphuratus, bird minati species (n.) isukiáaja pinsha caspi, tree species (n.) pitch (n.) kɨriija siiyúuna pitch (from nest of bosa bees) Pintuyacu River (prop.n.) (n.) wúusa kɨriija Anatimu pitch (hot), apply (t.v.) kɨriijúuni piojo del agua, type of water pitch, pot for heating (n.) insect (n.) aaka sikwanaja kɨriijúusi Pionites melanocephalus, bird pith (n.) ásaki species (n.) nɨɨrɨsɨ́wɨɨja pith, remove (i.v.) asákitáani Pionus menstruus, bird species Pithecia monachus, monkey (n.) kuríkɨɨja species (n.) kurɨ́ɨsi, kwaríyuuja pipe (tobacco) (n.) kaasíimpu pitiful (adj.) taarana Pipile cumanensis, bird species place (t.v.) ináani (n.) kuyɨ́ɨsi place (container) (t.v.) inatáani Piping-Guan, Blue-throated place close together (t.v.) tɨ́ɨni (bird species) (n.) kuyɨ́ɨsi place feet (i.v.) atijúuni Pipra filicauda, bird species place for calling (loc.n.) (n.) pɨɨsɨrɨ́ɨja anɨɨ́kujina piqui, skin parasite (n.) rɨ́tija place for sleeping (loc.n.) piranha, type of fish (n.) nɨyari makɨɨ́kujina piranha-type fish, species of place for sleeping (n.) makɨ́naaja (n.) siiwíika sɨɨ́taari, takuútaaja place mouth-down (t.v.) Piratic Flycatcher, bird ajákumɨ́ɨni species (n.) nawɨ́yɨɨja place on surface (contained in piripiri for edible palm grubs container) (t.v.) inatáani (n.) kuumakiija place support post or pole piripiri, for burning chacra (n.) (t.v.) atijúuni ituútaja place where one lives (loc.n.) piripiri, for death magic (n.) íyaki, iyikíira, íyɨ kaaya amuútaja place Y-shaped support (t.v.) piripiri, for fishing luck (n.) jikutíini siiyuútaja place, any old (n.) taamáaki

578 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary place, other Podocnemis unifilis (juvenile), turtle species

place, other (n.) taaki planting minga, manioc beer places, many (adv.) for (n.) natɨ́yaaka maasiaakíwaku planting, complete (manioc) Plagioscion squamosissimus, (t.v.) asuukíini fish species (n.) sawijaari planting, minga for (n.) planaria, land (general term) natɨ́yaaka (n.) siwaara saputi plata pashaco, tree species (n.) plank (n.) irɨwɨ aaka puririkáana, nɨsirɨnákɨɨ plátano bellaco plant (t.v.) natáani , plantain (n.) plant for curing craving for variety káaji námati, níiki ríwaasi (n.) ipakanɨ́ɨna soil (n.) (n.) plate paráatu plant for spear fighting (n.) aartɨɨ́tari platform for felling tree iyuukínaaja plant for treating manioc (n.) platform for felling tree, iiyɨɨ náana (t.v.) (t.v.) construct iyuukíini plant incrementally platform, hunting (n.) nataajúuni aamaakúuja (n.) plant litter, floating play (t.v.) maayaasíini papákɨɨti, papásiiti play flute (i.v.) puraajɨ́ɨni (n.) plant used for red dye play trick on someone (t.v.) nasɨ́ɨna maayaásiitáani (n.) plantain (general term) play with (t.v.) maayaásiitáani samúkwaati playful, be (i.v.) maayaasíini (n.) plantain and manioc dish pleasing, sexually (adj.) tipanaki taarɨɨ́jana plantain flower pod (n.) kuyaja plot of cleared land (n.) plantain plot (loc.n.) kamarɨ́ɨta samúkwajina plot, manioc (loc.n.) asúrakajina plantain pod (n.) íniiki plot, pineapple (loc.n.) plantain worm (n.) samúkwaati minatikajina, miinajina imɨ́ɨni plot, plantain (loc.n.) plantain, fermented drink (n.) samúkwajina pururuuku pluck (t.v.) kajatáani plantain, variety of (n.) káaji plug opening (t.v.) kapúuni námati, kiiníiya, níiki ríwaasi, riimɨ, Plumbeous Pigeon (n.) samúkwaati nɨyana, tiikɨɨkáani kusakúuni planted area (n.) nataaka pod (palm, plantain) (n.) íniiki planted plant (general term) Podocnemis expansa, turtle (n.) natánaaja species (n.) siaariáapa planting (set of plants) (n.) Podocnemis unifilis (juvenile), nataaka turtle species (n.) tanɨ́yaaja

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 579 Podocnemis unifilis, turtle sp. pot, clay (for steaming manioc)

Podocnemis unifilis, turtle pona (palmwood) floor (n.) species (n.) mɨtiija púuna, tatɨɨ point (finger, lips) (i.v.) sisíini pona palm grove (loc.n.) point (slender object) (n.) puúnakajina, tatɨɨwɨjina, iíjinaji tatɨɨwɨyajina point repeatedly (t.v.) sisiinúuni pona, palm species (n.) púuna, point, piercing (of tool) (n.) iika tatɨɨ (n.) point, sharp (n.) kuukwaka pond, small pɨɨya, pɨɨyɨ, pointily (adv.) kuukwaata siniku ponilla (n.) pointless place (fishing or , palm species púuna (loc.n.) amákɨjina niyini hunting spot) (n.) (adv.) poop iiki pointlessly taama (n.) (n.) poor guy/woman kaara poison (general term) (n.) iwɨɨ́rɨsana poor vision, person with karijiáana poison bush, for fish (n.) waka poor, be (i.v.) taara míini poison, blowgun dart (n.) poorly (adv.) sɨɨ́sa ramúkwaa poorly burning (wood) (adj.) (n.) nuúruu poison, for fish sasana (t.v.) poke sikíini poorly-behaved (adj.) ɨɨ́jaana (t.v.) poke into, repeatedly pop (sound) (i.v.) isinɨ́ɨni sikiinúuni popping sound, with (adv.) (t.v.) poke repeatedly sikiinúuni kɨrɨkɨ́kɨta (n.) pokeweed, dish made from Porcupine, Brazilian (n.) sikuja siwɨɨka port (loc.n.) kurima Pokeweed, Venezuelan (plant portage (loc.n.) jɨɨ́nijina (n.) species) aámɨɨka portion, remaining (n.) awáraja (n.) pole amaaka position, change (i.v.) iniwɨ́ɨni (t.v.) polish jiníini possess (t.v.) míini polite request formula (prtcl.) possession (n.) yáana kaa aatiáana possessions (n.) kásami Pollalesta discolor, tree species posture with butt sticking out (n.) saakúuna (i.v.) akasiitáani pollen-based substance (n.) iiki pot (n.) kusi polvora caspi, tree species (n.) pot (clay), with tamshi netting kwaakɨ́ɨna (n.) paajanáaku Pomacea maculata, snail pot for heating pitch (n.) species (n.) ajuuka kɨriijúusi Pompilidae sp., wasp species pot lid (n.) táapa (n.) kuyajatíini pot, clay (n.) iniyaasi, niíyaasi pona (palmwood) floor (loc.n.) pot, clay (for steaming tatɨɨkuúkujina manioc) (n.) kapíjiisi

580 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary pot, remove from fire produce fruit

pot, remove from fire (t.v.) powerful, be (as head of ɨɨ́tatáani household) (i.v.) mɨjɨráani Potalia amara, plant species pray (i.v.) riisaasíini (n.) kuuraríina praying mantis, type of insect Potamorhina altamazonica, (n.) sikwanaja paniáana, sikwanaja fish species (n.) kawɨɨ́naari sɨ́ɨri Potamorhina latior, fish pre-dawn hours (n.) species (n.) imaánanakuuja kutatáani=aákuji Potamotrygon motoro, stingray pre-dawn hours, in the (adv.) (n.) species mɨyaara saapi kutatáani aákuji Potoo, Common (bird species) predicate focus (exhaustive) (n.) paani (adv.) nuúrika (n.) Potoo, Great (bird species) pregnant (adj.) manaja anitáaki nɨɨsina pregnant, become (i.v.) Potos flavus, Kinkajou (n.) manajɨ́ɨni, mɨrɨ́ɨni kwasini pound (to process) (t.v.) prepare clay (to make pottery) (t.v.) paniijúuni aamúuni barbasco prepare cooked manioc (for pound fish poison ( ) (i.v.) (t.v.) amaniijúuni eating) aakuujúuni irapay pour fluid on (t.v.) aasíini prepare (palm thatch) (t.v.) pour hot water over (to load ikíini remove feathers, fur) (t.v.) prepare to carry out activity (t.v.) ipɨyaakúuni namitɨ́ɨni pour out (t.v.) saráani prepare victuals (t.v.) saminíini Pouraqueiba sericea, tree preserve with salt (t.v.) species (n.) uumaarii saaraasíini Pourouma cecropiaefolia, tree press down (t.v.) taníini species (n.) sawiti prettiness (n.) suwaka Pouteria lucuma, tree species previous (adv.) taari (n.) ruúkuma previous time, at a (adv.) taari (n.) Pouteria sp., tree species price (n.) iyikúura saati prickly (adj.) kajútina (n.) powder pukitika priest (n.) paari powder with shamanic or Priodontes maximus, armadillo magical properties (n.) species (n.) aasámaaja kwaakɨ́ɨna proboscis (n.) iika powder, be covered in (i.v.) pukitíini Prochilodus nigricans, fish (n.) kaawaánaari powdery (adj.) pukitina species (i.v.) power (n.) paríini procreate mɨrɨ́ɨni (i.v.) power (ability) (n.) miísana produce bubbles irijɨɨtáani power (shamanic) (n.) miísana produce fruit (i.v.) iniijɨ́ɨni, iníini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 581 Proechimys sp., rodent sp. Psectrogaster amazonica, fish sp.

Proechimys sp., rodent species pronoun, indefinite location (n.) taasíita iísaku (indefinite pronoun) tɨɨti prolapsed anus (n.) niríyuusi pronoun, second person sikɨɨ́taaja plural (pro.) kina=, kináaja promptly (adv.) kuma pronoun, second person (pro.) pronoun (exhaustive focus), plural (possessive) kina= first person exclusive plural pronoun, second person (pro.) (pro.) kanaárika singular kia=, kiáaja pronoun (exhaustive focus), pronoun, second person (pro.) first person inclusive plural singular (possessive) (pro.) pɨɨ́rika kia= pronoun, second person pronoun (exhaustive focus), (pro.) first person singular (pro.) singular (respectful) kiírika kina=, kináaja pronoun, second person pronoun (exhaustive focus), singular (respectful, second person plural (pro.) possessive) (pro.) kina= kinaárika pronoun, third person general pronoun (exhaustive focus), number (pro.) nu=, nuu second person singular (pro.) pronoun, third person general kiaárika number (focus, topic) (pro.) pronoun (exhaustive focus), anuu, anúuja second person singular pronoun, third person general (pro.) kinaárika (respectful) number (possessive) (pro.) nu= pronoun (exhaustive focus), pronoun, third person plural third person general number (pro.) na=, naa (pro.) anuúrika, nuúrika pronoun, third person plural pronoun, first person (focus, topic) (pro.) anaawaaka, (pro.) exclusive plural kana=, naawaaka kanáaja pronoun, third person plural pronoun, first person (possessive) (pro.) na= exclusive plural (possessive) prop up (t.v.) tatɨɨtaníini (pro.) kana= prostrate, be (i.v.) imatáani pronoun, first person Protium sp., tree species (n.) inclusive plural (pro.) pɨ́=, pɨ́ɨja kuupáara, sɨrɨ́ɨti pronoun, first person prow (n.) anákaku inclusive plural (possessive) Psarocolius angustifrons, bird (pro.) pɨ́= species (n.) masiku pronoun, first person singular Psarocolius viridis, bird species (pro.) kí=, kíija (n.) masiku túruuja pronoun, first person singular Psectrogaster amazonica, fish (possessive) (pro.) kí= species (n.) imaánanakuuja

582 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary Psectrogaster rutuloides, fish species puma panga, tree species

Psectrogaster rutuloides, fish pucacuro, ant species (n.) species (n.) sawɨɨ́kwaaja irákana Pseudobombax munguba, tree pucahuicsa, fish species (n.) species (n.) sɨɨwɨɨnáana isɨ́ɨni Pseudolmedia sp., tree species pucuna caspi, tree species (n.) (n.) kɨraájuuna, mɨyaara nɨrimakɨ́ɨna titikaaríina, mɨyitina, nakikuuja pucuna, blowgun (n.) nimúuna titikaaríina, namikúuna, piritíina, puddle (n.) pɨɨya, pɨɨyɨ, siniku sipatɨ́ɨna puerco espín, porcupine Pseudomyrmex sp., ant species species (n.) sikuja (n.) tamɨ́ɨka, tamɨ́ɨna imɨ́ɨni Puffbird, Swallow-winged (n.) Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum, amúwɨɨja (n.) fish species isuuki pull (t.v.) jɨ́ɨni Pseudoplatystoma, genus of pull (composite object) (t.v.) (n.) catfishes amariiki jɨɨ́tatáani Psidium guayaba, tree species pull (vessel) (t.v.) jɨɨ́tatáani (n.) siaawíinta pull arm behind back (t.v.) Psophia crepitans, bird species tamarakíini, tamarásii (n.) maasa pull from another’s grasp (t.v.) Psychidae spp., invertebrate atɨɨtáani species (n.) aakíini pull open lever (t.v.) rikutáani Psychotria viridis, plant pull out (t.v.) jɨɨ́tatáani species (n.) kaaya nikiiti pull out (hairs, feathers) (t.v.) Psychotria viridis, plant (n.) kajatáani species (variety of) asapɨ́ɨti, (t.v.) aákɨsiiti, aamuuniíraana, kiaájaati, pull out with instrument takíini kukwanaati, maasaati, nakimɨ́ɨti, (t.v.) nɨrimɨɨ́tari, nɨsinɨɨ́tari, paasiiti, pull repeatedly jɨɨniwiitáani sapatiki, simɨraati, siinítaari pull toward (using hook) (t.v.) Psychotria viridis, type of plant kaniijɨ́ɨni (n.) mɨɨ́mɨɨti pulp (t.v.) ajiráani, aamúuni Pterocarpus sp., tree species pulp (with pestle) (t.v.) ijiráani (n.) sɨɨwɨɨkáana Pulsatrix perspicillata, bird Pteroglossus castanotis, bird species (n.) takina, tikítiki species (n.) apisɨ pulse (i.v.) ijiráani Pteroglossus flavirostris, bird pulse (vein) (i.v.) ajiráani species (n.) muúruuki Puma (n.) nakiráaru Pteroglossus pluricinctus, bird Puma concolor, Puma (n.) species (n.) pirɨ́ɨni nakiráaru Pteronura brasiliensis, Giant puma panga, tree species (n.) Otter (n.) kanasi asinaja

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 583 puma pangal put on surface (container)

puma pangal, site with many pusanga caspi, tree species (n.) puma panga trees (loc.n.) kwaakɨ́ɨna asinakakajina push away (floating object) Puma Quebrada (prop.n.) (t.v.) ijíkatatáani Mɨyaaráamu push load onto another’s back pumpkin (n.) saapáayɨ (t.v.) kɨnitáani punch (n.) kujúuni push off (into water) (t.v.) punch (t.v.) kuujúuni ijíkatatáani punch each other repeatedly push soil around (i.v.) murajúuni (i.v.) kujuniiwɨɨtíini pushcacuro, ant species (n.) punch repeatedly (t.v.) tarakana kujuniijúuni pustule, type of (n.) rapɨɨja punga, tree species (n.) pustules, have (i.v.) rapɨ́ɨni sɨɨwɨɨnáana put (t.v.) ináani punshito (n.) , machete stub put (container) (t.v.) inatáani takíriija put away (t.v.) paruutáani (n.) pupa ɨ́ɨri put handle on hand net (t.v.) (n.) puppy (affectionate) kíisi anasiikíini (interj.) “puppy!” (to call a dog) put in line (t.v.) atɨ́ɨni, atɨɨtɨ́ɨni kíisi (t.v.) puquear put in mouth itípiitáani , whistle with cupped put in order (t.v.) irikataajúuni (i.v.) anɨɨjɨ́ɨni, nɨɨjɨ́ɨni hand put in pile (t.v.) ikaanuutɨ́ɨni purge (by vomiting) (i.v.) put legs on furniture (t.v.) kɨyatáani anasiikíini purge for another (t.v.) put lips to (drinking vessel) kɨyátatáani (i.v.) tiitɨ́ɨni purma (n.) mákisi put mouth-down (t.v.) purma (young), clear (t.v.) ajákumɨ́ɨni majáani (i.v.) Purma Quebrada (prop.n.) put on adornments simiikúuni Mákisiyúumu purma shimbillo put on clothes (i.v.) sinaakɨ́ɨni , tree species (t.v.) (n.) mákisi támuu put on handle (axe) purma (i.v.) rikiitáani sirijúuni , become (i.v.) Purple-throated Fruit Crow, put on hat or headdress bird species (n.) káawu, sanɨrɨ, mɨyaakúuni (t.v.) sɨnɨrɨ put on lid iijúuni (t.v.) purpose, for what (interrog.) put on pants ijikaakɨ́ɨni (i.v.) saakaa=íira put on shirt namatiikɨ́ɨni (i.v.) purse lips (i.v.) amɨríini put on shoes sapatúuni pururuca, fermented plantain put on skirt (i.v.) apɨɨsíini drink (n.) pururuuku put on surface (container) pus (n.) aákɨɨsi (t.v.) inatáani

584 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary put out flame source Pyrophorus sp., firefly species

put out flame source (t.v.) makiijáani put upright (t.v.) takuutaníini Pygmy Marmoset, monkey species (n.) aayijiija Pyrilia barrabandi, bird species (n.) iímaatiíkwaaja Pyrophorus sp., firefly species (n.) namiiti

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 585 quiver

Quail, Marbled Wood (n.) Quebrada Pijuayal (prop.n.) puukúru Simaaniyúumu quality, alter (t.v.) kuwitɨ́ɨni Quebrada Puma (prop.n.) quantity, small (adv.) Mɨyaaráamu Quebrada Purma (prop.n.) sɨɨ́sanurika, taama Mákisiyúumu Quararibea cordata, tree queen, leafcutter ant (n.) species (n.) saapúuti kaniyúuja niaatíija Quebrada Abiramo (prop.n.) quemadura de arco iris, skin Awíraamu malady (n.) muúkwaayɨ ítuuja Quebrada Acamana (prop.n.) quena, type of flute (n.) puráaja Aakamáana Querula purpurata, bird Quebrada Áñamu (prop.n.) species (n.) káawu, sanɨrɨ, sɨnɨrɨ Aaniáamu question, ask (a.v.) wɨɨrɨɨtáani Quebrada Apetama (prop.n.) quick (adj.) iyarakátina, yarakátina Apítamu quickly (adv.) iyakúmata, Quebrada Blancayumo (prop.n.) iyarákata (i.v.) Simakiyúumu quickly, do iyarakasíini (adj.) Quebrada Cashirimo (prop.n.) quiet (character trait) paapana Kasiríimu quillosisa, tree species (n.) Quebrada Castilla (prop.n.) iínuunakíina Tiriikuskaanayúumu quio quio, fish species (n.) Quebrada Cunimaja (prop.n.) sawɨɨ́kwaaja Niíyaamu quitamuro, type of illness (n.) Quebrada de Castilla (prop.n.) muúruwa Míriiyúumu quiver (i.v.) nɨnɨkɨ́ɨni Quebrada de Tamshi (prop.n.) Nuríyɨyúumu Quebrada Mojarra Yumo (prop.n.) Mujariyúumu Quebrada Pava (prop.n.) Kuyɨɨsiyúumu

586 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary rat trap, type of

rabo de caballo, reed species raised (hair, feathers) (adj.) (n.) kawáayɨ aniáasi, nawɨyinakaaja riríkɨtina racimo (fruit bunch), empty raised, be (feathers, fur, (n.) apisi hackles) (i.v.) ririíkɨɨtáani racimo, harvest (t.v.) rikutáani rama de chimicua tree growth (n.) rack (n.) másiku asapɨ́ɨna ramichi (n.) rack, make (i.v.) masikúuni , bee species raamíisi ractacara, fish species (n.) Ramphastos tucanus, bird (n.) imaánanakuuja species nípaaki raft (n.) másiku Ramphastos vitellinus, bird species (n.) siáaru, siaarúuki raft, make (i.v.) masikúuni Ramphocelus carbo, bird rain (i.v.) aníini (n.) aasi pánaasi (n.) species rain aasi Ramphocelus nigrogularis, bird rain associated with rainbows species (n.) nasipánaaja (n.) muúkwaayɨ iísaaka randomly (adv.) taama (n.) rain, light musútina aasi Raphiodon vulpinus, fish (n.) rainbow muúkwaaya, species (n.) nɨɨ́kamɨ muúkwaayɨ rapid (waterflow) (n.) aatiáaki rainbow burn, skin malady rapidly (adv.) iyakúmata, (n.) muúkwaayɨ ítuuja iyarákata rainbows, rain associated raptor (general term) (n.) (n.) with muúkwaayɨ iísaaka nɨɨsina rainstorm, make sound of (i.v.) rarely (adv.) sɨɨsaárika puukwáani rasgueta, rubber-tapping tool rainy season (n.) aasi yaawɨ́ɨni (n.) raskíita raise (child) (t.v.) kumɨníini rat (arboreal), species of (n.) raise (lift) (t.v.) niwíini tiímaaka iísaku raise (make grow) (t.v.) rat (forest), species of (n.) kumɨtɨ́ɨni mɨɨsiáaku raise domestic animal (t.v.) rat (general term) (n.) iisaku kajíini rat trap, type of (n.) tawɨ taníiku

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 587 Rat, Peruvian Tree release

Rat, Peruvian Tree (n.) iisaku recover from intoxication (i.v.) ijúwatina kariitáani Rat, Yellow-crowned rectum (n.) jinakuku, niriyáaku Brush-tailed (n.) náana ɨɨ́jaaku red (adj.) aákusana, nuusina ratón caspi, tree species (n.) Red Brocket Deer (n.) aákusana ájana sikiáaja ratón chinganero, rat species red clouds at sunset (n.) (n.) náana ɨɨ́jaaku nawarɨ́ɨni raw (adj.) májaana Red Howler Monkey (n.) iipɨɨ raya chupa, type of fishing Red-bellied Macaw (n.) nɨɨsika arrow head (n.) saapi aniáasiri, ásaaja, nɨɨsikaaja saapi táaja Red-billed Ground-Cuckoo, raya mama, legendary bird species (n.) sirɨ́taku demonic stingray (n.) tipanɨɨri Red-Billed Scythebill, bird razor grass, plant species (n.) species (n.) tɨɨ́yuukwáani (n.) ariyuuka, riyuuka Red-footed Tortoise reach (i.v.) sirɨ́ɨni nakikuuja read (a.v.) simiitáani Red-Throated Caracara, bird (n.) ready to harvest (edible palm species tatákuwa (n.) grub) (adj.) pukipɨ reed, species of ananɨ́ɨta, ready victuals (t.v.) saminíini sawɨɨka (adj.) (adj.) taasíita reflective karaákiyaana real (i.v.) realize (t.v.) nakusíini reform onself kuwaajɨ́ɨni really (adv.) júura, taasíita region, person from a given (n.) juríini “really!” (assertion of truth) rego rego, type of fish (n.) (interj.) júura riyákɨɨja realm (of life form) (loc.n.) regrow (hair) (i.v.) kajɨ́ɨni íyaki, iyikíira, íyɨ regrowth, remove (t.v.) sipatáani rebeco, catfish species (n.) re-injure (t.v.) itáani taniiti reject food impolitely (i.v.) rebeco, type of fish (n.) riyákɨɨja maayaakáani recede (water level) (i.v.) jawɨ́ɨni (adj.) relation, kinship (general receding hairline kwaata term) (n.) múuta kariyáa (n.) iíkwajiina (d.v.) relative receive masɨ́ɨni relative pronoun (general receive gifts (pluractional) number) (rel.pro.) iina (i.v.) masánakíini relative pronoun (plural (i.v.) receive injury ánasa míini animate) (rel.pro.) iipɨ (adv.) recently saámiita relative pronoun (plural (t.v.) recount story saakɨ́ɨni inanimate) (rel.pro.) iimi recover from illness or injury relative, elder (n.) pɨɨtana, pɨɨtapɨ (i.v.) ánaajɨ́ɨni release (t.v.) kanatɨ́ɨni, kanɨtɨ́ɨni

588 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary remain (in place) residue

remain (in place) (i.v.) iyujúuni remove pot from fire (t.v.) remain (in state) (t.v.) iyujúuni ɨɨ́tatáani remainder (large) (n.) náani remove regrowth (t.v.) sipatáani remainder (small) (n.) awáraja remove scales (t.v.) naásitáani, remaining root stock (manioc) sitáani (n.) nasikatánaaja remove small fruits (t.v.) jaráani remedy (n.) ampiisiítaaja remove sticks (stretching remember name (t.v.) hide) (t.v.) sipújatáani aajawatáani remove thorn or spine (t.v.) remember someone (t.v.) matáani, mɨtáani aajawatáani remove useful part of plant Remijia peruviana, tree species (t.v.) sakitáani (n.) suníina remove with instrument (t.v.) remo caspi masha, tree species takíini (n.) asa amúuku renaco, creeper species (n.) remo caspi, tree species (n.) kámɨɨti áriitaawɨ náana render passive (enemy) (t.v.) remove (t.v.) jikatáani, jimatáani paasiijúuni remove (from container) (t.v.) render speechless (t.v.) ɨɨtáani maarijúuni remove ashipa (t.v.) simiitíini Renealmia alpina, plant remove branch (t.v.) akíkatáani species (n.) mírija, miríjaaja remove breastbone (sternum) repair (t.v.) irikataajúuni (t.v.) jipaanɨ́ɨni repay gift (t.v.) namíini remove by pulling (t.v.) repay serving of drink (d.v.) jɨɨ́tatáani namíini remove clothes (t.v.) titáani repeat (t.v.) imɨráani remove crest (t.v.) simiitíini repeatedly tell to leave (t.v.) remove crisnejas (t.v.) titatáani jikuukúuni remove foam (t.v.) sapúkwatáani replant (manioc stalk) (t.v.) remove gills (t.v.) arísakatáani asuukíini remove leaves from plant (t.v.) replanted manioc stalk (n.) iímɨtáani, mɨtáani jimúkiaakɨ, jimúkwana remove limbs (t.v.) titaakíini reproduce (increase) (i.v.) remove liquid (using vessel) iyákatɨ́ɨni (t.v.) iritáani reproduction, increase by (t.v.) remove manioc tuber (without iyakatúuni felling plant) (t.v.) iíjatáani request (d.v.) masɨ́ɨni remove piece (plank-shaped) residence site, abandoned (t.v.) irɨ́wɨtáani (loc.n.) irítijina remove pimple (t.v.) resident of a given region (n.) imakiíjatáani juríini remove pith (i.v.) asákitáani residue (n.) ísiku

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 589 resin rip out

resin (n.) riyakaka rheumatism, have (i.v.) resin of azúcar huayo (n.) marisɨɨkíini paáyuuku Rhinostomus barbirostris resin, ball of (n.) rinɨ́ɨku (weevil), insect species (n.) resin, leak and solidfy (i.v.) muusajákwaa aarɨwati rinɨɨkɨ́ɨni Rhipidomys sp., rat species (n.) respected person (n.) mɨ́jɨɨtáana mɨɨsiáaku respond (t.v.) imatɨ́ɨni Rhyncophorus barbirostris (n.) respond affirmatively to (grub), insect species request (t.v.) aríwatɨ́ɨni muusajákwaa respond argumentatively (t.v.) Rhyncophorus palmarum (n.) imatɨ́niikíini (grub), insect species aniita responsibility (n.) míini marajákwaa resprout (i.v.) rikiitáani Rhyncophorus palmarum (weevil), insect species (n.) rest (i.v.) samáraatáani, aniita marajákwaa aarɨwati, samáraatɨ́ɨni, samɨ́rɨɨtáani (i.v.) aarawati, aarɨwati, aaruwati rest lying down ajatáani (n.) restinga rib papaku , elevated area in ribcage, wrench open (t.v.) inundating area (n.) siiki sipújatáani (i.v.) ítɨɨtáani restrain attack ridge (n.) imuki retalear (t.v.) , slice repeatedly ridge (hill) (n.) aniníiki iyataajúuni rifari de altura (n.) retama (n.) , tree species , plant species mɨ́nɨna ritáamɨ rifari, tree species (n.) anuna (i.v.) retiring, be tarakɨ́ɨni, right hand and arm (n.) tarakɨɨ́ta míini suwákija, suwákiji (imperfective verb root) return right then (adv.) íyaa, íyaa iina mɨyíkɨ right-hand side (n.) suwákija, (i.v.) return mɨyɨkɨ́ɨni suwákiji (t.v.) return mɨyikáani rigid (does not wobble) (adj.) (t.v.) return a blow namíini irísina returning, upon (adv.) tiírajiita rind (n.) ísɨkɨ reveal (t.v.) nikisatɨ́ɨni Rineloricaria lanceolata, fish reveal misdeed (t.v.) atuutáani species (n.) paniwɨ reveal motion (i.v.) Ringed Kingfisher, bird pujuniwɨɨtáani species (n.) kataraa reverse (cord-spinning) (adv.) ringworm, type of (n.) aákusana makajaya, makɨjɨyɨ isíiku, mɨɨ́nana isíiku revolted by, be (t.v.) sikwaranɨ́ɨni Rinorea racemosa, tree species revolve (around axis) (t.v.) (n.) karásiina, puujáana, tipájaana takarajuutáani rip out (i.v.) saritɨ́ɨni

590 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ripe (fruit) root, buttress

ripe (fruit) (adj.) aákusana, roast (small particles) (t.v.) nuusina kunajɨ́ɨni ripe (guaba, shimbillo fruits) roast manioc in skin (t.v.) (adj.) karatina kuwaniijɨ́ɨni, kuwaniijúuni ripe (palm fruit) (adj.) sawíruuti roast manioc without skin ripe, partly (adj.) puwakana (t.v.) kutíini ripen (begin to, of red fruits) roast on stick (t.v.) kankaasíini (i.v.) aakusanɨ́ɨni rock (n.) sawija ripen (by turning dark) (i.v.) rock (t.v.) aatariitáani mɨnɨ́ɨni rock (in hammock) (i.v.) ripen (by turning red) (i.v.) aatariitáani nusíini rock, sedimentary (n.) kanɨ́wɨɨja, ripen (cocona, coconilla fruits) kanúwɨɨja, sikiáaja sawija (i.v.) parɨ́ɨni Rocket Treefrog (n.) anitáaki ripen (soften) (a.v.) ipɨ́ɨni makwaati ripple (n.) iyúuna, íyuuni, iyúuni roll (cylindrical object) (t.v.) ripples, make (i.v.) iyuutɨ́ɨni takaraajúuni rise (river) (i.v.) aanɨ́ɨni, roll (motion) (i.v.) takɨrɨɨjɨ́ɨni ikwaanɨ́ɨni, jiitáani roll (slender segments, rise above horizon (sun, doughy material) (t.v.) jiniijúuni moon) (i.v.) jikatɨ́ɨni, jimatɨ́ɨni roll back and forth (i.v.) rite to make manioc grow, takɨrɨɨjɨ́ɨni perform (t.v.) tiníini ronzapa, wasp species (n.) íini river (n.) aaka, nunáani roof end (n.) papaku river basins, cross between roof peak covering (cumba) (t.v.) apíini (n.) mátaka, matákaari river bend (n.) amúriija roof peak covering skewer (n.) river cut (n.) murúuni matákaari sikiija river mouth (loc.n.) aájijina roof peak covering, make (i.v.) river, deep spot (n.) púusa matakɨ́ɨni (n.) river, sandy (n.) jɨɨka yúumu roof pole, slanting ápiika (n.) river, small (n.) aasamu roof pole, uppermost river, straight stretch of (n.) imúkina (n.) saaki rooster (lacking tail) road (n.) amakɨ rankuríina (n.) Roadside Hawk, bird species rooster’s spur tirija, tiiriwa (n.) (n.) awíraaja root (plant, tree) anija, aniija (n.) roar repeatedly (jaguar) (i.v.) root mass, aerial papasika muríyuukwáani root stock, remaining (n.) roast (in coals) (t.v.) kuníini, (manioc) nasikatánaaja raníini root, buttress (n.) animɨ

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 591 roots of cultigen, cover rust

roots of cultigen, cover (t.v.) rubber-producing tree (n.) púuni waaráata rope (n.) iiyɨɨ rubber-tapping tool (n.) raskíita rope (for hammock) (n.) inɨ́ɨki Ruddy Ground-Dove, bird rope (to move or secure species (n.) mɨ́yaaja object) (n.) íyuuti Ruddy Pigeon (n.) kusákuuja rope, chambira (n.) iniyɨ rude (adj.) ɨɨ́jaana, sɨɨ́sami rot (flesh) (i.v.) mukúuni kuwasiáana rot (plant matter) (i.v.) pukíini Rufescent Tiger-Heron, bird rotate (around axis) (i.v.) species (n.) júuti, mɨyaara júuti takɨrɨjɨɨtáani ruffled, be (hair, feathers, rotate (around axis) (t.v.) thatch) (i.v.) ririíkɨɨtáani (t.v.) takarajuutáani ruin ájakuusiijáani, rotate (around distant point) taasiijáani (t.v.) (i.v.) sawiyɨɨjɨɨtáani ruin (a life) ájakuusiijáani (t.v.) rotten (plant matter) (adj.) ruin diet (medicinal) pukina taasiijáani (i.v.) rotten (standing tree) (adj.) ruined, get taasíini (n.) púkisi rumbling sound in sky (n.) juúmɨyɨ rotten wooden vessel (n.) pukiku rumor about someone iíkwaami rotten, smell (adj.) mukwana run (i.v.) nijáani, nɨtɨ́ɨni rough (adj.) sɨrina run (fluid) (i.v.) sisíini round (adj.) suwánaja run around (i.v.) nɨtɨ́yuukwáani round (smooth), make (t.v.) run away (i.v.) masíini suwanajúuni run away, make (t.v.) masikɨ́ɨni round opening or entrance, (t.v.) (i.v.) run cord through sikíini make awɨyɨ́ɨni (i.v.) (n.) run out pɨyɨ́ɨni round worm sapaani (t.v.) (adj.) run, make nɨtɨtɨ́ɨni rounded (point) tikina (adj.) napana (t.v.) runty rounded, make (wood) rupture, approach (abscess) kakaajúuni (i.v.) aakɨ́ɨni (n.) royal jelly (of bees) Russet-backed Oropendola, aánanaka bird species (n.) masiku (t.v.) rub (scraping manner) rust (i.v.) niriikɨ́ɨni jinitáani rub (to alleviate pain) (t.v.) kaakuusíini rub on surface (t.v.) kɨyɨɨtáani rub with something (t.v.) jiníini rubber, natural (n.) káawsi rubberize cloth (t.v.) tipúuni

592 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary saliva

sabalillo, fish species (n.) sáawu sacha piripiri, grass species (n.) sábalo grande, fish species (n.) siririika miyɨɨ́kɨɨri sacha plátano, plant species sábalo huayero, fish species (n.) (n.) samúkwaamɨ aaka íyuuri, aakɨ́yuuri sacha shimbillo de papaso, tree (n.) sacarita on Pintuyacu River species siríina (prop.n.) Kɨrɨwɨɨti Iwatáani sacha shimbillo, tree species (n.) sacarita, river shortcut (n.) wákii sacha tabaco (n.) iwatáani , plant species sacha ajo (n.) ipánaaka , creeper species sachacuy mɨɨ́sɨɨya, mɨɨ́sɨɨyɨ (rat), rodent species (n.) sacha arco (n.) taasíita iísaku , plant species sachapapa (n.) muúkwaayɨ naamɨ, waka nɨɨti , plant species sacha caimitillo katija, kaasi katija, písiika katija , tree species sacharuna perdiz (n.) , bird species jitúuna (n.) sacha coconilla naki imɨ́ɨni siriija, sarámaaja, , tree species sɨrɨ́maaja, surúmaaja, (n.) murákati súruukutáana, suurija sacha guabilla (n.) , tree species sacharuna, magical forest wákii being (n.) naki imɨ́ɨni sacha guayaba (n.) , tree species sachavaca, tapir (n.) pɨsɨkɨ píkii sad (adj.) taarana sacha jergón (n.) , plant species sad person (n.) tariáana níiya namija sad, be (i.v.) tarɨ́ɨni sacha parinari, tree species (n.) sad, be desolately (i.v.) taara jaatika asaakúuna, paápaka míini naasíina, paápaka simɨráana Saddleback Tamarin, monkey sacha pato, bird species (n.) species (n.) isɨɨja aaka páatu safety (n.) iyakúura, iyikúura, sacha penicilinia, tree species iyɨkúura, kaanaji, naatimɨ́ɨra (n.) aapaanaamɨ Saimiri sciureus, monkey sacha piña, plant species (n.) species (n.) siaankanáaku, sipɨ rɨɨka minati saliva (n.) aaraaka

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 593 salivary glands, infection of sarna blanca, skin malady

salivary glands, infection of sandy river or creek (n.) jɨɨka (n.) páasi ípuusi yúumu salt (n.) iisaja sandy soil (n.) jɨ́ɨka salt (t.v.) iisajúuni Sanguinus fuscicollis, monkey salt (for preservation) (t.v.) species (n.) isɨɨja saaraasíini santa maría, medicinal plant salt lick (n.) raati (n.) saantamaaríiya (adj.) salted iisana sap (n.) riyakaka saltón (n.) , fish species sap, watery (n.) aaka samúkwaamɨ sapana loco, worm species (n.) Salvin’s Currasow, bird kwariku sapáani, sikɨɨtakúuni species (n.) pitu, piyúuri sapana mama (adv.) , earthworm same (height or length) species (n.) iitu tikiika Sapira Cocha (lake) (prop.n.) same (quality) (adv.) tikiíraki Niíyaaku same age, person of (vocative) (n.) Sapium glandulosum, tree máana (n.) (t.v.) species tipakɨɨti same as another, do (n.) aratiinɨ́ɨni Sapium sp., tree species (n.) sápuuraati same group, member of sapo machín (n.) ɨɨyáana , frog species same length, make (t.v.) kwaata nɨkíjaati sapo mau mau (n.) iijinajɨ́ɨni , frog species same time, at the (adv.) tikiíraki maámaati sapo motor (n.) same, be the (in some quality) , toad species (t.v.) aratiinɨ́ɨni túruu San Antonio de Pintuyacu, sapo puquiador, frog species Iquito community (prop.n.) (n.) kukwaaja Sanantúuni sapo rallador, toad species (n.) san pedro, fish species (n.) kukwanárasi kuraja kapíriiki sapote, tree species (n.) saapúuti sanango, plant species (n.) Sarcoptes scabiei, skin parasite saanáanku species (n.) asija sand (n.) kakuti Sarcoramphus papa, bird sand (t.v.) jiníini species (n.) kapítiaa, tapútiaa sand mixed with leaves (n.) sarna (skin malady), afflicted juúkaka with (adj.) isiíkutaka Sand Wasp (n.) íini sarna (skin malady), become sandilla caspi, tree species (n.) afflicted with (i.v.) isiikúuni ájana sarna blanca, skin malady (n.) sandpiper, type of bird (n.) makina isíiku, musútina isíiku, siíyuuni sakina isíiku

594 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sarna colorada, type of ringworm season, dry

sarna colorada, type of Schizodon sp., fish species (n.) ringworm (n.) aákusana isíiku aana karásiija, ijámani, iínuunaki, sarna negra, skin malady (n.) karápisi, siinaki imáaku, támuuki mɨɨ́nana isíiku scissors (n.) taniitaawɨ sarna, person suffering from Sciurillus pusillus, squirrel (n.) isíiku species (n.) jimɨɨti iriáaku sarna, type of skin disease (n.) Sciurus spadiceus and Sciurus isíiku igniventris, squirrel species sauce, fish (n.) kanasi asásana (n.) waiwáasi save (t.v.) paruutáani Scleria sp., plant species (n.) save food for other (d.v.) ariyuuka, riyuuka kurɨɨníini scold (t.v.) ijiwiráani saved food (n.) asáaku scold (with eyes) (t.v.) savvy (adj.) irísina sakinɨɨtáani (t.v.) say (t.v.) aríini scoop off foam say hello (t.v.) saaruutaasíini sapúkwatáani (t.v.) scabies (skin parasite) (n.) asija scoop out (liquid) iritáani (n.) scale (fish, aguaje fruit) (t.v.) scorpion (general term) naásitáani, sitáani tákusi, tákusi naniáasi aniitáana (n.) scale, aguaje fruit (n.) naasi scoundrel sɨɨ́sa kuwasiáana (t.v.) scale, fish (n.) naasi scrape aríini Scapteriscus sp., cricket scrape (with glancing blow) (t.v.) species (n.) iika súniija, asɨ́ɨni (t.v.) iikanásuuja, kwáani scratch ariisíini scary (adj.) kɨɨ́rana scratch (with glancing blow) (t.v.) scatter (i.v.) ririikɨ́ɨni asɨ́ɨni (t.v.) ririikúuni scratch repeatedly (injure) scatter (t.v.) scattered far apart (adv.) tasínakíini siípakɨya Screaming Piha, bird species (n.) kwakúsiaaja Sceliphron sp., wasp species (n.) (n.) níiya pániija scrotum aríyasi (n.) scent (t.v.) taarɨɨjanúuni scum iíyɨɨkaka (n.) Scythebill, Red-Billed (bird scent gland (peccary) pisaki (n.) (n.) species) tɨɨ́yuukwáani Scheelea sp., palm species (t.v.) rinaasi seal (container) pakiitáani (t.v.) Schistocerca sp., locust species seam, undo sipújatáani (t.v.) (n.) maátaaka search area of forest Schistostemon reticulatum, tree apiriniikúuni (t.v.) species (n.) jaatika asaakúuna, search for paníini (n.) paápaka naasíina, paápaka season yaawɨ́ɨni simɨráana season, dry (n.) ájaana yaawɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 595 season, Peach Palm set chacra alight

season, Peach Palm (n.) sedimentary rock (n.) kanɨ́wɨɨja, amariyaana, amáriyaana kanúwɨɨja, sikiáaja sawija season, wet (rainy) (n.) aasi seduce (t.v.) kuwasiitáani yaawɨ́ɨni see (t.v.) nikíini (n.) seat (n.) ajirɨna, ijirɨna seed iniija (t.v.) seat (traditional) (n.) paátiku seed holes, make ajiraakíini, ijáani seated, be (i.v.) ajirɨ́ɨni, ijirɨ́ɨni select (t.v.) jaritáani second person plural pronoun select and remove useful part (pro.) kina=, kináaja of plant (t.v.) sakitáani second person plural pronoun self-defense (n.) iyakúura, (pro.) (exhaustive focus) iyikúura, iyɨkúura, kaanaji, kinaárika naatimɨ́ɨra second person plural pronoun sell (d.v.) masɨɨtɨ́ɨni (possessive) (pro.) kina= Semaprochilodus insignis, fish second person singular species (n.) sipari pronoun (pro.) kia=, kiáaja sencillo caspi, tree species (n.) second person singular aaka puririkáana, nɨsirɨnákɨɨ pronoun (exhaustive focus) send (person) (t.v.) jikúuni (pro.) kiaárika send (something to someone) second person singular (d.v.) jikuníini pronoun (possessive) (pro.) señor, upper-class individual kia= (n.) wiiraakúusi second person singular separate (t.v.) kɨrɨ́tatáani pronoun (respectful) (pro.) separate (from spouse) (t.v.) kina=, kináaja sikɨ́ɨni (t.v.) second person singular separate, be unwilling pronoun (respectful, kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨni (adv.) exhaustive focus) (pro.) separately taamaárika serrano (n.) kinaárika , Andean person second person singular siisiáaku pronoun (respectful, Serrasalmus rhombeus, fish species (n.) nɨyari sawíjatina possessive) (pro.) kina= Serrasalmus sp., fish species secondary regrowth of plant (n.) (n.) iruúnaaja janaka Serrasalmus spilopleura, fish (adv.) secretly náwɨɨta species (n.) niimɨ (n.) section (of long object) serve food (t.v.) ɨɨtáani atákija “serves you/them right!” secure (does not wobble) (adj.) (vindictive satisfaction) irísina (interj.) sákija secure rope to object (t.v.) set alight (t.v.) itɨ́wɨtɨ́ɨni tiníini set chacra alight (t.v.) ikatáani

596 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary set down (container) shicshi huayo, liana species

set down (container) (t.v.) shamanic restriction, observe inatáani (a.v.) siyaanɨ́ɨni set upright (t.v.) takuutaníini shamanic treatment (imbue settlement (loc.n.) iitakajina with quality) (t.v.) siimúuni sever (bite through) (t.v.) shamanically associate with sɨɨtáani animal or demon (t.v.) sever (stick-like objects) (t.v.) aruukiitáani sajikiitáani shamanistic ability or power sew (t.v.) sipúuni (n.) siimaka sew closed (t.v.) sipuutáani shaman’s dart (n.) siimana sex, have (t.v.) sikáani, sikúuni aakɨsíini sex, have (euphemism) (i.v.) shameful (adj.) kanɨɨrami tamuujúuni shameless person (n.) kaa sex, have (euphemism) (t.v.) karanakiáana ijiwíini shank (leg) (n.) anásiiki sexual appetite (excessive), shapaja de loma, palm species woman with (n.) tikija (n.) aniniíkiina, aniniíkiisi sexual relationship, have shapaja, palm species (n.) (euphemism) (i.v.) iwíini niraasi, rinaasi sexually active man, shapajilla, palm species (n.) excessively (n.) mɨɨsaji jɨɨyɨ aniniíkiina, aniniíkiisi sexually pleasing (adj.) taarɨɨ́jana sharp (adj.) kuukwana shacsho, breed of chicken (n.) sharp but superficial (pain) siaákisi (adj.) ijɨɨ́rana (n.) shade (adj.) sɨɨmɨɨ́tina sharp edge or point shade (n.) nawɨyini kuukwaka (t.v.) shadow (n.) nawɨyini sharpen kuukúuni (adv.) shake (i.v.) nɨnɨkɨ́ɨni sharply kuukwaata (i.v.) shake (t.v.) minikáani shatter rapɨ́ɨni (pro.) shake off body (i.v.) minikɨɨkɨ́ɨni she nu=, nuu (pro.) shallow (adj.) tanana she (focus, topic) anuu, shaman (modern mestizo anúuja (pro.) curandero) (n.) paanáana she only anuúrika, nuúrika (i.v.) shaman (traditional) (n.) shed skin (reptile) kɨrɨ́ɨni (n.) siimana shell (of animal) ísɨkɨ shaman, spirit companion of shell, empty (n.) áaku (n.) káani shelter, improvised (n.) naamɨ shamanic incantation, jimuútaaja perform (t.v.) naaraajúuni shelter, temporary (n.) mɨyiti shamanic practices, teach (t.v.) shicshi huayo, liana species (n.) siimúuni aríyuujáana, rújuuja

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 597 shimbillo-type tree, species of sickly

shimbillo-type tree, species of shortcut on Pintuyacu River (n.) aamuutakáana, aana (prop.n.) Kɨrɨwɨɨti Iwatáani aamuutakáana, aana támuu, isɨɨja shortcut, river (sacarita) (n.) táraati, káaji námati, káaji támuu, iwatáani kukwana námikɨ, mákisi támuu, shorter, be (t.v.) kɨ́jɨɨtáani maájarakúuna, mírii, pisíiku táraati Short-tailed Nighthawk (n.) shine (i.v.) nuníini májuuku shine strongly (sun) (i.v.) suríini shotgun (n.) rimúsiija shingles (illness) (n.) riíwiya shoulder (n.) ariíkuma shiny (adj.) aákanana shoulder blade (n.) tamaasi, shiringa, tree species (n.) tamuusi siiríinka shoulder, carry on (t.v.) shiringarana colorado, tree ariikuutáani species (n.) sápuuraati shout (i.v.) ruruukúuni shiringarana-type tree, species shout (words) (i.v.) kɨsɨnɨɨkúuni of (n.) siíruwa anákana shove (t.v.) ijikáani, kɨníini shiringuilla, tree species (n.) show (d.v.) nakusitɨ́ɨni, nikitɨ́ɨni sinakina show teeth (i.v.) kisiriikuutáani (n.) shiripira, fish species (n.) samaja shrimp (general term) shiririca, fishing lure (n.) sawíraaki (i.v.) paráana shrink rɨrɨkɨ́ɨni shirt (n.) namátiikɨ shrink (soft-skinned fruits) (i.v.) shirt, put on (i.v.) namatiikɨ́ɨni parɨ́ɨni shirui negro (n.) shungo, hard heartwood (n.) ɨ́ɨja , fish species (interj.) sukwanaaja “shut up!” paapaárika shirui (n.) shuyal, lake with many shuyos , fish species (loc.n.) suukwariija nuúwajina, nuúwakajina shuyos, lake with many (loc.n.) shit (i.v.) niríini nuúwajina, nuúwakajina shit (n.) iiki shuyo-type fish, species of (n.) “shit!” (alarm) (interj.) kɨ́ɨra isɨ́ɨni, núuni, riyamúuni, siinaakɨ shitari (n.) paniwɨ , fish species (n.) karanakiáana (i.v.) shy person shiver nɨnɨkɨ́ɨni sibling, opposite sex (n.) (t.v.) shock (electric eel) taátaaja majáani sibling, opposite sex (n.) shoe sápatu (vocative) (n.) taatáaja, (i.v.) shoes, put on sapatúuni taataasíita shoo away (t.v.) apɨ́ɨni sibling, same sex (n.) arámaaja shoot (gun) (i.v.) rimusíini sibling, same sex (vocative) short (adj.) takínuurika (n.) arámaaja short (height) (adj.) niíyamɨɨka sick, be (i.v.) iwarɨ́ɨni short time, for (adv.) nikákiika sickly (adv.) iwarɨɨ́niita

598 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary sickness (general term) sitting, be (composite object)

sickness (general term) (n.) sinamillo, palm species (n.) iwarɨ́yaaka, iwarɨ́ɨni muwaasi, tasiina, tuwiina sickness, have (t.v.) míini since (conj.) jɨɨ́ta Sida rhombifolia, plant species since (reason) (conj.) jɨɨ́taaraata (n.) piisiáana since when (interrog.) jɨɨ́tikariina side (loc.n.) irikuma sing (a.v.) ariwáani side (narrow) (n.) iríkura sing (Black-Fronted Nunbird) side, go to (i.v.) irikɨ́ɨni (i.v.) tɨɨ́yuukwáani side, one (of two) (adv.) tijiíkija sing (roosters, toucans, (i.v.) side, one only (n.) tijiíraki monkeys, etc.) wɨɨrɨ́ɨni (t.v.) side, other (n.) taaki sing to someone aríwatáani (t.v.) side, other (on) (adv.) tiírajiita singe off fur mɨ́ɨni (n.) (adv.) iitiijiíraji single person apitáana side, this (adv.) (n.) imɨ́ɨri single vessel, in namíkiika sieve (general term) (i.v.) sieve (made of sinamillo palm sink tikíini (t.v.) tikíini fiber) (n.) imɨ́ɨri sink sinusoidal (shape) (adj.) sieve (made of sinamillo palm riwasikútina fiber) (n.) másiiti Siparuna guianensis, tree sieve weaving style (añashúa) species (n.) muusayúuna, (n.) narapuuri muusáyuuti sieve weaving style (shirui sirena shimbillo, tree species cara) (n.) suukwariija aákuuri, (n.) mírii suukwariijaari siso huayo, tree species (n.) silence person (in argument) (t.v.) asikwaari, sikwaari maarijúuni (n.) (interj.) sister (female ego) “silence!” paapaárika aátamajati (adj.) silent (place) iriyaki sister (female ego, deceased) (n.) Silky Anteater aaríija (n.) aátamajátiisana Silver-beaked Tanager, bird sister (male ego) (n.) irímaati (n.) species aasi pánaasi sister (male ego, deceased) (n.) Simarouba amara, tree species irímaatiisana (n.) maatɨ́yuuti sister, younger (n.) niwájiiti similar to (conj.) jɨɨ́ta sister-in-law (female ego) (n.) similar to (postp.) =árata, núuma waarata sit covered (t.v.) ipukiitáani similar, something (n.) aratíina sit fermenting (manioc beer simply (adv.) taama mash) (i.v.) makɨ́ɨni Simulium sp., insect species sit in hammock (i.v.) mɨjɨráani (n.) sinaja sitaraco, army ant (general simultaneously (adv.) tikiíraki term) (n.) riitaki sinamillo (palm), fiber of (n.) sitting, be (i.v.) ajirɨ́ɨni, ijirɨ́ɨni tasiina sitting, be (composite object)

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 599 sitting, be (object) small fibers

(i.v.) imatáani slender (adj.) kiísana sitting, be (object) (i.v.) imáani slice (t.v.) iyatáani sitting, be (vessel) (i.v.) imatáani slice repeatedly (t.v.) iyataajúuni (dem.) size, this (area) iyáaki slide (i.v.) asɨrɨ́ɨni size, this (linear dimension) (adv.) sɨɨsaárika (dem.) slightly iitiina (n.) (interrog.) slime rusakaka size, what jɨɨ́tinuurika (adj.) size, what (animate) (interrog.) slimy ruutina (n.) jɨɨ́tipɨjaarika sling for carrying infant size, what (inanimate) kísiika (t.v.) (interrog.) jɨɨ́timijaarika sling, carry in kisijuutáani skein of chambira cord (n.) slingshot (n.) riimɨɨ́taaja iniyuusi slingshot, fire (i.v.) riimɨ́ɨni skewer (t.v.) sikíini slip (foot) (i.v.) nɨtɨtɨ́ɨni skin (t.v.) kɨráani slip (garment) (n.) justaá (n.) skin (fruit, tuber) ísɨkɨ slip and fall (i.v.) asɨrɨ́ɨni (n.) skin (human, animal) ísɨkɨ slip off (rope) (t.v.) titáani (n.) skin abscess pisaki slippery (adj.) ruutina skin disease, type of (n.) isíiku, slither (i.v.) sisíini masiku amúuku, riíwiya, sapɨ́yaja, (loc.n.) sɨrika, sɨrikaka slope (downhill) iijakarikuma skinflint (adj.) sɨɨ́sariika (loc.n.) skinny (adj.) kiísana slope (uphill) iijakarikuku (loc.postp.) skinny, become (i.v.) kisɨ́ɨni slope, on the skirt (pass by) (t.v.) isakúuni karikuma skirt (something) (t.v.) sakatáani Sloth, Brown-throated skirt (traditional, for women) Three-toed (n.) aaka káaji (n.) apɨ́ɨsi Sloth, Southern Two-toed (n.) skirt, put on (i.v.) apɨɨsíini káaji, wásiuuja skittish (adj.) niítina slowly (adv.) maakwaárika skittish, become (i.v.) niitinɨ́ɨni slump from side to side (i.v.) sky (n.) níiya=karikuku imaakɨɨtáani (i.v.) sky, darken (storm) small (adj.) sɨɨ́sanurika siyɨɨkɨ́ɨni small (manioc tubers) (adj.) (n.) slantingly cut stick apiyɨ́ɨna rapana (i.v.) sleep makɨ́ɨni small and clustered (leaves) (n.) marakuja sleep (from eyes) (adj.) napáwɨɨjɨɨka sleep, in one’s (adv.) makɨɨna small and clustered together sleeping place (loc.n.) (leaves) (adj.) anapáwɨɨjɨɨka makɨɨ́kujina (n.) sleeping place (n.) makɨ́naaja small child maayaarika (adv.) sleepwalk (i.v.) aanawasíini small degree taama sleepy (adv.) makɨɨníita small fibers (n.) janɨɨwɨ

600 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary small fruits, remove soccer

small fruits, remove (t.v.) smoking rack for fish (n.) jaráani masíkuuka small manioc tuber (n.) anákuja Smoky Jungle Frog (n.) muusi small quantity (adv.) sɨɨ́sanurika, smooth (adj.) aákanana sɨɨsaárika, taama smooth, flat part of tree (n.) small, comparatively (adj.) náana párɨɨna sɨɨ́sajakwaa smooth, make (surface) (t.v.) smell (n.) júnɨɨna aakanaajúuni, kanaajúuni smell (t.v.) najiwɨ́ɨni Smooth-billed Ani, bird (n.) smell (of armpit) (n.) muúsaka species aapɨ́ya Smooth-fronted Caiman (n.) smell bad (i.v.) suúkwara apiráani aasamu siirɨ smell of cooking oil or fat (i.v.) (adv.) snagged, be íriitáani karaákiya (n.) yacuruna (n.) snail, land aasiwáriika smell of snake (general term) (n.) kuni muújinaapɨ júnɨɨna (adj.) Snake, Coral (general term) smell rotten mukwana (n.) nɨsikáriiyɨ (adj.) smell, acrid anajatina Snake, Green-striped Vine (n.) (adj.) smell, burnt rarana kanɨɨya, kanuúmɨ, kanuuyɨ smell, fishy (adj.) imaánanana snake, legendary, harvester of smell, give off (i.v.) apiráani chambira fruits (n.) pájaati smell, good (adj.) taarɨɨ́jana nakutáana, pájaati rikutáana smell, musky (adj.) muúsana Snake, Neotropical Water (n.) smile (closed lips) (i.v.) amɨríini aaka sajina smile at (antagonistically) snake, species of (n.) sasákɨɨyɨ (t.v.) sataaníini snake, type of (n.) awásɨɨyɨ (i.v.) smoke (n.) anajaka snap (sound) isinɨ́ɨni smoke (cover with soot) (t.v.) snap, with parts remaining (i.v.) anajúuni connected nasikɨtɨtɨ́ɨni (n.) smoke (fire) (i.v.) anajɨ́ɨni snare trap sawúuna sneakily (adv.) náwɨɨta smoke (food) (t.v.) turíini sneeze (i.v.) asijúuni smoke (tobacco) (a.v.) junɨ́ɨni sniff about (i.v.) najiwɨ́niikíini smoke, blow on (shamanic) (i.v.) (a.v.) snore anáani junɨ́ɨni (n.) (t.v.) Snowy Egret, bird species smoke, treat or cure with musútina káarsa anajúuni snub (t.v.) jatɨníini smoked meat, good smell of snugly, place (t.v.) tɨ́ɨni (adj.) waátina so (adv.) náaji patarashca (n.) smoked so then (temporal sequence) kunitaaka (adv.) jaari smoking basket (n.) iyúuri, soap (n.) jaawuu muyuuri soccer (n.) piirúuta

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 601 soccer ball South American Coati (variety)

soccer ball (n.) piirúuta some (inanimate) (adj.) jɨɨ́timi socially influential (person) some of (postp.) =iíkwaji (adj.) iikiáana someone (indefinite pronoun) Socratea exorrhiza (palm), kánɨɨka grove of (loc.n.) puúnakajina, something (indefinite pronoun) tatɨɨwɨjina, tatɨɨwɨyajina saakaa Socratea exorrhiza, palm somewhere else (n.) taaki species (n.) púuna, tatɨɨ son (n.) niyini soft (adj.) iíruwana, jiímana song (n.) ariwáani soft (palm fruit) (adj.) sawíruuti song, ayahuasca (n.) (t.v.) soft foods, eat imáani akutuuyuukami soften (i.v.) ipɨ́ɨni song, menarche celebration soga anastesia , liana species (n.) kajíini (n.) iikaayɨ son-in-law (female ego) (n.) soga de tábano , liana species akúumi (n.) jimɨ́nati ánaaja son-in-law (male ego) (n.) sogal , area dense with lianas akúumi (loc.n.) iiyuuwaajina soon (adv.) kuma (n.) soil níiya soot (n.) mɨɨ́naka soil type (sand mixed with (t.v.) (n.) soot, cover with anajúuni leaves) juúkaka Sorubim lima, fish species (n.) (n.) tipáaka soil, clayey samaja soil, crave (anemia) (i.v.) Sorubimichthys planiceps, fish ipákanɨ́ɨni species (n.) kaaji ámaaka soil, push around (i.v.) Sotalia fluvialis, dolphin murajúuni species (n.) aana soil, sandy (n.) jɨ́ɨka soul (as ghost) (n.) nawɨyini soil, turn over (i.v.) murajúuni sound of breaking branches, Solanum coconilla, plant (i.v.) (n.) make isinɨɨkɨɨtáani species kúrija, paaríkwana (i.v.) Solanum sessiflorum, plant sound of rainstorm, make puukwáani species (n.) ikaja Solanum sessiflorum, plant sound, crackling or rumbling (n.) (in sky) (n.) juúmɨyɨ species (variety of) (i.v.) sipatɨ́ɨna, siirɨ íkaja sound, emit wɨɨrɨ́ɨni (n.) solar eclipse, to have (clause) sound, tree friction naki kásiiri ipɨráani nunamija-jata páriiki, náana páriiki, náana páruuti sole of foot (n.) titika jíritiikɨ soup, thick (plantain, manioc) (n.) solemán, tree species (n.) jákɨɨ (adj.) aapaanaamɨ sour ijɨɨ́rana Solenopsis sp., ant species (n.) South American Coati (n.) kamɨ irákana South American Coati (n.) some (animate) (adj.) jɨɨ́tipɨ (variety) naki páraaka

602 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary S. Am. Lancehead (adult), snake sp. spirit, evil

South American Lancehead Spectacled Owl (n.) takina, (adult), snake species (n.) tikítiki sajina speech (n.) kuwasíini South American Lancehead speech impediment, person (juvenile) (n.) aminakíisi, with (adj.) sɨɨ́sa kuwasiáana minakíisi speechless, render (t.v.) Southern Amazon Red maarijúuni Squirrel (n.) waiwáasi spell (evil) (n.) akɨsíini, akɨsíiya Southern Tamandua (n.) Speothos venaticus, Bush Dog (n.) asakwaari, aanɨ́ɨti, jaanɨ́ɨti, sakwaari aariwa (adj.) Southern Two-toed Sloth (n.) spherical suwánaja (t.v.) káaji, wásiuuja spherical (smooth), make suwanajúuni sp ampiri, blowgun dart (t.v.) poison (n.) ramúkwaa spice taarɨɨjanúuni spice with chili pepper (t.v.) space, empty (loc.n.) amákɨjina napɨ́ɨni (n.) kwaaki space, illuminated (adj.) anana, (adv.) spicy (pepper) sparsely distributed ɨɨjɨɨ́tina siípakɨya spider (general term) (n.) tákusi (n.) spathe íniiki Spider Monkey, White-Bellied speak (i.v.) kuwasíini (n.) ɨɨti speak (pluractional) (i.v.) spider web (n.) aáwaayɨ kuwariikúuni Spider, Banana (n.) kuni anákaasi speak (repeatedly) (i.v.) spider, trapdoor (n.) kusi pákɨɨti kuwariikuutáani spill out (i.v.) sarɨ́ɨni speak unseriously (i.v.) taama Spilotes pullatus, snake species míini (n.) turukuni speak with raised voices (i.v.) spin (around axis) (i.v.) kɨsɨnɨɨkúuni takɨrɨjɨɨtáani spear (n.) juwáana spin (around distant point) (i.v.) spear fighting, plant for (n.) sawiyɨɨjɨɨtáani (t.v.) aartɨɨ́tari spin (to make cord) iníini (n.) spear grip (n.) mɨyaara aniaásiija spinal column (spine) akajiyúuki spear tip, detachable (n.) iika spine (defensive), of fish (n.) tákaana táaja, tɨ́wɨja, túwɨja, tuúwɨya spear, fishing (heavy) (n.) túuna (n.) ijuwa, ijuwaa, (n.) spine (plant) spear, fishing (light) jírisi ijúuti (adj.) speckled tɨrɨjátina spirit (madre) of a plant or Speckled Chachalaca, bird place (n.) imɨ́ɨni species (n.) kwaátaraku spirit companion of shaman Spectacled Caiman (n.) (n.) káani musútina siirɨ, taasíita siirɨ spirit, evil (n.) kuúkuusi

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 603 spirit, evil (type of) stalk (plant)

spirit, evil (type of) (n.) spring (time of year) (n.) maasiítaaja, pɨɨta káaniu taniwɨ́ɨni spit (i.v.) aruukíini spring (water) (n.) aasamu spit (n.) aaraaka najiwáaku (i.v.) spit out (t.v.) kɨyáani sprout (plant) rikíini (n.) Spix’s Guan, bird species (n.) spur (fish) táaja, tɨ́wɨja, paríiku, paáriwa túwɨja, tuúwɨya (n.) Spizaetus tyrannus, bird spur (of rooster) tirija, species (n.) maayitɨ́ɨsi tiiriwa spurt (i.v.) ikiníini spleen (n.) sɨɨri spy on (t.v.) tipɨɨtáani split (crack) (i.v.) ijakɨ́ɨni (n.) saapáayɨ (t.v.) squash split (into fork) rarɨɨjɨ́ɨni squat (n.) siiriwa=iíjinaji ajirɨ́ɨni (n.) split foot (malady) titika squawk (i.v.) kukujaakɨ́ɨni ijákɨɨsɨɨja squeeze between finger and (i.v.) split lengthwise nɨɨkɨ́ɨni thumb (t.v.) miriyáani split lengthwise into multiple squeeze out (t.v.) minitáani pieces (t.v.) nɨɨkaawɨ́ɨni, squeeze out of body, strain to raraajúuni (t.v.) minitáani split open (i.v.) ijakɨɨtáani squeeze pimple (t.v.) split partially (i.v.) nɨɨkɨtɨ́ɨni imakiíjatáani split up (with spouse) (t.v.) squeeze together (multiple sikɨ́ɨni slender objects) (t.v.) kiwakíini spoil (flesh) (i.v.) mukúuni Squirrel Cuckoo, bird species (n.) spoil (liquid) (i.v.) ijɨɨ́rasíini asapáasi, sapáasi (n.) spoil by fermenting (fruits) Squirrel Monkey (i.v.) pikɨ́ɨni siaankanáaku, sipɨ Squirrel, N. Amazon Red and spoil, begin to (meat, fish) (n.) (i.v.) pakírasíini S. Amazon Red waiwáasi Squirrel, Neotropical Pygmy spoiled fish, gather (i.v.) (n.) jimɨɨti iriáaku mukwatáani squirt water from mouth (i.v.) Spondias mombin, tree species puririkáani (n.) nakikuuja napɨnija (t.v.) ajiráani, ijiráani (adj.) stab spotted muriyuujátina, stab (spear, harpoon) (t.v.) pakɨ́jatina ijáani spouse, take rejected person stab multuple targets (spear, (t.v.) as sapuujúuni harpoon) (t.v.) ijaanúuni sprain joint (i.v.) sipatɨ́ɨni stab with spear (holding sprain joint (t.v.) sipatáani spear) (t.v.) kasíratáani spread arms (i.v.) masɨɨtáani stagger (i.v.) iwɨɨkɨɨtáani spread out bedding (t.v.) stain teeth black (t.v.) timúuni mantaasíini stalk (plant) (n.) ánaaja

604 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary stand story, tell

stand (i.v.) narɨ́ɨni stick (sharp) in ground (n.) stand (liquid) (i.v.) ikáani músiaaki takíina stand bent over (i.v.) siritíini stick in (t.v.) ikáani, jimúuni stand tall (adv.) nɨɨku stick in (composite object) stand up (i.v.) takúuni (t.v.) jimuutáani standing on end (hair, stick on (t.v.) tipuutáani feathers) (adj.) riríkɨtina stick out, butt (posture) (i.v.) standing, be (i.v.) takúuni akasiitáani standing, be (vessel) (i.v.) stick, slantingly cut (n.) apiyɨ́ɨna imatáani stick-like tool (n.) takíina (n.) star sawija sticky (adj.) tipana (n.) starch, manioc aramituu stiff (adj.) irísina (t.v.) stare kariiníini stiff (flexible material) (adj.) (i.v.) start cooking fire itaakúuni muúturuna (t.v.) startle inajɨ́ɨni still (adv.) atiíyaa, atiíyaajaa (t.v.) startle (pluractional) sting (arthropod) (t.v.) asáani inájaakɨ́ɨni stinger (bee, wasp) (n.) kuyaja startled, be (i.v.) inarɨ́ɨni stinger (stingray) (n.) táaja, stay (in a place) (i.v.) iyujúuni tɨ́wɨja, túwɨja, tuúwɨya stay (in state) (t.v.) iyujúuni stingray, demonic (legendary) stay-at-home (adj.) iitakaasi (n.) tipanɨɨri steal (t.v.) nuwáani stingray, species of (n.) steam (n.) anajaka murákatiiri, paaniiri, saapi, (t.v.) kapijíini steam manioc takuúnaari steamed manioc (n.) kapíjiija stingy (adj.) sɨɨ́sariika steel (n.) asiáarɨ stingy, be (a.v.) sɨɨ́saamiitáani steer canoe (t.v.) kasíratáani stink (i.v.) suúkwara apiráani stem (fruit) (n.) akusi stir (t.v.) takarajuutáani step (i.v.) asiyáani (n.) step on (t.v.) asiyáani stomach anikákwaa, awítaka (n.) step on sharp object (i.v.) stone sawija (n.) payɨ́ɨni stone made by lightning stepchild (n.) iritáana nɨrímɨɨna sawija (n.) steps (n.) iskaníira, maakánaaja stool (traditional) ajirɨna, stern (canoe) (n.) apɨ́ɨsi ijirɨna (t.v.) Sternarchorhynchus mormyrus, stop (an action) kitɨ́ɨni fish species (n.) puukiáayɨ stop and start manner (adv.) sternum, remove (t.v.) jipaanɨ́ɨni íriikɨɨta sternum, tip of (n.) jimɨɨsi store (t.v.) paruutáani stew, spicy (uchiyacu) (n.) story (n.) saakɨ́ɨni jikuriáaka story, tell (t.v.) saakɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 605 story, tell (to someone) stuck on, be

story, tell (to someone) (d.v.) stretch out (t.v.) siráani saakɨɨníini stretch out (rope) (t.v.) atɨ́ɨni, straddle (i.v.) jikutíini atɨɨtɨ́ɨni straight (adj.) kamíkiikaana stretched out, be (rope-like straight (aligned downhill, object) (i.v.) atɨ́ɨni downriver) (adv.) namíkiika strike (t.v.) ipɨráani straight (aligned uphill, strike (flint stones) (t.v.) upriver) (adv.) kamíkiika jinitáani straight (downwards) (adv.) strike (living being) (t.v.) namíkiika aamúuni straight (path) (adv.) tikiírakuma strike (object) (t.v.) aamúuni straight (upwards) (adv.) strike against (t.v.) aamuutáani kamíkiika strike against (pluractional) straight stretch of river (n.) (t.v.) amaniikuutáani saaki strike with instrument straight stretch of upper (pluractional) (t.v.) amaniikúuni Pintuyacu River (prop.n.) strike with ishanga flowers Másiina Iíjinaku (t.v.) siiníini straight, be lying down (i.v.) strip fiber from chambira palm iwɨ́ɨni leaf (t.v.) amitáani, rikatáani straighten (rigid object) (i.v.) strip leaves from plant (t.v.) sanáani iímɨtáani, mɨtáani straighten out (rope) (t.v.) strip naked (other) (t.v.) atɨ́ɨni, atɨɨtɨ́ɨni sinákatáani straighten out or up (i.v.) sanɨ́ɨni strip naked (self) (i.v.) sinakatɨ́ɨni strain (t.v.) imɨ́ɨni striped (lengthwise) (adj.) strain to squeeze out of body kuyuútina (t.v.) minitáani stripes, have (lengthwise) (i.v.) strain with hand (t.v.) puríini kuyuutíini strainer (general term) (n.) strong (adj.) amátanana imɨ́ɨri strong (alcoholic beverage) strainer (made of sinamillo (adj.) ipana palm fiber) (n.) imɨ́ɨri, másiiti strong (with respect to pulling stranded, get (i.v.) sakatɨ́ɨni force) (adj.) kɨsɨna Strangler Fig, creeper species strongly intoxicating beverage (n.) kámɨɨti (n.) nakitaaka strap (n.) íyuuti strongly, shine (sun) (adv.) streaked (adj.) tɨrɨjátina ánasa strength, with (adv.) amátana stuck in throat, have (i.v.) kɨ́ɨni stretch arms and back (i.v.) stuck in throat, have food (i.v.) sirɨɨkɨ́ɨni jaámanakɨ́ɨni stretch hide (t.v.) sipijúuni stuck in, be (i.v.) jimɨ́ɨni stretch out (i.v.) sirɨ́ɨni stuck on, be (i.v.) tíini

606 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary stuck, be support

stuck, be (i.v.) íriitáani suffer attack by wind spirit stuck, be or get (i.v.) tipɨ́ɨni (t.v.) tamakúuni student (n.) paajiáana suffer epileptic fit (i.v.) iísikɨ́ɨni study (i.v.) simiitáani suffer from constipation (i.v.) stun (with blow) (t.v.) puusɨ́ɨni maarijúuni suffer from vicio (i.v.) ipákanɨ́ɨni stunted (adj.) napana suffer harm by violating stye (n.) kukwanárasi dietary restrictions (a.v.) subgroup, Iquito (Chambira aanisíini River) (prop.n.) Kajiyuuri suffer miscarriage (i.v.) majitɨ́ɨni subgroup, Iquito (Chambira, suffice (t.v.) aratiinɨ́ɨni, paataasíini Momón, Mazán Rivers) suffocate (smoke) (i.v.) sisɨ́ɨni (prop.n.) Maájanakáani suffused (adj.) iíyuu subgroup, Iquito (Mazán sugar, unrefined block of (n.) River) (prop.n.) Maasikuuri siaankáaka subgroup, Iquito (Nanay sugarcane field (loc.n.) River) (prop.n.) Aamuutújuri, siwánakajina Naamuutújuri sugarcane, plant species (n.) subgroup, Iquito (Pintuyacu isakwánaaja, siwánaka, siwánaaja River) (prop.n.) Inkawɨɨ́raana, sun (celestial object) (n.) níiya Iíjakawɨɨ́raana namija, nunamija submerge canoe (t.v.) saráani sun or sunlight, strong (n.) subsequently (adv.) jawáari, ajaana, yaana wáari Sunbittern, bird species (n.) subside (effects of intoxicant) maasiisi (t.v.) aarɨ́ɨni Sungrebe, bird species (n.) aaka successful (hunting, fishing) puújari, puújari (adj.) pasina sunken part (of surface) (n.) successfully (hunting, fishing) kíyɨɨna (adv.) pasiita sunken, be (part of surface) successional plants, area with (i.v.) kíyɨɨtáani (n.) makínaata sunny and cloudy, alternate suck (t.v.) jíini between (i.v.) mɨ́nɨɨkɨɨtáani suck blood (t.v.) sipɨ́ɨni sunny day (n.) ajaana, yaana suck, eat by (i.v.) tamuujúuni sunny weather (n.) ajaana, yaana sucoba, tree species (n.) sunny, partly (be) (i.v.) suukúuwa suriitáani suddenly (adv.) tijiíkwaji supay chacra, natural clearing suelda con suelda, creeper in forest (n.) ikwaniáasi species (n.) kusakúuni aákuta superior surface (n.) nɨɨ́jina suffer (i.v.) sujuriisíini support (t.v.) tatɨɨtaníini

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 607 support (woven basket) Synoeca sp., wasp species

support (woven basket) (n.) sweep off (t.v.) nanuusíini taniítaaja sweet (adj.) iísakwana support post or pole (n.) átija sweet manioc and plantain support post or pole, place dish (n.) tipanaki (t.v.) atijúuni sweet pepper, plant species support trunk (plant) (t.v.) (n.) napɨki iísakwana sipijúuni sweetness (n.) iísakwaka surface (loc.n.) iíkuku swell (i.v.) purúuni surface, upper (n.) nɨɨ́jina swell up (belly) (i.v.) ríini suri (grub), dark variety (n.) swell, lymph glands (i.v.) panasi kumakija ranajɨ́ɨni suri (grub), in naturally fallen swerve (i.v.) kunɨ́ɨni palms (n.) panasi kumakija swidden (n.) nasi suri (grub), species of (n.) aniita swift, type of bird (n.) namisu, marajákwaa, jitúuni, juuja, samisu muusajákwaa, samaríyuuja, símɨɨja, swim (i.v.) musíini símɨɨka, tɨwɨsɨ́kɨɨja, tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨja, swim (pluractional) (i.v.) tuwɨsɨ́kɨɨya musíyuukwáani suri (grub), type found in dead swim underwater (i.v.) simɨ́ɨni trees (n.) jawarákuuti swim underwater suri, edible beetle grub (pluractional) (t.v.) simɨɨnɨ́ɨni (general term) (n.) kumakija swing (i.v.) aatariitáani surprise, dismayed Synoeca sp., wasp species (n.) (expression of) (interj.) kaá tɨɨ iísuuja ajápaka surprise, element indicating (adv.) kuutanaakáana surround (t.v.) sakatúuni surroundings (loc.n.) ísaku swallow (t.v.) imáani swallow, type of bird (n.) namisu, samisu Swallow, White-winged (n.) iruúnaaja Swallow-tailed Kite, bird species (n.) masɨ́yaja Swallow-winged Puffbird (n.) amúwɨɨja swarm (insects) (t.v.) rúruutáani Swartzia polyphylla, tree species (n.) túuna sweat (i.v.) iípanɨ́ɨni sweat (n.) iipanɨ́yaaka sweep (i.v.) naniijúuni

608 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tall (woman)

tábano, horsefly (general take heed (of advice) (t.v.) term) (n.) jimɨ́nati aríwatɨ́ɨni Tabanus spp., horsefly take hold of (t.v.) iríini (general term) (n.) jimɨ́nati take hold of (composite Tabebuia sp., tree species (n.) object) (t.v.) iritáani isakúuna, sákuuna take hold of (vessel) (t.v.) Tabernaemontana sananho, iritáani plant species (n.) saanáanku “take it!” (to give something) (interj.) table (n.) irɨwɨ árija (t.v.) Tachycineta albiventer, bird take medicine raríini (t.v.) species (n.) iruúnaaja take off clothes titáani (t.v.) tadpole (n.) ajaruuja take out jikatáani, jimatáani (t.v.) tag-along (n.) kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨsi take possession of akumaríini tahuampa, inundated forest take rejected person as spouse (n.) ikwaana (t.v.) sapuujúuni tahuarí, tree species (n.) take someone as peón (t.v.) isakúuna, sákuuna kaayɨ́ɨni (n.) tail (flat) iíwaasi take someone somewhere (t.v.) (n.) tail (slender) aniáasi iwatáani (t.v.) take iríini take with hand (food from take (composite object) (t.v.) dish) (t.v.) kapiríini iwatáani talk (i.v.) kuwasíini take (something offered) (d.v.) talk (pluractional) (i.v.) masɨ́ɨni kuwariikúuni take a long time (i.v.) iwíini talk carelessly (i.v.) taama míini maasia talk loudly (i.v.) kɨsɨnɨɨkúuni take a woman as wife (t.v.) talk to (with goal) (t.v.) akumíini kuwasiitáani take apart (house, roof) (t.v.) tall (adj.) saana titɨɨtáani tall (man) (adj.) saamajáani take dying breaths (i.v.) tall (stand) (adv.) nɨɨku anaanɨɨtáani tall (woman) (adj.) saamájaati

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 609 tall person tear apart or off

tall person (n.) nɨɨku takuuyáana tangle oneself (i.v.) tamal, corn dish (n.) kúsɨɨti tamakɨjɨɨtáani tamales, make (i.v.) kusɨɨtíini tangle, vine (loc.n.) iiyuuwaajina Tamandua tetradactyla, tanrilla, bird species (n.) maasiisi anteater species (n.) aanɨ́ɨti, tap (repeatedly) (t.v.) jaanɨ́ɨti amaniijuutáani Tamandua, Southern (n.) tapaje trap, fish with (i.v.) asakwaari, aanɨ́ɨti, jaanɨ́ɨti, sakwaari tasikɨ́ɨni tapaje Tamarin, Saddleback (monkey , introduced fish trap (n.) species) (n.) isɨɨja tasikɨ tapaje (n.) tambo (shelter), construct (i.v.) , traditional fish trap mɨyitíini tasikɨ (n.) tambo, shelter (n.) mɨyiti Tapir (variety) ariyuukwaaja (n.) tambor soga, liana species (n.) Tapir, Brazilian pɨsɨkɨ iyuukwana, yuukwana Tapirus terrestris, Brazilian (n.) tamborero (n.) Tapir pɨsɨkɨ , fish species (n.) másiina kíwaaku tarantula (general term) kɨɨyapɨ tamshi (liana), species of (n.) taricaya, turtle species (n.) páriiyɨ tamshi mɨtiija (lianas), area dense (t.v.) (loc.n.) taste (food, drink) saníini with nuríyuwajina (adj.) Tamshi Quebrada (prop.n.) tasty taarɨɨ́jana taut, make (rope) (t.v.) atɨɨtáani Nuríyɨyúumu tamshi (n.) Tayassu pecari, White-lipped , type of liana núriyɨ Peccary (n.) anitáaki Tanager, Blue-gray (bird Tayassu tajacu, Collared (n.) species) mɨ́riija Peccary (n.) kaasi Tanager, Crimson Masked Tayra (n.) suu (n.) (bird species) nasipánaaja teach (d.v.) paajúuni Tanager, Magpie (bird teach shamanic practices (t.v.) (n.) species) mɨjika siimúuni Tanager, Silver-beaked (bird teacher (n.) paájuuyáana species) (n.) aasi pánaasi tear (at line of weakness) (t.v.) tanager, type of bird (n.) písiika amíini tangarana, ant species (n.) tear (foreskin) (i.v.) iríkitɨ́ɨni tamɨ́ɨka, tamɨ́ɨna imɨ́ɨni tear (foreskin) (t.v.) iríkitáani tangarana, tree species (n.) tear (leaf-like object) (i.v.) aákusɨɨti kurɨ́ɨni tangarana, type of tree (n.) tear (leaf-like object) (t.v.) raráana kuráani tangarana-type tree, species of tear apart (i.v.) kɨrɨtɨtɨ́ɨni (n.) tamɨ́ɨna tear apart or off (t.v.) kɨrɨ́tatáani

610 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tear into small pieces thatch style (shimbillo)

tear into small pieces (t.v.) test (t.v.) sanitáani rapíini testicle (n.) aríyaja tear lengthwise in multiple Tetracera volubilis, liana pieces (t.v.) nɨɨkaawɨ́ɨni species (n.) itɨyɨ, maasi ánaaja, tear open (container) (t.v.) piyúuri iíyɨɨ, sɨɨwɨɨkaayɨ kurátatáani Tetrameranthus spp., type of (i.v.) tear out saritɨ́ɨni tree (n.) sakana, tuuku tears (n.) sawɨ́yaaka (postp.) (n.) than (comparative) teenage boy maníini =jinaji teenage girl (n.) kitáaka “thank you!” (interj.) iíyaasɨja teeth, doubled (n.) marísaka thanks to (postp.) =iyakúura, teeth, gap in (n.) katɨyáaku =iyikúura, =iyɨkúura teeth, show or bare (i.v.) kisiriikuutáani that (complements of ‘want’) (comp.) teeth, stain black (t.v.) timúuni jɨɨ́ta teeth-staining plant (bijaoillo) that (discourse anaphor) (procl.) (n.) atímuuti, timúuna, timúuni niwa iíraana that (discourse anaphor, Tegu, Golden (lizard species) focused) (procl.) aniwa (n.) yaamɨ that (general number tell (t.v.) atúuni demonstrative) (dem.) iina tell story (t.v.) saakɨ́ɨni that (general number relative tell story to someone (d.v.) pronoun) (rel.pro.) iina saakɨɨníini that (plural animate relative tell to leave, repeatedly (t.v.) pronoun) (rel.pro.) iipɨ jikuukúuni that (plural inanimate relative temporary path (n.) apiyɨ pronoun) (rel.pro.) iimi (n.) temporary shelter mɨyiti thatch (roof) (t.v.) tiníini (n.) tendon (heel) ánimɨ thatch weaving style (Black (t.v.) tension, put under (rope) Agouti rub) (n.) muuti jiniija, atɨɨtáani muuti jiniiri (adv.) tenuously sɨɨnajitiika thatch weaving style terminal bud of palm tree (n.) (caterpillars) (n.) jiinakaari amaki thatch weaving style Terminalia catappa, tree (diagonal) (n.) kamuúnaari species (n.) imɨ́ɨka, sikwanaka thatch weaving style (fleeing Terminalia oblongata, tree (n.) species (n.) kujúnii White-lipped Peccary) termite (general term) (n.) anitáaki masiiri anatiija, tukúruuja thatch weaving style (mashing (n.) termite, species of (n.) ijíkija, trough) ajánaari jíkija, jíkiwa thatch weaving style territory (n.) níiya (shimbillo) (n.) támuuri

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 611 thatch style (tangarana) there, a little downriver

thatch weaving style Theobroma cacao, tree species (tangarana) (n.) tamɨ́ɨna amákɨɨri (variety of) (n.) kajikúuna, thatch weaving style kaakáawu, páari kajikúuna (White-lipped Peccary path) Theraphosidae, tarantula, type (n.) anitáaki amákɨɨri of spider (n.) kɨɨyapɨ thatch weaving style there (along path) (adv.) (White-throated Tinamou tiírakuma (n.) wing) pisaja namákuuri there (distal) (loc.dem) tíira (i.v.) thatch, be ruffled there (distal, anaphoric) (adv.) ririíkɨɨtáani atíira (n.) thatch, lowest row of iita there (medial) (adv.) tii ápisi (n.) there (medial, anaphoric) thatch, woven panel of (adv.) atii iitaari there downriver (anaphoric) thatch-weaving minga (n.) (adv.) nami taníyaaka thatch-weaving minga, manioc there downriver (anaphoric, focused) (adv.) anami beer for (n.) taníyaaka there downriver (downriver “that’s enough!” (admission of (loc.dem) defeat) (n.) iíkwaji part of space) namijiíraji “that’s enough!” (i.e., sufficient) (interj.) jaari, naarikaja there downriver (near (loc.dem) the (general number addressee) kinima determiner) (det.) iina there inside (anaphoric, (adv.) the (plural animate focused) anami determiner) (det.) iipɨ “there it is!” (to draw (interj.) the (plural inanimate attention) atɨja determiner) (det.) iimi there upriver (anaphoric) (adv.) their (pro.) na= kami them (pro.) na=, naa, naawaaka there upriver (anaphoric, (adv.) them (focus, topic) (pro.) focused) akami anaawaaka there upriver (near addressee) them only (animate) (pro.) (loc.dem) kiniku nijápɨɨki there upriver (upriver part of them only (inanimate) (pro.) space) (loc.dem) kamijiíraji nijámiiki there, a little above (loc.dem) then (adv.) jawáari, wáari kamíjiita then (temporal sequence) there, a little below (loc.dem) (adv.) atii namíjiita Theobroma bicolor, tree there, a little downriver species (n.) makáampu (loc.dem) namíjiita

612 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary there, a little upriver third person gen. pro. (poss.)

there, a little upriver (loc.dem) sequence) (adv.) átiiji kamíjiita these (plural animate) (dem.) there, at same level (near iipɨ addressee) (loc.dem) kinikíira these (plural inanimate) (dem.) there, down (anaphoric) (adv.) iimi nami they (pro.) na=, naa, naawaaka there, down (anaphoric, they (focus, topic) (pro.) focused) (adv.) anami anaawaaka there, down towards (near they only (animate) (pro.) (adv.) addressee) kinimɨɨ́raata nijápɨɨki there, downriver towards they only (inanimate) (pro.) (adv.) (near address) nijámiiki kinimɨɨ́raata thick (adj.) yaasina (loc.dem) there, further down thick (adv.) yaasiita naamíira thick (flexible material) (adj.) there, further down (near muúturuna addressee) (loc.dem) kinimɨ́ɨra thick (liquid) (adj.) pakana there, further downriver thief (n.) nuukwáana (loc.dem) naamíira thigh (n.) áaja there, further downriver (near (adj.) addressee) (loc.dem) kinimɨ́ɨra thin (bony) niíkitina (adj.) there, further up (loc.dem) thin (person) kiísana (adj.) kaamíira thin (plank-like object) there, further up (near kɨɨ́naana (i.v.) addressee) (loc.dem) kinikúura thin, become kisɨ́ɨni there, further upriver (loc.dem) thing similar to something kaamíira else (n.) aratíina there, further upriver (near things (indefinite pronoun) addressee) (loc.dem) kinikúura saakaaya there, in or inside (anaphoric) think (t.v.) saminiijúuni (adv.) nami think about (preoccupied) there, out (loc.dem) kamijiíraji (t.v.) saminiijúuni there, perpendicular to river thinner, make (plank-like (near addressee) (loc.dem) object) (t.v.) kɨɨnaajúuni kinikíira third person general number there, up (anaphoric, focused) pronoun (pro.) nu=, nuu (adv.) akami third person general number there, up towards (near pronoun (focus, topic) (pro.) addressee) (adv.) kinikuúraata anuu, anúuja there, upriver towards (near third person general number addressee) (adv.) kinikuúraata pronoun (possessive) (pro.) thereafter (temporal nu=

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 613 third person gen. pro. (exhaust. foc.) tie rope to object

third person general number three (animate) (num.) prounoun (exhaustive focus) sɨɨ́saramaajɨtáapɨ (pro.) anuúrika, nuúrika three (inanimate) (num.) third person plural pronoun sɨɨ́saramaajɨtáami (pro.) na=, naa Three-toed Sloth, third person plural pronoun Brown-throated (n.) aaka káaji (focus, topic) (pro.) anaawaaka, throat (n.) itíkari naawaaka throat pouch (howler third person plural pronoun monkey) (n.) ímaaja (possessive) (pro.) na= throw (t.v.) sikɨ́ɨni thirsty, be (i.v.) karɨjɨ́ɨni throw (at target) (t.v.) this (general number) (dem.) simaajuutáani iina throw at target (i.v.) simaajúuni this circumference (dem.) throw away (discard) (t.v.) iitiirakumaana sikɨ́ɨni (t.v.) this side (adv.) iitiijiíraji throw fluid on aasíini (dem.) iyáaki throw opponent to ground this size (area) (t.v.) this size (linear dimension) (repeatedly) majániiwɨɨtáani (dem.) iitiina thrush (illness) (n.) mɨɨ́riaaka thorn (plant) (n.) ijuwa, ijuwaa, Thrush, White-necked (bird ijúuti species) (n.) siíruuyáaku thorn or spine, remove (t.v.) thumb (n.) áwasi iwítani matáani, mɨtáani thunder (i.v.) itɨɨnɨ́ɨni those (animate, near thus (adv.) náaji, naaraata addressee) (dem.) kiipɨ thus (focused) (adv.) anaaraata those (inanimate, near tick (general term) (n.) simɨ́naja addressee) (dem.) kiimi (t.v.) sikiriniijúuni (dem.) tickle those (plural animate) ticti, skin disease (n.) sapɨ́yaja iipɨ (t.v.) (dem.) tie (around object) those (plural inanimate) marúuni iimi tie closed (container) (t.v.) (n.) thought saminiijúuni puukiitáani (i.v.) thrash about riníkiinɨ́ɨni tie hammock (t.v.) tiníini Thraupidae spp., tanager, type tie knot (t.v.) itiyúuni of bird (n.) písiika tie knots (multiple) (t.v.) Thraupis episcopus, bird itiyuutáani species (n.) mɨ́riija tie limbs together (t.v.) thread (t.v.) sikíini maruukiitáani thread, cotton (n.) arakutuu, tie one object to another (t.v.) aramáasi, ramáasi maruutáani threaten (t.v.) kaántaakɨ́ɨni tie rope to object (t.v.) tiníini

614 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tie sticks in bundle to (purposive, with motion)

tie sticks in bundle (t.v.) tinaja, ceramic vessel (n.) maruukíini paajanáaku, tiínaaja tie tightly (t.v.) atatáani tinamou perch (branch) (n.) tie up irapay palm thatch load ráana ajírɨna (t.v.) ikijɨ́ɨni Tinamou, Cinereous (bird tied, be (hammock) (t.v.) tíini species) (n.) mɨ́yaki, sɨɨka Tiger-Heron, Rufescent (bird Tinamou, Great (bird species) species) (n.) júuti, mɨyaara júuti (n.) ráana tight, with minimal gaps (adj.) Tinamou, Little (bird species) napana (n.) naki imɨ́ɨni siriija, sarámaaja, tight-fitting (adj.) jaámanana sɨrɨ́maaja, surúmaaja, tightly clustered (adj.) minana súruukutáana, suurija tightly woven (adj.) minana Tinamou, White-throated tightly, weave (t.v.) tɨ́ɨni (bird species) (n.) pisaja tigre raya, stingray species (n.) Tinamus guttatus, bird species mɨyaara saapi (n.) pisaja tigre zúngaro, fish species (n.) Tinamus major, bird species isuuki (n.) ráana Tigrisoma lineatum, bird tiny fish (general term) (n.) species (n.) júuti, mɨyaara júuti majarúwaaka timber pile, in river (loc.n.) tip (blunt) (n.) aniáasi naanakíkaaku tip (slender object) (n.) iíjinaji timber pile, on land (loc.n.) tip of breastbone (sternum) naanakíkajina (n.) jimɨɨsi time (n.) yaawɨ́ɨni tip of, at or on (postp.) =iíjinaji time (occasion) (n.) yaawɨ́ɨni tip, blunt (t.v.) pirikáani time period (postp.) iyákari tipishca, incipient oxbow lake time, at that (adv.) iyaákari (n.) piipíisika time, at what (interrog.) jɨɨ́tikari tipití, manioc press (n.) tiipiitii time, different (adj.) taakari tips, attach or join at (t.v.) time, long (adv.) saaniita paakiitáani time, of what (interrog.) tired of, be (a.v.) iyájasíini jɨɨ́tikariina tired of, be (t.v.) samɨrɨ́ɨni timid (adj.) sasana, tarakɨɨ́tina tired, be (i.v.) samɨrɨ́ɨni timid person (n.) karanakiáana tishela, rubber-tapping tool (n.) timid, become (i.v.) sasɨ́ɨni tiisíira timid, call (t.v.) sásaakáani, Titi, Dusky (monkey species) tarakɨɨtíini (n.) iráaku, sɨɨ́maaku timid, make (t.v.) sasaanúuni titulo, bird species (n.) siíturu timuco, fish species (n.) to (purposive, with motion) aanaapáapa (postp.) =ánuura

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 615 to what destination towards here, upward

to what destination (interrog.) torch (made of copal) (n.) tɨɨtíira siipíiwa to what point or extent torch (made of ungurahui (interrog.) tɨɨtiika palm) (n.) sakuu to whatever point or extent torito, beetle species (n.) siríina (adv.) tɨɨtiika imɨ́ɨni, tírina to where (interrog.) tɨɨti, tɨɨtíira tornillo, tree species (n.) to where (point or extent) amánaati (interrog.) tɨɨtiika torres, fish species (n.) tuúrisɨɨja toa, fish species (n.) túuwa Tortoise, Red-footed and (n.) toad (general term) (n.) Yellow-footed nakikuuja (t.v.) makwaati toss sikɨ́ɨni Toad, Crested Forest (n.) Toucan, Channel-billed (bird (n.) kukwanárasi, kukwanaati species) siáaru, siaarúuki (t.v.) Toucan, White-throated (bird toast (small particles) (n.) kunajɨ́ɨni species) nípaaki touch (contact) (t.v.) tipɨ́ɨni tobacco (n.) tawáaku touch (edges) (i.v.) pakiitɨ́ɨni today (adv.) aákari touch (with fingers, hand) toe (n.) ajíkaasi, awasi, awásikaka (t.v.) aparáani toé (n.) , plant species touch or meet, make (edges) saasakíkwaa, saasakíkwaa iíraana (t.v.) pakiitáani together, do (two people) touch repeatedly (t.v.) kapiríini (adv.) kuupɨkiiraata toucher (excessive) (n.) (adv.) together, near tikiika apáraakɨɨyáana tohuayo (n.) , bird species tiimɨya tough (flexible material) (adj.) tolerate (a.v.) mɨɨ́ratáani muúturuna tomorrow (adv.) aámiikáaka towards (postp.) =ánuura, tomorrow, day after (n.) =jinɨ́ɨra waarata aámiikáaka towards downriver (adv.) tongue (n.) nɨɨti naamiíraata (adv.) tool, stick-like (n.) takíina towards here iitiíraata tooth (n.) iika towards here, downriverward (adv.) iimɨɨ́raata tooth, canine (n.) iika ápiika towards here, downward (adv.) toothed (non-human) (adj.) iimɨɨ́raata iíkataka towards here, upriverward (n.) iijuútaaja top (lid) (adv.) iikuúraata (loc.n.) top (tree) anákaku towards here, upward (adv.) topa, tree species (n.) paatíina iikuúraata

616 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary towards there, downriver (near addressee) tributary (river)

towards there, trapdoor spider (n.) kusi pákɨɨti downriver(near addressee) trapped, get (i.v.) sakatɨ́ɨni (adv.) kinimɨɨ́raata travel (great distance) (i.v.) towards there, downwards aamɨ́yaakíini (near addressee) (adv.) travel around (i.v.) aamɨ́yaakíini kinimɨɨ́raata treat (with medicine) (t.v.) towards there, up (near ampiisíini addressee) (adv.) kinikuúraata treat with smoke (t.v.) anajúuni towards there, upriverward treated with medicinal plant, (near addressee) (adv.) be (adj.) iíyuu kinikuúraata tree (general term) (n.) náana towards upriver (adv.) tree fork (n.) jíkuti kaamiíraata tree friction sound (n.) naki town (loc.n.) iitakajina páriiki, náana páriiki, náana páruuti trace, leave (in vegetation) tree hole (n.) pápana (t.v.) irítatáani tree moss (n.) apísikaka trachea (n.) ímaayɨ Tree Rat, Peruvian (n.) iisaku traditional dance (n.) kajíini ijúwatina trago, distilled sugarcane tree stump (n.) anija alcohol (n.) kaasiáasa tree, climbing (n.) iyúuna trail (n.) amakɨ tree, fell (t.v.) aníini trail animal by sound (t.v.) tree, felled (n.) aníina tipɨɨtáani tree, species of (unidentified) trajectory (loc.n.) niíkuma (n.) iyámaana, pɨsɨkɨ maájarakúuna, trample (i.v.) asímatíini ríwiijáana, siríwiina, tasíina, turuna tranquil (character trait) (adj.) tree-climbing tool (n.) niíniiti paapana tree-felling minga (n.) transform (physical form) (i.v.) anirúyaaka itɨ́ɨni tree-felling minga, manioc transformed being (n.) itɨni beer for (n.) anirúyaaka trap (for monkeys) (n.) aarɨ́ɨku tree-felling platform (n.) trap (for paca) (n.) maakɨ iyuukínaaja trap (for paca), make (i.v.) tree-felling platform, maakɨ́ɨni construct (t.v.) iyuukíini trap (snare, lasso) (n.) sawúuna Treefrog, Amazonian Milk (n.) trap, arm (t.v.) riimúuni, ríini maámaati trap, deadfall (n.) taníiku, Treefrog, Gladiator (n.) júuri taaniwa Treefrog, Rocket (n.) anitáaki trap, disarm (t.v.) riimuutáani makwaati trap, fish (introduced) (n.) Trema micrantha, tree species tasikɨ (n.) rúsuuna trap, fish (traditional) (n.) tasikɨ tremble (i.v.) nɨnɨkɨ́ɨni trap, get caught in (i.v.) imáani tributary (river) (n.) ájika, aki

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 617 Trichechus inunguis, manatee Tunga penetrans, insect species

Trichechus inunguis, truly (interj.) íyaa kaájapaa Amazonian Manatee (n.) “truly!” (interj.) tuu, túura aakaayɨ, aakáayɨ “truly!” (assertion of truth) trick (n.) asapɨ́ɨni (interj.) júura trick, play on someone (t.v.) trunk (container) (n.) písaku maayaásiitáani trunk (plant), support (t.v.) trigger (gun, trap) (n.) riítaaja sipijúuni trigger (snare trap) (i.v.) trunk (tree) (n.) ánaaja rimutɨ́ɨni trunk of aguaje palm (n.) trigger (trap) (i.v.) rikutɨ́ɨni, nɨsikánaaja riitɨ́ɨni try (food, drink) (t.v.) saníini Trigona amazonensis, bee try (test) (t.v.) sanitáani (n.) species suruku try but fail (t.v.) maárijɨ́ɨni (t.v.) trim new growth (plants) tuber (n.) íija sipatáani tuber (wild), species of (n.) Tringa spp., sandpiper, type of páriiti bird (n.) siíyuuni ayahuasca (postp.) tuber used in trip, in preparation for preparation (n.) aákuta katija amakɨ́ɨra (i.v.) (n.) tuber, grow iijɨ́ɨni Triplaris sp., tree species tuber, small (manioc) (n.) tamɨ́ɨna anákuja Trogon spp., type of bird (n.) tuberculosis (n.) isija anápuuja tuberculosis, person suffering trompetero sacha, plant from (n.) isijaati species (n.) maasa anásiiki tubers, having many (quality trompetero, bird species (n.) of) (adj.) iíjataka maasa tucunaré, type of fish (n.) Tropical House Gecko (n.) kɨtɨ (n.) awáara Tropical Screech Owl (t.v.) kurukukúuni tug repeatedly cosho (t.v.) atɨniiwɨɨtáani trough ( ), make (t.v.) kimakɨ́ɨni tumor, have imáani (n.) trough (for mashing food) (n.) tumpline tuuku (t.v.) ájana tumpline, carry with trough of tahuarí bark (cosho) ániikíini (n.) kimakɨ tumpline, carry with (multiple (t.v.) trousers (n.) ijikaakɨ people) ániikitúuni true (exemplary instance) tumpline, carry with (t.v.) (adj.) júura (pluractional) aniikiitúuni tunchi true (exemplary) (adj.) taasíita, , type of haunting spirit (n.) taasiítaana nawɨyini true (factual) (adj.) juúraami Tunga penetrans, insect truly (adv.) júura, taasíita species (n.) rɨ́tija

618 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary tunnel Tyrannus melancholicus et sim., type of bird

tunnel (loc.n.) aráama twist together (t.v.) tamakúuni Tupinambus teguixin, lizard twist two objects (t.v.) species (n.) yaamɨ tamarakíini, tamarásii Turbellaria, land planaria (n.) twitch repeatedly (body) (i.v.) siwaara saputi ataanɨ́ɨni turbid (adj.) riítina two (animate) (num.) kuupɨ turbid creek (n.) tipaákayúumu, two (inanimate) (num.) kuumi tipaakáamu two (locations) (adv.) kuukíwaku Turdus albicollis, bird species types, varied (adv.) (n.) siíruuyáaku tiwaakwaárika turkey (domesticated) (n.) Typhlonectes sp., amphibian páawu species (n.) pisúuni Turkey Vulture (n.) nɨɨtamu Tyrannus melancholicus et aákusa kariyáana sim., type of bird (n.) sɨɨrimɨ turmeric, plant species (n.) kiisatúura turn around (i.v.) takɨtɨ́ɨni turn around (t.v.) takatáani turn inside out (i.v.) takɨtɨ́ɨni turn inside out (t.v.) takatáani turn off (t.v.) makiijáani turn over (i.v.) takɨtɨ́ɨni turn over (t.v.) takatáani turn over soil (i.v.) murajúuni Turtle, Giant River (n.) siaariáapa turtle, species of (n.) makwaa ímaaja, maataamáata, muusiaaráaja Turtle, Yellow-spotted River (n.) mɨtiija Turtle, Yellow-spotted River (juvenile) (n.) tanɨ́yaaja tururco, grass species (n.) maákata iyásiika, maákatuusi turushuqui, fish species (n.) kuyúkuyu tutumo, tree species (n.) samaku, timáriija twins, pair of (n.) marísapɨ twist (t.v.) tamakáani twist (in shape) (i.v.) tamakɨ́ɨni twist (to make cord) (t.v.) iníini twist repeatedly (t.v.) tamakúuni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 619 ungurahui, palm species

uchiyacu de picaflor, plant uncover (t.v.) iíjutáani species (n.) mɨɨja jikuriáaka underarm (n.) nɨɨ́kari uchiyacu (n.) , spicy stew underdeveloped (adj.) napana jikuriáaka underdeveloped fruit (n.) íkiaari (adj.) sɨɨ́sana ugly (postp.) “uh”, “um” (conversational underneath =karikumaji (n.) pause filler) (interj.) yaana underskirt justaá umarí, tree species (n.) uumaarii undesirable (adj.) sɨɨ́sana unable, be (t.v.) paajɨ́ɨni undo seam (t.v.) sipújatáani unbraid (rope) (i.v.) samatɨ́ɨni undone, become (seam) (i.v.) unbraid (rope, sting) (t.v.) sipújatɨ́ɨni samatáani undress (someone) (t.v.) (n.) uncle (general term) sinákatáani kumáani uneven (adj.) sikáratina uncle (general term, vocative) (i.v.) (n.) ámaaja uneven, be amɨriitáani, “uncle!” (admission of defeat) amuriitáani (adv.) (n.) iíkwaji unexpectedly tijiíkwaji, uncle, great (paternal) (n.) =waja kumáani unfermented (adj.) iísakwana uncle, great (paternal, unfertilized chicken egg (n.) vocative) (n.) ámaaja akíraja naaki, káraaki, wiíraaki uncle, maternal (n.) ákuma ungenerous (adj.) sɨɨ́sariika uncle, maternal (deceased) ungenerous, be (a.v.) (n.) akúmɨɨsana sɨɨ́saamiitáani (n.) uncle, maternal (vocative) ungurahui palm grove (loc.n.) akúmaaja ipɨɨtikajina uncle, paternal (deceased) (n.) ungurahui (n.) sakuu kumaániisana palm torch ungurahui (n.) uncle, paternal (vocative) (n.) palm, trunk of paati, paatíija sakumánaaja uncoil (t.v.) tamakajuutáani ungurahui, palm species (n.) uncooked (adj.) májaana ipɨɨti

620 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary ungurahuillo, palm species upriver, there (anaphoric, focused)

ungurahuillo, palm species (n.) up there (near addressee) surukúnitina (loc.dem) kiniku uniform in texture (powder, up there (upper part of space) meal) (adj.) rapana (loc.dem) kamijiíraji uninjured (adj.) namísaana up there, further (loc.dem) unmarried person (n.) apitáana kaamíira unproductive (plant) (adj.) up there, further (near aájapana addressee) (loc.dem) kinikúura unripe (adj.) makina up to here (height, depth) unroll (t.v.) tamakajuutáani (adv.) iitiírakuma unseriously, speak (i.v.) taama up, go (i.v.) maakáani míini uphill or upriver, aligned unsew (t.v.) sipújatáani (adv.) kamíkiika, namíkiika unsewn, become (i.v.) sipújatɨ́ɨni uphill, while going (adv.) unspin (thread) (t.v.) samatáani kamíkuku unsuccessful (hunting, upon returning (adv.) tiírajiita fishing) (adj.) aájapana upper surface (n.) nɨɨ́jina untie from (t.v.) titatáani upper-class individual (señor) untrue (adj.) iikwáami (n.) wiiraakúusi untwist (rope) (i.v.) samatɨ́ɨni upright (adv.) kamíkiika untwist (rope) (t.v.) samatáani upright, set or put (t.v.) unwell (adv.) iwarɨɨ́niita takuutaníini unwilling to separate, be (t.v.) upriver (loc.dem) káami kanɨtɨjɨ́ɨni upriver of (loc.postp.) =isákuji unwind (i.v.) samatɨ́ɨni upriver of (a little) (loc.postp.) unwind (t.v.) samatáani =isákujiita unwrap (i.v.) samatɨ́ɨni upriver there, further (loc.dem) unwrap (t.v.) kɨráani, samatáani kaamíira up (loc.dem) káami upriver there, further (near up here (loc.dem) iiku addressee) (loc.dem) kinikúura up here (a small distance) upriver, a little (there) (loc.dem) iikujiita (loc.dem) kamíjiita up here inside (loc.dem) upriver, along the way (adv.) iikujiíraji kamíkuku up here, higher (loc.dem) iikúura upriver, from (adv.) kámiji up high (adv.) nɨɨku upriver, here (loc.dem) iikujiíraji up or up river, go directly upriver, here (a small (adv.) kamíkiika distance) (loc.dem) iikujiita up there (anaphoric) (adv.) upriver, there (anaphoric) kami (adv.) kami up there (anaphoric, focused) upriver, there (anaphoric, (loc.dem.) akami focused) (adv.) akami

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 621 upriverward towards here uvos, tree species

upriverward towards here (adv.) iikuúraata upriverward towards there (near addressee) (adv.) kinikuúraata upriverwards (adv.) kaamiíraata upslope (loc.n.) iijakarikuku upward towards here (adv.) iikuúraata upwards (adv.) kaamiíraata Urera sp., plant species (n.) siini, siiníisi urinate (i.v.) isáani urinate (euphemism) (i.v.) piisíini urine (n.) iisaaka urticating (adj.) kajútina us (exclusive) (pro.) kana=, kanáaja us (exclusive) only (pro.) kanaárika us (inclusive) (pro.) pɨ́=, pɨ́ɨja us (inclusive) only (pro.) pɨɨ́rika used to, get (t.v.) paajɨ́ɨni useless place (fishing or hunting spot) (loc.n.) amákɨjina uta, skin disease (n.) siaraku uterus (n.) maaya iyúusi utter (repeatedly) (i.v.) kuwariikuutáani utter name (t.v.) aajawatáani uvilla, tree species (n.) sawiti uvos, tree species (n.) nakikuuja napɨnija

622 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary violent person

vaca marina, Amazonian veranero, bird species (n.) Manatee (n.) aakaayɨ, aakáayɨ amúwɨɨja vagina (n.) jinakuku Verbena littoralis, plant vampire bat, species of (n.) species (n.) nanúusi kánɨɨri verbena negra, plant species (n.) Vandellia sp., fish species (n.) nanúusi kaníiru verily (interj.) íyaa kaájapaa (interj.) vanish (i.v.) nawárɨɨjɨ́ɨni verum focus particle varadero, portage (loc.n.) jɨɨ́nijina tuu, túura very (adv.) júura, uumáata varied (forms, types, (n.) manners) (adv.) tiwaakwaárika vessel, ceramic paajanáaku, tiínaaja varillal caspi, tree species (n.) vessel, clay (n.) iniyaasi, niíyaasi tiímaaka ámuusiina vessel, made of bijao leaf (n.) varillal, forest area with moist puriku soil (n.) rɨɨka vicio, plant used to cure (n.) (adv.) tíwaku various (locations) ipakanɨ́ɨna Vatairea guianensis, tree vicio, suffer from (i.v.) ipákanɨ́ɨni species (n.) asikwaari, sikwaari victuals (n.) saminaja, suuríija vegetalista , modern mestizo (t.v.) saminíini (n.) victuals, prepare shaman paanáana viejilla, plantain variety (n.) (n.) vein áruu tiikɨɨkáani (adj.) veiny (person, meat) Viejo Cocha (prop.n.) Kumaku aruúwatina Ásaaja vela caspi, tree species (n.) awɨɨ view, be in (i.v.) nikisáani Velvety Lancehead, snake view, come into (i.v.) nikisáani species (n.) irúuna ijírataaka vine (general term) (n.) iiyɨɨ venado rumo, manioc variety vines, area dense with (loc.n.) (n.) sikiaajákana iiyuuwaajina Venezuelan Pokeweed, plant vino huayo, tree species (n.) species (n.) aámɨɨka namii, nípaaki namii venom (n.) anásaka violent person (n.) ípɨɨtáana

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 623 Virola spp., tree species vulva

Virola spp., tree species (n.) Vulture, Turkey (n.) nɨɨtamu kisaati aákusa kariyáana visage (n.) karíini vulva (n.) áaja irɨwɨ, mukúraasi, visible, be (i.v.) nikisáani saápara visible, easily (adj.) kwaana vision (visual sense) (n.) namija vision, good (person with) (n.) kwaata kariyáana vision, lose (i.v.) karijɨ́ɨni vision, poor (person with) (n.) karijiáana vision-impaired (adj.) karijɨ́ɨsi visit (t.v.) siwɨráani visitor, frequent (n.) siwɨraájuuyáana Vismia spp., tree species (n.) makísiina vitiligo, skin malady (n.) makina isíiku vocalize in manner of Little Tinamou (i.v.) súruukutáani Vochysia vismiifolia, tree species (n.) iínuunakíina vomit (t.v.) ikiníini vomit (non-possessed) (n.) ikiníyaaka vomit (possessed) (n.) ikíniyɨ vomit deliberately (purge) (i.v.) kɨyatáani vomit for another (cure) (t.v.) kɨyátatáani vulgar (person) (adj.) sɨɨ́sami kuwasiáana vulture (general term) (n.) nɨɨtamu Vulture, Black (n.) pasúuja Vulture, Greater Yellow-headed Turkey (n.) nɨɨtamu Vulture, King (n.) kapítiaa, tapútiaa

624 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary wattle (of bird)

wadding, for cartridge (n.) wasp (insect only; general táaku term) (n.) ajapakɨ́ɨni, japakɨ́ɨni, wade (i.v.) musíini japakɨ́ɨya waist (n.) akájinakuúraji Wasp, Bell (n.) aasíyuuka waist cord (n.) apɨya Wasp, Mud Dauber (n.) níiya wait (t.v.) tasíini pániija wake up (i.v.) inikáani Wasp, Parasol (n.) jiiti wake up (t.v.) inikajɨ́ɨni Wasp, Sand (n.) íini wake up and begin day (i.v.) wasp, species of (n.) iijuwa, kutɨtɨ́ɨni iísuuja ajápaka, kumaati pájiiti, walk (i.v.) iikúuni muturuniika, siaaruwa ajápaka, walk (young child) (i.v.) siikiyúuni, tiniikaka, tiniikani takúmiikwáani waste (t.v.) iyájatáani walk about (i.v.) aamɨ́yaakíini watch (t.v.) kariiníini walk back and forth (i.v.) watch others eating (a.v.) aamɨ́yaakitáani kariitáani walk into (t.v.) kukúuni watch over (t.v.) tasiitáani walk unsteadily (i.v.) iwɨɨkɨɨtáani water (n.) aaka wall (n.) tánaki water, add (t.v.) aakanúuni wall, build (t.v.) tanakíini water, heated (n.) ipɨyáaka wall-eyed (adj.) riwa namijana water, muddy (t.v.) riiníini wander (i.v.) aamɨ́yaakíini water, muddy (intentionally) want (t.v.) nakarɨ́ɨni (t.v.) riiniitáani warm oneself (i.v.) jitíini water-filled cyst (n.) kusuja, warm up (t.v.) iipanúuni púpuuku warm up (liquid) (t.v.) watery (adj.) aakana ipɨyaakuutáani, tipanuutáani watery and hard (manioc) warm up (solid) (t.v.) tipanúuni (adj.) iwárɨɨja, sakina wash (a.v.) sikitáani watery sap (n.) aaka wasp (insect and nest; general watery, make (t.v.) aakanúuni term) (n.) ajapaka wattle (of bird) (n.) íraaka

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 625 wattle, lower (chicken) weigh

wattle, lower (chicken) (n.) weaving style, thatch (Black namuuri Agouti rub) (n.) muuti jiniija, wattles (n.) simiiti muuti jiniiri wave (n.) iyúuna, íyuuni, iyúuni weaving style, thatch (n.) wave arms about (i.v.) (caterpillars) jiinakaari masánakíini weaving style, thatch (n.) waves, make (i.v.) iyuutɨ́ɨni (diagonal) kamuúnaari wavy (shape) (adj.) riwasikútina weaving style, thatch (fleeing White-lipped Peccary) (n.) wax candle (n.) wiíraaki anitáaki masiiri (adv.) way, (an)other taaki weaving style, thatch (adv.) way, in this naaraata (mashing trough) (n.) ajánaari way, in this (exhaustive focus) weaving style, thatch (adv.) naárika (shimbillo) (n.) támuuri way, in this (focused) (adv.) weaving style, thatch anaaraata (tangarana) (n.) tamɨ́ɨna amákɨɨri we (exclusive) (pro.) kana=, weaving style, thatch kanáaja (White-lipped Peccary path) we (exclusive) only (pro.) (n.) anitáaki amákɨɨri kanaárika weaving style, thatch we (inclusive) (pro.) pɨ́=, pɨ́ɨja (White-throated Tinamou we (inclusive) only (pro.) pɨɨ́rika wing) (n.) pisaja namákuuri (t.v.) wean (i.v.) titɨ́ɨni weaving, begin nirikɨ́ɨni, wean (t.v.) titáani titikɨ́ɨni (i.v.) (i.v.) weed kwaráani wear (erode) murúuni (n.) (t.v.) weed, species of sasánaaka wear necklace suukúuni minga (n.) (n.) weeding kwaarɨ́yaaka weather, sunny ajaana, weeding minga, manioc beer yaana for (n.) kwaarɨ́yaaka (t.v.) weave taníini weedy (adj.) sɨɨ́sana (t.v.) weave (braid-like) Weevil, Bearded Palm (insect siyaakíini species) (n.) muusajákwaa weave capillejo basket (i.v.) aarɨwati taniikɨ́ɨni weevil, boring (general term) weave tightly (t.v.) tɨ́ɨni (n.) siitíina, siitíini weaving style, basket (churu weevil, palm (general term) siqui) (n.) síruku niríyuusi (n.) aarawati, aarɨwati, aaruwati weaving style, sieve (añashúa) Weevil, Palm (insect species) (n.) narapuuri (n.) aniita marajákwaa aarɨwati, weaving style, sieve (shirui aarawati, aarɨwati, aaruwati cara) (n.) suukwariija aákuuri, weevil, species of (n.) anakátiija suukwariijaari weigh (t.v.) sanitáani

626 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary weight (to hold object down) whistle

weight (to hold object down) what time, of (interrog.) (n.) taniítaaja jɨɨ́tikariina weight, light (wood) (adj.) what type (interrog.) sasana jaátaaraatina, jɨɨ́taaraatina, jɨɨ́tina, welcome celebration (n.) jɨɨ́tirina (interrog.) tasíyaaka what weight tɨɨtiika (adj.) welcome celebration, manioc whatever kind jɨɨ́taaraatina beer for (n.) tasíyaaka whatever point or extent, to (adv.) tɨɨtiika well (adv.) suwaata (conj.) jɨɨ́tikari (n.) when well púusa when (interrog.) jɨɨ́tikari (i.v.) well-cooked, be mɨjɨ́ɨni when (since when) (interrog.) well-lit (adj.) kwaana jɨɨ́tikariina wet (adj.) pikana where (interrog.) tɨɨti wet (rainy) season (n.) aasi where (rel.pro.) tɨɨ, tɨɨti yaawɨ́ɨni where (point or extent), to (interrog.) wet, get (a.v.) pikúuni tɨɨtiika (interrog.) what (interrog.) saakaa where, from tɨɨ́tiiji where, to (interrog.) tɨɨtíira what destination, to (interrog.) wherever (indefinite pronoun) tɨɨti tɨɨtíira (interrog.) (interrog.) which jáana what kind which (general number jaátaaraatina, jɨɨ́taaraatina, jɨɨ́tina, relative pronoun) (rel.pro.) iina jɨɨ́tirina which (plural animate relative (interrog.) what length tɨɨtiika pronoun) (rel.pro.) iipɨ what point or extent, to which (plural inanimate (interrog.) tɨɨtiika relative pronoun) (rel.pro.) iimi what purpose (interrog.) whichever (adj.) taamáana saakaa=íira while (adv.) wáari what quality (interrog.) while (postp.) =jata jaátaaraatina, jɨɨ́taaraatina, jɨɨ́tina, while going downhill (adv.) jɨɨ́tirina namíkuma what quantity (interrog.) tɨɨtiika while going uphill (adv.) what reason (interrog.) kamíkuku (n.) saakaa=aákuji whip majaatayɨ (t.v.) (interrog.) whip majáani what size jɨɨ́tinuurika, (i.v.) tɨɨtiika whip fishing rod and line (interrog.) majaatáani what size (animate) Whiptail, Cocha (lizard jɨɨ́tipɨjaarika species) (n.) anakwáasa what size (inanimate) whiskered (adj.) amuúsitaka (interrog.) jɨɨ́timijaarika whistle (i.v.) puwaajɨ́ɨni what time, at (interrog.) jɨɨ́tikari whistle (n.) puwaajɨ́ɨni

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 627 whistle (tapir, parrot) wisdom

whistle (tapir, parrot) (i.v.) who (plural animate relative amáriinɨ́ɨni pronoun) (rel.pro.) iipɨ whistle in manner of Little “whoa!” (amazement) (interj.) Tinamou (i.v.) súruukutáani kɨɨ́rana whistle repeatedly (i.v.) whole (quantity) (adj.) tɨɨ́yuukwáani namísaana whistle with cupped hand (i.v.) whole (without damage) (adj.) anɨɨjɨ́ɨni, nɨɨjɨ́ɨni namísaana white (adj.) musútina whooping cough (n.) iipɨɨ saputi white (of fungal infection) why (what purpose) (interrog.) (adj.) sakina saakaa=íira (interrog.) white person (n.) tawɨ why (what reason) white water creek (n.) saakaa=aákuji (adj.) tipaákayúumu, tipaakáamu wide parina (t.v.) White-bellied Spider Monkey widen cut anísitáani, (n.) ɨɨti inísitáani widow (n.) másiiku White-eyed Parakeet, bird (i.v.) species (n.) íyɨɨja widow(er), become White-flanked Antwren, bird masiikúuni (n.) widower (n.) masiíyaaka species kaasi siriija (n.) White-fronted Capuchin, width parina wife (n.) majáana, mɨɨ́saa monkey species (n.) jaákaa, (n.) majaánɨɨsana jaakáana, kwaata kariyáana, wife (deceased) (n.) wíija wásiamɨ, waasiaárika wife (vocative) wife, take (t.v.) akumíini white-haired man wild cane, species of (n.) (affectionate) (n.) kuyɨ́ɨsi miyajáana, mɨyajáana White-lipped Pecarry, demon wild cat (general term) (n.) with form of (n.) anakatu mɨyaara White-lipped Peccary (n.) wilt (plant) (i.v.) iwárɨɨtáani anitáaki win (t.v.) kanaasíini White-lipped Peccary herd (n.) (n.) wind akíraja leader anitáaki sirúuku, wind repeatedly (rope) (t.v.) siinakíriisi tamakuutáani White-necked Thrush, bird (n.) wind spirit, suffer attack by species siíruuyáaku (t.v.) tamakúuni White-throated Tinamou, bird wing (n.) námaku (n.) species pisaja wipe (t.v.) tiwáani White-throated Toucan, bird wipe oneself (after defecating) (n.) species nípaaki (i.v.) pɨ́ɨni White-winged Swallow, bird Wire-tailed Manakin, bird (n.) species iruúnaaja species (n.) pɨɨsɨrɨ́ɨja who (interrog.) kánɨɨka wisdom (n.) nakusíini

628 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary with (instrument) worm patch

with (instrument) (postp.) =jata wooden vessel, rotten (n.) with (someone) (postp.) =jata pukiku with strength or energy (adv.) woodpecker (general term) amátana (n.) panasi without cause (adv.) taama Woodpecker, Cream-colored withstand (a.v.) mɨɨ́ratáani (n.) músati woman (n.) mɨɨsaji Woodpecker, Crimson-crested woman with excessive sexual or Lineated (n.) panasi appetite (n.) tikija Woodpecker, Yellow-tufted woman, adult (middle-aged) (n.) sɨrɨkɨ́tɨɨja (n.) pɨɨta mɨɨ́saji Wood-Rail, Gray-necked (bird woman, old (n.) kumaati species) (n.) kiisara woman, young (n.) pɨɨta kitáaka Woolly Monkey (n.) síruku woman, young (vocative, word (n.) kuwasíini affectionate) (n.) mɨɨsájiikáani work (n.) miísana, tarawáaja woman’s brother (n.) ánani work (t.v.) tarawaajúuni woman’s brother (deceased) work (for wages) (i.v.) (n.) anániisana tarawaajúuni woman’s brother (vocative) work one’s mouth (t.v.) (n.) aánaaja asaajuutáani woman’s mother-, father-, or work party (n.) míinka daughter-in-law (n.) aji work party for burning chacra woman’s nephew (n.) aánuura (n.) itúyaaka woman’s nephew or niece (n.) work party for clearing land najaápusa, najaápusɨ (n.) kamarɨ́yaaka woman’s niece (n.) iínari work party for felling trees (n.) woman’s sister (n.) aátamajati anirúyaaka woman’s sister (deceased) (n.) work party for planting (n.) aátamajátiisana natɨ́yaaka woman’s sister-in-law (n.) work party for weaving thatch núuma (n.) taníyaaka woman’s son-in-law (n.) akúumi work party for weeding (n.) womb (n.) maaya iyúusi kwaarɨ́yaaka women (n.) iitimɨra world (n.) níiya wonderment and dismay, world (of life form) (loc.n.) expression of (interj.) jɨɨ íyaki, iyikíira, íyɨ wonderment, expression of worldly-wise (adj.) irísina (interj.) juu worm (earthworm, general wood chip (n.) iniisi term) (n.) sapaani wood with dry rot (n.) awásuuku worm (intestinal), species of woodcreeper, type of bird (n.) (n.) nasaani pasiija, páasi ípuusi worm patch (loc.n.) sapaajina

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 629 worm, parasitical (Ascaris) writing instrument

worm, parasitical (Ascaris) (n.) wrist band (n.) kurijaakɨ sapaani write (t.v.) naajúuni worm, species of (n.) writing instrument (n.) akusakáani, akusaníini, aákusaka, naajuútaaja kwariku sapáani, mujari, mujaríini, samúkwaati imɨ́ɨni, sikɨɨtakúuni worm-infested (skin) (adj.) siinakíriisi worm-infested, be (i.v.) sinakijɨ́ɨni worn (fabric) (adj.) kurúuku worry about (t.v.) saminiijúuni worsen (illness) (i.v.) imɨrɨ́ɨni wound (disable) (t.v.) anasúuni wound (leave open wound) (t.v.) kapɨsíini, pakɨsíini wound, open (n.) kapɨsi, pakɨsi woven object (n.) taniija, taniikami woven, loosely (adj.) sarana woven, tightly (adj.) minana “wow!” (mirative) (interj.) amaa “wow!” (surprise) (adv.) kuutanaakáana “wow!” (wonderment and dismay) (interj.) jɨɨ “wow!” (wonderment) (interj.) juu wrap head (t.v.) ipukíini wrap repeatedly (rope) (t.v.) tamakuutáani Wren, Musician (bird species) (n.) kuupíkuuja wrestle (i.v.) ipurúuni wring repeatedly (t.v.) tamakúuni wrinkle (loose) (i.v.) kɨsɨkɨ́ɨni wrinkle (soft-skinned fuits) (i.v.) parɨ́ɨni wrinkle from contraction (i.v.) jipɨkɨ́ɨni wrinkled (loose) (adj.) kɨsɨ́kɨtina wrist (n.) kurija

630 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary xiphoid process (tip of sternum)

Xanthosoma sp., plant species (n.) anapa anákaari, ikijáani, kasiíniika, mɨyaara jíina, mɨyaara jiínaari Xanthosoma spp., type of plant (n.) riitiri xiphoid process (tip of sternum) (n.) jimɨɨsi

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 631 you (singular)

yacu jergón, snake species (n.) yell repeatedly (i.v.) aaka sajina tɨɨ́yuukwáani yacu pato, bird species (n.) aaka yellow (adj.) nɨyana páatu Yellow-billed Jacamar, bird yacu shapana, tree species (n.) species (n.) iinamináaja kujúnii Yellow-billed Nunbird, bird (n.) yacuruna caspi, tree species (n.) species naki tawɨɨ́kiri muujináana Yellow-crowned Brush-tailed yacuruna sacha Rat (n.) náana ɨɨ́jaaku , plant species (n.) (n.) muujináana Yellow-crowned Parrot kirísɨɨja yacuruna smell (n.) muújinaapɨ Yellow-footed Tortoise (n.) júnɨɨna nakikuuja yacuruna (n.) , merperson Yellow-headed Caracara, bird muújinaapɨ species (n.) siaámuri yahuarachi (n.) , fish species Yellow-rumped Cacique, bird imaánanakuuja species (n.) siaruuja yana vara, tree species (n.) Yellow-spotted River Turtle saakúuna (n.) mɨtiija yana yutu rumo, manioc Yellow-spotted River Turtle variety (n.) sɨɨkákana (juvenile) (n.) tanɨ́yaaja yank (t.v.) atáani Yellow-tufted Woodpecker (n.) yaraquí, fish species (n.) sipari sɨrɨkɨ́tɨɨja yarina, palm species (n.) tíkuja yes (affirmative response) (interj.) yarinilla, fern species (n.) ɨɨjɨɨ (adv.) anitáaki kajakáana, tákusi aniáasi yesterday aámiikáaka (n.) yashingo, type of forest demon yesterday, day before waarata aámiikáaka (n.) sɨɨ́kaaja yesterday’s (adj.) aamikaákaana yawn (i.v.) ánaanɨ́ɨni yet (adv.) atiíyaa, atiíyaajaa (n.) amariyaana, amáriyaana year you (plural) (pro.) kina=, kináaja (t.v.) years old, be míini you (plural) only (pro.) kinaárika (i.v.) yell ruruukúuni you (singular) (pro.) kia=, kiáaja

632 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary you (singular) only yuquilla, creeper species

you (singular) only (pro.) kiaárika you (singular, respectful) (pro.) kina=, kináaja you (singular, respectful) only (pro.) kinaárika “you know?” (giving news) (interj.) nakusii young man (n.) pɨɨta maníini young man (vocative, affectionate) (n.) ikwaniikáani young woman (n.) pɨɨta kitáaka young woman (vocative, affectionate) (n.) mɨɨsájiikáani younger brother (n.) niwájiina younger sister (n.) niwájiiti your (plural) (pro.) kina= your (singular) (pro.) kia= your (singular, respectful) (pro.) kina= youth (female) (n.) kitáaka youth (male) (n.) maníini Y-shaped object, make (i.v.) jikutíini Y-shaped support, place (t.v.) jikutíini Y-shaped, be (t.v.) jikútiitáani yuca de bocón, manioc variety (n.) pirujákana yuca de título, manioc variety (n.) siiturúkana yuca garden (loc.n.) asúrakajina yuca, plant species (n.) asúraaja yulilla-type fish, species of (n.) purútaari yupurina, fish species (n.) kamámani yuquilla, creeper species (n.) yuukíiya

Iquito–English Dictionary ǀ 633 zúngaro-type fish, species of

zapatero, fish species (n.) tanajɨɨ́taari zapotillo, tree species (n.) tipáaku zarza, creeper species (n.) jimákaayɨ Zebrilus undulatus, bird species (n.) aaka siaákaaja zigzag (shape) (adj.) riwasikútina Zigzag Heron, bird species (n.) aaka siaákaaja Zingiber officinale, plant species (n.) anari zúngaro negro, fish species (n.) mɨɨ́nana amáriiki, sapatiki zúngaro torres, fish species (n.) tuúrisɨɨja zúngaro, type of catfish (n.) amariiki zúngaro-type fish, species of (n.) isuuki, kaaji ámaaka, samúkwaamɨ, siwánaka, siwánaaja, tuúrisɨɨja, túuwa

634 ǀ Iquito–English Dictionary

In preparing defnitions for this dictionary, it proved advantageous to avail ourselves of certain commonly-used terms in Loretano Spanish, the variety of Spanish used in the of Loreto, where the research that resulted in this dictionary was carried out. These terms refer either to classes of life-forms specifc to the Amazonian context, or to aspects of material culture and social practices that are widespread in Peruvian Amazonia. By using these Loretano Spanish terms here, we were able avoid repetition of explanations of certain key concepts that recur in the defnitions of Iquito lexemes. It should be noted that even within Loreto there is some variation in the precise meanings of the terms we document here. In this glossary, we focus on the meanings that these terms have in the Iquito community of San Antonio de Pintuyacu.

Loretano Spanish Glossary | 637 aguajal A grove of Of Indigenous Amazonian origin, palms; are typically this beverage plays a focal role in swampy areas, and may extend for the shamanic practices of many kilometers. can be Indigenous groups. Long ago it important hunting sites, as animals became central to Peruvian are drawn to fallen fruits Amazonian mestizo when they are in season. as well, and in recent years, it has aguaje Mauritia fexuosa,a become the focus of a booming species of palm prized for its fruits; tourist industry in certain parts of its roughly egg-sized ovoid fruits Peruvian Amazonia. are covered with a tight layer of barbasco Term referring to small scales, below which lies a Lonchocarpus nicou and especially layer of tangy, oily, orange fesh, to the roots of this plant, which several millimeters thick, which in contain rotenone, a chemical turn surrounds a large seed. compound used for fshing. The fruits are a favorite snack in many small-scale use of involves rural Amazonian communities, and harvesting the roots, and then are also harvested commercially for pounding and pulping them, which consumption in larger Amazonian releases a white fuid that is rinsed towns and cities, including as an into bodies of water such as creeks ingredient for drinks and ice cream. and oxbow lakes. The rotenone contained in the fuid inhibits the aguardiente Also commonly ability of fsh’s gills to absorb known as , a distilled oxygen, with the sufocated fsh sugarcane-based alcohol – becoming largely immobilized, and efectively an un-aged white rum foating to the surface of the water, with a relatively high proportion of where they can be collected residual sugars. relatively easily. ahuihua Caterpillar, especially bijao Term used for various edible types lacking stinging hairs. plants of the genus Heliconia that añashua Term for a number of have long, broad, and quite tough species of pike cichlids, fsh of the glossy leaves. These leaves are used genus Crencichla. These predatory in many communities in rural fsh have long, slender bodies, a Peruvian Amazonia to wrap food long dorsal fn running along most for transport, or to cook it, in the of the back, and a short, fan-like form of ; they are also tail. used to seal the tops of cooking ayahuasca A hallucinogenic pots to steam food. beverage whose principal bujurqui Term used for a large ingredients include the number of chichlid species, (Banisteriopsis caapi) vine and medium-sized fshes of the family (Psychotria spp.) leaves. Cichlidae, characterized by laterally

638 | Iquito – English Dictionary compressed, slender bodies, with Indigenous peoples for both its broad profles. edible fruits and the fber that can carachama General term for be extracted from its . The catfshes of the family Loricariidae, fber can be spun into a durable notable for their scales, which cord that is used to weave net bags appear to form a hard exoskeleton and hammocks; the cord can itself and give them an armored, be spun into heavier rope. antediluvian appearance. champal Term for an interior carahuasca Term for a class of forest habitat type typically found trees that grow in a variety of in fat, elevated areas with sandy habitats, but especially in cleared soils, which drain quickly after areas that are reverting to forest. rains, and in which dry leaves form They distinguishable by their bark, a layer 25-50cm deep, suppressing which can easily be peeled of in undergrowth. strips and used as tumplines. chimicua General term for cashorro General term for trees of the genus Pseudolmedia, predatory fsh of the genus noted for their sweet fruits. Acestrorhyncus, characterized by cocha A lake, typically an their long, tapered snouts, and their oxbow lake; are important long, sharp teeth. fshing sites. chacra Swidden garden; a cogollo The tender and cultivated area, typically on the immature buds of palm fronds as order of a hectare in size, which has they emerge from the top of a palm been prepared by felling and trunk. The of the burning the undergrowth and trees palm is important to many of an area of forest. are Indigenous communities as a source typically planted with a mixture of of fber that is spun into durable crops, including manioc, plantains, cord. and corn, as well as minor cultigens cotolo General term for a such as pineapples, peppers, and number of catfshes of the family .A is normally Pimelodidae, notable for their productive for two to three years, somewhat fattened head, their soft, after which point undergrowth often slime-covered, skin, and their returns and it becomes a , as dull, often gray, color. These it reverts to forest. catfshes are also sometimes called chacruna Plants of the genus . Psychotria, whose leaves are a key crisneja A pre-fabricated panel ingredient in . of palm leaf roof thatch. In Iquito chambira Astrocaryum territory, these are made using a chambira, a species of palm of great of palm wood (typically, importance to Amazonian ), some 2-3cm wide and 2-3m

Loretano Spanish Glossary | 639 in length, to which are attached principally made from sweet leaves of palm. The stems of manioc, using a water-soaking the leaves are tied to the technique. Following this , one next to the other, with a technique, tubers of manioc are separation of some 1.5-2cm, and peeled and placed in a permeable the broad parts of the leaves are sack, which is then immersed in interleaved together on one side so water (often a conveniently located as to create a solid rectangular creek), where the manioc is allowed piece of thatch with the along to decompose slightly over a week one edge. or two. Having been softened by the decomposition process, the cumala General term for trees tubers are then mashed, and the of the genus Virola. water is squeezed from them using cunchi (also cunche) General a press. Once sufciently dry, the term for numerous catfshes of the resulting mash is stirred and genera Pimelodus and Pimelodella, toasted on a wide pan, resulting in which tend to be shorter than 25cm a meal consisting of small hard in length, with long barbels, and a pellets. This type of bears the tall dorsal fn located near the head. name when cutipar 1. A form of magical necessary to distinguish it from efect, often a sympathetic magical made by grating fresh efect, by which a plant or animal manioc, which is the common produces a negative efect in a technique in parts of Amazonia human, such as illness or where bitter manioc is grown. deformation, due to some action on irapay General term for a the human’s part, ranging from number of palm species of the speaking ill of the plant or animal, genus Lepidocaryum; these palms to failing to follow dietary are typically less than two meters in restrictions associated with the stature, and in Loreto their leaves consumption of the plant or animal, are commonly harvested to weave or even simply seeing the plant or . animal when the human is in some isula (also izula) General term vulnerable state, such as pregnancy. for ants of the genera Dinoponera 2. In the context of festivities where and Paraponera; these large a person is serving a beverage, predatory ants that normally forage especially , to a group of alone, and are notorious for their guests, the insistence of a guest that extremely painful stings. the person serving the beverage jicra A type of mesh shoulder drink some of the beverage that bag traditionally woven by many they are serving. Indigenous peoples in Peruvian fariña Toasted manioc meal; in Amazonia. Woven out of Peruvian Amazonia, is cord, the body of the bag is

640 | Iquito – English Dictionary typically some 20-30cm square in embody the essence of a place or width and height, and due to the species, and typically protect it mesh nature of the weave, can from intruders or threats. expand to a similar depth. masato A manioc-based beer General term for fshes of lisa with a low alcohol content, the genera Schizodon, Laemolyta, traditionally made by many and Leporinus, which are highly Indigenous peoples in Peruvian prized as a food source by the Amazonia, and adopted by mestizo Iquitos of the Pintuyacu River settlers in the region. Traditionally, basin. Ranging from 15-40 cm in it is made by boiling and mashing length, these fshes are manioc, and chewing a portion of characterized by a distinctive body the mash to introduce amylase via shape: somewhat long in saliva, which speeds the conversion comparison to their diameter, with of complex carbohydrates into the head and snout tapering to a sugar. It is also common to add blunt point and rear of the body grated sweet potato or sprouted likewise tapering towards the tail, corn sprouts as a source of sugar. which is often forked. Generally The resulting mash is left to silvery in color, members of genera ferment for several days, after Schizodon and Leporinus often have which is is strained and diluted one or several transverse stripe-like with water, yielding a tangy, markings on their sides, while those creamy, white beverage. of the genus Laemolyta often exhibit a longitudinal one. minga A form of work party macana General term for common in rural Peruvian Neotropical knifefshes or Amazonia, where a host invites Gymnotiformes, a group of slender friends and neighbors over for food fsh whose bodies taper to a point and drink, and in return the guests at the tail, and have a single long help the host with a labor-intensive fn on their underside, which they task, typically of an agricultural use to propel themselves. nature, such as clearing or planting a new garden. It is common for machimango General term for to be abundant at , a number of tree species of the with the result that the hard work genus Eschweilera, many of which of the minga is carried out in a have large, distinctively shaped cheerful and friendly atmosphere. fruits that produce seeds eaten by animals, though not humans. moena Term for numerous madre lit. ‘mother’, a spirit or trees of the family Lauraceae, supernatural being associated with generally characterized by the a species of plant or animal, or with pleasant spicy fragrances of their a place. are understood to wood.

Loretano Spanish Glossary | 641 mojarra General term used for used leaves, but a number of other smaller species (normally 15cm or leaves, including some types of less) of the family Cichlidae, palm, may be used for the typically used when no more distinctive favor they impart. specifc name obtains. patiquina Term for a number novia Term for a number of of plants of the genus Diefenbachia; species of driftwood catfshes, the herbaceous plants reach some catfshes of the family 30cm in height and have Auchenipteridae. These catfsh are heart-shaped leaves, edged in green notable for their particularly fat with red or pale centers. The corms heads, and for having both a sharp of these plants are considered spine in the dorsal fn right behind poisonous, and were traditionally the head, and serrated spurs near used for a number of medicinal and their pectoral fns. magical practices. palometa Term for fsh of the patrón A social role that family Characidae, especially became prominent in Peruvian smaller species of the genera Amazonia in the late 19th-century Mylossoma and Myleus. These in the context of economic relations resemble , but their body between Indigenous peoples and shape is more circular in profle, mestizos, particularly as part of the and they tend to lack the - system. In this system, underslung jaw of . maintained economic paña General term for piranhas, monopolies over geographical areas fsh of the genus Characidae, and over the Indigenous peoples especially smaller species of the living in them, sometimes using genera Serrasalmus and Pygocentrus. brutal force against the Indigenous people in question. traded parinari General term for trees manufactured goods, such as metal of the genus Licania, notable for tools, soap, and clothing, with the producing fruits eaten by both Indigenous people over whom they humans and animals. had a monopoly, for forest products patarashca A sealed bundle of collected and processed by their leaf-wrapped food, which serves Indigenous . The products in both as a container and a way to question depended on the economic cook the food. A is vagaries of the market at various cooked by placing it near a fre or times, and what forest products live coals, either on a grill over the were available, but the - fame source, or nestled by the fre. system was initially driven by are principally eforts to extract natural rubber employed to cook fsh, but a variety () from rainforest areas. On of other foods are cooked in them as the basis of the monopoly they well. are the most commonly maintained, traded at

642 | Iquito – English Dictionary rates hugely disadvantageous to the an important part of the diet of Indigenous people with whom they Amazonian peoples during the worked. months they are in season. In Iquito peke peke A type of boat territory, these somewhat ovoid motor in common use throughout fruits measure 5-8 cm diameter, Peruvian Amazonia, which consists and they have a dense and mealy of a 2-stroke air-cooled motor of fesh surrounding a small hard 5.5-16 horsepower, to which is seed. The dark wood of its attached a shaft some 2 meters in spine-covered trunk is especially length, to the end of which is tough, strong, and heavy, and mounted a small propeller. The traditionally served to make bows, body of the motor is mounted near spears and other implements. the rear end of the boat on a gimbal piripiri A term used in that allows the shaft to pivot from Peruvian Amazonia for certain side to side, permitting the motorist types of plants, generally of the to steer the boat, and to be freely genus Cyperus, whose roots are said lowered into, or raised out of, the to have medicinal or magical water, making it possible to avoid powers, such as the ability to confer obstacles in the water. hunting luck on its users. peón A person, typically an Indigenous person, working under a pona (also cashapona) (see above). Socratea exorrhiza, or Walking generally worked for manufactured Palm; a palm with stilt roots whose goods, such as metal tools and wood was traditionally used in clothing, and were often paid at house construction. The spiny stilt rates that kept them more or less roots also served as graters for permanently in debt to the manioc and sweet potato. for whom they worked. This A that is no perpetual debt, combined with the purma longer being maintained, so that fact that servitude to was undergrowth has returned, maintained through a combination gradually choking out any of physical violence and coercion remaining cultigens as it reverts to by government and church ofcials, forest. lead Iquito elders refer to the time during which they worked as rebeco General term for a as ‘slavery’. variety of fsh species of the family pijuayo (also pifayo) Bactris Doradidae, a class of small catfshes gasipaes or Peach Palm, a palm that tend to measure 10-15cm in traditionally of great importance to length and have sharp spurs near many Amazonian Indigenous their pectoral fns. When handled, peoples for both its wood and its some produce a white oily, savory fruits, which can form liquid from glands near their gills,

Loretano Spanish Glossary | 643 while some species produce typically extracted by cutting away squeaking sounds. the surrounding softer wood, restinga An area that is leaving a post-shaped core of dense, elevated with respect to the hard wood. surrounding land and remains shuyo General term for a above the water level when the variety of fshes of the genera lower-lying surrounding area foods Erythrinus and Hoplerythrinus,a during the wet season, turning it group of predatory fshes with into an island. These areas are tubular bodies, reminiscent of important as destinations for . hunting trips during the wet season, suri Term for the grubs of a as terrestrial animals often number of species of beetles that withdraw to them when the mainly lay their eggs in the trunks surrounding areas food, making of certain species of palms, but in them easier to fnd. some cases, also in the seeds of ripa A lath of palm wood, certain palm fruits. These plump which traditionally has two main grubs, ranging from 3-10cm in uses. First, they are used as building length, are prized both by material for walls, being placed Amazonian Indigenous peoples and vertically, one next to another, and by settlers in Peruvian Amazonia tied to horizontal wall supports; for for the creamy fat that flls their this use, the laths are generally bodies. 5-10cm in width and some 2m in tahuampa An area of length. Second, they serve as the inundated forest; these are item to which palm leaves are tied low-lying areas that food at the in the manufacture of ; for height of the wet season, at which this use, they are generally 2-3cm time they become important areas in width, and 2-3m in length. for fshing, as fsh are drawn to sachapapa Dioscorea trifda,a them to forage on plant matter to creeper species that produces an which they now have access. edible starchy potato-like tuber. tamshi (also tamishi) Term for shimbillo General term for a certain lianas of the genus number of Inga sp. tree species Heteropsis that are quite strong and which produce fruits in the form of fexible; they are used in house long bean-like pods, many of which construction to bind together large are valued for the sweet fesh timbers, such as roof poles. surrounding their seeds. tangarana General term for shungo The dense, hard trees of the genus Triplaris, which heartwood of certain tree species. tend to grow near bodies of water, Valued as house posts and similar especially in successional habitats. types of supports, are The have broad leaves and hollow

644 | Iquito – English Dictionary trunks that are often inhabited by zúngaro (also súngaro) colonies of ants which attack General term in Peruvian Amazonia anyone who disturbs the tree. for large catfshes of the family Pimelodidae, especially those of the ungurahui Jessenia bataua, genera Pseudoplatystoma and species of palm valued for its dark Brachyplatystoma. purplish fruits; roughly the shape of olives, these fruits measure some 7cm long, and have a thin brittle shell below which lies a thin layer of purplish, oily fesh, which in turn surrounds a large seed. varillal A forest habitat type encountered in areas where the soil consists principally of white sand. These nutrient-poor areas produce forests of slender, straight, and not very tall trees, and are home to particular species of plants and animals. Many of the trees growing in such areas are ideal for the upper timbers used in the construction of houses in rural Peruvian Amazonian communities, and are even harvested for commercial sale. yuca Manihot esculenta, also known in English as ‘manioc’ and ‘cassava’. One of the primary cultigens of Indigenous Amazonian peoples, as well as settlers in the region, which produces large carbohydrate-rich tubers; these tubers are cooked in a variety of ways for eating, as well as constituting the principal ingredient of . It merits mention that this word is often misspelled in English as , a term that is instead properly applied to plants of the unrelated genus Yucca.

Loretano Spanish Glossary | 645