Book to the Future

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Booʞ Ƚo Ƚʜɘ FuȽuɿɘ ¶ ɒ mɒnifɘƧȽo forbook libɘɿɒȽion

https://research.consortium.io Hybrid PublishingConsortium Openedin1998, thedevastation causedbyfiftyyearsofoversightof theworkofOtletandLaFontaine. LeMondeMagazine 19December2009 Booʞ Ƚo Ƚʜɘ FuȽuɿɘ

ɒ mɒnifɘƧȽo for booklibɘɿɒȽion Text(x) Anti-copyrightSimonWorthington CreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlike3.0Germany (CCBY-SA3.0DE) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/deed.en Legend: Thisdeedisusedintheabsenceofanintellectualproperty frameworkthatrepresentstheauthorsrespectivepositiononcopyright. Allimages©Copyrighttheauthors DesignedbyLoraine Furter PublishedbySimonWorthington, HybridPublishingConsortium http://consortium.io PrintISBN: 9781906496364| eBookISBN: 9781906496371

Trialmediareferencingsysteminuse. TheHPCisusingtheGithub implementationofSecureHashAlgorithm(SHA)versionnumber, with theadditionofafurthermediaspecificidentifier. Forthisbook publicationitisthefirsteditionprintpagenumber. Forothermediatypes theidentifiercouldbeamediaspecificidentifier, forexampleatimecode forthecaseofaudioorvideopublications. TheHPCconsidersthistrial citationidentifierasanemergentde facto standard. Thehistorical precedentbeinginthecommentariesonPlatofollowingthe1578 Stephanusreferencesconventionofcitation. See: http://plato-dialogues.org/faq/faq007.htmandinvisualform http://plato-dialogues.org/stephanus.htm

SHA: 53ebf37188325b0787570d6bf74dc7dc9deec643 Anexamplereferenceforthispageis53ebf371882 https://github.com/consortium/hybrid-publishing- research/blob/master/dist/docs/book_liberation_manifesto/Book_Libe ration_Manifesto TABLEOFCONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION 5 2. BROKEN WORKFLOWS 7 3.THEPOORBOOK 11 4.THEUNBOUNDBOOK 15 5.DESIGNINGTHEBOOKOFTHEFUTURE 23 6.INFRASTRUCTURE 27 7. THE PLAN 31 8.OURRESEARCH 33 9.CONCLUSION 39

REFERENCES 42 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 44

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1.INTRODUCTION TheHybridPublishingConsortium(HPC)isaresearchnetwork whichispartoftheHybridPublishingLabandworkstosupport OpenSourcesoftwareinfrastructures. TheHPCwishestopresent practicalsolutionstotheproblemswiththecurrentstageofthe evolutionofthebook. TheHPCseesaglaringnecessityfornew typesofpublications, bookswhichareenhancedwithinterfaces inordertotakeadvantageofcomputationanddigitalnetworks. Theinitialsectionsofthismanifestowilloutlinethecurrent problemswiththedigitaldevelopmentofthebook, with referencetostagesinitshistoricalevolution. Wewillthengoon topresentaframeworkfordealingwiththeproblemsinthelater sections. NowthattherearefloodsofOpenAccesscontentforusers tosortthrough, thebookmustdeveloptotakeonfreshinterface designchallenges–forimprovingreading, butalsotosupporta widerangeofcommunities. Thelatterincludeart, design, museumsandtheDigitalHumanitiesgroups, forallofwhom video, audio, hyper-images, code, text, simulationsandgame sequencesareneeded. HPC’sviewisthatcurrenttechnologyprovisionsin publishingarecostly, inefficientandneedastep-upinR&D. Tosupporttechnical, opensourceinfrastructuresforpublishing wehaveidentifiedthe‘PlatformIndependentDocumentType’ askey. Ourobjectiveistocontributetotheworking implementationofanopenstandardsbasedandtransmedia structureddocumentformulti-formatpublishing. With structureddocumentsandaccompanyingsystemspublishers canlowercosts, increaserevenuesandsupportinnovation. HPCisaboutbuildingpublicopensourcesoftware infrastructuresforpublishingtosupportthefree-flowof knowledge–akabookliberation. Ourmissionstatementis: ‘Everypublication, in auniversalformat, available forfree in real-time.’ ThisisourreworkingofAmazon’smissionstatementforits

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Kindle product: ‘Everybookeverprinted, in anylanguage, allavailable in lessthan 60 seconds.’ Currentlydigitalpublishingisdeadinthewaterbecausefor digitalmulti-formatpublicationsprohibitiveamountsoftime andcostsareneededforrightsclearance: thepermissions requiredforeachnewformat, thenecessarysignedcontractsetc. Sosomethinghastogive. Forthescholarlycommunity, Open Accessacademicpublishinghasfixedtheseproblemswithopen licences, butotherpublishingsectorsoutsideofacademia remainfrozenbyrestrictivelicensingdesignedforprintmedia. Oureffortsinbuildingtechnicalinfrastructureswillbe wastedifcontentcontinuestobelockedin, andthisiswhere HPC’sissuebecomesasmuchapoliticalasatechnicalproblem. Openintellectualpropertylicences, suchasCreativeCommons, arenotenoughontheirown. Somethingelseisneededifwewant tosupportthefreeflowofknowledge: awaytofinancially supportthepublishersandthechainofskilledworkerswhoare involvedinpublicationproductions. Thiscanbeeitherbyaform ofmarketmetricsorbyfaircollectionsandredistribution methods, withthelatterinvolvingalittlelessfussingaroundthan somemarketmeasurement. OpenAccesshasmeantpublishers arestillpaid; itissimplythatthepointofpaymenthasmoved awayfromthereadertoanotherpointinthepublishingprocess, wherethefreeflowofknowledgeisnothampered.

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2. BROKEN WORKFLOWS Publishingisthelargestcreativeindustryintermsofrevenue. Forexample, intheEUthereare64,000publisherswithtotal annualrevenuesof23€billion. 1 Thetop20%ofpublishers generate80%oftherevenueswhich, ifEUfiguresaretakenasa guide, meanstheyareslicingoffacool18€billionannually. In theEUwealthierpublisherscanafforddigitalworkflowsystems whichareprohibitivelyexpensiveforothers, startingat100,000 europerannuminend-to-endcosts. The51,000publisherswho makeupbottom80%, withaveragerevenuesoflessthanthree millioneuro, getbywithvarioushandcrankedcustomsolutions. Itisthesesmallerpublishersandalltheselfpublishers, authors andinstitutionsthatweneedtohelp. Ahighenddigitalpublishingsysteminvolvesworkflow integrationanddynamicpublishingfeatures: multi-format publishing; standardisedmarkup; rightsmanagement; asset management; readingmetrics; automateddistribution; metadatamanagement; revisioning; documentmanagement; andpaymentsystems, etc. Itisnotablethathighend publishingsystemscontinuetorelyformanyofthese processesonoffshoredcheaplabor. Takeonepartoftheworkflow, multi-formatdigital publishing, whichinvolvespublishingtoeBook, HTML, PDF, AppandXMLorothermarkup. Eachoftheseformatshastobe ‘PublicationReadyOutput’foreachdistributionchannel, which involvesmorethanmerelymakingtheappropriatefiletypeper format. Wecanseethattheproblemsherearemulti-format designlayoutsandrevisioning. Currentlyatypicalpublisher woulduseatoolchainmostlikelycomprisingMicrosoftWord andAdobeCreativeSuite, neitherofwhicharecapableofmaking layoutdesignsandhandlingrevisionsformulti-formatinany practicalorefficientmanner. Inthisconventionalscenariothe workflowforeachformatrequiresaseparateworkflowfor layoutdesign, addinganewcostoverheadforeachformat. And thenonthesideofrevisioning, forexampleaddinglastminute

7 BOOʞ ȽO Ƚʜɘ FUȽUɿɘ edits, thecurrenttoolchain, again, involveseachformatbeinga separateworkflow, sothatupdatingasimpletypomeansediting fourorfivedifferentfiles, whichaddscostsanddriveseditors crazy. Thesetwofactorsalone–outofmanymore–makethe digitalpublishingworkflowuneconomicandunviableforthe publisher. Thenetresultisthatpublishersmissoutonrevenues andfinditnearlyimpossibletoentertainthoughtsofinnovating theirprocessesorproductlines. Therearemanynewonlineserviceswithbetterandmore integratedworkflows, buttheyneedmoresupportintermsof developmenttoreachmaturitybeforepublishersswitch systems. Theriskstothepublishersofthesenewservicesisthey willclosedown, duetoinsufficientlyrobusttechnology, or becauseofotherproblems, whichmeanstheyarenotviablefor anindustrywithhardandfixeddeadlines. Itisnotsolelykeyapplicationsthatarelettingpublishers down, itisalsostandardsandtechnologies. Itremainsthecase thatcommonstandardsfordocumentmarkupslikeHTMLand EPUBcannotproperlycopewithbasicpublicationcomponents, includingfootnotes, stylinginrunningheaders, paginationand annotation. Infrastructuraltechnologiesarealsounavailableas publicservicesforreusebyindividualsorbusinesses: examples includepublicwebsearchengineindexes, costfree micropaymentandOpticalCharacterRecognition. Eachofthese areasdoesfeatureattemptsandprogrammestoaddressthe issues, butthesehaveseriousflawsorunresolvedproblems. Specifically, apublicsearchengineindexisonlyjustbeing proposedintheEUastheOpenWebIndex2 asproposedbyDirk LewandowskioftheHamburgUniversityofAppliedSciences, for micropaymentsBitCoinremainsunviablewhileitsvalueisso volatile, duetolackofregulationoverspeculators, whileOCR projectslikeGoogle’s‘TesseractOCR’3 involveGoogle maintainingprivacyoveritswordpatternrecognitionfor scanninginGoogleBooks.

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Neverthelesstherearemanygroupsworkingonimprovementon avarietyofareasinthetechnologytoolchainaspublic infrastructure: W3C, InternationalDigitalPublishingForum (IDPF), researchcouncilsandknowledgeinfrastructuregroups; DeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft(GermanResearch Foundation, orDFG), Jisc, foundationsand, mostimportantly, OpenSourceinitiatives(e.g., TheLibreGraphicsMeeting)and thestartupsector.

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A specimen sheet of typefaces and languages, by William Caslon I, letter founder, c. 1728. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caslon- schriftmusterblatt.jpeg

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3.THEPOORBOOK Industrypressureshaveleddigitalpublishingtocreateapoor simulacrumofthebookform–notablytheeBook, which degradesorcompletelylosesthetypographicormnemonic qualitiesofthepaperbook: pagenumber, folios, speedof browsing, typographicdetailoffontsandkerningetc. The typographic, navigationalandotherconventionsofmoveable typeprinthavebeencontributedoverthecenturiesbymany anonymousprinters, clericsandpublishers. Thebookhasnever beenafixedentitybutinsteadhasevolved, normallyacquiring improvementsintheprocess, yetinthetechnologyenvironment ofthelastfortyyearsthisprocessseemstohavebeenreversed. Lookingatthetypographiccraftandartinthesampleillustration ofmultilingualtypesettingbelow–English, Hebrew, Greekand Arabic–whichdatesfrom1728andisbytheletterfounder WilliamCaslon, itisclearthatacurrente-inkreaderwouldbe hardpushedtoequalthisleveloftypographicqualityor, more specifically, torenderthelanguageglyphsetsandtheletter spacingtoaidreading. So, oncemore, acompanylikeAmazon mighthaveamissionstatementforitsKindleproduct, ‘Every bookeverprinted, inanylanguage, allavailableinlessthan60 seconds’, butthekeyquestionsarethoseofwhattheywilllook likeandhowtheywillworkforthereader. Ifourstandpointwasthatoffourdecadesagothenthe technologycompaniesandresearchfunderscouldbeexcusedfor notaddressingtheraftofoutstandingfundamentaltechnology- designissuesconcerningpublishing, booksandreading. Unfortunatelytheseissueshavebeenpoorlyaddressedsince then, despitetheensuingtechnologicaladvances. In1974the basicsofthepersonalcomputer, tabletandnetworkingwerestill challengesonlyjustbeingovercomeintermsofprocessing power, technologiesforhighqualitydisplays, functional programminglanguages, standardisedprotocolsetc. Butthese issuesweremostlyresolvedtwentyyearsago–andwithMoore’s

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The DynaBook was first described by Kay in 1968 and then written up in a paper 1972, ‘A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages’.

12 THEPOORBOOK lawofprocessorexponentialimprovementthefutureshouldnot havebeendifficulttoplanfor. Movingonfromthebasicsofthebookandlookingat whatthebookcouldaspireto, whathappenedmorethanforty yearsagoalongsidetheinventionofthepersonalcomputerby AlanKayandtheLearningResearchGroup(LRG)atXerox PaloAltoResearchCenter(PARC), wasthecreationoftheidea oftheDynaBook(whichfirstappearedinapaperentitledA PersonalComputerforChildrenofAllAges). 4 DynaBook is shortfor‘DynamicBook’. EssentiallyKayandtheteamatLRG inventedthepersonalcomputerandtablet, whichSteveJobs thencopiedandsoldastheAppleComputerand, later, iPad. Whatfailedtohappen, andwhatAppleandothersdidn’tpick upon, wasthevisionwhichlaybehindDynabooktoenhance thebookbyunderstandinghowpeoplelearn. TheDynaBookencapsulatesanexperiencewhichismore activethanpassive, providinguswithabetter‘book’. Moreover forKaythepersonalcomputerandideasaboutwhatabookcould becomewererootedinanunderstandingofthetechnologybased aroundMcLuhanesquenotions. Kaycouldseethatindustry trendsledtocomputersbeingdesignedwithmuchoftheir contentadoptedfrompreviousmedia, themetaphorofthepage inGUIsforexamplefromprint, withnetworkedcomputers’own attributesonlyjustbeginningtobediscovered. Kay’sothercontributiontotheideaofthebookwasthe ‘ActiveEssay’, apublicationthatincludescomputationalobjects, thatis, essayscontainingtextandexecutablecodetorun simulations. Oneexampleisoutlinedin‘ActiveEssaysonthe Web’, [TakashiYamamiya, 2009 (http://www.vpri.org/pdf/tr2009002_active_essays.pdf); YamamiyahasbeenamemberoftheViewpointResearch InstitutefoundedbyAlanKay.] Thecurrentwebversionofthe ActiveEssayrunsasChalkboard (http://tinlizzie.org/chalkboard/#Home). Interestinglythetechnologiesofthelasteightyearsofa

13 BOOʞ ȽO Ƚʜɘ FUȽUɿɘ post-LAMP(Linux, Apache, MySQLandPerl)model–delivering Javascriptandreal-timebrowserupdatingandtemplate libraries, likeAngular.js, aswellastemplatelibrarieslike Bootstrap, NoSQLspeedierscalabledatabasedelivery, together withinstantclouddeployment–havemeantthattheideasofthe DynaBookandtheActiveEssaycanstarttocomeintoplay. This hasbeenaccompaniedwithachangeinpeople’sexpectations towardsdemandingdynamicinterfaceenvironments.

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4.THEUNBOUNDBOOK Transmediapublishinginapost-OpenAccesscontextwill includenewkindsofmediaandmassesofopenlicensedcontent (assumingtheblockageofrightsclearanceisremoved), with granularcontentreusemadepossiblefromOpenAccess repositories. Thishasledustore-examinetheconventional book. Tounderstandthebookandtranslateitfor computationaluse, wehavefoundthatwehavehadtoatomise it, breakingitdownintoitssmallestparts, beforerebuildinga computablerepresentation. Thismeanscreatingastructured treeofcomponentswithmetadescriptions, thatisableto integratemanyexternalandconstantlychangingdatasources. Oncethebookisbrokenapartthenthepublishing architecturethatstemsfromtheconventionsofknowledge institutionsandthedivisionsoflaborcomeunderexamination. Theyincludearchives, education, researchandlibrary. Witha freehandtorecombinemodelsfromtheseareasofknowledge management, weseethatthevisionsofthebookdevelopedinthe past, aswellasmaterialfrominformationsciencehistories, lend inspirationwhenexaminingthebasiclimitationsofcurrent Internettechnologies, HTTPandHTMLetc. currentlybeing adoptedforthedevelopmentofthedigitalbook. Thedevelopmentoftheconventionalbookhasbeenclosely accompaniedbyparallelexperimentswiththeunboundbook form, essentiallywhatbecamethelibrarycardcatalog. Inthe 2011 book‘PaperMachines’5 themediahistorianMarkus KrajewskitracesahistoryoftheEuropeanunboundbook beginningaslibraryrecordsinthesixteenthcentury, ascreated bySwisslibrarianKonradGessner, ontoLeibnizinthe seventeenthcenturyusingthescholars’cabinetofquotesand references, theontotheUSDeweyDecimalSystemofthe nineteenthcenturyandthencetotransferofthelibraryrecord keepingsystemtobusinessesasthecardindexsystemintheearly twentiethcentury. Keyfiguresthatbridgethetransitionfromthe ‘universalpapermachine’(Krajewski’sterm)tothe‘digital

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Top left: Hybrid card index in book form. (From Placcius 1689, p. 67.) Bottom left: The hook in the excerpt cabinet. (From Placcius 1689, p. 155.) Right: Leibniz 17C scholar’s cabinet of quotes and references. Excerpt cabinet. (From Placcius 1689, p. 152.) Leibniz’s method ofthe scholar’s box combines a classification system with a permanent storage facility, the cabinet. So in a waythis is similar to the use ofZotero or other citation management systems, but instead uses loose sheets of paper on hooks. The strips are hung on poles or placed into hybrid books.

17 BOOʞ ȽO Ƚʜɘ FUȽUɿɘ universalmachine’ofthecomputerareMelvilDeweyandPaul Otlet. DeweyisrenownedforhisnineteenthcenturyAmerican dreamsofuniversalaccesstoknowledge. Lesswellknownisthe workoftheBelgiumlibrarianPaulOtletintheearlytwentieth centurywithhispre-Internet, globalpaperpacketInternet–or ‘electrictelescopes’ashedescribedthem–usingtelegraphs, earlyTVandaudioradio. Thishistoryhelpsinparttodefinetheunboundbook. To gainafullerdefinitionweneedtoaddtheagentofdigital- disruptionor–accordingtothetermcoinedbyeconomistJoseph Schumpeter–of‘creativedestruction’. 6 ‘Creativedestruction’is aprocessinwhichaneweconomyemergesoutofthedestruction ofapreviousorder. Technologyinnovationistheagentofthis change, andSchumpeterdescribestheentrepreneurastheone whoexploitsit. Ironicallyitistheunboundbookanditsprodigy, thecard indexsystem, thatledtothepunchcard, theearlydatapacketof whatarenowpacketnetworks. Thepacketnetworkiswhereall mediacanbebrokendownintocommondatapacketsandsentto anydevice. Itisthistechnologythatactsastheagentofcreative destruction, thatmakesupbasicInternetandmobilenetworks, andhasmadetheconceptoftheunboundbookfinallyrealisable. Itisthescalingupofthisfunctionofpacketnetworkswhich meansthatthefundamentalsofpublishingareinflux. The innovationoftheunboundbookandthereplacementofprint booksinmanycontextsmeansthateconomicmodelscrumble, institutionsofknowledgelosetheirrelevance, andcopyright lawsbecomeunworkableandactasanimpedimentto knowledgedissemination. DeweyandOtletbothpointtoinspirationalvisionsofthe unboundbookastheknowledgecomponentsofuniversal libraries, visionswhichembodyambitionstomaketheworld’s knowledgeuniversallyavailable. Deweyismorefamous, with hismechanismoftheclassificationsystemandthecardsystem, immersedintheTayloristobsessionsofefficiency, speedand

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Top: Dewey’s scheme, displayed by The Bridge. (From Bührer and Saager 1912, p. 4.) Bottom: Dewey’s scheme, displayed by the Institut International de Bibliographie. (From Institut International de Bibliographie 1914, p. 45.)

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Top: Paul Otlet, Traité de Documentation, 1934, p.41. Bottom: Paul Otlet, 1934, vision of universal knowledge systems. http://mundaneumpaulotlet.tumblr.com/ http://www.flickriver.com/photos/marcwathieu/set s/72157623466540563/

20 THEUNBOUNDBOOK economiesofscale. Otletwaslosttoobscurityinthechaosof WorldWarTwo, buthadimaginedandbuiltelaborateindexcard knowledgesystem, againasavisionofthegloballibrary. Otlet hasonlyrecentlybeenre-discovered, forexampleinthebookby AlexWright‘CatalogingtheWorld: PaulOtletandtheBirthofthe InformationAge’, 2014. 7

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5.DESIGNINGTHEBOOK OFTHEFUTURE Ifwethinkaboutnewscreeninterfacesforpublications, wecan startbyconsideringthereadersandhowtohelpthemread: to assistthemtoremember, explore, experience, gloss, browse, reuseandrewrite. Wecanenhancewhattheymayhavealready learnedtodowithpaperbooks. Thenewinterface, supportedby real-timeavailableopenIPRcontent, canhavereferencesinline, withfullcopiesofanypublicationmentioned, aswellas highlightingofthesectionsthereaderisinterestedin. Infact, any mediacitedorreferencedshouldbeavailableinfullfor transmediapublication, beitagamesequence, anexacttime stampedpointinavideoclip,ascalable3Dmodel,adata calculationorasimulation, etc. Torecap, themosthighprofileimpedimenttothe transmediapublicationhasbeencopyright. IntheOpenAccess modelthereisnoneedtoclearrights, becauseithasalreadybeen doneviaanopenlicence. Untilthishappensmoregenerally transmediapublicationswillremainanon-starter. Aswellas abolishingrightsclearancethepointofpaymentmustmoveup thevaluechain. Thetwootherhurdlestothetransmediapublicationare, first, readerexpectationsand, second, technology. Bothhave turnedaroundonehundredandeightdegreessincetheadventof theprecursorsinthejourneyofthedigitalpublication, Hypertext andMultimedia,whichappearedinthe1980sand1990s respectively. Nowusersexpectreal-timeupdatinginterfacesand aredisappointedwhenwhentheyareabsent. Technologiesfor interfacesnowhaveJavascriptforrichinteractivity, design frameworksaretemplated, andstandardsallowforsystem mediatransferandcommunicationautomaticallyvia ApplicationProgrammeInterfaces(APIs). Ifwearethinkingaboutthenewpublicationdesign, the readerasreceiverorconsumerisonlyoneroletoconsider. We mustalsoexaminemanyoftheotherrolesinthelifecycleofa publication: thelibrarian, writer, designer, editor, tutoretc.

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Asanexampleintheareaofthewriterandeditor, real-time collaborativetexteditors–GDocs, FidusWriter, Etherpad, Ethertoff–changetheskillsetoftheuser, changetheinterfaceof thepublicationfromreadonlytoread/write, andsointervenein theintimacyoftheactofauthoring. AsKennethGoldsmith exploredinhisbookUncreative Writing8, inthispublication lifecyclethereisalsotheroleofmachinicwritingand interventionstoconsider. Intheexampleofreal-time collaborativetextsthekeyalgorithmiscalledOperational Transformation, 9 essentiallystoringallpossibleedits, incase theyneedtoberetrievedbyoneofthecollaborators. Forourpurposesofdesigninginterfacesfornewtypesof publicationswegroupsuchsemi-automatedcomputational processesinthedigitalworkflowundertheumbrellaterm ‘DynamicPublishing’; theyinclude: layout, multi-format conversion, distribution, rightsmanagement, filetransfer, translationworkflows, documentupdates, paymentsand readingmetricsetc. Ouraimistoexploretheseprocessesin rethinkingthepublicationinterface. AspartofDynamicPublishingandthenetworked publication, privacyhastobeaddressedasafundamentalright ofthereader. Atthesametime, trackingandthereading equivalentofthe‘socialgraph’arequalitiesthatareveryuseful. Nevertheless, privacyneedstobeaddressedtechnicallyand politically. Firstly, metricsdataneededfora‘readinggraph’must beanonymized. Secondly, accessmustbeallowedtothemissing matrixofuncreativepublishing: theBigDataofreading analytics, incorporatingtheNgramofreadingpatterns.

BOOʞ ȽO Ƚʜɘ FUȽUɿɘ

Major categories in the publishing infrastucture.

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6.INFRASTRUCTURE TheobjectiveoftheHybridPublishingConsortiumisto supportOpenSourcepublicinfrastructuresfortransmedia, multi-format, publishing. Thismeansusingstructured documentarchitecturestooutputpublicationformatssuchas EPUB,HTML5,ODT,DOCX,screenPDFandPDFforprint-on- demand etc. Allofthiscanbeachievedbyconnectingexistingplatforms andsupportingdevelopmentcommunitieswithexpertise, resources, aknowledgenetworkandbybuildingnew componentsiftheyaremissing. Ourapproachisformatagnostic, soplatformscanuseXML, HTML, Markdown, ODTetc. fordocumentmarkupbecausewe wouldsupportanAPIforinteroperability, solongastheformats supporttherequiredfeaturesforwhatwecall‘PublicationReady Outputs’ (PROs). APROismadeupofacombinationoffiletype specifications, metadatarequirementsforthedistribution channel, aswellas‘styleguides’foreditorsanddesignersfor creatingspecificpublicationcomponentsformulti-format publishing. Thelatterincludesitemssuchastablesofcontents, andfrontcoverandbackcovertexts. APROprofileisneededfor eachoutputformatbecauseoneformatwillnotautomatically translatetoanotherformat, e.g. aprintbooktoEPUB. FundamentaltothisisdefinitionofaSingleSourcefile, which willactasamasteruniversaldocumentandalsoacontainerfor multiplesourcesofexternaldata, forexampledifferentimage sizesfromanexternalsourceforresponsivewebdesign, or externalmetadata, suchasbibliographiccitationsorbooktrade metadataforpublishingpurposes. Howeverthistechnologystackisnowbeingsupersededby javascripttechnologiescreatingvirtualmachines, including itemssuchasNode.js, unstructureddatabaseslikeMongoDB1 0 andreal-timedisplaytechnologieslikeMeteor. Theresultisa smootherGUIexperienceinwhichcontentfrommultiplesource

27 BOOʞ ȽO Ƚʜɘ FUȽUɿɘ isupdatedinreal-timeinthebrowser. Thisisamoveawayfrom theserver-based, clientarchitectureofLAMP. FortheOpen Accesscommunitythisisanexcitingopportunitybecauseit meanstheOpenIPRcontentrepositoriescanofferarichresource foralltypesofnewpublishingmodels, aswellasVirtualResearch Environments(VRE)forscholars. OpenSourceexamplesthat haveusedthesetechnologiescanbeseenininvestigative journalismsuchasDocumentCloud. (http://www.documentcloud.org)

MajorStagesin theWorkflow Wehaveidentifiedsixstagesinthepublishing workflow/lifecycle.

I)DocumentValidation –writing,authoringand structuring Validationisrequiredtocreatethestructureddocuments. An interactivefeedbackGUIisneededtogaintheauthors’helpto makestructuringdecisionsthatthevalidationalgorithmcannot takeonitsown. Theseinvolvethevalidationruleset, structure andsemanticinformation: Documentlayoute.g. headers, bold etc; Documentstructuree.g. pagination, chapteretc; and Metadatafieldsandstandardsforthedocument. Anexternal documenteditingsystemwillbeabletohaveourrulesetapplied toitsdocuments, viaanAPI.

II)DocumentEditing– text,citations,metadata, imagesandmedia Addingmorecomponentstothedocumentontopofthetext document’slinearstringoftextmeansthatweneedtobeableto separateoutthesecomponents, createaschemefortheirstorage, andallowaccesstoexternaldataandmediasources. External sourceswouldbecitationsfromZotero, aswellasmetadatafrom librarysystemandarchiverepositoriessuchasPandora. Additionally, revisioningissuesareimportanthere.

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III)AssetStorage– revisioning, metadescription Thepublicationassetmanagementcomponentofthetechnology stackwilluseaNoSQLbasedDBinfrastructure, withmetadata frameworksMODSandVRACore4–asusedbytheTamboti metadescriptionframeworkoftheHeidelbergResearch Architecture.

IV)LayoutDesign - typesettingand templates: semi-automaticand automatic ThisinvolvestheuseofMulti-format Templates, which in turnrequiresconnectiontoContentDistributionNetworks (CDN), sothatdesignerscanauthortemplatesinsoftwareand graphicdesignlibrariestheyarefamiliarwith, likeBootstrap. In effectthismeanscreatingmodifiedbootstrapmodulesforapps, mobile, EPUBetc. Exampleswouldbeopensourceframeworks suchasPugPig(http://pugpig.com)andFamo.us(http://famo.us).

V) Publishing– multi-formattransformation, distribution and remixing Multi-format transformation meansusingourownA- machinesoftwareeco-systemformulti-formattransformation. TheendpublicationscanthenbedistributedtoPODanddigital distributorsandrepositoriesviaanumberofaggregators. The structureddocumentformatwillmakethedocumentsand publicationavailableforremixingatagranularlevel, downto specificpointsinthetextorvideoclips. Theformatisdesignedto allowawidevarietyofnewpublicationuses.

VI) Publication Collections– library,bookshop, academicand OERrepositories Firstly, thismeanssupportingthecreationofcollectionsof publications. ItwillincludeanAPIfordistributingcollection withOpenPublicationDistributionSystem(OPDS) 1 1 metadata forinclusioninothersystems. Secondly, itmeanscreatingeasyto

29 BOOʞ ȽO Ƚʜɘ FUȽUɿɘ deployreal-timewebplatformsusingMeteorandNode.jsetc. to allowpublisherstosetuptheirownlibraries, repositoriesand shops. Withthesetwosetsofframeworkoptionspublishers, editors, educatorsandlibrarianscancreatecustompackagesto fitintoexistingsystemsordeploywebplatformsifneeded.

VII)TransmediaPublishingAPI AnApplicationProgramInterface(API)isthewayinwhichour systems’modularcomponentscancommunicatewithother systemsontheinternetsecurely. Thismeansthatthe functionalityweareresearchinganddeveloping–including validation, publicationassetstructuring, templates, and collections–canbeintegratedintotheothersystemsweare connectingto.

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7. THE PLAN ItisimportanttoemphasizeisthattheHPCisnotafixedand finalisedgroupandweareonlyatthebeginningofformingthe network. Wewanttoinvitemorepeopletojoin. Theplanisfor longtermcollaborationwithanetworkofstakeholdersto supportOpenSourceinfrastructuresfortransmedia, multi- format, scholarlypublishing. Theobjectiveistoputareliable andtrustworthytoolsetinfrontofpublishers, sothatthose publishersthemselvescanthenstarttoinnovate. Thismeansa wholesalereplacementofproprietarysoftwareapplications, improvementsinOpenSourcetools, openstandardsandformats, andtheintroductionofnewinteroperablesystemswheretheydo notyetexist–forexampleformicro-payments. Wedo acknowledgethattheprocesstowardssoftwarematurityisalong one, andthatOpenSourceismerelyadesignandengineering methodologyandnotaguaranteeofquality. LibreOfficeisan exampleofsuchatoolintheinfrastructure; ithastakenmore thanfourteenyearsofworkforLibreOfficetobecomeareliable replacementforMicrosoftWord, butitisnowstablesoftware. LibreOfficeisanexampleofOpenSourcereverseengineering, of figuringouthowsomethingworksandbuildingaclone. Other projectsaremoreground-breakingandhavedifferentsetsof challenges, butagainweseethattheycanbecomemarketleaders overtime–forexampletheeBookmanagerCalibre. WerecognisethatthisdevelopmentandadoptionofOpen Sourceisapoliticalissuewhichinvolvespolicy, economicsand technology, andwhichneedsmulti-stakeholderagreementto movetechnologydevelopmentsforward. Ourplanisdividedintothreecomplementaryareasof activity: research, openlearningandventures. Theseactivities wouldbesupportedbytheformationoftwoentities, firstlyan ResearchandTechnologyOrganisations(RTO), the‘Hybrid PublishingConsortium’, withaseriesofacademicinstitutions andotherpartners, secondbyprivatecompanies, currently including‘InfomeshTechnologies’.

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Research –currentresearchfocusesonissuesinvolvedin multi-formattransformation: thecreationofastructured document; layoutdesignissues; andunderstandingtheusersand theirskillsetsinthisareaoftheworkflow. Researchwillcontinue inanumberofways: ondedicatedsoftwareprojects, eitheras collaborationsorasnetworkswithotheracademicpartners, but alsoinindustrycontextsandonventures. Ournextareasoffocus willbeoninteractivevalidationGUIforstructuredwriting, as wellasonreal-timewebGUIsandmodulartemplateddesigns. Open learning–tosupporttheOpenSourcecommunity wearedevelopinganumberofunitsdealingwithDynamic Publishing, foranopencurriculumofBachelorsandMasters courseswhichisbeingdiscussedbymembersofLibreGraphics Meeting. Thiswouldalsobeimplementedinconsultationwith TheOpenSyllabusProject(OSP)ofColumbiaUniversity. The courseswouldbedesignedtoworkwithprogrammesoftheUN WorldSummitontheInformationSociety(WSIS), OERtrack. Ventures –tosupportthelongtermsustainabilityof infrastructurecomponents, projectsneedtomovefromresearch andintoproductfocuseddevelopmentaswellassupportservice provision. Theseventureswouldbebasedonprojectsthatare developedbytheHybridPublishingConsortiumorbypartners. Additionallywewoulddevelopaseriesofregionalbusinesshubs forlocalserviceprovision, andtoactasknowledgenetworksfor technologistsanddesignerstopickupthetoolsweare supportingandruntheirownventures. Asanexamplewe havejoinedtheOpenInventionNetwork(OIN), 1 2 which is supportingLinuxdevelopersandbusinessesbybuildinga collectivelegaldefensivesolutionagainstpredatoryand restrictivePatentprotection.

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8.OURRESEARCH Wehavecombinedanumberofmethodsthatfitunderthe umbrellaofDesignResearch, allofwhichinvolveknowledge productionthroughtheprocessofmaking. Thesemethodsare: rapidprototyping; interviews; workflowandlifecyclemapping; discourseanalysis, specificallyTPINK(Technology, Power, Ideology, NormativityandCommunication); collaborative authoringofmanualsandguides; Somerville’ssoftware requirementsprocess; publicationforensics; publication prototypeproductions; OpenSourcesoftwarereleasesandopen codereview; andstakeholderconsultationsandknowledge networkcreation. Rapidprototypingallowsustotestoutdynamicpublishing opportunitiesandwaysofintegratingsoftwareintouser workflows. Ourfindingsdemonstratetheneedforatechnical toolthatletspublishers’workflowsadapteasilytothedemands ofmulti-formatpublishing. Therapidprototypingprojectsfall intotwocategories. Thefirstisinfrastructuresoftwaredesignin theareaofmulti-format, singlesourcepublishing transformationengines. Secondisaseriesofpublisher prototypes, whichmeansworkingwithpublisherstomake examplesofdigitalpublicationproductions. Ourresearchwasinitiallyoutlinedinaresearchplanin 2012. Thisrunsuntil2015andwillthenbereviewedwithnew prioritiesinordertorunforafurtherthreeyears. The2012 researchplancanbefoundhere: DynamicPublishing–NewPlatforms, NewReaders! http://www.consortium.io/research-plan

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Rapid Prototypes

Infrastructure TypeSetr –isanOpenSourcepublishingsoftware componentformulti-formatdocumentconversion. Itproduces thefollowingformatswithautomatictemplateddesignlayouts andformatconversion: EPUB3.0, HTML5, PDFandothers. Code - https://github.com/consortium/typesetr-converter Demo - https://typesetr.consortium.io A-machine –isasoftwareecologysuppliedbydifferent providerstocompletethemajorstepsinthepublishingworkflow andconnectourexistingdocumentstructuringwork. This includes: metadescriptionframeworks; layouttemplatedesigns; distributionandsales; OpenAccessandOERformatting; validationetc. http://a-machine.net

PublisherPrototypes • Merve Remix–inwhichwedigitisedMerveVerlag’s backcatalogueof150titles, andaremakingitavailableonline forremixing. http://merve.consortium.io http://www.consortium.io/merve-remix • Museums and Post-digital Publishing–with FotomuseumWinterthur, andthepublication Manifeste! In whichweexaminehowthehighqualitymuseumcataloguecan bedigitisedandtakenintoopenlearningandothercontexts. http://www.consortium.io/fotomuseum • Traces of McLuhan –aMediaSprintattheMarshall McLuhanSalon-McLuhanarchive, wherewecreatea transmediatraceofauser’sjourneythroughthearchive, using HeidelbergUniversitiesTambotiplatformandasecondarchive platformPandora. http://www.consortium.io/traces-mcluhan • Moos Verlag–wherewelooktoengageanew communitywitha1970surbanismpublishingcollection. This involvesbookscanningandre-publishingtitlesfreeonline. http://consortium.io/moos-verlag

34 OURRESEARCH http://www.librarything.de/catalog/moosbeat&tag=Urban%2BD esign

Publication Forensics Hereitisimportanttobearinmindourobjectiveofmaking softwareinfrastructuresforpublishingthatarereliable, basedon afree-flowofknowledgeusingOpenSourcemethodologies, and costeffectiveforpublishers. Therearethreecomponentstothis softwaredesignprocess: understandingtherealworldproblem, makinganimaginativeleapand, finally, apreciseweavingofthe firsttwointothematerialoftheprocessinordertoreduce ambiguitythroughaniterativerequirementsbuildingprocess. Thisiswhere‘PublicationForensics’hasemergedasapracticein ourresearch. Sofarithasguidedseveralkeyprojects. Thesehave includedimmersioninhundredsofvolumesoftheMerveVerlag backcatalogandmanuallyreconstructingscannedtextsback intoadataobjectsemanticallyresemblingabook. Alsonotable hasbeencompilingalexiconofallscholarlypublishingtypes knowninsideWikiPedia–Festschrift, Gloss, Leak, Liquidbook, TedBooketc. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Mrchristian%5CBooks%5CA_ Publication_Taxonomy

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Research Publications Wehaveestablishedapublishingprogrammeforanumberof reports, specialdossiers, ‘goodpractices’guides, manualsand referencematerials, allofwhichcanfoundonourGitHub repositoryashybridpublications. https://github.com/consortium/hybrid-publishing-research 1. APublicationTaxonomy,2014. https://github.com/consortium/publication-taxonomy 2. BookScanning&BookScanningManual,2014. http://bookscanner.consortium.io 3. Structureddocumentwritingmanualandstyleguide, 2015. 4. Workflows/lifecycles–seeexample‘periodictable’below, 2015. 5. PublicationReadyOutputs–definitionsandguidesformulti- formatpublicationoutputtargetsanddesignissues 6. Standardsguidetostructuredocumentsformulti-format publishing, 2015. 7. Technicalmapsofpublishinginfrastructuresoftwareand systems, 2015.

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Digital Publishing Periodic Table, Simon Worthington, 2012.

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9.CONCLUSION TheideaofthefreecirculationofknowledgeguidestheHPC andhelpsbindpartnerstogetherinourcollaborations. This isasuitablemomenttoreflectupontheOpenAccess(OA) movementinacademicpublishinganditsprogressinbook liberationsincetheBudapestOpenAccessInitiative(BOAI) waslaunchedin2002. 1 3 OAhassincebeenadoptedasthe norminmanyjurisdictions, butvestedinterestsarecreating confusionandpoliticaldifficulties. Asrecentlyaslastyear theNetherlandsgovernmenttookahardlinewithElsevier, bywithdrawingallpaymenttothecompanyunlessit compliedwiththegovernment’sOApolicies. Elsewhere, the UKhasoptedforsweetenerstothepublishingindustryunder theGoldOpenAccessschemeadvocatedbytheFinch Report, 1 4 underwhichresearcherspaypublishersforthe righttopublishthroughOpenAccess. Meanwhile, overinthe USElsevierpayslobbyiststotightenresearchcopyright1 5 (Lessig), whichhasleadHarvardMagazinetolabelacademia ‘TheWildWest’1 6 (HarvardMagazine) ofpublishing. Whatis importanttokeepinmindisnotthestaggeringannualprofits corporationsmakefrompublishing, althoughinthecaseof ReedElsevierthisis£826millionperannum(2013) 1 7 from academicpublishing, specifically, ScienceTechnologyand Medicine(STM)-straightoutofthepublicpurse. Thereal issueisthathumanknowledgecannotbesharedandusedto benefithumankind, becauseitisimportanttorememberthat theresultofpaymentofthisnear-1€billionannuallyisthat onlyarelativehandfulofpeoplecanreadoruseacademic publications. Movingontolookingatpublishingingeneraltoaskthe questionofhowOpenAccess(AKAbookliberation)canbe mappedontothisvariedandlargeindustryiscomplex. Inthe EUalonepublishingisthelargestcreativeindustry, withan annualturnoverintheregionof23€billion(2009). 1 8

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Afunctioningandequitableeconomyisneededtosupport ‘free-at-the-point-of-reading’and‘free-to-re-use’publishing models. Corporatecapitalismdoesnothingbutskimoffthe profitablepartsofthestackwhileimposingdistribution monopolies, toleavethebulkofpublisherstolivewiththe constantdroneof‘start-up’, ‘entrepreneurialism’and ‘disruption’, astheironlystrategiesforfindingsome imaginedandasyetunknowneconomicmodel-anever elusiveEldorado. Thesecapitalisticmantras, however thintheymightwear, stillkeepthethinkingonthese issuesconfined. TheBookLiberationManifestosuggeststwowaysforward forpublishing. Firstly, aredistributionoftheprofitsbythetop earnersofthepublishingindustrytothelowerrungsorforthose topearnerstopayforthereleaseofpublicationsintopublic circulation. Second, forOpenSourcepublishingsoftwaretobe treatedasinfrastructureandtoreceivethesamefundingthat nationalbroadcastnetworksreceive, orforittobemaintained andenhancedinthewayotherkindsofbasicinfrastructure provisionaresupported. Theresultofsuchinfrastructures providinglowcostwaysofreachingpublicsviadigitalchannels wouldbethatpublisherscouldaffordtoexperimentand innovate. IronicallyCharlesBabbage, theinventorofthefirst mechanicalcomputer, identifiedthesecapitalistictraitsand theirlimitingeffectonpublishingnearlytwocenturiesagoin 1818, inabookchapterentitled‘OnCombinationsofMasters AgainstthePublic’. 1 9 WhatBabbageshowed, viadetailed calculationsoflabourandmaterials, wasthatpublisherswere falselyinflatingthepriceofbooks, puttingthemoutofreachof thecommonpeople. Tonoone’ssurprisehisbookwasbannedby thepublishingtrade. NowthatthedescendantsofBabbage’s ‘DifferenceEngine’areatourfingertipsintheformofthe moderncomputeritistimetotakealeadfromthecomputer scientistAlan Kay:

40 CONCLUSION

‘The bestway to predictthe future is to invent it.’

Alan Kay(1971), atameetingofPARC, Palo Alto Research Center. 20

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REFERENCES 1. European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/documents/BookReportwit hcovers.pdf 2. Open Web Index http://openwebindex.eu 3. Tesseract OCR https://code.google.com/p/tesseract-ocr/ 4. A Personal Computer for Children of All Ages, Alan C. Kay, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, 1972 http://www.mprove.de/diplom/gui/kay72.html 5. Paper Machines About Cards & Catalogs, 1548-1929. 2011 by Markus Krajewski, Bauhaus University, Weimar. http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/paper-machines 6. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. 1942 by Joseph Schumpeter. http://digamo.free.fr/capisoc.pdf 7. Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age’, Alex Wright, 2014. http://www.catalogingtheworld.com 8. “Book Details : Uncreative Writing,” accessed February 4, 2015, http://cup.columbia.edu/book/uncreative- writing/9780231149907. 9. Operational Transformation algorithm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_transformation 10. About MongoDB http://www.mongodb.org 11. Open Publication Distribution System (OPDS) http://opds- spec.org/specs/ 12. Open Invention Network (OIN) http://www.openinventionnetwork.com/ 13. “Budapest Open Access Initiative” 2002 http://www.budapestopenaccessinitiative.org/read 14. Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications (aka Finch Report) http://www.researchinfonet.org/publish/finch/ 2012 UK OA policy report 15. Aaron’s Laws - Law and Justice in a Digital Age. Lawrence

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Lessig marked his appointment as Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and Leadership at Harvard Law School with a lecture titled “Aaron’s Laws: Law and Justice in a Digital Age.” The lecture honored the memory and work of Aaron Swartz, the programmer and activist who took his own life on Jan. 11, 2013 at the age of 26. A full transcript can be found here http://www.correntewire.com/transcript_lawrence_lessig_on_ aarons_laws_law_and_justice_in_a_digital_age | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9HAw1i4gOU4 16. The “Wild West” of Academic Publishing http://harvardmagazine.com/2015/01/the-wild-west-of- academic-publishing 17. Reed Elsevier (2014). 2013 Annual Report. Retrieved March 18, 2014 from http://www.reedelsevier.com/investorcentre/reports%202007/ Documents/2013/reed_elsevier_ar_2013.pdf 18. European Commission, Joint Research Centre. Institute for Prospective Technological Studies http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pages/ISG/documents/BookReportwit hcovers.pdf 19. On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. Charles Babbage (1832), Chapter XXIX - On Combinations of Masters Against the Public, pp. 258-270 https://archive.org/stream/oneconomyofmachi00babbrich#pag e/n19/mode/2up 20. “Don’t worry about what anybody else is going to do… The best way to predict the future is to invent it. Really smart people with reasonable funding can do just about anything that doesn’t violate too many of Newton’s Laws!” — Alan Kay in 1971. Inventor of Smalltalk which was the inspiration and technical basis for the MacIntosh and subsequent windowing based systems (NextStep, Microsoft Windows 3.1/95/98/NT, X- Windows, Motif, etc...). http://www.smalltalk.org/alankay.html

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ThankstomyHPCcolleagues, theHybridPublishingLab, HPC partnerorganizationsandtoPeterCartyforcopyediting. SimonWorthingtonisaresearchassociateattheHybrid PublishingLabwhichispartoftheLeuphanaUniversityof LüneburgInnovations-Inkubator.

AbouttheHybrid PublishingConsortium TheHybridPublishingConsortiumisaresearchgroupwhich supportsOpenSourcesoftwareforpublishinginfrastructures. TheHybridPublishingConsortiummodelofsoftwareis builtonuserresearchandrapidprototyping. Thearchitectural approachismodular, backendorientated, withanemphasison applicationframeworks, ISOstandardsandinteroperability betweenservicesandproviders, asopposedtocreatingstand- alonewebfacingapplications. TheHybridPublishingConsortiumisaresearchgroupof theHybridPublishingLabincollaborationwithpartnersand associates. TheHybridPublishingLabispartoftheLeuphana UniversityofLüneburgInnovations-Inkubator, financedbythe EuropeanRegionalDevelopmentFundandco-fundedbythe GermanfederalstateofLowerSaxony. Asanbusinessincubator ourresearchisconductedwithindustrypartnersandweare supportedtocreatenewstartupbusinessventures. Currently HPChasonestartupInfoMeshUGwhichisspecialisinginMLA (Museums, LibrariesandArchives)publishing.

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SOFTWARESTACK

Software A-machine Fonts SublimeText2 CharisSIL-SIL Scribus (originallyknownas Bootstrap theSummerInstitute Transpect ofLinguistics, Inc.) Calibre Work Sans Javascripts Distribution & platforms SaaS Anagram via Google Docs MutePublishing Github Metamute.org Standards formal and de A-machine - Research jure (ISO,W3C,IETF,UTRetc) Viewer HTML5 Lightningsource CSS US/UKPrinting EPUB 2.1 IngramAdvance UPUB 3.0 Catalog PDF NielsenUKPubWeb Dublin Core AmazonProSeller BICS Amazon Kindle BISG IngramSpark ISBN AppleiBooks XML Google Play SHA Issuu Standardsdefacto Github ORCHID Aaaaarg Printformat-‘A’format Archive.org ‘pocket’size OpenLibrary 178 x111mm LibraryThing

Booʞ Ƚo Ƚʜɘ FuȽuɿɘ ɒ mɒnifɘƧȽo forbooklibɘɿɒȽion

TheBookLiberationManifestoisanexplorationof publishingoutsideofcurrentcorporateconstraintsand beyondtheconfinesofbookpiracy. Webelievethat knowledgeshouldbeinfreecirculationtobenefit humankind, whichmeansanequitableandvibrant economytosupportpublishing, insteadoftheprevailing capitalisthand-me-downsystemofSisypheaneconomic sustainability. Readersandbookshavebeenforcedinto piratelibraries, whilesaleschannelshavebeen monopolisedbythebigInternetgiantswhichexact extortionatefeesfrompublishers. Wehavethreeproposals. First, publicationsshouldbefree-at-the-point-of-reading underavarietyofopenintellectualpropertyregimes. Second, theyshouldbecomefullydigital—inorderto facilitatereadyreuse, distribution, algorithmicand computationaluse. Finally, OpenSourcesoftwarefor publishingshouldbetreatedaspublicinfrastructure, withsustainedresearchandinvestment. Theresultof suchrobustinfrastructureswillmeanlowercostsfor manufacturingandfasterpublishinglifecycles, sothat publishersandpublicswillbemorereadilyabletoafford toinventnewfutures.

Hybrid PublishingConsortium https://research.consortium.io Version 53ebf37188