DOCSLIB.ORG

Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) Linda M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) Linda M This article was downloaded by: [Michigan State University] On: 24 December 2014, At: 11:29 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Systematics and Biodiversity Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tsab20 Moths of the Neotropical genera Ischnopteris, Stegotheca and Rucana (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) Linda M. Pitkin a a Department of Entomology , Natural History Museum , Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK E-mail: Published online: 11 Mar 2010. To cite this article: Linda M. Pitkin (2005) Moths of the Neotropical genera Ischnopteris, Stegotheca and Rucana (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae), Systematics and Biodiversity, 3:1, 13-96, DOI: 10.1017/S1477200004001616 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1477200004001616 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http:// www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions Systematics and Biodiversity 3 (1): 13-96 Issued 29 April 2005 doi: 10.1017/S1477200004001616 Printed in the United Kingdom © The Natural History Museum Moths of the Neotropical genera Ischnopteris, Stegotheca and Rucana (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae) Linda M. Pitkin Department of Entomology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK Email: [email protected] submitted June 2004 accepted September 2004 Contents Abstract 13 Introduction 14 Taxonomic history of Ischnopteris, Stegotheca and Rucana 14 Structures of taxonomic note 15 Materials and methods 15 Depositories of material 16 Ischnopteris Hubner 16 Description 17 Checklist of species 46 Key to species 46 Ischnopteris fabiana species group 48 Ischnopteris chryses species group 57 Species not placed to group 63 Species excluded from Ischnopteris: 'Ischnopteris' discolor species group 77 Stegotheca Warren 80 Description 80 Checklist of species 81 Key to species 81 Species 81 Rucana Rindge 86 Description 86 Checklist of species 86 Key to species 87 Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 11:29 24 December 2014 Species 87 Acknowledgements 94 References 94 Index 95 Abstract Three closely related Neotropical genera of ennomine moths of the tribe Nacophorini are revised: Ischnopteris, Stegotheca and Rucana. These genera are all redefined, and the concepts of Stegotheca and Rucana are extended; the previously monobasic Stegotheca is markedly expanded by the inclusion of two other genera as junior synonyms: Salasaca and Canelo. In Ischnopteris 37 species are recognized, 17 of which are newly described; six species, including one newly described, are recognized in Stegotheca, and nine species, including two newly described, are recognized in Rucana. All species of these genera are described fully, and several new synonyms and other taxonomic changes are published. A vital aspect of the work is to serve as an identification guide. To this end keys to the species are provided as are illustrations of all species: the moths are illustrated in colour; genitalia and other structures are in half-tone. Information on the larvae and hostplants is given for several species of Ischnopteris, and some larvae are figured, including the larva of a new species. This study also describes highly unusual morphological modifications of some moths in these genera, which have not been previously recorded in the Geometridae. 13 14 Linda M. Pitkin Keywords Ennominae, Geometridae, hostplants, larvae, Lepidoptera, moths, Nacophorini, Neotropical region, retinacu- lum, taxonomy Introduction Although the relationships of Ischnopteris have yet to be resolved fully, some advance is made here in establishing af- The Geometridae are one of the three largest families of moths finities with certain other genera within the Nacophorini, and in number of species, and one of the chief areas of focus of so my initial study was expanded to include them in this pa- the Macrolepidoptera Research Group's programme of work per. These are Stegotheca and Rucana, smaller genera with at the Natural History Museum, London, UK (BMNH). Geo- six and nine species respectively recognised here. There are metrid moths occur worldwide but they are most diverse in some apomorphic features shared by some members of the the tropics, particularly the Neotropical region, which is home three genera, suggesting a close relationship between them. to about one-third of the species of the subfamily Ennominae. The most notable character is an enlarged retinaculum of the My recent review of the genera of Neotropical ennomine moths male fore wing, usually with a central semi-transparent 'win- (Pitkin, 2002) provided a framework for that subfamily at the dow' (see 'Structures of taxonomic note'). This is present in genus level, preparing the ground for better assessment of nearly all Ischnopteris species and in one or more species of species names and the wealth of data associated with them. each of the other two genera, but not in any other member of the The broad coverage of that study (267 genera with about Nacophorini. However, without further analysis of characters 3400 species) inevitably left tremendous scope for more de- across the entire tribe, there is insufficient evidence to determ- tailed studies, and the present work selects a few genera of ine whether or not the three genera under study constitute a Neotropical Ennominae for in-depth revision. monophyletic group. For future investigation, comparison with The genera chosen for this study, Ischnopteris Hubner, the genus Quillaca Rindge could be useful. Certain characters Stegotheca Warren, and Rucana Rindge, are members of the of Quillaca and Rucana are similar (see under 'diagnosis and Nacophorini. This tribe of mainly large and often sturdy monophyly' of Rucana), although moths of Quillaca are much ennomine moths is strongly represented in the Neotrop- larger and have distinctively modified genitalia. ics, with more than 40 genera (Pitkin, 2002). The mono- Nacophorine moths often have fairly elongate fore wings, phyly of the Nacophorini is not clearly established. Members and this is particularly marked in Ischnopteris, Stegotheca and of the tribe typically have a pair of processes in the anel- Rucana (e.g. Figs 11, 73, 82), so much so that they do not have lus of the male genitalia, which is situated usually postero- a typically geometrid moth appearance. They could even be laterally at the end of the juxta. Similar processes are mistaken for Notodontidae, except for the long slender abdo- present in the tribe Lithinini, but they are usually more men in the male sex, particularly in Ischnopteris and Rucana. slender and setose. Nacophorine processes are usually curved Like many other nacophorine moths, Ischnopteris species are and tapered from a wide base to a pointed apex, without generally fairly large geometrids (with a fore wing length of up setae, and are typically large and heavily sclerotized. How- to 29 mm), whereas those of Stegotheca and Rucana look like ever, there are exceptions to this in both tribes. For fur- smaller versions of Ischnopteris. Ischnopteris and Rucana are ther discussion of characters of both tribes see Pitkin (2002: typical nacophorines in that they have a pair of well-sclerotized pp. 133-134). The New World genera of the Nacophorini processes, which are situated postero-laterally at the end of the were revised by Rindge (1983), with the description of 19 new juxta, in the anellus of the male genitalia. These processes are genera, and have since been the subject of further research and curved, usually pointed, and not setose, and they are tapered or Downloaded by [Michigan State University] at 11:29 24 December 2014 revision (e.g. by Pitkin (2002) and studies on individual genera have an extended base. Stegotheca, like several other nacophor- by Parra & Beeche (1986) and Dias (1998)). The Nacophorini ine genera, usually has the processes of the anellus secondarily are also well represented in Australia, and research on the tribe reduced or lost. Stegotheca is unusual in having a fovea in the there has been carried out by McQuillan et al. (e.g. 2001). male fore wing, a feature not known in any other genera con- Ischnopteris, Stegotheca and Rucana occur widely across firmed as belonging in the Nacophorini, although present in the Neotropics but not outside that region. Ischnopteris is the various ennomines in some other tribes. second largest genus of Neotropical nacophorines, exceeded in numbers of species only by Mallomus Blanchard. Prior to the present study, Ischnopteris comprised 34 named species Taxonomic history of Ischnopteris, (Pitkin, 2002), and I now revise that to 37 species. Ischnop- teris is a particularly significant genus because its concept Stegotheca and Rucana has been confused in the past. Many species have at times The concept of Ischnopteris has undergone enormous change been incorrectly placed in this genus and later moved to since the genus was described by Hubner in 1823.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Descargar Descargar
    Comisión Editorial Ana Ruth Vílchez Rodriguez. Directora. Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica Juan Antonio Aguilar Garib Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León. La Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica es una México dependencia especializada del Instituto Tecnológico de Carlos Andrés Arredondo Orozco Costa Rica. Desde su creación, en 1978, se ha dedicado a Facultad de Ingenierías la edición y publicación de obras en ciencia y tecnología. Universidad de Medellín. Colombia Las obras que se han editado abarcan distintos ámbitos Lars Köhler respondiendo a la orientación general de la Institución. Experimenteller Botanischer Garten Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. Alemania Hasta el momento se han editado obras que abarcan distintos campos del conocimiento científico-tecnológico Jorge Solano Jiménez Instituto Costarricense del Cemento y han constituido aportes para los diferentes sectores de y del Concreto la comunidad nacional e internacional. Edición técnica La principal motivación de la Editorial es recoger Alexa Ramírez Vega y difundir los conocimientos relevantes en ciencia y Revisión filológica tecnología, llevándolos a los sectores de la comunidad Esperanza Buitrago Poveda que los requieren. Diseño gráfico Felipe Abarca Fedullo La revista Tecnología en Marcha es publicada por la Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica, con periodicidad Diagramación Asesoría en Ediciones gráficas trimestral. Su principal temática es la difusión de resultados de investigación en áreas de Ingeniería. El contenido de Diseño de cubierta la revista está dirigido a investigadores, especialistas, Felipe Abarca Fedullo docentes y estudiantes universitarios de todo el mundo. Imagen de cubierta M.Sc. Andrea Ulloa Fernández Datos de catalogación en publicación Tecnología en Marcha / Editorial Tecnológica de Costa Rica.
    [Show full text]
  • Contributions Toward a Lepidoptera (Psychidae, Yponomeutidae, Sesiidae, Cossidae, Zygaenoidea, Thyrididae, Drepanoidea, Geometro
    Contributions Toward a Lepidoptera (Psychidae, Yponomeutidae, Sesiidae, Cossidae, Zygaenoidea, Thyrididae, Drepanoidea, Geometroidea, Mimalonoidea, Bombycoidea, Sphingoidea, & Noctuoidea) Biodiversity Inventory of the University of Florida Natural Area Teaching Lab Hugo L. Kons Jr. Last Update: June 2001 Abstract A systematic check list of 489 species of Lepidoptera collected in the University of Florida Natural Area Teaching Lab is presented, including 464 species in the superfamilies Drepanoidea, Geometroidea, Mimalonoidea, Bombycoidea, Sphingoidea, and Noctuoidea. Taxa recorded in Psychidae, Yponomeutidae, Sesiidae, Cossidae, Zygaenoidea, and Thyrididae are also included. Moth taxa were collected at ultraviolet lights, bait, introduced Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), and by netting specimens. A list of taxa recorded feeding on P. notatum is presented. Introduction The University of Florida Natural Area Teaching Laboratory (NATL) contains 40 acres of natural habitats maintained for scientific research, conservation, and teaching purposes. Habitat types present include hammock, upland pine, disturbed open field, cat tail marsh, and shallow pond. An active management plan has been developed for this area, including prescribed burning to restore the upland pine community and establishment of plots to study succession (http://csssrvr.entnem.ufl.edu/~walker/natl.htm). The site is a popular collecting locality for student and scientific collections. The author has done extensive collecting and field work at NATL, and two previous reports have resulted from this work, including: a biodiversity inventory of the butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea & Papilionoidea) of NATL (Kons 1999), and an ecological study of Hermeuptychia hermes (F.) and Megisto cymela (Cram.) in NATL habitats (Kons 1998). Other workers have posted NATL check lists for Ichneumonidae, Sphecidae, Tettigoniidae, and Gryllidae (http://csssrvr.entnem.ufl.edu/~walker/insect.htm).
    [Show full text]
  • Evolutionary Consequences of Dioecy in Angiosperms: the Effects of Breeding System on Speciation and Extinction Rates
    EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF DIOECY IN ANGIOSPERMS: THE EFFECTS OF BREEDING SYSTEM ON SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION RATES by JANA C. HEILBUTH B.Sc, Simon Fraser University, 1996 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Department of Zoology) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA July 2001 © Jana Heilbuth, 2001 Wednesday, April 25, 2001 UBC Special Collections - Thesis Authorisation Form Page: 1 In presenting this thesis in partial fulfilment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of British Columbia, I agree that the Library shall make it freely available for reference and study. I further agree that permission for extensive copying of this thesis for scholarly purposes may be granted by the head of my department or by his or her representatives. It is understood that copying or publication of this thesis for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. The University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada http://www.library.ubc.ca/spcoll/thesauth.html ABSTRACT Dioecy, the breeding system with male and female function on separate individuals, may affect the ability of a lineage to avoid extinction or speciate. Dioecy is a rare breeding system among the angiosperms (approximately 6% of all flowering plants) while hermaphroditism (having male and female function present within each flower) is predominant. Dioecious angiosperms may be rare because the transitions to dioecy have been recent or because dioecious angiosperms experience decreased diversification rates (speciation minus extinction) compared to plants with other breeding systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Note: Functional Morphology of Masquerading Larva of Ceratonyx Satanaria with Notes on Horned Spanworm, Nematocampa Resistaria (Geometridae: Ennominae)
    SOURAKOV & STUBINA: Larva of Ceratonyx satanaria TROP. LEPID. RES., 22(1): 53-59, 2012 53 SCIENTIFIC NOTE: FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY OF MASQUERADING LARVA OF CERATONYX SATANARIA WITH NOTES ON HORNED SPANWORM, NEMATOCAMPA RESISTARIA (GEOMETRIDAE: ENNOMINAE) Andrei Sourakov and Minna Stubina McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; [email protected] Abstract - Morphological drawings and photographs are provided illustrating the unusual larval morphology, featuring long cervical horns or tubercles, of the geometrid moth Ceratonyx satanaria Guenée. In addition photographs of Nematocampa resistaria (Herrich-Schäffer) larvae, commonly known as a “horned spanworm” for its long abdominal tubercles, are also provided. The possible function of cervical horns is discussed in the context of predator-prey interactions. A survey of available photographs of geometrid larvae worldwide revealed cervical horns only in the genera Ceratonyx (Ennominae: Nacophorini) and in two Australian species of Geometridae: Plesanemma fucata (F&R 1875) (Ennominae: Nacophorini) and Parepisparis lutosaria (F. & R) (Oenochrominae). Key words: anti-predator defenses, mimicry, camouflage, crypsis. Larvae of Geometridae and genus Ceratonyx Morphology of Ceratonyx larvae The remarkable twig-like appearance of geometrid moth The larva illustrated in Figs. 1-2 was found on the ground larvae, and in particular the polymorphism and effectiveness in mid-April in Gainesville, Florida (Lat.: 29.6864; Long.: of this mode of defense against predators, has attracted much -82.3391”), and was preserved in 70% ethanol after boiling attention from researchers. While larval color can depend on in water. It measures 33 mm long, with cervical horns 10 mm diet, and hence can be regulated by environmental factors (e.g., long, and head 3.5 mm wide.
    [Show full text]
  • Lepidoptera Geometridae
    Bol. Soc. Biol. de Concepción, Tomo LI, 1981, pp. 7-39. CATALOGO DE LOS LEPIDÓPTEROS GEOMETRIDOS DE CHILE (LEPIDOPTERA : GEOMETRIDAE) ANDRÉS O. ÁNGULO (*) y MARÍA E. CASANUEVA (*) R E .S U M E N Se presenta el catálogo de las mariposas geométridas de Chile (Lepidoptera-. Geometridae). Se registra para Chile 251 especies nominales, distribuidas en cuatro subfamilias: Archiearinae, Ennominae, Larentiinae y Geometrinae. Se entrega, cuando se conoce, la localización de los typi en diferentes museos o instituciones similares. Se agregan algunos aspectos de sinonimia, distribución geográfica y fechas de vuelo. Abstract A catalog of the geometrid moths of Chile is presented (Lepidoptera: Geome- tridae). 251 nominal species distributed in four subfamiLies: Archiearinae, Ennomi- nae, Larentiinae and Geometrinae are recorded from Chile. The location of typi at different museums or similar institutions — when it is known — is given. Some aspects of synonymy, date of flight and geographical distribution are added. INTRODUCCIÓN El campo de los lepidópteros heteróceros, en nuestro país, ha estado abandonado por mucho tiempo, sin un censo racional de los nom- bres de especies citadas o descritas para Chile; es así que este catálogo de los geométridos pretende llenar, en parte, esta laguna que se produjo desde que Bartlett-Calvert en 1886 publicó su catálogo de los heteróceros de Chile con 164 especies aproximadamente; desde esa fecha Mabille (1889), Fletcher (1953), Ureta (1956), Rindge (1971) y otros crean y mencionan nuevas especies para Chile. La trascendencia de los geométridos en la agricultura y especial- mente en el campo silvicultural es enorme, pues sus estados larvales con- forestación sumen el follaje de los árboles que tienen importancia en la se hace necesario un y recursos madereros nacionales, es por esto que pronto estudio racional de esta familia; de este modo se entrega el pre- Universidad de Concepción.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Lista De La Flora Vascular De La Cuenca Superior Del
    Acta Botanica Mexicana (2000), 51: 1-38 LISTA DE LA FLORA VASCULAR DE LA CUENCA SUPERIOR DEL RÍO SAVEGRE, SAN GERARDO DE DOTA, COSTA RICA MAARTEN KAPPELLE1 LIZ VAN OMME y MARTA E. JUÁREZ Laboratorio Hugo de Vries, IBED Universidad de Amsterdam Kruislaan 318, 1098 SM Amsterdam, Holanda RESUMEN Este artículo presenta la lista de las especies de plantas vasculares encontradas en la cuenca superior del Río Savegre (2 000-3 491 m s.n.m.), San Gerardo de Dota, Reserva Forestal Los Santos, Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Se muestreó la vegetación alpina del páramo, los bosques enanos subalpinos, los bosques maduros montano-altos y montano-bajos, como también las comunidades vegetales bajo influencia del hombre: los potreros, los helechales, los matorrales, los bosques secundarios y las plantaciones. Se identificó un total de 626 especies en 121 familias; de ellas 123 pertenecen a las pteridófitas, 1 a coníferas, 385 a dicotiledóneas y 117 a monocotiledóneas. Las familias más diversas son Asteraceae (57 especies), Orchidaceae (51), Rubiaceae (26), Elaphoglossaceae (23), Polypodiaceae (23) y Poaceae (19), mientras que los géneros más ricos en especies son Elaphoglossum (23 especies), Polypodium (14), Epidendrum (12), Peperomia (12), Asplenium (9), Blechnum (9) y Ocotea (9). Las hierbas (incluyendo helechos y otras pteridófitas herbáceas) comprenden 56.2% del total encontrado (352 especies), mientras que los árboles, los arbustos y los trepadores contribuyen con 22.4% (140 especies), 15.3% (96) y 6.1% (38), respectivamente. Del total, 19.5% (122 especies) corresponde a epífitas. Cuatro especies (una asterácea y una laurácea recién descritas, así como una asterácea y una ciperácea inéditas) son nuevas para la ciencia.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Native and Non-Native Plants on Urban Insect Communities: Are Native Plants Better Than Non-Natives?
    Impacts of Native and Non-native plants on Urban Insect Communities: Are Native Plants Better than Non-natives? by Carl Scott Clem A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Auburn, Alabama December 12, 2015 Key Words: native plants, non-native plants, caterpillars, natural enemies, associational interactions, congeneric plants Copyright 2015 by Carl Scott Clem Approved by David Held, Chair, Associate Professor: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Charles Ray, Research Fellow: Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Debbie Folkerts, Assistant Professor: Department of Biological Sciences Robert Boyd, Professor: Department of Biological Sciences Abstract With continued suburban expansion in the southeastern United States, it is increasingly important to understand urbanization and its impacts on sustainability and natural ecosystems. Expansion of suburbia is often coupled with replacement of native plants by alien ornamental plants such as crepe myrtle, Bradford pear, and Japanese maple. Two projects were conducted for this thesis. The purpose of the first project (Chapter 2) was to conduct an analysis of existing larval Lepidoptera and Symphyta hostplant records in the southeastern United States, comparing their species richness on common native and alien woody plants. We found that, in most cases, native plants support more species of eruciform larvae compared to aliens. Alien congener plant species (those in the same genus as native species) supported more species of larvae than alien, non-congeners. Most of the larvae that feed on alien plants are generalist species. However, most of the specialist species feeding on alien plants use congeners of native plants, providing evidence of a spillover, or false spillover, effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Status of the Genus Hampea (Malvaceae: Gossypieae) in Mexico
    Ecological restauration Conservation status of the genus Hampea (Malvaceae: Gossypieae) in Mexico ROBERT W. JONES*, M. FERNANDA CRUZ-TORRES, CARLOS LÓPEZ-GONZÁLEZ, AND MAGDALENA A. DUARTE-FERNÁNDEZ Botanical Sciences 96 (3): 426-442, 2018 DOI: 10.17129/botsci.1857 Abstract Received: Background. The genus Hampea (Malvaceae: Gossypieae) has 21 reported species and occurs in Mexico, August 28th, 2017 Central America and Colombia. Mexico has eleven species, of which seven are endemic. Hampea is of Accepted: special conservation interest because its members are wild relatives of cultivated cotton and several spe- April 26th, 2018 cies are apparently threatened by anthropogenic activities. Associated editor: Questions. What is the conservation status of species of Hampea in Mexico? Salvador Arias Study site and years of study. Observations were made in the field during 1991-1995, 2012 and 2016 in southern Mexico. Specimen data was obtained from the CONABIO data base and from national and international herbaria from 2014-2016. Methods. The conservation status of species of Hampea in Mexico was evaluated using criteria given in the Methods of the Evaluation of Risk of Extinction of Plants (MER-Plantas) (NOM-059-SEMARNAT- 2010). The potential distribution was calculated using Maximum Entropy Algorithm and biological data for species were obtained from literature and field observations. Results. Seven species of the genus Hampea were considered to be in a category of risk under the MER- Plantas criteria. Hampea montebellensis, H. breedlovei, and H. longipes were categorized as “at Risk of Extinction,” (En Peligro de Extinción ); H. latifolia was categorized as “Threatened” (Amenazada) and H. stipitata, H. mexicana, and H.
    [Show full text]
  • TABLE of CONTENTS Page No
    Supply to Essex County Transmission Reinforcement Class Environmental Assessment – Environmental Baseline Report Prepared for: Hydro One Networks Inc. 483 Bay Street South Tower, 4th Floor Toronto, Ontario M5G 2P5 Prepared by: SENES Consultants Limited 121 Granton Drive, Unit 12 Richmond Hill, Ontario L4B 3N4 January 2010 Printed on Recycled Paper Containing Post-Consumer Fibre TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1.0 INTRODUCTION..............................................................................................................3 1.1 Project Description...................................................................................................3 1.2 Description of the Study Areas................................................................................3 1.2.1 Regional Study Area....................................................................................3 1.2.2 Local Study Areas........................................................................................3 1.3 Study Approach.......................................................................................................6 2.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SETTING.......................................7 2.1 Natural Environment................................................................................................7 2.1.1 Climate.........................................................................................................7 2.1.2 Air Quality...................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Animal Species of North Carolina 2020
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Animal Species of North Carolina 2020 Hickory Nut Gorge Green Salamander (Aneides caryaensis) Photo by Austin Patton 2014 Compiled by Judith Ratcliffe, Zoologist North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources www.ncnhp.org C ur Alleghany rit Ashe Northampton Gates C uc Surry am k Stokes P d Rockingham Caswell Person Vance Warren a e P s n Hertford e qu Chowan r Granville q ot ui a Mountains Watauga Halifax m nk an Wilkes Yadkin s Mitchell Avery Forsyth Orange Guilford Franklin Bertie Alamance Durham Nash Yancey Alexander Madison Caldwell Davie Edgecombe Washington Tyrrell Iredell Martin Dare Burke Davidson Wake McDowell Randolph Chatham Wilson Buncombe Catawba Rowan Beaufort Haywood Pitt Swain Hyde Lee Lincoln Greene Rutherford Johnston Graham Henderson Jackson Cabarrus Montgomery Harnett Cleveland Wayne Polk Gaston Stanly Cherokee Macon Transylvania Lenoir Mecklenburg Moore Clay Pamlico Hoke Union d Cumberland Jones Anson on Sampson hm Duplin ic Craven Piedmont R nd tla Onslow Carteret co S Robeson Bladen Pender Sandhills Columbus New Hanover Tidewater Coastal Plain Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Animal Species of North Carolina 2020 Compiled by Judith Ratcliffe, Zoologist North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate. The list is published periodically, generally every two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora Mesoamericana, Volume 3 (2), Malvaceae, Page 1 of 162
    Flora Mesoamericana, Volume 3 (2), Malvaceae, page 1 of 162 Last major revison, 4 Dec. 2000. First published on the Flora Mesoamericana website, 29 Dec. 2012. 169. MALVACEAE By P.A. Fryxell. Herbs, shrubs, or trees, often stellate-pubescent; stems erect or procumbent, sometimes repent. Leaves alternate, stipulate, ovate or lanceolate (less often elliptic or orbicular), sometimes lobed or dissected, with hairs that may be stellate or simple, sometimes prickly, sometimes glandular, or rarely lepidote. Flowers solitary or fasciculate in the leaf axils or aggregated into inflorescences (usually racemes or panicles, less commonly spikes, scorpioid cymes, umbels, or heads); involucel present or absent; calyx pentamerous, more or less gamosepalous; petals 5, distinct, adnate to staminal column at base; androecium monadelphous; anthers reniform, numerous (rarely only 5); pollen spheroidal, echinate; gynoecium superior, 3-40-carpelled; styles 1-40; stigmas truncate, capitate, or decurrent. Fruits schizocarpic or capsular, sometimes a berry; seeds reniform or turbinate, pubescent or glabrous, rarely arillate. The family includes approximately 110 genera and about 1800 spp., principally from tropical and subtropical regions but with a few temperate-zone genera. Literature: Fryxell, P.A. Syst. Bot. Monogr. 25: 1-522 (1988); Brittonia 49: 204-269 (1997). Kearney, T.H. Amer. Midl. Naturalist 46: 93-131 (1951). Robyns, A. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 52: 497-578 (1965). 1. Individual flowers and fruits subtended by an involucel or epicalyx (sometimes deciduous). 2. Involucel trimerous. 3. Corolla 2-7 cm, red, rose, or purplish (rarely white); large shrubs with palmately lobed leaves. 2 4. Flowers (usually 3) in axillary umbels, the peduncles 4-17 cm; fruits subglobose, more or less inflated, papery, of 30-40 carpels; involucel sometimes deciduous.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant DNA Barcodes and a Community Phylogeny of a Tropical Forest Dynamics Plot in Panama
    Plant DNA barcodes and a community phylogeny of a tropical forest dynamics plot in Panama W. John Kressa,1, David L. Ericksona, F. Andrew Jonesb,c, Nathan G. Swensond, Rolando Perezb, Oris Sanjurb, and Eldredge Berminghamb aDepartment of Botany, MRC-166, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, P.O. Box 37012, Washington, DC 20013-7012; bSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Anco´n, Republic of Panama´; cImperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom; and dCenter for Tropical Forest Science - Asia Program, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138 Communicated by Daniel H. Janzen, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, September 3, 2009 (received for review May 13, 2009) The assembly of DNA barcode libraries is particularly relevant pling: the conserved coding locus will easily align over all taxa within species-rich natural communities for which accurate species in a community sample to establish deep phylogenetic branches identifications will enable detailed ecological forensic studies. In whereas the hypervariable region of the DNA barcode will align addition, well-resolved molecular phylogenies derived from these more easily within nested subsets of closely related species and DNA barcode sequences have the potential to improve investiga- permit relationships to be inferred among the terminal branches tions of the mechanisms underlying community assembly and of the tree. functional trait evolution. To date, no studies have effectively In this respect a supermatrix design (8, 9) is ideal for using a applied DNA barcodes sensu strictu in this manner. In this report, mixture of coding genes and intergenic spacers for phylogenetic we demonstrate that a three-locus DNA barcode when applied to reconstruction across the broadest evolutionary distances, as in 296 species of woody trees, shrubs, and palms found within the the construction of community phylogenies (10).
    [Show full text]