DOCSLIB.ORG

Status-Report-2004-Energy-End-Use

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Status-Report-2004-Energy-End-Use Status Report 2004 Energy End-use Efficiency and Electricity from Biomass, Wind and Photovoltaics and in The European Union August 2004 Authors Paolo Bertoldi Thomas Huld Niina Kautto Harald Scholz Ewan Dunlop Arnulf Jäger-Waldau Andrew Machirant Marcel Suri Editor: Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG JRC, Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Renewable Energies Unit Via Enrico Fermi 1; TP 450 I – 21020 Ispra, Italia EUR 21297 EN © 2004 European Commission LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use, which might be made of the following information. A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu.int). Pictures on front cover from let to right: 1) Source: Schüco Solar, Freiburg 2) Pix Nr.: 01221 Title: 2 Wind turbines on hillside with flowers; Credit: Gretz, Warren; acknowledge DOE/NREL 3) Pix Nr.: 04744; Title: New technology fuels high-efficiency electricity generation with biomass; Credit: Gretz, Warren; acknowledge DOE/NREL Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2004 ISBN 92-894-8193-5 Ó European Communities, 2004 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged Printed in Italy ii PREFACE The European Union is implementing challenging commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 8% in accord with the Kyoto protocol, and has established ambitious targets for renewable energies and energy end-use efficiency in its White Paper: Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy. In the past decade, renewable energy technologies have made significant progress in terms of performance, cost and reliability, thanks to vigorous research, development, demonstration and market introduction programmes at European, national and also regional level. Developments primarily rooted in environmental concerns are now penetrating all societal decision making and have led to a new, dynamic, and exponentially growing industry. Three major drivers are determining today’s socio-economic framework for the impressive renewables’ industrial and market developments. First, successful application of legally binding feed-in tariffs; secondly, liberalisation of the electricity market, and thus new possibilities for decentralisation of power generation. Third, and in the medium term, there is the undisputed need for massive re-powering the larger part of Europe’s generation capacity. This will incur generally higher electricity costs, which reflect somewhat better the real costs (incl. externalities) of all the different energy technologies. Thus a more favourable market situation for sustainable technology choices will evolve, e.g. for massive renewable power generation. While technology development has been a key driver in the progress of renewables, first examples of significant penetration would have been impossible without appropriate, supporting policies including instruments such as introduction targets, carbon taxes, elimination of non-technical barriers, internalisation of external costs of energy, and harmonisation of market rules. The efficient end-use of energy is a parallel area where modern technology, policies, better public conscience of the issues and market forces, like the utilities’ interest to exploit the potentials for avoidance of new transmission and generation capacity, have combined to achieve significant results. New integrated marketing concepts, like energy service companies, have been very successful lately, and organisationally break ground for the implementation of sharper physical efficiency concepts as well. This is of particular strategic importance for the New Member States of the EU, as the use of energy, including electricity, in these countries is still significantly less efficient than in the old Member States. The aim of this Status Report is to provide relevant, validated and independent information on renewable energy and the efficient end-use of electricity to decision makers and the public. Ispra, August 2004 Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission Joint Research Centre; Renewable Energies Unit Disclaimer We have collected up to date data and validated them to our best knowledge, but do not claim that they are a 100% complete, due to the wide range of data sources and different data collection methods. If there are discrepancies or information missing, we would appreciate if you could to send this information to us including the data source for further updates of this report. [email protected] 2 TABLE OF CONTENT Preface __________________________________________________________________ 1 Table of Content __________________________________________________________ 3 Chapter 1 Introduction (H. Scholz and A. Jäger-Waldau) ______________________________ 5 1.1 Technologies to Generate Electricity from Renewables _______________________________ 8 Chapter 2 The Political Frame in the European Union (H. Scholz, A. Machirant, P. Bertoldi and A. Jäger-Waldau) _______________________ 9 2.1 White Paper and beyond: EU strategic awakening towards a sustainable energy system ______ 9 2.2 Legislative instruments at EU-level and their Monitoring_____________________________ 21 2.3 Policy in Support of RES-E in new EU Member Countries ___________________________ 27 Chapter 3 Energy End-Use Efficiency (Paolo Bertoldi) ______________________________ 30 3.1 Electricity Consumption in the Residential Sector __________________________________ 31 3.2 Residential electricity consumption in 2003_______________________________________ 33 3.3 Tertiary Sector Electricity Consumption _________________________________________ 42 3.4 Industrial sector Electricity Consumption_________________________________________ 46 3.5 Conclusions_______________________________________________________________ 47 Chapter 4 Biomass (Niina Kautto)______________________________________________ 50 4.1 Introduction_______________________________________________________________ 50 4.2 Status of bioelectricity in the EU -25 ____________________________________________ 53 4.3 Background of the RES -E and bioenergy legislation ________________________________ 66 4.4 Bioelectricity support policies in the EU -25_______________________________________ 67 4.5 Bioelectricity economics and competitiveness _____________________________________ 72 4.6 Barriers and success factors for implementation____________________________________ 75 Chapter 5 Wind Energy (A. Jäger-Waldau) _______________________________________ 78 5.1 Resources ________________________________________________________________ 78 5.2 Market and Implementation___________________________________________________ 80 5.3 Technological Developments__________________________________________________ 83 5.4 Further Challenges _________________________________________________________ 85 Chapter 6 Photovoltaic (A. Jäger-Waldau and H. Scholz) ______________________________ 87 6.1 Introduction_______________________________________________________________ 87 6.2 Technology issues __________________________________________________________ 90 6.3 Market and Implementation in the EU ___________________________________________ 92 Chapter 7 PV electricity Potential in EU25 Member States (M. Šúri, T. Huld, E. Dunlop) __________________________________________ 97 7.1 European Solar Radiation Database_____________________________________________ 97 7.2 Potential of a 1 kWp PV Configuration __________________________________________ 97 7.3 PV Electricity in Residential Areas ____________________________________________ 102 7.4 PV Capacity Needed to Generate 1% of the National Electricity Consumption____________ 104 Chapter 8 Outlook and Conclusions (H. Scholz and A. Jäger-Waldau) ___________________ 106 8.1 Europe _________________________________________________________________ 106 8.2 Global __________________________________________________________________ 109 Acknowledgements_______________________________________________________ 111 References _____________________________________________________________ 112 Annex_________________________________________________________________ 121 Key Energy Figures ______________________________________________________ 121 Tables ________________________________________________________________ 123 3 4 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Arnulf Jäger-Waldau and Harald Scholz Between 1990 and 2000 the energy consumption in the European Union (EU15) increased by 10%, thus leading to an increase of energy imports as the Union’s own production was insufficient for its energy requirements [EC 2003]. As a result, the dependence of EU15 on external energy sources and markets has been and is still increasing, presently resulting in an import quota of about 49% (in energy units). The EC’s Green Paper on Security of Energy supply [EC 2000] anticipated, that this dependency could menace to reach over 70% over the next 20-25 years, already taking into account the enlargement of the European Union. In addition, environmental concerns are shared by a majority of the EU public nowadays. This adds to the list of weaknesses of fossil fuels and the safety worries over nuclear power including its fuel system. These concerns include individual and societal damage already caused and potentially to be expected by our current energy supply system, whether such damage is of accidental origin (oil slicks, pit disasters, nuclear accidents, methane leaks), premeditated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Recyclability Challenges in ?Abundant? Material-Based
    27th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition This is a pre-peer review version of the paper submitted to the journal Progress in Photovoltaics. It has been selected by the Executive Committee of the 27th EU PVSEC for submission to Progress in Photovoltaics. RECYCLABILITY CHALLENGES IN “ABUNDANT” MATERIAL-BASED TECHNOLOGIES a a,b,* Annick Anctil and Fthenakis aPV Environmental Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY bCenter for Life Cycle Analysis, Columbia University, New York, NY *Bldg. 130, Upton, NY 11973, tel. 631-344-2830, Fax. 631-3443957, [email protected] ABSTRACT: Much current research in photovoltaic technology is directed towards using “abundant” base metals like copper and zinc (e.g., CZTS or more recently CZTSSe) to overcome the the challenges of material scarcity posed by the use of tellurium, indium, germanium, and gallium in current generation products (e.g., CdTe, CIGS, a- Si/thin-film Si). The supply of these materials is limited because they are minor byproducts of the production of copper, zinc, lead. and aluminum, so that their economic production inherently is linked to that of the base metals. But, although the base metals currently are abundant, their reserves are not inexhaustible. In addition to concerns on resource availability, the main sustainability metrics for large-scale PV growth are low cost and minimum environmental impact. As the numbers of photovoltaic installations grow, greatly displacing traditional power- generation infrastructures, recycling will play an increasingly important role in managing their end-of-life fate, so relieving pressure on the prices of critical materials. Identifying the potential issues in current technologies can help implement a take-back- or recycling-program ahead of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 20 1 0 Sma Solar Technology Ag
    ANNUAL REPORT 2010 SMA SOLAR TECHNOLOGY AG THE FUTURE OF SOLAR TECHNOLOGY BUSINESS GROUP FIGURES HIGHLIGHTS 2010 SMA Group 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 Sales € million 1,920.1 934.3 681.6 327.3 192.9 Export ratio % 44.9 38.4 42.3 29.4 20.1 Inverter output sold MW 7,750 3,381 2,180 950 430 Capital expenditure1 € million 158.3 82.1 63.9 12.3 15.0 Depreciation € million 31.3 16.3 8.9 16.0 9.0 Operating profit (EBIT) € million 516.8 228.4 167.4 59.3 33.4 KEY FIGURES AND HIGHLIGHTS 2010 Operating profit margin % 26.9 24.4 24.6 18.1 17.3 Consolidated net profit € million 365.0 161.1 119.5 36.8 20.5 Earnings per share2 € 10.52 4.64 3.44 1.06 0.59 Employees (average during the period)3 5,519 3,412 2,513 1,600 1,164 MORE THAN 1,500 NEW JOBS CREATED in Germany 5,179 3,236 2,400 1,535 1,133 abroad 340 176 113 65 31 BUSINESS IN FOREIGN MARKETS IS BOOMING SMA Group 12 / 31 / 2010 12 / 31/ 2009 12 / 31/ 2008 12 / 31/ 2007 12 / 31/ 2006 HIGH DIVIDEND AND REPRESENTS APPROX. OF € 3.00 PLANNED Total assets € million 1,251.5 718.6 469.6 163.2 112.3 45 % OF SALES Equity € million 728.4 407.6 280.8 64.4 40.7 Equity ratio % 58.2 56.7 59.8 39.5 36.2 Net working capital4 € million 284.6 98.6 78.0 59.4 34.3 EBIT RECORD Net working capital ratio % 14.8 10.6 11.4 18.1 17.8 OF € 0.5 BILLION Net Cash € million 523.4 344.8 239.4 41.2 20.9 GROUP SALES INCREASE TO ALMOST € 2 BILLION PERFORMANCE OF THE SMA SHARE 2010 percent5 SMA share TecDAX® ÖkoDAX® 110 100 90 80 70 60 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec SMA IS BY FAR THE WORLD TREMENDOUS GROWTH MARKET AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE SOLAR MARKET, BOTH LEADER IN GERMANY AND ABROAD 1 excl.
    [Show full text]
  • The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland's Energy
    energies Article The Place of Photovoltaics in Poland’s Energy Mix Renata Gnatowska * and Elzbieta˙ Mory ´n-Kucharczyk Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Computer Science, Institute of Thermal Machinery, Cz˛estochowaUniversity of Technology, Armii Krajowej 21, 42-200 Cz˛estochowa,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-343250534 Abstract: The energy strategy and environmental policy in the European Union are climate neutrality, low-carbon gas emissions, and an environmentally friendly economy by fighting global warming and increasing energy production from renewable sources (RES). These sources, which are characterized by high investment costs, require the use of appropriate support mechanisms introduced with suitable regulations. The article presents the current state and perspectives of using renewable energy sources in Poland, especially photovoltaic systems (PV). The specific features of Polish photovoltaics and the economic analysis of investment in a photovoltaic farm with a capacity of 1 MW are presented according to a new act on renewable energy sources. This publication shows the importance of government support that is adequate for the green energy producers. Keywords: renewable energy sources (RES); photovoltaic system (PV); energy mix; green energy 1. State of Photovoltaics Development in the World The global use of renewable energy sources (RES) is steadily increasing, which is due, among other things, to the rapid increase in demand for energy in countries that have so far been less developed [1]. Other reasons include the desire of various countries to Citation: Gnatowska, R.; become self-sufficient in energy, significant local environmental problems, as well as falling Mory´n-Kucharczyk, E.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Fall 2018 ELEC 7830/36 Photovoltaics Class Presentations
    Proceedings of the Fall 2018 ELEC 7830/36 Photovoltaics Class Presentations 1) Zabihollah Ahmadi 2) Arthur Bond 3) Carl Bugg 4) Prattay Chowdhury 5) Jeff Craven 6) Kyle Daniels 7) Tanner Grider 8) Donald Hughes 9) Grant Kirby 10) Markus Kreitzer 11) Sanfwon Seo 12) Minseok Song 13) Wendong Wang 14) Shane Williams 15) Yuqiao Zhang 1 Fabrication Methods of Photovoltaic Devices Zabihollah Ahmadi A simple configuration of Solar Cells is a P-N junction, but even for fabrication of this simple configuration there are several experiments that should be done. In other words, fabrication processes involve the steps such as oxidation growth, etching oxides, photolithograph, and metal deposition. As an example, ion implantation is used for making n+ or p+ doping in Si wafer. In general, there are different kind of materials that are used for fabrication of Solar Cells. The most popular materials are Multijunction Cells ( lattice matched, metamorphic, inverted metamorphic, …), Single-Junction GaAs (Single crystal, Concentrator, thin-film crystal), Crystalline Si Cells, Thin films like CIGS and CdTe and Emerging PV (Dye-sensitized cells, Perovskite cells, Organic tandem cells, Inorganic cells, Quantum dot cells.) Recently, some groups used 2D mateirals like Graphene and Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (MoS2) in fabrication of Photovoltaics devices. So, these materials need to be synthesized on substrate using different methods. For example Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition is the best method for deposition of GaAs. This presentation will talk about how these methods work in fabrication of PV. 2 Photovoltaic Sensors Arthur Bond Photovoltaics or PV is the process of converting solar energy into a DC electrical current through the use of semi conductive materials.
    [Show full text]
  • National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Sweden 2015
    National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Sweden 2015 Prepared by Johan Lindahl Table of contents Table of contents .................................................................................................................. 1 Foreword ............................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4 1 Installation data .................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Applications for Photovoltaics ................................................................................. 5 1.2 Total photovoltaic power installed .......................................................................... 5 1.2.1 Method ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2.2 The Swedish PV market ............................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Swedish PV market segments ..................................................................... 9 1.2.4 The geographical distribution of PV in Sweden .......................................... 10 1.2.5 PV in the broader Swedish energy market .................................................. 12 2 Competitiveness of PV electricity ......................................................................................... 13 2.1 Module
    [Show full text]
  • Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Nanocomposites with Application in Solar Cells
    Doctor of Philosophy Dissertation Fabrication and Characterization of Novel Hybrid Nanocomposites with Application in Solar Cells Dimitris A. Chalkias Dipl.-Ing Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics Supervisor: G.C. Papanicolaou Dissertation Submitted to the University of Patras for the Award of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics Patras, 2019 Πανεπιστήμιο Πατρών, Τμήμα Μηχανολόγων & Αεροναυπηγών Μηχανικών Δημήτριος Α. Χαλκιάς © 2019 – Με την επιφύλαξη παντός δικαιώματος Examination Committee 1. George Papanicolaou (Dissertation Supervisor) Professor Emeritus, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Greece 2. Vassilis Kostopoulos (Dissertation Advisor) Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Greece 3. Theodoros Loutas (Dissertation Advisor) Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Aeronautics, University of Patras, Greece 4. George Psarras Associate Professor, Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Greece 5. Dimitris Kondarides Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Greece 6. Joannis Kallitsis Professor, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, Greece 7. Thomas Stergiopoulos Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Approval of Ph.D. Dissertation of Mr. Dimitris A. Chalkias Willpower is the key to success. I dedicate this work to my Mother, who always supported me and believed in me. Preface The present
    [Show full text]
  • Considering the Total Cost of Electricity from Sunlight and the Alternatives Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory An
    BNL-107822-2015-JA Considering the total cost of electricity from sunlight and the alternatives Vasilis Fthenakis Brookhaven National Laboratory and Columbia University Photovoltaic (PV) electricity generation has grown to about 17 GW in the United States, corresponding to one tenth of the global capacity. Most deployment in the country has happened during the last 6 years. Reflecting back in time, in early 2008 this author and his collaborators James Mason and Ken Zweibel, published in Scientific American and in Energy Policy a Solar Grand Plan demonstrating the feasibility of renewable energy in providing 69% of the U.S. electricity demand by 2050, while reducing CO2 emissions by 60% from 2005 levels; the PV contribution to this plan was assessed to be 250 GW by 2030, and 2,900 GW by 2050 [1]. The DOE’s more detailed SunShot vision study, released in 2012, showed the possibility of having 300 GW of PV installed in the United States by 2030, and 630 GW by 2050. Assessing the sustainability of such rapid growth of photovoltaics necessitates undertaking a careful analysis because PV markets largely are enabled by its promise to produce reliable electricity with minimum environmental burdens. Measurable aspects of sustainability include cost, resource availability, and environmental impact. The question of cost concerns the affordability of solar energy compared to other energy sources throughout the world. Environmental impacts include local-, regional-, and global-effects, as well as the usage of land and water, which must be considered in a comparable context over a long time, multigenerational horizon. Finally, the availability of material resources matters to current- and future-generations under the constraint of affordability.
    [Show full text]
  • Today's Need & Importance Role of Solar Based Automobile System
    IJIRST –International Journal for Innovative Research in Science & Technology| Volume 5 | Issue 5 | October 2018 ISSN (online): 2349-6010 Today's Need & Importance Role of Solar based Automobile System Arjun Kumar Gupta Shamasher Sharma Student Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Santosh Yadav Abhinav Student Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Mohd Saharyar Student Department of Mechanical Engineering Rajarshi Rananjay Sinh Institute of Management & Technology, Amethi 227405, Utter Pradesh, India Abstract As the world population increases, so does the demand for transportation. Automobiles, being the most common means of transportation, are one of the main sources of pollution. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of the society and to protect the environment, scientists began looking for a new solution to this problem. Before they suggested any answers, the scientists first looked at all aspects surrounding the issue. Solar energy is produced when sunlight strikes the photovoltaic cell. This energizes any electrical or battery found along the way. Developing solar cells to produce electricity has several big challenges, especially in solar cars. The first obstacle that has remained all intrusive in this quest is predicting the sun's availability. The second obstacle is to find an effective method of capturing, converting, and storing the sun energy when it is available.
    [Show full text]
  • Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) As a Core Source for Electricity in Road Transport
    VIPV POSITION PAPER Vehicle-integrated Photovoltaics (VIPV) as a core source for electricity in road transport www.etip-pv.eu Table of Contents 1. POLITICAL CONTEXT . 5 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE VIPV MARKET. 6 Edited by 2.1. Passenger Cars . 7 Kaining Ding, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 2.2. Light- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles . 9 Written by 3. THE MOTIVATION FOR VIPV. 11 Olga Kanz, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH 3.1. General Benefits of VIPV. 11 Bianca Lim, Institut für Solarenergieforschung GmbH 3.2 VIPV Energy Flow Model . 13 3.3 Environmental Benefits in Comparison to the German Grid Mix. 14 Acknowledgement for Input by 4. REQUIREMENTS AND TO-DOS FOR VIPV . 16 Martin Heinrich (FhG-ISE) 4.1. Important Selection Criteria for VIPV . 16 Bonna Newman (TNO) 4.2 Technological Requirements of the Integration Process . 17 Eduardo Román (TECNALIA) 4.3 To-Dos for R&D . 18 Uwe Rau (JÜLICH) 4.4 Strategic Targets. 19 Rutger Schlatmann (HZB) 5. CONCLUSIONS. 20 Layout and Printing Secretariat of the European Technology and Innovation Platform for Photovoltaics Tel: +49-89-720 12 722 Fax: +49-89-720 12 791 [email protected] Disclaimer The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the European Photovoltaic Technology and Innovation Platform and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Commission. “The project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 825669” 2 3 SCOPE AND MISSION POLITICAL CONTEXT SCOPE AND MISSION 1. POLITICAL CONTEXT The growing awareness of the global need for sustainable mobility empowers the application of new technological innovations to the road transport sector.
    [Show full text]
  • GCEP Distinguished Lecture October 2008 Third Generation Photovoltaics
    GCEP Distinguished Lecture October 2008 Third Generation Photovoltaics Gavin Conibeer Deputy Director ARC Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence School of Photovoltaics and Renewable energy Engineering University of New South Wales Photovoltaics Centre of Excellence supported by the Australian Research Council, the Global Climate and Energy Project and Toyota CRDL School of Photovoltaics & RE Eng. ARCCorodination Photovoltaics of previously Centre separately of fundedExcellence strands Stuart Wenham, Martin Green + Management Committee PV and Renewable Energy Laboratories Laboratory Development U/G degrees Mark Silver 1st Generation: 3rd Generation: PV Wafers High eff and thin film 2nd Generation: Silicon Photonics Thin Films Si light emission School of Photovoltaics & RE Eng. History • PV research, UNSW Electrical Eng. 1974 – 1998 • Buried contact solar cell – Martin Green, Stuart Wenham 1986 • Crystalline Si on glass spin off company 1995 • Separate Centre 1999 – 2005 • First UG program - Photovoltaics 2000 • PG coursework program 2001 • Second UG program – Renewable Energy 2003 • New School formally declared 2006 UNSW International Collaborations •DARPA & U. Delaware (50% efficient solar cell) •Global Climate & Energy Project, Stanford (1) •Global Climate & Energy Project, Stanford (2) •Toyota Central R&D Labs. •Suntech, Wuxi (NYSE) •Nanjing PV Tech, Nanjing (NASDAQ) •JA Solar, Ningjin (NASDAQ) •E-Ton Solar, Taiwan •Asia-Pacific Partnership (Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, India, USA) UNSW Photovoltaics R&D Commercialisation • First
    [Show full text]
  • Solar Botanic Tree to Harnessing the Power of the Sun and Wind
    IJCSNT Vol.6, No.3, 2017 DOI- 10.18486/ijcsnt.2017.6.3.04 Solar Botanic Tree to Harnessing the Power of the Sun and Wind Vikrant Kumar Dept of Electrical Engineering, THDC IHET, B.Puram, Uttarakhand, India [email protected] Mohd Azmal Mansoori Dept of Electrical Engineering, THDC IHET, B.Puram, Uttarakhand, India Ashutosh puri Dept of Electrical Engineering, THDC IHET, B.Puram, Uttarakhand, India Abstract: In the course of the beyond few decades, the advanced technological nation of the words had been engaged in an electricity and assets race that has introduced us to the location of the energy crisis. Many developing countries including India have also been engaged in this race during the last two decades or so. it is now widely diagnosed that the fossil fuels and other traditional assets, presently used in the generation of electrical energy, may not be either sufficient or suitable to preserve tempo with the ever growing world call for electric energy. The prospects for assembly this call for and heading off a crisis in delivering would be progressed if new and alternative power sources can be advanced. One such alternative is solar botanic tree, this energy source will produce electrical energy from three natural and inexhaustible energy sources. This solar botanic tree can be the best available renewable resource in India for generating electricity. Keywords: Renewable energy resources, Solar Botanic tree, Nano leaves, Nano inverter, transducer. I. Introduction generating system which is compact enough to be applied in congested location and versatile enough to In countries like India, strength intake has been growing employ two or more sources simultaneously.
    [Show full text]
  • The Future of Direct Current Electrical Systems for the Off-Grid Environment Grant Kopec, Michael Price, John Holmes
    The future of direct current electrical systems for the off-grid environment Grant Kopec, Michael Price, John Holmes Technical report 8 December 2016 Key words: Alternating current, Direct current, Micro- grid, Mini-grid, Nano-grid, Electrical systems, Off-grid energy Smart Villages We aim to provide policymakers, donors, and development agencies concerned with rural energy access with new insights on the real barriers to energy access in villages in developing countries—technological, financial and political—and how they can be overcome. We have chosen to focus on remote off-grid villages, where local solutions (home- or institution-based systems and mini- grids) are both more realistic and cheaper than national grid extension. Our concern is to ensure that energy access results in development and the creation of “smart villages” in which many of the benefits of life in modern societies are available to rural communities. www.e4sv.org | [email protected] | @e4SmartVillages CMEDT - Smart Villages Initiative, c/o Trinity College, Cambridge, CB2 1TQ Publishing © Smart Villages 2017 The Smart Villages Initiative is being funded by the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust (CMEDT) and the Malaysian Commonwealth Studies Centre (MCSC) and through a grant from the Templeton World Charity Foundation (TWCF). The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Cambridge Malaysian Education and Development Trust or the Templeton World Charity Foundation. This publication may
    [Show full text]