Appendix A: Ethnic Names of Stingless Bees

“abeja amarilla” Oxytrigona mellicolor “abejita negra” Scaura sp. aff. longula Ecuador, 216, Ecuador, 216 “abeja amarilla” Partamona aequatoriana “abejita negra” Trigona cf. branneri Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 217 “abeja amarilla” Trigona cf. amazonensis “abejita suca” Nannotrigona melanocera Ecuador, 217 Ecuador, 216 “abeja amarilla” Trigona dallatorreana “ajavitte” Tetragona clavipes Venezuela, 427 Ecuador, 217 “alpargate” Plebeia sp Ecuador, 423 “abeja amarilla” Trigona ferricauda “angelina” Nannotrigona melanocera Ecuador, 217 Ecuador, 216 “abeja ángel” Tetragonisca angustula “angelina” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 217 Ecuador, 216 “angelita” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, “abeja chiquita” Paratrigona cf. rinconi Venezuela, 221, 340, 423 Ecuador, 216 “angelita” Frieseomelitta aff. varia “abeja de tierra” Geotrigona sp. Ecuador, 423 Venezuela, 364 “abeja de tierra” Trigona fulviventris Ecuador, “angelita negra” Aparatrigona impunctata 217, 423 Ecuador, 216 “abeja del suelo” Schwarziana quadripunctata “angelita negra grande” Trigona cf. guianae Argentina, 290, 294 Ecuador, 217 “abeja finita” Tetragonisca angustula “abejita negra” Nannotrigona melanocera Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 216 “abeja negra” Paratrigona cf. rinconi “arapuá” Trigona spinipes Brazil, 439 Ecuador, 216 “arepe” Nannotrigona sp Ecuador, 423 “abeja negra” Partamona aequatoriana “auim” Trigona amazonensis Ecuador, 204 Ecuador, 216 “auímo”Melipona crinita Ecuador, 204 “abeja negra” Trigona sp. gr. fuscipennis “auñeta”Partamona epiphytophila Ecuador, 204 Ecuador, 217 “awae” Melipona captiosa Ecuador, 204 “abeja negra” Trigona cf. truculenta “barbacho” Partamona aequatoriana Ecuador, 217 Ecuador, 216 “abeja real” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, “barbón” Lestrimellita limao Ecuador, 423 208, 216 “bermeja” Melipona mimetica Ecuador, 216 “abeja real” Melipona indecisa Ecuador, 216 “bermejo” Melipona mimetica Ecuador, 216, “abeja real” Melipona grandis Ecuador, 216 221, 423, 424 “abejas reales” Melipona spp. Ecuador, 203 “boca de sapo” undetermined Ecuador, 423 “abelha cachorro” Trigona spinipes Brazil, 439 “bool” Nannotrigona perilampoides “abejita” Tetragonisca angustula Venezuela, 339 Mexico, 423

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 445 P. Vit et al. (eds.), Pot-Pollen in Stingless Bee Melittology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61839-5 446 Appendix A: Ethnic Names of Stingless Bees

“borá” Tetragona clavipes Argentina, 290, 294 “isabitto” Melipona aff. fuscopilosa “bunga amarilla” Melipona sp. (gr. fasciata) Venezuela, 427 Ecuador “jandaíra” Melipona subnitida Brazil, 90 “bunga amarilla” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, “jataí” Tetragonisca angustula Brazil, 356, 439 “bunga negra” Melipona grandis Ecuador, “kansas” Scaptotrigona pectoralis Mexico, 300 216, 424 “karbi” Tetragonula carbonaria Australia, 401 “cagafuego” Oxytrigona tataira Argentina, 290 “keelar” Tetragonula carbonaria Australia, 401 “cananambo” Melipona cf. indecisa “kiwitáxkat” Scaptotrigona mexicana Ecuador, 216 Mexico, 328 “cananambo” Melipona indecisa Ecuador, 216, “koolel kab”, “ko’olel kab” Melipona beecheii 221, 423 Mexico, 299 “canudo” Scaptotrigona spp. Brazil, 439 “kootchar” Austroplebeia australis / “carabozá” Trigona spinipes Argentina, 288, 290 Austroplebeia cassiae Australia, 401 “catana” Scaptotrigona sp Ecuador, 216, “lady bee” Melipona beecheii Mexico, 299 423–426 “lambeojo” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 216, 423 “catana oreja de león” Scaptotrigona sp. “lambeojitos” Trigonisca sp., Ecuador, 217 Ecuador, 216 “languacho” undetermined Ecuador, 423 “catiana” Scaptotrigona sp Ecuador, 216 “leticobe” Nannotrigona cf. mellaria “chalaco” Partamona aequatoriana Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 216 “chalaco” Trigona fuscipennis Ecuador, 217 “lévéki” stingless bees in Nzébi language, “chiñi” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 217 Gabon, 186 “chullumbo” Tetragonisca angustula in Kichwa, “lambeojo” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 216, 423 Ecuador, 217 “libundu” stingless bees in Ndumu language, “cojimbo” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, 423 Gabon, 186 “conguita” undetermined Venezuela, 339 “limoncita” Lestrimelitta maracaia “cortapelo” Trigona silvestriana Ecuador, 217 Venezuela, 427 “cowmuñi” Trigona truculenta Ecuador, 204 “llanaputan” Nannotrigona melanocera in “cuchiperro” Tetragona sp. gr. clavipes Kichwa, Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 216 “makawae” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 204 “dibouga”Meliponula bocandei Gabon, 186 “mambuca” Cephalotrigona capitata “divasou” Hypotrigona Gabon, 186 Argentina, 290 “e’hol” Cephalotrigona zexmeniae Mexico, 300 “mandaçaia” Melipona mandacaia Brazil, 341, “eñamo” Melipona titania Ecuador, 204 344, 367, 382, 392, 439 “ergón” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, 216, “mandaçaia” Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioi- 423, 424 des Brazil, 103–109, 142, 143, 361 “erica” Melipona favosa Venezuela, 364 “mandasaia” Melipona quadrifasciata “españolita” Tetragonisca angustula Argentina, 290 Venezuela, 339 “mandurí” Melipona torrida Argentina, 288, 290 “gihn” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, 204 “mariola” Tetragonisca angustula Costa “guacoso” undetermined Ecuador, 423 Rica, 339 “guanota” Melipona compressipes “Maya bee” Melipona beecheii Mexico, Venezuela, 364 131–135, 300 “guaraipo” Melipona bicolor schencki “mea fuego” Oxitrigona mellicolor Ecuador, 423 Argentina, 290, 293 “mingkaye” Tetragona clavipes Ecuador, 204 “guarigane” Trigona silvestriana Ecuador, 217 “mirí” Plebeia droryana, P. emerinoides, P. “iñawe” Ptilotrigona lurida Ecuador, 204 remota and P. guazurary Argentina, 288, “iratín” Lestrimelitta rufipes Argentina, 288, 290 290, 294 “iratín” Lestrimelitta aff. limao Argentina, 290 “mosco” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 216 Appendix A: Ethnic Names of Stingless Bees 447

“mosquitillo” Nannotrigona cf. perilampoides “pisilnekmej” Scaptotrigona mexicana Ecuador, 216 Mexico, 426 “mosquito” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 216 “pitsilnekmej” Scaptotrigona mexicana “mosquito de miel” Tetragonisca angustula Mexico, 328 Ecuador, 217 “pitón” Nannotrigona sp Ecuador, 423 “moroja” Trigona sp. Ecuador, 423 “pitón” Nannotrigona cf. perilampoides “moroja” Geotrigona fulvohirta Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 216 “moroja” Partamona epiphytophila “potolusho” Partamona peckolti Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 216 “pulao” Trigona fulviventris Ecuador, 423 “moroja” Partamona peckolti Ecuador, 216 “putulunga” Trigona fulviventris “moroja” Scaptotrigona sp. Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 423 “moroja” Trigona cf. albipennis Ecuador, 217 “p’uup” Trigonisca maya Mexico, 300 “moroja” Trigona silvestriana Ecuador, 217 “royal bees” Melipona spp. Ecuador, 203 “moroja grande” Trigona cf. truculenta “rubita” Tetragonisca angustula Venezuela, Ecuador, 217 339, 424 “morojita” Scaptotrigona sp. Ecuador, 216 “saramishki” Melipona eburnea in Kichwa, “moruja” Trigona fuscipennis Ecuador, 217 Ecuador, 216 “mosquito” Tetragonisca angustula Brazil, 217 “serrano” undetermined Ecuador, 423 “muruja” Partamona epiphytophila Ecuador, 216 “sonquette” Scaptotrigona cf. ochrotricha “muruja grande” Scaptotrigona tricolorata Venezuela, 427, 428 Ecuador, 216 “suapillo” Nannotrigona cf. mellaria “muruja hedionda” Partamona epiphytophila Ecuador, 216 Ecuador, 216 “suca” undetermined Ecuador, 423 “muruja suca” Nannotrigona melanocera “suro choco”, Scaptotrigona aff. xanthotricha, Ecuador, 216 428 “muul” Trigona fulviventris Mexico, 300 “suro negro”, Scaptotrigona polysticta, 428 “mvem” Hypotrigona Gabon, 186 “tiúba” Melipona fasciculata Brazil, 439 “ñabo” Melipona nebulosa Ecuador, 204 “tobillo morrocoy” Melipona sp. aff. eburnea “nimbuche” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 423 Venezuela, 427 “obobosí”, Scaptotrigona depilis, Bolívia, 427 “tobuna” Scaptotrigona depilis and S. bipunc- “ollotongo” undetermined Ecuador, 423 tata Argentina, 290 “oyo” Melipona grandis Ecuador, 204 “trompetilla” Tetragonisca angustula “papito blanco” Trigonisca sp. Ecuador, 423 Ecuador, 217 “pegón” Trigona cf. crassipes Ecuador, 217 “tubi” Scaptotrigona spp. Brazil, 439 “pegón” Trigona cf. truculenta Ecuador, 217 “unatawe” Trigona amalthea Ecuador, 204 “pegón grande” Trigona cf. truculenta “uñepoi” Scaptotrigona spp. Ecuador, 204 Ecuador, 217 “uruçú” Melipona scutellaris Brazil, 350 “pegón-muruja” Trigona amalthea Ecuador, 217 “uruçú cinzenta” Melipona fasciculata “pico de loro” Melipona sp. Venezuela, 427 Brazil, 439 “pichilingue” Trigona septentrionalis “xiik” Frieseomelita nigra Mexico, 300 Ecuador, 423 “xnuuk” Trigona fuscipennis Mexico, 300 “pirunga” Paratrigona sp Ecuador, 423 “xun’an kab” “xunanan kab” “xunan kab” “pirunga” Paratrigona aff. eutaeniata Ecuador, Melipona beecheii México, 112, 299 216, 221 “yapamal” undetermined Ecuador, 423 “pirunga” Paratrigona cf. rinconi Ecuador, 216 “yateí” Tetragonisca fiebrigi Argentina, 290 Appendix B: Microorganisms Associated with Stingless Bees or Used to Test Antimicrobial Activity (AM)

Alpha 2.1, 266 Caulobacterales, 269 Alpha 2.2, 266 Cryptococcus albidus, 273, 274 Aspergillus spp., 256, 258, 356, 415 Cryptococcus laurentii, 273, 274 Aureobasidium pullulans, 249, 273, 274 Cryptococcus macerans, 273, 274 Bacillales, 269, 270, 272 Debaryomyces hansenii, 249, 273 Bacillus spp., 256–258, 267, 269, 270, 414 Enterobacter cloacae AM, 385, 386, 393–396 Bacillus subtilis AM, 264, 385, 386, 393, Enterobacteriales, 269 395, 396 Escherichia coli AM, 264, 265, 384–386, Bartonella apis, 265 393–397 Bifidobacteriales, 269, 272 Escherichia sp., 247, 392 Bifidobacterium asteroides, 267 Firme-4, 267 Bifidobacterium spp., 256, 258, 266, 267, 269 Firme-5, 267 Candida albicans AM, 264, 265, 396 Firmicutes, 267, 270, 271 Candida apicola, 258, 274, 275 Flavobacteriaceae, 272 Candida apicola complex, 249, 273 Frischella perrara, 266 Candida atakaporum, 277 Gammaproteobacteria, 266, 272 Candida batistae, 248, 249, 274 Gilliamella apicola, 266 Candida bombicola/Starmerella bombicola, Issatchenkia scutulata, 273, 274 258, 275 Kloeckera sp., 249, 273 Candida catenulata, 273, 274 Kocuria rhizophila AM, 265 Candida cellae, 248, 249, 274, 275 Kodameae ohmeri, 273–275 Candida cf. etchellsii, 249 Lactobacillales, 267, 269, 272 Candida etchellsii, 249, 273, 274 Lactobacillus, 256, 258, 266, 269, 272 Candida famata, 275 Lactobacillus firm 4, 266 Candida floricola, 273, 274 Lactobacillus firm 5, 266 Candida humicola/Vanrija humicola, 248 Lactococcus, 269, 272 Candida incommunis, 248 Metschnikowia pulcherrima, 274, 275, 277 Candida ishiwadae, 248 Neisseriales, 266, 269, 272 Candida magnoliae, 275, 277 Parasaccharibacter apium, 266 Candida membranaefaciens, 248 Pasteurellales, 269, 272 Candida parapsilosis, 249, 275 Pediococcus, 272 Candida pulcherrima, 275 Penicillium spp., 256, 258, 356, 415 Candida riodocensis, 248, 249, 274 Pseudomonas, 272 Candida sorbosivorans, 277 Pseudomonas aeruginosa AM, 264, 384–386, Candidate division GN02, 267 392, 393, 395–397 Candida versatilis, 273, 274, 277 Pseudozyma antarctica, 249, 273, 274

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 449 P. Vit et al. (eds.), Pot-Pollen in Stingless Bee Melittology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61839-5 450 Appendix B: Microorganisms Associated with Stingless Bees or Used to Test Antimicrobial Activity (AM)

Rhizobiales, 269 Starmerella meliponinorum, 248, 249, 273, Rhodococcus, 269, 271 274, 277 Rhodospirillales, 269 Starmerella neotropicalis, 248, 249, 274 Rhodosporidium toruloides, 249 Streptococcus, 264, 269 Rhodotorula glutinis, 273, 275 Streptophyta, 267, 269, 270, 272 Rhodotorula spp., 273 Torulopsis spp., 258, 273 Rickettsiales, 267, 269, 272 Trichosporon sp., 249 Rosenbergiella, 272 Unclassified bacteria, 271 Saccharomycetales, 275, 277 Yarrowia, 277 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica AM, 265, Zygosaccharomyces bisporus, 273, 274 384, 387, 392, 396 Zygosaccharomyces machadoi, 248, Snodgrassella alvi, 266 249, 273 Sphingomonadales, 269 Zygosaccharomyces mellis, 249 Sphingomonas, 269, 272 Zygosaccharomyces siamensn 273, 275 Staphylococcus aureus AM, 264, 265, 384–387, Zygosaccharomyces sp., 273, 275 392–396 Index

A A. gaumeri S, 308 “abeja amarilla” Oxytrigona mellicolor Ecuador, 216 A. praecox P, S, 20, 21, 23 “abeja amarilla” Partamona aequatoriana Ecuador, 216 Acalypha (Euphorbiaceae) P, S, 54, 59, 124 “abeja amarilla” Trigona cf. amazonensis Ecuador, 217 Acanthaceae P, 52, 72, 79, 82, 365 “abeja amarilla” Trigona dallatorreana Ecuador, 217 Asystasia gangetica P, S, 79, 82, 83 “abeja amarilla” Trigona ferricauda Ecuador, 217 Avicennia P, S, 365 “abeja ángel” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 216 Justicia campechiana P, 72 “abeja chiquita” Paratrigona cf. rinconi Ecuador, 216 Mendoncia gracilis P, 52 “abeja del suelo” Schwarziana quadripunctata Ruellia simplex P, S, 79 Argentina, 290, 294 Thunbergia P, 52 “abeja de tierra” Geotrigona sp. Ecuador, 423 acapulconis, Geotrigona, 214 “abeja de tierra” Trigona fulviventris Ecuador, 217, 423 Achatocarpaceae, 21 “abeja finita”Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 216 Achatocarpus praecox (Achatocarpaceae) P, S, 21 “abeja negra” Paratrigona cf. rinconi Ecuador, 216 Acidity, 351, 354 “abeja negra” Partamona aequatoriana Ecuador, 216 Actinidia chinensis (Actinidiaceae), 162 “abeja negra” Trigona cf. truculenta Ecuador, 217 Actinidiaceae S, 122, 162 “abeja negra” Trigona sp. gr. fuscipennis Ecuador, 217 Saurauia yasicae P, S, 122 “abeja real” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, 208, 216 Adoxaceae, 170 “abeja real” Melipona grandis Ecuador, 216 Sambucus S, 170 “abeja real” Melipona indecisa Ecuador, 216 aequatoriana, Partamona, 50, 211, 214, 216, 424 “abejas reales” Melipona spp. Ecuador, 203 Africanized honey bees, 61–62 “abejita negra” Nannotrigona melanocera Ecuador, 216 African stingless bees, 232–235 “abejita negra” Scaura sp. aff. longula Ecuador, 216 biology, 229 “abejita negra” Trigona cf. branneri Ecuador, 217 nest architecture, 235–236 “abejita suca” Nannotrigona melanocera Ecuador, 216 nesting behavior, 236–238 “abejita” Tetragonisca angustula Venezuela, 339 Agapanthus (Amaryllidaceae) P, S, 414 “abelha cachorro” Trigona spinipes Brazil, 439 Ageratum houstonianum (Asteraceae) P, S, 123 ABTS+• method, 342–343 Agrobacterium tumefaciens, 392 Abutilon (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) P, 56 Agroecosystems Acacia (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) N, P, H, L, S, A, 55, crop and non-crop flowering 117, 124, 246, 321, 322, 414 diversified agroecosystems, 167–168 A. angustissima P, S, 124 pollinating target crop, 167 A. aroma, 20 weeds and edge vegetation, 167 A. bonariensis P, S, 20, 21 pollination of strawberries with Plebeia A. cornigera P, S, 124 catamarcensis, 168–171 A. curvifructa, 20 temporal variation of flower availability, A. furcatispina P, S, 20, 21 165–166

1

1 Note: List of Plant Taxa used by Bees—Plants used as source of nectar (N), pollen (P), trichomes (T) or resin (R), harvested from corbiculae (C), to make honey (H), build nests (B), pollinated (L) or on bee body (O) of stingless bees (S), and Apis mellifera (A), brood provisions (D).

© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 451 P. Vit et al. (eds.), Pot-Pollen in Stingless Bee Melittology, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-61839-5 452 Index

Ah Mucen Kab, 303 Tapirira guianensis P, H, O, S, 32, 38, 42, 357 ailyae, Partamona, 34 Tapirira P, S, 321, 322 “ajavitte” Tetragona clavipes Venezuela, 427 Anacardium (Anacardiaceae) P, H, 61 albipennis, Trigona, 194, 213, 217 Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) N, Albizia inundata (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, S, 21, 22, 24 P, H, L, O, S, 91–93, 105, 106, 108, 243, 245 Alchornea latifolia (Euphorbiaceae) P, S, 54, 117, 118, Anadenanthera (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, S, 106, 108, 243 120, 124 Ananas comosus (Bromeliaceae), 162 Alchornea (Euphorbiaceae) N, P, L, S, A, 58, 62, 105–108 Andrena, 19, 246 Aldama dentata (Asteraceae) P, S, 123 andreniformis, Apis, 231 Alfredo Barrera Marín botanical garden, 68 “angelina” Nannotrigona melanocera Ecuador, 216 Allophylus (Sapindaceae) P, H, S, 357 “angelina” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 217 “alpargate” Plebeia sp Ecuador, 423 “angelita” Frieseomelitta aff. varia Venezuela, 364 Alpha 2.1, 266 “angelita negra” Aparatrigona impunctata Ecuador, 216 Alpha 2.2, 266 “angelita negra grande” Trigona cf. guianae Ecuador, 217 Alternanthera spp. (Amaranthaceae) “angelita” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, Venezuela, A. ficoidea H, S, 93 221, 340, 423 A. ramosissima N, 71 Angiosperm resources, for stingless bees Altingiaceae S, 122 Melipona beecheii, 114–116, 122–127 Liquidambar P, S, 122 Nanotrigona perilampoides, 122–127 Alvaradoa amorphoides (Picramniaceae) N, P, 71 Plebeia sp., 116–117, 122–127 alvarengai, Plebeia, 194 pollen grains, 119 Amaioua (Rubiaceae), 62 Scaptotrigona mexicana, 114, 116–117, 122–127 amalthea, Trigona, 36, 49, 51, 192–195, 204, 213, 217 Tetragona jaty, 122–127 Amanoa (Phyllanthaceae), 62 See also Mexican stingless bees Amaranthaceae-Gomphrenoideae S, 122 Angophora (Myrtaceae) P, A, 378 Amaranthaceae P, 10, 11, 52, 71, 93, 161, 331 angustula, Tetragonisca, 36, 51, 61, 112, 121, 143, 146, Alternanthera ficoidea H, S, 93 147, 157, 171, 194, 196, 212, 213, 215–217, Alternanthera ramosissima N, 71 219–221, 224, 242, 246, 248, 249, 259, Chenopodium quinoa, 161 265–269, 272–276, 339–346, 356, 365, 367, Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) S, 161 392–396, 415, 423, 424, 428, 438, 439 Amaryllidaceae, 414 Aniseia (Convolvulaceae) P, 53 Agapanthus P, S, 414 Anisocapparis speciosa (Capparaceae) P, S, 21, 23 Crinum asiaticum var. pedunculatum P, S, 414 Annona (Annonaceae) P, 52 amazonensis, Trigona, 192, 194, 195, 204, 213, 217, 424 Polyalthia P, S, 79, 80 Amazonian biogeography anthidioides, Melipona, 109 bee diet, 38–41 anthidioides, Melipona quadrifasciata, 103–109 collections, 200 Anthophora, 246 French Guiana, 199–200 Anthurium (Araceae) P, 52 morphology and recorded behavior, 200 Antibacterial activity Amino acid, 319–320 Australian pot-pollen Amischotolype griffithii (Commelinaceae) P, S, 79 bacterial strains, 385 Ammi visnaga (Apiaceae) S, 170 evaluation, 387 Amphilophium (Bignoniaceae) P, 53 inhibitory effects, 385–386 amphitrite, Augochlora, 19, 26 methanol and water extracts, 386 Anacardiaceae P, H, O, S, 21–23, 32, 38, 39, 41, 42, 52, minimum inhibitory concentration, 385–386 61, 72, 93, 117, 120, 122, 123, 143, 162, 167, phenolic compounds, 384 243, 322, 331, 356–358, 365, 366 Turkish bee pollen, 385 Anacardium P, H, 61 of ethanolic extracts Astronium P, S, 365, 366 bee pollen, 392 Mangifera indica P, H, L, S, 82, 121, 122, biological potential of pollen, 391–392 143, 162 minimum inhibitory concentration, 393–394 Metopium brownei N, P, S, A, 72 polyphenols, 395–397 Myracrodruon urundeuva P, H, O, S, 92, 93, 95 stingless bee species and locations, 393 Schinopsis spp. Venezuelan pot-pollen, 394–397 S. balansae P, S, 19, 21 well diffusion agar, 393 S. lorentzii P, S, 19, 21 Antifungal potential, of pollen extracts, 264 Schinus fasciculata var. arenicola P, S, 19 Antigonon (Polygonaceae) P, S, 365, 366 Spondias P, S, 52, 61 Antimicrobial action S. mombin P, O, S, 39, 122, 308, 331, 357, 358 EEPos, 265 S. purpurea P, S, 122 of ethanolic extracts, 265 Index 453

of pollen extracts, 264 Attalea spp. Antioxidant activity (AOA), 342–343 A. maripa O, S, 32 Antiparasitic capacity, EEPos, 265 A. rostrata P, 52 Antiviral capacity Bactris gasipaes O, S, 39 EEPos, 265 Bactris P, 51, 52 Escherichia coli (ATCC 700078), 265 Chamaedorea P, 52 Aparatrigona, 190, 362 Chamaedorea spp. A. impunctata, 33, 194, 196, 209, 216 C. seifrizii N, P, S, 71 A. isopterophila, 50 C. tepejilote P, S, 122 Apeiba (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) P, 56 Cocos nucifera N, P, H, L, O, S, 32, 52, 117, 118, Apiaceae S, 52, 122, 164, 170 120–122, 143, 321, 322 Ammi visnaga S, 170 Cryosophila warscewiczii P, 52 Apium S, 170 Elaeis spp. Arracacia P, S, 122 E. guineensis P, S, 122 Coriandrum sativum L, S, 164 E. oleifera P, H, 52 Eryngium P, 52 Euterpe oleracea L, S, 425 apicalis, Trigona, 78, 345, 379 Euterpe O, S, 39 Apis, xxiv, 5, 47, 77, 83, 112, 156, 157, 167, 191, 229, Geonoma P, L, S, A, 52, 105–108 231, 248, 265, 327, 436 Iriartea, 58, 62 Apis spp., 47 Iriartea deltoidea P, 52 A. andreniformis, 231 Mauritia flexuosa O, S, 39 A. cerana, 142 Oenocarpus mapora P, 52 A. florea, 231 Phytelephas macrocarpa P, 52 A. mellifera, 47, 58, 61–63, 68, 70, 82, 83, 112, 119, Sabal yapa S, 308 131, 139, 142, 144–146, 148, 155, 156, 167, Socratea exorrhiza P, 52 170, 181, 186, 203, 208, 215, 231, 238, 247, Syagrus P, S, 357 250, 256, 263–269, 272–277, 289, 306, 314, Thrinax radiata N, P, S, A, 72, 73 316–320, 322, 330, 332–334, 339, 349, Trithrinax schizophylla P, S, 21 351–353, 355, 356, 361, 362, 364, 367, “arepe” Nannotrigona sp. Ecuador, 423 370–372, 377, 378, 380, 383, 387, 392, 397, argentina, Geotrigona, 19, 21, 26, 27, 68 401, 402, 421, 422, 424, 425, 430, 435, 436, Argentina stingless bees 438–442 crops potentially pollinated, 158–165 A. mellifera scutellata, 58 pollen spectra of pot-pollen in colonies of, 158 A. cerana, pollination efficiency, 142 potential pollination Apium (Apiaceae) S, 170 advantages and disadvantages, 157–158 Apocynaceae P, L, A, 52, 25, 107 ground-nesting, 158 Prestonia P, 52 intrinsic and extrinsic factors, 156–157 Apolar axis, 9 spatial variation of crops, 165 Aquifoliaceae, 52 temporal variation of flower availability, 165–166 Ilex paraguariensis, 285 argyrea, Scaura, 49, 51, 57, 58 Ilex P, S, 52 armata, Plebeina, 180, 232, 233, 235–238 Araceae, 52 Arrabidaea (Bignoniaceae) P, 53 Anthurium P, 52 Arracacia (Apiaceae) P, S, 122 Arachis hypogaea (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 160 Artificial diet development, 258–260 Araliaceae P, H, O, S, 38, 52, 117, 122, 331 Artocarpus altilis (Moraceae) O, S, 38 Dendropanax arboreus P, S, 52, 331 Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae) P, S, 82 Oreopanax P, S, 123 ash, Samburá, 351, 352 Schefflera morototoni P, O, S, 38 Asparagaceae S, 122 “arapuá” Trigona spinipes Brazil, 439 Cordyline fruticosa P, S, 55 araujoi, Hypotrigona, 180, 181, 233 Aspergillus, 256, 258, 356, 415 Archontophoenix cunninghamiana (Arecaceae) Asphodelaceae, 414 P, S, 245 Dianella P, S, 414 Ardisia elliptica (Primulaceae) P, S, 79 Asteraceae N, P, H, L, O, S, A, 21, 52, 59, 71, 72, 79, 80, Ardisia (Primulaceae) P, 57 107, 117, 121, 123, 160, 167, 170, 245, 331, Arecaceae P, H, L, O, S, A, 21, 32, 38, 39, 52, 58, 71, 72, 332, 335, 358, 365, 366, 381, 387, 414, 440 106, 107, 122, 143, 167, 243, 245, 321, 322, Ageratum houstonianum P, S, 123 356–358, 380, 381, 387, 425, 440 Aldama dentata P, S, 123 Archontophoenix cunninghamiana P, S, 245 Aster squamatus S, 170 Astrocaryum aculeatum O, S, 39 Bidens pilosa P, S, 123, 134, 308, 331 Attalea P, 32 Bidens P, S, 365, 366 454 Index

Asteraceae N, P, H, L, O, S, A (cont.) chromatographic analysis Calendula, 170 chemical constituents by HPLC-DAD-ESI(–)-MS/ Carthamus tinctorius, 160 MS, 405 Cichorium intybus S, 170 extraction, 404 Cosmos caudatus P, S, 79 metabolomics, 406 Eupatorium P, S, 365, 366 pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 406 Heliantheae P, S, 331 sampling from bee hives, 404 Helianthus annuus P, L, S, A, 160, 387, 396, 397 volatiles by HS-SPME-GC-MS, 404–405 Hypochaeris radicata P, A, 378, 414 food security, 402–403 Mikania P, S, 79, 80 health benefits, 402 Parthenium fruticosum P, S, 331, 332 historical accounts, 401–402 Parthenium hysterophorus P, S, 21 microbiological aspects, 414–415 Sonchus oleraceus S, 170 modern practices, 415–416 Taraxacum campylodes S, 170 phenolic compounds, 378 Tridax procumbens P, S, 123, 308 physicochemical parameters, 377 Verbesina P, S, 331, 332 research, 403 Vernonanthura deppeana P, H, S, 123 australis, Austroplebeia, 145, 146, 378–382, 385–387, Vernonia arborescens P, 123 401–404, 406–409, 411, 412, 415, 416 Vernonia N, P, L, S, A, 53, 107, 123, 331 Austroplebeia Viguiera dentata N, P, L, S, A, 72, 134, 308 A. australis, 145, 146, 378–382, 385–387, 401–404, Wedelia acapulcensis P, H, S, 123 406–409, 411, 412, 415, 416 Aster squamatus (Asteraceae) S, 170 A. cassiae, 401 Astrocaryum aculeatum (Arecaceae) O, S, 39 Avena sativa (Poaceae), 160 Astronium (Anacardiaceae) P, S, 62, 365, 366 Averrhoa spp. (Oxalidaceae) Asymmetric grains, 9 A. bilimbi, 87 Asystasia gangetica (Acanthaceae) P, S, 79, 82, 83 A. bilimbi P, S, 78, 79, 87 atomaria, Trigona (Trigonisca) duckei, 51 A. carambola N, P, L, S, 78, 79, 143 atomaria, Trigonisca, 51 Avicennia (Acanthaceae) P, S, 365 atripes, Tetragonilla, 78 “awae” Melipona captiosa Ecuador, 204 Attalea (Arecaceae) P, 32, 38 Axestotrigona, 181, 232, 237 A.maripa O, S, 32 Axestotrigona, Meliponula (Axestotrigona), 181 A. rostrata P, 52 A. cameroonensis, 233 Augochlora amphitrite, 26 A. erythra, 232, 233, 238 Augochlora (Augochlora) amphitrite, 19 A. ferruginea, 232, 233, 237, 238 Augochloropsis euterpe, 170 A. togoensis, 233, 238 “auímo”Melipona crinita Ecuador, 204 “auim” Trigona amazonensis Ecuador, 204 “auñeta” Partamona epiphytophila Ecuador, 204 B Aureobasidium pullulans, 249, 273, 274 Baccaurea lanceolata (Phyllanthaceae) P, S, 79 Australian pot-pollen Bacillales, 269, 270, 272 antibacterial activity Bacillus spp., 256–258, 267, 269, 270, 414 bacterial strains, 385 Bacillus subtilis AM, 264, 385, 386, 393, 395, 396 evaluation, 387 Backhousia citriodora (Myrtaceae) P, S, 414 inhibitory effects, 385–386 Bacterial strains, 393 methanol and water extracts, 386 Bactris (Arecaceae) P, 51, 52 minimum inhibitory concentration, Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) O, S, 39 385–386 Baculae, 9 phenolic compounds, 384 Baculate, 9 Turkish bee pollen, 385 baleensis, Liotrigona, 180, 232, 234 bee pollen Balsaminaceae S, 123, 167 chemical composition, 378 Impatiens walleriana P, S, 123 functional properties, 377 Bambusa (Poaceae) P, 57 nutraceutical properties, 378–379 Banara guianensis (Salicaceae) P, 57 botanical and ecological studies, 414 “barbacho” Partamona aequatoriana Ecuador, 216 botanical origin, 377, 380–381 “barbón” Lestrimellita limao Ecuador, 423 botanical sources, within flight range, 402 barrocoloradensis, Scaptotrigona, 51, 212 chemometrics Barro Colorado Island, 48 secondary metabolites, 409–412 Bartonella apis, 265 using open source data, 412–414 Bauhinia (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, S, 114, 124, volatile organic compounds, 406–408 380, 387 Index 455

B. acuminata P, S, 79 biroi, Tetragonula, 203 B. reflexa P, 54 bivea, Meliwillea, 50 B. ungulata P, 54 Bixaceae P, O, S, 38, 53, 73, 143 beccarii, Meliplebeia, 180, 181, 185, 186, 232, 233, Bixa orellana N, P, C, L, O, S, 38, 53, 143, 304 235, 237 Cochlospermum vitifolium P, L, S, D, 53, 73 beccarii, Meliponula (Meliplebeia), 180, 233 “boca de sapo” undetermined Ecuador, 423 Beebread, 263, 361 bocandei, Meliponula, 181, 182, 185, 186, 232–234, of Apis mellifera, 264 237, 238 enzymatic activity, 264 bocandei, Meliponula (Meliponula), 180 beecheii, Melipona, 49, 50, 67–75, 112–116, 118–122, Bombus, 131, 144, 148, 156, 170, 230 131–136, 203, 223, 299–307, 313, 326, 328, B. cryptarum, 274 334, 421, 428 B. hortorum, 274 Bee gut-associated microbiome, 264 B. impatiens, 144–146, 148 Beekeeping, with Apis mellifera, 186 B. lapidarius, 274 Bee pollen, 329, 371 B. pascuorum, 274 chemical composition, 378 B. terrestris, 132, 148, 273, 274 definition, 441 Bonellia macrocarpa (Primulaceae) N, P, L, 71 ethanol extracts of, 392 “bool” Nannotrigona perilampoides Mexico, 423 functional properties, 377 Boraginaceae P, O, S, 53, 72, 123, 331, 403 health benefits of, 402 Cordia alliodora P, S, 121, 123 modern synthesis, 3–5 Cordia P, S, 53, 331 potential applications, 379 Echium spp., 412 quality-of-life score, 379 E. plantagineum P, A, 402 therapeutic application, 379 E. vulgare P, A, 403 Begoniaceae S, 52, 53, 123 Heliotropium P, 53 Begonia heracleifolia P, S, 123 Tournefortia P, 53, 72 Begonia P, 53 Tournefortia spp. Begonia (Begoniaceae) P, 53 T. gnaphalodes S, 308 Begonia heracleifolia (Begoniaceae) P, S, 123 T. volubilis N, P, L, 72 Bellucia (Melastomataceae) O, S, 42 “borá” Tetragona clavipes Argentina, Bellucia grossularioides (Melastomataceae) O, S, 38 290, 294 Benincasa hispida, 86 Borreria (Rubiaceae) P, S, 126 Benincasa hispida (Cucurbitaceae) P, S, 79 bottegoi, Liotrigona, 180, 232, 234 “bermeja” Melipona mimetica Ecuador, 216 Bougainvillea glabra (Nyctaginaceae) P, S, 82, 83 “bermejo” Melipona mimetica Ecuador, 216, 221, bouyssoui, Liotrigona, [=Hypotrigona ruspolii], 423, 424 180–182, 234 Bicellular pollen, 5 branneri, Trigona, 36, 194, 213, 217 bicolor, Melipona, 132, 135, 157 Brassicaceae, 160, 352, 387, 414 bicolor, Melipona bicolor, 223 Brassica H, S, 167, 369 Bidens (Asteraceae) P, S, 365, 366 Brassica napus P, L, A, S, 160, 378, 387, Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) P, S, 123, 134, 308, 331 398, 414 Bifidobacteriales, 269, 272 Rapistrum rugosum P, A, 378, 414 Bifidobacterium spp., 256, 258, 266, 267, 269 Sisymbrium officinale P, A, 378, 414 B. asteroides, 267 Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, pollen storage, 103–108 Bifloral pollen loads, 106 Broad polylecty, 17–18, 25 Bignoniaceae P, O, S, 21, 52, 53, 123, 170, 243, 414 Bromeliaceae P, S, 53, 162 Amphilophium P, 53 Ananas comosus, 162 Arrabidaea P, 53 Billbergia P, 53 Campsis x tagliabuana S, 170 Catopsis sessiliflora P, 53 Handroanthus guayacan P, 53 Bromus (Poaceae), 165 Handroanthus impetiginosus P, S, 21 Brosimum alicastrum (Moraceae) P, S, 125 Jacaranda P, S, 414 Brosimum (Moraceae) P, 57 Mansoa P, 53 browni, Dolichotrigona, 194, 209 Martinella obovata P, 53 Brugmansia (Solanaceae) P, 57 Parmentiera aculeata P, S, 123 buchwaldi, Tetragonisca, 51, 213 Tabebuia nodosa P, S, 21 Bulnesia sarmientoi (Zygophyllaceae) P, S, 21, 23, 24 Tabebuia P, S, 21, 246 Bunchosia nitida (Malpighiaceae) P, 125 bilineata, Partamona, 143–145, 147 “bunga amarilla” Melipona eburnea Ecuador Billbergia (Bromeliaceae) P, 53 “bunga amarilla” Melipona sp. (gr. fasciata) Ecuador bipunctata, Scaptotrigona, 273, 290, 369 “bunga negra” Melipona grandis Ecuador, 216, 424 456 Index

Burseraceae P, O, S, 38, 53, 71, 73, 75, 123, 330–332, C. ishiwadae, 248 331, 335 C. magnoliae, 275, 277 Bursera N, P, R, H, S, A, 71, 75, 431 C. membranaefaciens, 248 Bursera spp. C. parapsilosis, 249, 275 B. graveolens, 431 C. pulcherrima, 275 B. simaruba, 119 C. riodocensis, 248, 249, 274 B. simaruba P, S, 71, 73, 114, 118, 119, 121, 123, C. sorbosivorans, 277 308, 330, 331 C. versatilis, 273, 274, 277 Commiphora leptophloeos, 96 Candidate division GN02, 267 Dacryodes L, S, 179 Cannabaceae H, 21, 53, 123 Protium heptaphyllum O, S, 38 Celtis iguanaea P, S, 123 Protium P, S, 53, 62, 246 Celtis P, H, S, 21, 53, 59 Tetragastris, 62 Trema, 62 Trattinnickia, 62 Trema micrantha P, S, 123, 321, 322 butteli, Nogueirapis, 34 “canudo” Scaptotrigona spp. Brazil, 439 buyssoni, Trigonisca, 51, 214 capitata, Cephalotrigona, 49, 194, 196, 288, 290 Byrsonima bucidifolia (Malpighiaceae) N, P, L, A, 71 Capparaceae, 21–24 Anisocapparis speciosa P, S, 21, 23 Cynophalla retusa P, S, 21–26 C Capparicordis tweediana (Capparaceae) P, S, 21 Cactaceae, 53, 162, 356–358 Capraria biflora (Scrophulariaceae) P, S, 126 Epiphyllum P, 53 Capsicum (Solanaceae) P, L, S, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 167 Hylocereus undatus P, S, 357 C. annuum N, P, L, S, D, 142–144, 147, 163 Opuntia ficus-indica, 162 C. chinense, 144 Caesalpinia (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) N, P, L, 71 captiosa, Melipona, 194, 204 C. gaumeri S, 308 Carabozá bee, 288 C. pulcherrima P, 54 “carabozá” Trigona spinipes Argentina, 288, 290 C. yucatanensis S, 308 Carapa (Meliaceae), 62 “cagafuego” Oxytrigona tataira Argentina, 290 Carbohydrates, 333 Calendula spp. (Asteraceae), 170 Samburá, physicochemical characteristics of, Calliandra pittieri (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, 55 351, 353 Calliopsis (Ceroliopoeum) laeta, 19 carbonaria, Tetragonula, 143, 145–147, 203, 371, Calliopsis, 27 378–382, 386, 387, 401–404, 406–409, 411, Callistemon (Myrtaceae) P, S, 414 412, 416 Calophyllaceae, 52, 53, 82, 83 Caricaceae S, 38, 123, 162 Marila laxiflora P, 53 Carica papaya (Caricaceae) P, O, S, 38, 123, 162, 167 Calophyllum inophyllum (Calophyllaceae) P, S, 82, 83 Carludovica palmata (Cyclanthaceae) P, 54 Calopogonium mucunoides (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, 55 Carthamus tinctorius (Asteraceae), 160 Camargoia, 190, 200 Carya illinoinensis (Juglandaceae), 161 cameroonensis, Axestotrigona, 233 Casearia emarginata (Salicaceae) N, P, L, 71 cameroonensis, Meliponula (Axestotrigona), 180 Casearia (Salicaceae) P, 55 Campomanesia (Myrtaceae) P, S, 356–358 cassiae, Austroplebeia, 401 Campsis x tagliabuana (Bignoniaceae) S, 170 Cassia (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, C, O, S, 38, 54, “cananambo” Melipona cf. indecisa Ecuador, 216 59, 191 “cananambo” Melipona indecisa Ecuador, 216, 221, 423 Castela coccinea (Simaroubaceae) P, S, 21 Candida spp. catamarcensis, Plebeia, 168–171 C. albicans AM, 264, 265, 396 Catana, 426 C. apicola, 258, 274, 275 “catana oreja de león” Scaptotrigona sp. Ecuador, 216 C. apicola complex, 249, 273 “catana” Scaptotrigona sp. Ecuador, 216, 423–426 C. atakaporum, 277 “catiana” Scaptotrigona sp. Ecuador, 216 C. batistae, 248, 249, 274 Catopsis sessiliflora (Bromeliaceae) P, 53 C. bombicola/Starmerella bombicola, 258, 275 Caulobacterales, 269 C. catenulata, 273, 274 Cavanillesia spp. (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) C. cellae, 248, 249, 274, 275 C. platanifolia P, 56 C. cf. etchellsii, 249 C. platanifolia (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) P, B, 56, C. etchellsii, 249, 273, 274 192, 195 C. famata, 275 Cayaponia (Cucurbitaceae) P, 54 C. floricola, 273, 274 Cecropia obtusifolia (Urticaceae) P, S, 117, 119, 126 C. humicola/Vanrija humicola, 248 Cecropia (Urticaceae) P, B, S, 59, 61, 62, 68, 117, 120, C. incommunis, 248 126, 191, 193, 203, 204 Index 457

Cedrela odorata (Meliaceae) P, S, 56, 125 Citrullus lanatus (Cucurbitaceae) N, P, H, L, S, 146, Cedrelinga (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) B, 193 147, 162 Celastraceae S, 21, 53, 123 Citrus (Rutaceae) P, H, L, S, 57, 78–80, 121, 167, 328 Crossopetalum parvifolium P, S, 123 C. grandis, 87 Maytenus schipii P, 53 C. hystrix P, S, 82–85 Maytenus spinosa P, S, 20, 21 C. limon P, H, S, D, 126, 161 Maytenus vitis-idaea P, S, 19, 21 C. paradisi, 161 Celetrigona, 190, 195, 196, 200, 201 C. reticulata L, S, 161 Celetrigona euclydiana, 194, 196 C. sinensis N, P, H, L, S, A, 71, 126, 161 Celtis iguanaea (Cannabaceae) P, S, 123 Clavate, 9 Celtis (Cannabaceae) P, H, S, 21, 53, 59 clavipes, Tetragona, 194, 196, 204, 212, 216, 244–246, Central Amazon, plant-bee interactions in, 31–38 290, 294, 427, 437 Centris, 68, 191, 229, 230 clavipes, Trigona, 51, 143 Centris spp. Cleomaceae S, 53, 79, 123 C. inermis [=Centris varia], 112 Cleome spp. C. tarsata, 248, 249, 274 C. guianensis P, S, 123 Cephalotrigona, 49, 59, 157, 195, 203, 209, 231, 362 C. parviflora P, S, 53, 123 Cephalotrigona spp. C. rutidosperma, 86 C. capitata, 49, 194, 196, 288, 290 C. rutidosperma P, S, 79 C. capitata zexmeniae, 49 Cleptotrigona, 181, 186, 232 C. femorata, 33, 38 Cleptotrigona cubiceps, 180–182, 233 C. zexmeniae, 50, 58–59 Clethraceae S, 123 cerana, Apis, 142 Clethra occidentalis (Clethraceae) P, S, 123 Cerrado, Brazil Clitoria (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, 55 native bees, pollen harvested, 243–247 Clusiaceae P, O, S, 53, 79 yeast in stored pollen, 247–250 Clusia odorata P, 53 Cestrum nocturnum (Solanaceae) P, S, 71 Garcinia prainiana P, S, 79 Cestrum (Solanaceae) P, H, S, 357 Symphonia globulifera P, 53 chachapoya, Dolichotrigona, 194, 196 Tovomita, 62 “chalaco” Partamona aequatoriana Ecuador, 216 Tovomitopsis, 62 “chalaco” Trigona fuscipennis Ecuador, 217 Cluster analysis, pollen types, 245 Chamaecrista (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, S, 94, Cnidoscolus multilobus (Euphorbiaceae) P, S, 124 331, 332 coccidophila, Schwarzula, 35 C. calycioides P, H, O, S, 91, 93 Coccoloba (Polygonaceae) N, P, H, S, 62, 71, 331 C. duckeana P, H, O, S, 91–93 C. caracasana P, S, 125 C. nictitans P, S, 71 C. spicata N, P, S, 71 C. ramosa P, 94 C. uvifera S, 308 Chamaedorea (Arecaceae) P, 52 Cochlospermum vitifolium (Bixaceae) P, L, S, D, 53, 71, 73 C. seifrizii N, P, S, 71 Cocos nucifera (Arecaceae) N, P, H, L, O, S, 38, 52, 117, C. tepejilote P, S, 122 118, 120–122, 143, 321, 322 Chamaesyce (Euphorbiaceae) P, 54, 59 Coffea (Rubiaceae) P, L, S, 79, 80, 82, 179 chanchamayoensis, Trigona, 36, 194, 213, 215 C. arabica, 87 Chenopodium quinoa (Amaranthaceae), 161 C. arabica N, P, H, L, S, D, 117–120, 126, 143, “chiñi” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 217 328, 425 chiriquiensis, Geotrigona, 50 C. canephora N, P, L, S, 143 chiriquiensis, Trigona (Tetragona) leucogastra, 50 “cojimbo” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, 423 Chloranthaceae S, 123 colimana, Melipona, 133, 223 Hedyosmum P, S, 62, 117, 118, 123 Colletes, 19 chocoana, Oxytrigona, 210 collina, Tetragonilla, 78 Chrysobalanaceae, 53 Colombian bees, 273 Hirtella racemosa P, 53 Columella, 9 Chrysophyllum spp. (Sapotaceae) Combretaceae S, 53, 79 C. cainito N, P, S, 71, 73 Combretum P, 53 C. mexicanum N, P, S, 71 Terminalia P, S, 79 “chullumbo” Tetragonisca angustula in Kichwa, Commelinaceae S, 53, 79, 122 Ecuador, 217 Amischotolype griffithii P, S, 79 Cicer arietinum (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 163 Tradescantia commelinoides P, S, 122 Cichorium intybus (Asteraceae) S, 170 Commelina (Commelinaceae) P, S, 53, 122 cilipes, Trigona, 36, 51, 194, 213 Commiphora leptopholeos (Burseraceae), 96 Cissampelos (Menispermaceae) P, 57 compressa, Trigona [= Trigona cilipes], 51 458 Index compressipes, Melipona, 38, 364, 367–370, 393–397 Cryosophila warscewiczii (Arecaceae) P, 52 compressipes, Melipona (Melikerria), 33 cryptarum, Bombus, 274 “conguita” undetermined Venezuela, 339 Cryptococcus spp. Connaraceae, 53 C. albidus, 273, 274 Connarus (Connaraceae) P, 53 C. laurentii, 273, 274 Convolvulaceae, 53, 93 C. macerans, 273, 274 Aniseia P, 53 Cryptostigma, 47 Evolvulus P, 53 cubiceps, Cleptotrigona, 180–182, 233 Ipomoea spp. “cuchiperro” Tetragona sp. gr. clavipes Ecuador, 216 I. asarifolia P, O, S, 91, 93, 95 Cucumis spp. I. bahiensis O, S, 93 C. melo (Cucurbitaceae) L, S, 162 I. crinicalyx S, 308 C. sativus (Cucurbitaceae) N, P, L, S, 146, 147, 163 I. nil S, 308 Cucurbita argyrosperma (Cucurbitaceae) N, P, L, 163 I. triloba S, 308 Cucurbitaceae S, 53, 54, 71, 79, 123, 143, 147, 162, 163 Iseia luxurians P, 53 Benincasa hispida P, S, 79 Jacquemontia pentantha S, 308 Cayaponia P, 53 Maripa panamensis P, 53 Citrullus lanatus N, P, H, L, S, 146, 147, 162 Merremia aegyptia S, 308 Cucumis spp. Merremia P, 53 C. melo L, S, 162 Turbina corymbosa S, 308 C. sativus N, P, L, S, 146, 147, 163 Copaifera langsdorffii (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) Cucurbita spp. P, S, 246 C. argyrosperma N, P, L, 163 Copaifera (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, S, 245–246 C. ficifolia, 162 Corbicular bee-derived pollen properties, 264–265 C. maxima L, S, 163 Corchorus siliquosus (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) N, P, H, C. moschata N, P, L, S, 143, 144, 147, 163 L, S, 71, 125 C. pepo L, S, 146, 163 Cordia alliodora (Boraginaceae) P, S, 121, 123 Fevillea cordifolia P, 53 Cordia (Boraginaceae) P, S, 53, 331 Lagenaria siceraria B, S, 289, 291 Cordyline fruticosa (Asparagaceae) P, S, 55, 122 Melothria P, 54, 59 Coriandrum sativum (Apiaceae) L, S, 164 Momordica P, 54 “cortapelo” Trigona silvestriana Ecuador, 217 Sechium edule N, P, L, S, 54, 143 corvina, Trigona, 51, 57, 59, 143, 213 Sicyos P, S, 120, 124 Corymbia (Myrtaceae) P, A, 378 Cunoniaceae P, S, 365, 414 Corymbia torelliana (Myrtaceae) P, R, H, S, 403, 414 Davidsonia pruriens P, S, 414 Cosmos caudatus (Asteraceae) P, S, 79, 86 Cupania glabra (Sapindaceae) N, P, L, S, 71 Costaceae, 79 Cupania (Sapindaceae) P, S, 62, 117, 118, 121, 126 costaricensis, Melipona, 50 cupira, Partamona, 50, 143, 214 Costus woodsonii (Costaceae) P, S, 79 cupira, Trigona (Partamona), 50 Coussapoa purpusii (Urticaceae) P, S, 126 Cyclanthaceae, 54 “cowmuñi” Trigona truculenta Ecuador, 204 Carludovica palmata P, 54 crassipes, Trigona, 194, 213 Cydonia oblonga (Rosaceae), 161 Cretotrigona prisca, 30, 111, 207, 364 Cynophalla retusa (Capparaceae) P, S, 21–26 crinita, Melipona, 50, 194, 204 Cyperaceae, 54 Crinum asiaticum var. pedunculatum (Amaryllidaceae) Cyperus (Cyperaceae) P, B, 54, 237 P, S, 414 Crop and non-crop flowering, agroecosystems diversified agroecosystems, 167–168 D pollinating target crop, 167 Dacryodes (Burseraceae) L, S, 179 weeds and edge vegetation, 167 Dactylurina, 181, 232, 238 Crop pollination, 141–142 D. schmidti, 180, 232, 233 contribution, 143 D. staudingeri, 180–182, 184–186, 233, 238 diversity, 142 daemoniaca, Oxytrigona, 50 field research, 142 Dalbergia spp. (Fabaceae, Faboideae) greenhouses, 144–145 D. aff. brownei P, 55 honey bee uses, 139 D. glabra S, 308 Crossopetalum parvifolium (Celastraceae) P, S, 123 Dalechampia dioscoreifolia (Euphorbiaceae) P, 54 Crossover, 5 dallatorreana, Trigona, 194, 213, 217, 424 Cross-pollination, 5 danuncia, Lestrimelitta, 50 Croton (Euphorbiaceae) N, P, S, 54, 62, 71, 124 Datura metel (Solanaceae) P, S, 126 Croton sonderianus (Euphorbiaceae) P, H, O, S, 92, 93, 95 Davidsonia pruriens (Cunoniaceae) P, S, 414 Index 459

Davilla elliptica (Dilleniaceae) P, S, 246 ethnic names, 216–217 Debaryomyces hansenii, 249, 273 megabiodiversity, 208 Delonix regia (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, S, 245 norm and approach to pot-pollen standards, 208 Dendropanax arboreus (Araliaceae) P, S, 52, 331 scientific names and geographic records, 209–215 denoiti, Plebeina [= Plebeina armata], 238 stingless-beekeepers depilis, Scaptotrigona, 147, 157, 244–246, 254, 257, chemical composition of pot-pollen, 218–219 258, 260, 273, 290, 425, 427, 428, 432 Faro Convention, 221 Desmodium (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, 55 heritage and conservation mission, 217 D. adscendens P, S, 331 meliponiculture, 221 D. barbatum P, S, 246 nutritional and toxic elements, 220 D. incanum N, P, L, 72 window at climate warming, 222–223 D. tortuosum P, S, D, 331 “e’hol” Cephalotrigona zexmeniae Mexico, 300 Diadasia, 19 Elaeis guineensis (Arecaceae) P, S, 122 Diadasina distincta, 248, 249, 274 Elaeis oleifera (Arecaceae) P, H, 52 Dialium guianense (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, S, 124 Eleusine (Poaceae), 160 Dianella (Asphodelaceae) P, S, 414 emerinoides, Plebeia [= Plebeia nigriceps], 290 “dibouga” Meliponula bocandei Gabon, 186 “eñamo” Melipona titania Ecuador, 204 Dilleniaceae P, O, S, 54, 365, 414 Endosperm, 6 Davilla elliptica P, S, 246 Enterobacter cloacae AM, 385, 386, 393–396 Doliocarpus P, 54 Enterobacteriales, 269 Hibbertia P, S, 414 Enterolobium cyclocarpum (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, 55 Tetracera P, 54 Epicharis, 229, 230 dimidiata, Trigona, 194, 213 Epiphyllum (Cactaceae) P, 53 Dioclea wilsonii (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, 55 epiphytophila, Partamona, 35, 194, 204, 211, 216 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) assay, 371 Equatorial axis, 9 Diploid zygote, 6 Eremapis parvula, 19 Dipterocarpaceae P, S, 79, 80 “ergón” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, 216, 423, 424 Dipterocarpus, 80 Ericaceae P, 54, 162 distincta, Diadasina, 248, 249, 274 Vaccinium corymbosum L, S, 162 “divasou” Hypotrigona Gabon, 186 “erica” Melipona favosa Venezuela, 364 doederleini, Trigona (Tetragona) nigra, 50 Erioglossum rubiginosum (Sapindaceae) P, S, doipaensis, Lepidotrigona [=Lepidotrigona ventralis], 313 79, 82 Dolichotrigona, 190, 194, 195, 200, 201 Eryngium (Apiaceae) P, 52 D. browni, 194, 209 erythra, Axestotrigona, 181, 185, 186, 238 D. chachapoya, 194, 196 erythra, Meliponula (Axestotrigona), 180, 232, 233 D. moratoi, 194 Erythrina (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, 55 D. schulthessi, 50 Erythroxylaceae S, 54 Doliocarpus (Dilleniaceae) P, 54 Erythroxylum (Erythroxylaceae) P, 54 domiciliorum, Trigona (Plebeia) [=Plebeia franki], 51 Escherichia coli (ATCC 700078), 265, 396 dorsalis, Tetragona, 49, 51, 194, 212 Escherichia coli AM, 264, 265, 384–386, 393–397 dorsalis, Trigona (Tetragona), 51 Escherichia sp., 247, 392 droryana, Plebeia, 255, 288, 290 “españolita” Tetragonisca angustula Venezuela, 339 Duckeola ghilianii, 194, 196 essequiboensis, Tetragona, 212 Duckeola, Trigona (Duckeola), 195, 200, 231, 362 Ethnobiological estimated abundance Duranta erecta (Verbenaceae) P, S, 245 (EEA), 287 Dysphania ambrosioides (Amaranthaceae) P, L, S, 71, 331 Ethnobiology, 283 Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) N, P, H, L, S, A, 105–108, 159, 165, 237, 243, 245, 378, 381, 402, 408, 414 E E. moluccana (Myrtaceae) P, S, 245 eburnea, Melipona, 194, 204, 214, 216, 218, 317, 341, euclydiana, Celetrigona, 194, 196 362, 364, 367–370 Eugenia (Myrtaceae) N, P, H, L, S, A, 57, 72, 73, 75, eburnea, Melipona (Michmelia), 209 108, 331, 356 Echinate, 9 E. axillaris N, P, S, 72, 73 Echium spp. (Boraginaceae), 412 E. buxifolia N, P, S, 72, 73 E. plantagineum P, A, 402–403 E. capuli P, S, 331 E. vulgare P, A, 403 E. dysenterica P, S, 245 Eclectic oligolecty, 18, 20 E. stipitata P, O, S, 38, 39, 357, 358 Ecuador, 421 E. uniflora P, S, 255, 260, 357 Ecuadorian stingless bees Euglossa, 112 compositional data, 208 Eupatorium (Asteraceae) P, S, 365, 366 460 Index

Euphorbiaceae P, H, O, S, 54, 57, 58, 71, 72, 79, 82, 93, P. bracteosa, 96 106, 121, 124, 160, 167, 170, 243, 245 P. pluviosa P, S, 243, 245 Acalypha P, S, 54, 58, 124 Senna P, L, S, 72, 73, 94, 243, 246 Alchornea latifolia P, S, 54, 117, 118, 120, 124 S. acclinis P, S, 414 Alchornea N, P, L, S, A, 58, 62, 105–108 S. clavigera P, S, 414 Chamaesyce P, 54, 59 S. macranthera O, S, 93 Cnidoscolus multilobus P, S, 124 S. obtusifolia P, H, O, S, 91–94 Croton N, P, S, 54, 62, 71, 124 S. pallida P, L, 72, 73 Croton sonderianus P, H, O, S, 92, 93, 95 S. racemosa P, L, S, 72, 114, 124 Dalechampia dioscoreifolia P, 54 S. silvestris P, S, 246 Euphorbia leucocephala P, S, 124 S. trachypus O, S, 93 Euphorbia N, P, S, A, 54, 72, 170 S. uniflora P, H, O, S, 93 Euphorbia schlechtendalii N, P, S, A, 72 Tachigali versicolor P, 54 Gymnanthes lucida N, P, L, 72, 73 Tamarindus indica P, S, 79, 80 Hippomane, 62 Fabaceae-Faboideae S, 42, 79, 121, 124, 321, Hura, 62 356–358 Hura crepitans P, 54 Arachis hypogea, 160 Manihot esculenta P, 54 Calopogonium mucunoides P, 54 Ricinus communis P, S, 124, 245 Cicer arietinum, 163 Sapium P, 54, 62 Clitoria P, 54 Suregada multiflora P, S, 82 Dalbergia spp. Vernicia fordii, 160 D. aff. brownei P, 54 Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) N, P, S, A, 54 D. glabra S, 308 E. leucocephala (Euphorbiaceae) P, S, 124 Desmodium P, 54 E. schlechtendalii (Euphorbiaceae) N, P, S, A, 72 D. adscendens P, S, 331 eutaeniata, Paratrigona, 194, 210, 216, 221 D. barbatum P, S, 246 euterpe, Augochloropsis, 170 D. incanum N, P, L, 72 Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae) L, S, 425 D. tortuosum P, S, D, 331 Euterpe (Arecaceae) O, S, 39 Dialium guianense P, S, 124 Evolvulus (Convolvulaceae) P, 53 Dioclea wilsonii P, 54 Erythrina P, 55 Gliricidia sepium N, P, S, A, 72, 73 F Glycine max S, 160 Fabaceae-Caesalpinioideae S, 21, 38, 93, 332, 414 Lens culinaris, 163 Bauhinia P, S, 114, 124, 380, 387 Lonchocarpus N, P, S, 72, 73, 117, 120, 124 B. acuminata P, S, 79 L. punctatus N, P, S, 72 B. reflexa P, 54 L. rugosus N, P, S, 72, 73 B. ungulata P, 54 Lotus spp., 165 Caesalpinia N, P, L, 71 L. corniculatus, 163 C. gaumeri S, 308 L. tenuis, 163 C. pulcherrima P, 54 Lupinus albus, 163 C. yucatanensis S, 308 Machaerium aculeatum P, S, 245 Cassia P, C, O, S, 38, 54, 59, 191 Machaerium P, H, 55, 61 Chamaecrista P, S, 94, 331, 332 Medicago spp., 165 C. calycioides P, H, O, S, 91, 93 M. sativa, 163 C. duckeana P, H, O, S, 91–93 Melilotus spp., 165 C. nictitans P, S, 71 M. albus H, S, 163 C. ramosa, 94 M. officinalis, 163 Copaifera langsdorffii P, S, 246 Nissolia fructicosa P, S, 124 Copaifera P, S, 245 Phaseolus P, S, 124, 163 Delonix regia P, S, 245 Piscidia piscipula N, P, S, A, 72, 308 Gleditsia amorphoides P, S, 21 Pisum sativum, 163 Haematoxylum campechianum, 308 Pterocarpus P, 55, 58 Libidibia ferrea O, S, 93, 95 Pueraria phaseoloides P, H, S, 357 Macrolobium P, 54 Swartzia O, S, 42 Parkinsonia spp. Swartzia panamensis P, 54 P. aculeata P, S, 19, 21 Trifolium spp., 165 P. praecox P, H, S, D, 19, 21 T. pratense, 163 Peltophorum P, 54 T. repens H, S, 163 Poincianella P, S, 243 Vigna, 163 Index 461

Fabaceae-Mimosoideae P, H, S, 21, 38, 42, 55, 82, 93, Fabaceae N, P, H, L, O, S, A, 21–24, 22–24, 38, 39, 41, 121, 124, 356–358, 414, 440 42, 58, 62, 71–74, 79, 80, 82, 93, 107, 112, Acacia N, P, H, L, S, A, 55, 107, 117, 124, 246, 321, 124, 160, 163, 167, 243, 245, 246, 331, 332, 322, 414 335, 365, 369, 414, 425 A. angustissima P, S, 124 faceta [nom. nud.], Frieseomelitta silvestrii, 33 A. aroma, 20 Fagaceae S, 79, 80, 124, 332 A. bonariensis P, S, 20, 21 Lithocarpus P, S, 79, 80, 82, 85 A. cornigera P, S, 124 Quercus P, S, 114, 117–119, 124 A. curvifructa, 20 fallax, Melipona, 48, 50, 62 A. furcatispina P, S, 20, 21 fallax, Melipona (Michmelia), 209 A. gaumeri S, 308 fasciata, Melipona, 50, 132, 216, 256, 428 A. praecox P, S, 20, 21, 23 fasciata, Melipona (Michmelia), 210 Albizia inundata P, S, 21, 22, 24 fasciculata, Melipona, 68, 145, 147, 351, 353, 439, 442 Anadenanthera colubrina N, P, H, L, O, S, 91–93, fasciculata, Melipona (Melikerria), 33 105, 106, 108, 243, 245 fasciculate (sic = fasciculata), Melipona, 68, 145, 147, Anadenanthera P, S, 106, 108, 243 351, 353, 439, 442 Calliandra pittieri P, 55 Fatty acid, 318–319 Cedrelinga B, 193 favosa, Melipona, 49, 50, 132, 143, 147, 215, 218, 339, Enterolobium cyclocarpum P, 55 364, 367–370, 393–396 Havardia albicans N, P, S, A, 72 femorata, Cephalotrigona, 33, 38 Inga edulis O, S, 38 Fenton-type reaction, 343 Inga P, S, 55, 124 Fermentation process, stingless bee storage pots Leucaena leucocephala N, P, O, S, A, 38, 72, 124, characteristics, 254–255 245, 308 exogenous compounds in pollen, 256–257 Leucaena P, O, S, 38, 117, 124 microbial fermentation and nutritional enhancement, 256 Lysiloma latisiliquum S, 308 ferreirai, Partamona, 35 Mimosa P, S, xxiv, 55, 59, 119, 124, 243, 245 ferricauda, Trigona, 51, 213, 217, 424 M. albida P, S, 124 ferruginea, Axestotrigona, 232, 233, 237, 238 M. arenosa P, H, O, S, D, 91–93 ferruginea, Meliponula, 181, 185 M. bahamensis P, H, L, S, A, 72, 114, 119, 120, ferruginea, Meliponula (Axestotrigona), 180 124, 308 Festuca (Poaceae), 165 M. caesalpiniifolia N, P, H, L, O, S, A, 91, 93, Fevillea cordifolia (Cucurbitaceae) P, 53 105–108, 356–358 Fiber, 351, 353 M. casta P, 55 Ficus carica (Moraceae), 162 M. gemmulata, 369 Ficus (Moraceae) P, S, 303 M. guilandinae O, S, 42 fiebrigi, Tetragonisca, 19, 21, 25–27, 171, 288, 290, 294, 334 M. invisa N, P, H, L, S, A, 55, 105, 107, 108 fimbriata, Homotrigona, 78 M. orthocarpa P, S, 124 Firme-4, 267 M. pigra P, 55 Firme-5, 267 M. pudica P, H, O, S, 42, 55, 82–84 Firmicutes, 267, 270, 271 M. quadrivalvis P, H, O, S, 91, 93 Flacourtia jangomas (Salicaceae) P, S, 79, 80, 82, 85 M. scabrella N, P, H, L, S, A, 105–108 flaveola, Oxytrigona, 34 M. sensitiva O, S, 42 flavibasis, Lepidotrigona [= Lepidotrigona ventralis], M. tenuiflora P, H, O, S, 91–93 215, 218, 220, 313–318, 321, 322 M. verrucosa, 106 flavipennis, Melipona [=Melipona (Michmelia) Neptunia plena O, S, 93 fuliginosa], 50 Pithecellobium dulce P, H, S, 357 Flavobacteriaceae, 272 Pithecellobium P, S, 331 flavocincta, Plebeia, 194 Pityrocarpa moniliformis P, H, O, S, 91–93, 95 flavolineata, Melipona, 351, 353, 442 Prosopis P, S, 19, 21–23, 25, 124 Flavonoids, 409 P. alba P, S, 21 content, 342 P. elata P, S, 21 by HPLC-UV, 369–370 P. kuntzei P, S, 21 Floral origins, pot-pollen vs. pollen, 90–95 P. nigra P, S, 21 florea, Apis, 231 P. ruscifolia P, S, 21 Foraging activity of bees, 132–134 P. vinalillo P, S, 21 Fossulate, 9 Senegalia polyphylla H, S, 93 Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FTMS) Stryphnodendron guianense O, S, 38 resolution, 405 462 Index

Foveolate, 9 Gentianaceae, 55 Fragaria spp. (Rosaceae), 147, 162, 168 Xestaea lisianthoides P, 55 F. chiloensis, 168 Geonoma (Arecaceae) P, L, S, A, 52, 105–108 F. virginiana, 168 Geotrigona, 18–20, 26, 158, 190, 194, 200–202, 362, F. x ananassa N, P, L, S, 147, 162, 168 423, 424, 428 franki, Plebeia, 51 G. acapulconis, 143, 214 Frieseomelitta spp., 33, 202, 274, 339, 341, 350, 362, G. argentina, 19, 21, 26, 27, 68 363, 365, 372, 393, 436 G. chiriquiensis, 50 F. nigra, 300, 339 G. fulvohirta, 194, 196, 209, 216 F. paupera, 50 G. fumipennis, 209, 222 F. silvestrii, 209 G. kraussi, 50 F. silvestrii faceta [nom. nud.], 33 G. leucogastra, 209, 214 F. trichocerata, 194, 196 G. tellurica, 209 F. varia, 33, 215, 218, 244–246, 259, 273, 274, 364, Geraniaceae, 170 367–370, 393–397, 415, 437 Geranium (Geraniaceae) S, 170 Frischella perrara, 266 ghilianii, Duckeola, 194, 196 frontalis, Plebeia, 51, 143, 211 “gihn” Melipona eburnea Ecuador, 204 frontalis, Trigona (Plebeia), 51 Gilliamella apicola, 266 Fruit, 6 glabrata, Lestrimelitta, 194 fuliginosa, Melipona, 50, 143, 214 Gleditsia amorphoides (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) fulva, Melipona, 34, 38, 132, 218, 364, 367–370, 393, P, S, 21 395–397 Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae, Faboideae) N, P, S, A, 72, 73 fulvicutis, Scaptotrigona, 35, 38 Glycine max (Fabaceae, Faboideae) S, 160 fulviventris, Trigona, 36, 38, 39, 51, 62, 143, 194, 201, goettei, Tetragona, 35, 194 213, 217, 221, 248, 300, 423 Gossypium hirsutum (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) L, S, 161 fulvohirta, Geotrigona, 194, 196, 209, 216 Gouania lupuloides (Rhamnaceae) P, S, 126 fumata, Parapartamona, 210 gracilis, Leurotrigona, 194 fumipennis, Geotrigona, 209, 222 grandipennis, Partamona, 50 furva, Lisotrigona, 313 grandis, Melipona, 194, 204, 216, 424 fuscata, Melipona (Melipona), 209 grandis, Melipona (Melikerria), 209 fuscipennis, Trigona, 36, 51, 157, 194, 213, 217, 300 Greenhouse crop pollination, 144–145 fuscobalteata, Tetragonula, 78, 313 Grevillea (Proteaceae) P, S, 380, 381, 387 fuscopilosa, Melipona, 194, 196, 427 Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) P, S, 414 fuscopilosa, Melipona (Michmelia), 209 gribodoi, Hypotrigona, 180–182, 184, 232, 234, 237, 238 griswoldorum, Meliponula (Meliplebeia), 180 griswoldorum, Plebeiella, 233 G Grossulariaceae, 162 gabonensis, Liotrigona, 180, 181, 185, 234 Ribes nigrum, 162 Gabon stingless bees Ribes rubrum, 162 beekeeping, 181 Ground-nesting stingless bees, 158 biology, 184 “guacoso” undetermined Ecuador, 423 distribution, 182–184 “guanota” Melipona compressipes Venezuela, 364 diversity, 183 “guaraipo” Melipona bicolor schencki Argentina, 290, 293 ecology, 184 Guarea (Meliaceae) P, 57, 62 fauna in, 180 “guarigane” Trigona silvestriana Ecuador, 217 in Gabon, 180 Guazuma ulmifolia (Malvaceae, Byttneroideae) P, S, knowledge and traditional use, 186 125, 245 metasomal coloration and length, 184 guazurary, Plebeia, 290 nesting behaviour, 184–186 guianae, Trigona, 194, 213–215, 217 scutum and scutellum, 180 Gustavia (Lecythidaceae) P, H, 55, 59, 62 taxonomy and morphological diversity, 181–182 Gymnanthes lucida (Euphorbiaceae) N, P, L, 72, 73 Gallesia integrifolia (Petiveriaceae) P, S, 245 Gymnopodium floribundum (Polygonaceae) N, P, S, 72, 308 Gammaproteobacteria, 266, 272 Garcinia prainiana (Clusiaceae) P, S, 79 Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry H (GC-MS), 403 Haematoxylum campechianum (Fabaceae, Gemmate, 9 Caesalpinioideae), 308 Geniotrigona, Heterotrigona (Geniotrigona), 231 Halictus, 246 Geniotrigona thoracica, 78, 345, 379 Hamamelidaceae S, 124 Genipa americana (Rubiaceae) P, 57 Hampea trilobata (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) S, 308 Index 463 handlirschii, Tetragona, 194 I Handroanthus spp. (Bignoniaceae) Ilex (Aquifoliaceae) P, S, 52 H. guayacan P, 53 Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae), 285 H. impetiginosus P, S, 21 illota, Melipona (Michmelia), 209 Havardia albicans (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) N, P, S, A, 72 impatiens, Bombus, 144–146, 148 Head Space Solid Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME), 403 Impatiens walleriana (Balsaminaceae) P, S, 123 Hedyosmum (Chloranthaceae) P, S, 62, 117, 118, 123 Importance Value Index (IVI), 307 Heliantheae (Asteraceae) P, S, 331 impunctata, Aparatrigona, 33, 194, 196, Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae) P, L, S, A, 160, 387, 209, 216 396, 397 “iñawe” Ptilotrigona lurida Ecuador, 204 Heliconiaceae, 10, 79 indecisa, Melipona, 216, 221, 423, 424 Heliconia psittacorum (Heliconiaceae) P, S, 79 indecisa, Melipona (Michmelia), 209 Heliocarpus (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) P, S, 56, 62, 330 Index of Ease of Observation (IEO), 288 H. appendiculatus P, S, 117, 119, 120, 125 inermis, Centris [=Centris varia], 112 H. donnellsmithii P, S, 125 Inga edulis (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) O, S, 38 Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) P, 53 Inga (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, S, 55, 124 hellwegeri, Scaptotrigona, 112, 325 insularis, Melipona, 50 Hemerocallis (Xanthorrhoeaceae) S, 170 interrupta, Melipona, 41–43, 50, 218, 259, 333, Herissantia crispa (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) S, 308 341, 367 Heterofloral pollen loads, 106–107 interrupta, Melipona (Melikerria), 33, 41, 209 Heteropolar axis, 9, 11 Intra-nest pollen analysis, 26 Heterotrigona (Geniotrigona), 231 Ipomoea spp. (Convolvulaceae) Heterotrigona itama, 78–82, 84–87, 345 I. asarifolia P, O, S, 91, 93, 95 Hibbertia (Dilleniaceae) P, S, 414 I. bahiensis O, S, 93 Hibiscus (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) P, 56 I. crinicalyx S, 308 Hieronyma alchorneoides (Phyllanthaceae) P, I. nil S, 308 143, 185 I. triloba S, 308 hildebrandti, Plebeina [=Plebeina armata], 232, 238 Iratín bee, 288 Hippomane (Euphorbiaceae), 62 “iratín” Lestrimelitta aff. limao Argentina, 290 Hiraea (Malpighiaceae) P, 56 “iratín” Lestrimelitta rufipes Argentina, Hirtella racemosa (Chrysobalanaceae) P, 53 288, 290 hockingsi, Tetragonula, 378–382, 385–387, 401, 403, Iresine diffusa (Amaranthaceae), 122 404, 406–409, 415, 416 Iriartea (Arecaceae), 58, 62 Homotrigona, 231 Iriartea deltoidea (Arecaceae) P, 52 Homotrigona fimbriata, 78 Iridaceae, 79 Honey taste ranking (HTR), 289 Neomarica longifolia P, S, 79 Hordeum vulgare (Poaceae), 160 “isabitto” Melipona aff. fuscopilosa Venezuela, 427 hortorum, Bombus, 274 Iseia luxurians (Convolvulaceae) P, 53 huaoranii, Oxytrigona, 194, 196, 210 isopterophila, Aparatrigona, 50 Humiriaceae, 55 isopterophila, Trigona (Paratrigona), 50 Humiriastrum P, 55 Issatchenkia scutulata, 273, 274 Hura (Euphorbiaceae), 62 isthmina, Oxytrigona, 50 Hura crepitans (Euphorbiaceae) P, 54 itama, Heterotrigona, 78–82, 84–87, 345 Hydroxyl radical assay, 343 itama, Trigona, 379 Hylocereus undatus (Cactaceae) P, S, 357 Ixora chinensis (Rubiaceae) P, S, 245 Hypericaceae P, O, S, 38, 55, 365 Vismia guianensis O, S, 38 Vismia P, 55 J Hypochaeris radicata (Asteraceae) P, A, 378, 414 Jacaranda (Bignoniaceae) P, S, 414 hypogea, Trigona, 51, 194, 201, 215, 258 Jacquemontia pentantha (Convolvulaceae) S, 308 Hypotrigona, 181, 184–186, 232, 238 “jandaíra” Melipona subnitida Brazil, 90 H. araujoi, 180, 181, 233 “jataí” Tetragonisca angustula Brazil, 356, 439 H. gribodoi, 180–182, 184, 232, 234, 237, 238 jatiformis, Plebeia, 51 H. penna [=Hypotrigona squamuligera], 234 jatiformis, Trigona (Plebeia), 51 H. pothieri [nom. nud.], 143 jaty, Tetragona [= Tetragonisca angustula], 51, 122 H. ruspolii, 180, 181, 232, 234 jaty, Trigona (Tetragona), 51 H. squamuligera, 180, 234 Juglandaceae, 161 Hyptis (Lamiaceae) P, 55 Carya illinoinensis, 161 H. mutabilis P, S, 125 Juglans regia (Juglandaceae), 161 H. suaveolens P, S, 125 Justicia campechiana (Acanthaceae) P, 72 464 Index

K Lepidotrigona flavibasis [= Lepidotrigona ventralis], “kansas” Scaptotrigona pectoralis Mexico, 300 215, 218, 220, 313–318, 321, 322 “karbi” Tetragonula carbonaria Australia, 401 Lepidotrigona terminata, 78, 82–84, 82–87, 143, 211, “keelar” Tetragonula carbonaria Australia, 401 215, 218, 220, 313–318, 321 “kiwitáxkat” Scaptotrigona mexicana Mexico, 328 carbohydrate content, 317 Kloeckera spp., 249, 273 nest of, 315 Kocuria rhizophila AM, 265 pollen protein content, 317 Kodameae ohmeri, 273–275 Lepisanthes fruticosa (Sapindaceae) P, S, 78, 79 “koolel kab,” “ko’olel kab” Melipona beecheii Mexico, 299 Leptospermum (Myrtaceae) N, P, H, S, A, 378, 414 “kootchar” Austroplebeia australis / Austroplebeia Lestrimelitta, 196, 200, 201, 294, 362 cassiae Australia, 401 L. danuncia, 50 kraussi, Geotrigona, 50 L. glabrata, 194 kraussi, Trigona (Geotrigona) acapulconis, 50 L. limao, 50, 214, 290, 423 L. maracaia, 427 L. rufa, 209 L L. rufipes, 288, 290 Lactobacillales, 267, 269, 272 “leticobe” Nannotrigona cf. mellaria Ecuador, 216 Lactobacillus, 256, 258, 266, 269, 272 Leucaena leucocephala (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) N, P, Lactobacillus firm 4 and 5, 266 O, S, A, 38, 72, 124, 245, 308 Lactococcus, 269, 272 Leucaena (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, O, S, 38, 117, 124 “lady bee” Melipona beecheii Mexico, 299 leucogastra, Geotrigona, 209, 214 laeta, Calliopsis (Ceroliopoeum), 19 Leurotrigona, 190, 194–196, 200 laeviceps, Tetragonula, 78, 215, 219, 220, 313–322 Leurotrigona gracilis, 194 laeviceps, Trigona, 142, 143 “lévéki” stingless bees in Nzébi language, Gabon, 186 Lafoensia pacari (Lythraceae) P, S, 246 Libidibia ferrea (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) O, S, 93, 95 Lagenaria siceraria (Cucurbitaceae) B, S, 289, 291 “libundu” stingless bees in Ndumu language, Lagerstroemia (Lythraceae) P, 56 Gabon, 186 “lambeojitos” Trigonisca sp. Ecuador, 217 Ligustrum lucidum (Oleaceae) P, S, 245 “lambeojo” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 216, 423 limae, Scaptotrigona, 212 Lamiaceae P, O, S, 55, 125, 147, 365, 414 limao, Lestrimelitta, 50, 214, 423 Hyptis P, 55 “limoncita” Lestrimelitta maracaia Venezuela, 427 H. mutabilis P, S, 125 Linaceae, 160 H. suaveolens P, S, 125 Linum usitatissimum (Linaceae), 160 Ocimum P, S, 117, 118, 125 Liotrigona, 181, 185, 186, 232, 238 Salvia P, S, 414 L. baleensis, 180, 232, 234 S. farinacea N, P, L, S, 147 L. bottegoi, 180, 232, 234 S. latifolia P, S, 125 L. bouyssoui [=Hypotrigona ruspolii], 180–182, 234 Vitex gaumeri S, 308 L. gabonensis, 180, 181, 185, 234 “languacho” undetermined Ecuador, 423 L. parvula, 234 Lansium parasiticum (Meliaceae) P, S, 82 Lipid, 333 Lantana velutina (Verbenaceae) P, L, 72 Samburá, physicochemical characteristics of, 351, 352 lapidarius, Bombus, 274 Liquidambar (Altingiaceae) P, S, 117–119, 122, 124 lateralis kangarumensis, Melipona [= Melipona Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), 402 (Michmelia) lateralis], 364, 367–370, Lisotrigona furva, 313 393–397 Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) P, S, 79, 80, 82, 85 latitarsis, Scaura, 35, 49, 51, 194, 212, 215 Litsea (Lauraceae) P, S, 79 Lauraceae S, 79, 122, 143, 163 “llanaputan” Nannotrigona melanocera in Kichwa, Litsea P, S, 79 Ecuador, 216 Nectandra salicifolia P, S, 122 Loganiaceae, 55 Persea americana N, P, L, S, 143, 163, 167 Spigelia scabra P, 55 Persea H, L, S, 179 Lolium (Poaceae), 165 Lauryl sulfate tryptose (LST), 355 Lonchocarpus (Fabaceae, Faboideae) N, P, S, 72, 73, Lecythidaceae O, S, 55, 62 117, 120, 124 Gustavia P, H, 55, 59, 62 L. longistylus, 112 lendliana, Meliponula (Meliplebeia), 180–182, 185 L. punctatus N, P, S, 72 lendliana, Plebeiella, 232, 233, 237, 238 L. rugosus N, P, S, 72, 73 Lens culinaris (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 163 longula, Scaura, 51, 194, 196, 212, 216 Lentibulariaceae, 55 lophocoryphe, Paratrigona, 50, 194 Utricularia P, 55 Loranthaceae P, H, O, S, D, 55, 56, 125 Lepidotrigona doipaensis [=Lepidotrigona ventralis], 313 Psittacanthus P, S, 55, 125 Index 465

Struthanthus cassythoides P, S, 125 Quararibea magnifica P, 56 Struthanthus P, 55 Quararibea pterocalyx P, 56 Lotus (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 165 Malvaceae-Brownlowioideae, 79 L. corniculatus, 163 Pentace P, S, 79 L. tenuis, 163 Malvaceae-Byttnerioideae S, 56, 93, 125 Ludwigia octovalvis (Onagraceae) P, 57 Guazuma ulmifolia P, S, 125, 245 Luehea seemannii (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) P, 56 Melochia P, 56 Lumina, 9 Theobroma grandiflorum N, P, L, S, 143 Lupinus albus (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 163 Theobroma N, P, B, L, S, 143, 185 lurida, Ptilotrigona, 35, 51, 193, 194, 196, 204, 211, 415 Waltheria indica, 308 lurida, Trigona, 143 Waltheria P, O, S, 91, 93, 95 luteipennis, Scaptotrigona, 51 Malvaceae-Grewioideae S, 56, 58, 71, 121, 125, 330, 331 Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae) N, P, L, S, Apeiba P, 56 see Solanum lycopersicum Corchorus siliquosus N, P, H, L, S, 71, 125 Lycopodiaceae, 11 Heliocarpus appendiculatus P, S, 117, 119, 120, 125 L. clavatum, 11, 70 Heliocarpus donnellsmithii P, S, 125 Lysiloma latisiliquum (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) S, 308 Heliocarpus P, S, 56, 62, 330, 331 Lythraceae, 55, 56 Luehea seemannii P, 56 Lafoensia pacari P, S, 246 Trichospermum sp. P, S, 65, 125 Lagerstroemia P, 55 Triumfetta rhomboidea P, S, 243, 245 Malvaceae-Malvoideae S, 56, 93, 125 Abutilon P, 56 M Gossypium hirsutum L, S, 161 Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae) N, P, L, S, 143 Hampea trilobata S, 308 Macadamia (Proteaceae) P, S, 143, 414 Herissantia crispa S, 308 Machaerium aculeatum (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, S, 245 Hibiscus P, 56 Machaerium (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, H, 55, 61 Sida cordifolia P, H, S, 91, 93 Maclura (Moraceae), 62 Sida P, S, 56, 125 Macrocnemum roseum (Rubiaceae) P, 57 Malvaceae P, O, S, 10, 79, 93, 143, 161, 243, 245, 330, Macrolobium (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, 55 331, 356, 357, 365, 425 Macronutrients, 316–317 Sterculia, 62 “makawae” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 204 Malvaceae-Sterculioideae, 62 Malaysian stingless bees Malvaceae-Tilioideae, 56 Heterotrigona itama, 78–82 Mortoniodendron P, 56 Lepidotrigona terminata, 82–84 “mambuca” Cephalotrigona capitata Argentina, 290 pollen analysis, 77–78 Mambuca timid bee, 288 sizes, 77 mandacaia, Melipona, 215, 218, 341, 344, 349, 367, 382, Male gametophytes, 5 392, 437, 439, 442 Malpighiaceae P, O, S, 21, 55, 56, 61, 62, 71, 125, “mandaçaia” Melipona mandacaia Brazil, 341, 344, 367, 229, 365 382, 392, 439 Bunchosia nitida P, 125 “mandaçaia” Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides Byrsonima bucidaefolia N, P, L, A, 71 Brazil, 103–109, 142, 143, 361 Hiraea P, 55 “mandasaia” Melipona quadrifasciata Malpighia P, S, 125 Argentina, 290 Mascagnia brevifolia P, S, 21 Mandurí bee, 288 Mascagnia hippocrateoides P, 55 “mandurí” Melipona torrida Argentina, Stigmaphyllon P, 55 288, 290 Tetrapteris goudotiana P, H, 56 Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae) P, H, L, S, 82, 121, Malpighia (Malpighiaceae) P, S, 125 122, 143, 162, 167 Malus domestica (Rosaceae) N, P, L, S, 142, 143, 161 Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae) P, 54 Malvaceae-Bombacoideae P, 55, 56, 72 Manilkara zapota (Sapotaceae) P, S, 126 Cavanillesia platanifolia P, 55 Mansoa (Bignoniaceae) P, 53 Ceiba pentandra P, B, 55, 192, 195 Maquira (Moraceae), 62 Ochroma pyramidale P, 55 maracaia, Lestrimelitta, 427 Pachira aquatica P, 55 marginata, Melipona, 68, 157, 246 Pachira quinata P, 55 Marila laxiflora (Calophyllaceae) P, 53 Pachira sessilis P, 56 “mariola” Tetragonisca angustula Costa Pseudobombax ellipticum N, P, S, 72 Rica, 339 Pseudobombax septenatum P, 56 Maripa panamensis (Convolvulaceae) P, 54 Quararibea asterolepis P, 56 Martinella obovata (Bignoniaceae) P, 53 466 Index

Mascagnia spp. (Malpighiaceae) Lansium parasiticum P, S, 82 M. brevifolia P, S, 21 Swietenia, 62 M. hippocrateoides P, 56 Trichilia P, 57, 62, 121 Matayba sp. (Sapindaceae) O, S, 62 Melilotus spp. (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 165 Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) O, S, 39 M. albus H, S, 163 “Maya bee” Melipona beecheii Mexico, 131–135, 300 M. officinalis, 163 Mayan stingless honey bee Meliplebeia spp., 181, 232, 237 bee resource use, 70–75 M. beccarii, 180, 181, 185, 186, 232, 233, 235, 237 cultural icon, 67–68 M. nebulata, 181, 182, 184–186, 233, 237 invasive and native neotropical bees, 68 M. ogouensis, 232 pollen analysis, 69–70 M. roubiki, 181, 233 Maya tradition, in pollen pot Melipona beecheii, 49, 50, 67–75, 112–116, 114–116, bee myths, 300 118–127, 131–136, 203, 223, 299–307, 313, bees and stingless beekeeping, in sacred Maya book 326, 328, 334, 421, 428 hobon, 305–306 bee activity, 132–133 Melipona beecheii in Tro-Cortesianus Codex, brood comb, 302 303–304 from clay, 301 flower dust, 307–308 floral resources, 114–115 H-men, 306 foraging activity, 133–134 Libro de Chilam Balam de Chumayel, 307 offspring, 135 Melipona beecheii brood comb, 302 stored pot-honey and pot-pollen reserves, 134–135 Proplebeia silaceae, specimens of, 306–307 Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides, 68, 103, 106, 145, small format modeled sculptures, 300 147, 157, 223, 244–246, 248, 249, 273, 274, censers, 302–303 286, 290, 349 ceremic beehive, 301–302 bifloral pollen loads, 106 small clay bee, 301 heterofloral pollen loads, 106–107 Tro-Cortesianus Codex, 305–306 monofloral pollen loads, 105–106 Xmaben, 300 plants visited by, 107–108 maya, Trigonisca, 300 pollen loads and grains, 104 Maytenus spp. (Celastraceae) P, S structured elements, 107 M. schippii P, 53 Melipona spp. M. spinosa P, S, 20, 21 M. anthidioides, 109 M. vitis-idaea P, S, 19, 21 M. bicolor, 15, 132, 135 “mea fuego” Oxytrigona mellicolor Ecuador, 423 M. bicolor bicolor, 223 Medicago (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 165 M. bicolor schencki, 290, 293 Medicago sativa (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 163 M. bicolour (sic = bicolor), 132, 135, 157 mediorufa, Oxytrigona, 214 M. captiosa, 194, 204 Megachile, 19, 68, 246, 248, 249, 274 M. colimana, 133, 223 Meiosis, 5 M. compressipes, 38, 364, 367–370, 393–397 melanocera, Nannotrigona, 194, 196, 210, 216 M. (Melikerria) compressipes, 33 melanopleura, Melipona costaricensis [=Melipona M. costaricensis, 50 (Michmelia) costaricensis], 50 M. costaricensis melanopleura [=Melipona melanoventer, Melipona, 143 (Michmelia) costaricensis], 50 Melastoma malabathricum (Melastomataceae) P, S, 79 M. crinita, 50, 194, 204 Melastomataceae P, C, L, O, S, A, 38, 39, 41, 42, 56, 73, M. eburnea, 194, 204, 214, 216, 218, 317, 341, 362, 79, 105–108, 125, 167, 191, 246, 332, 364, 367–370 356–358, 365, 440 M. (Michmelia) eburnea, 209 Bellucia grossularioides O, S, 38 M. fallax, 48, 50, 62 Bellucia O, S, 38, 42 M. (Michmelia) fallax, 209 Melastoma malabathricum P, S, 79 M. fasciata, 50, 132, 216, 256, 428 Miconia myriantha O, S, 38 M. (Michmelia) fasciata, 210 Miconia P, O, S, 38, 42, 56, 59, 62, 118–120, 125, M. fasciata melanopleura[=Melipona (Michmelia) 246, 357, 358 costaricensis], 50 Ossaea P, S, 357 M. fasciata panamica, 50 Tibouchina L, P, S, A, 108, 246 M. fasciata paraensis, 34 Tibouchina tortuosa P, S, 125 M. fasciculata, 68, 145, 147, 351, 353, 439, 442 Meliaceae P, O, S, 56, 57, 125 M. (Melikerria) fasciculata, 33 Carapa, 62 M. favosa, 49, 50, 132, 143, 147, 215, 218, 339, 364, Cedrela odorata P, S, 56, 125 367–370, 393–396 Guarea P, 57, 62 M. favosa phenax, 49, 50 Index 467

M. flavipennis, [=Melipona (Michmelia) fuliginosa], 50 272–274, 341, 349, 351–353, 355, 362, 363, M. flavolineata, 351, 353, 442 365, 393, 422, 425, 427, 428, 430, 431, 436, 437 M. fuliginosa, 50, 143, 214 Melipona subnitida, 89–98, 144, 146, 147, 220, 318, M. fulva, 38, 132, 218, 364, 367–370, 393, 395–397 320, 367, 369–371 M. (Michmelia) fulva, 34 brood production, 97 M. (Melipona) fuscata, 209 as floral visitor, 91 M. fuscopilosa, 194, 196, 427 pollen collection, 91–92 M. (Michmelia) fuscopilosa, 209 as pollinators of commercial crops, 97 M. grandis, 194, 204, 216, 424 with poricidal flowers, 91 M. (Melikerria) grandis, 209 pot-honey samples, 94 M. (Michmelia) illota, 209 Meliponiculture M. indecisa, 216, 221, 423, 424 ecosystems, 422 M. (Michmelia) indecisa, 209 revitalization, 422 M. insularis, 50 Scaptotrigona, 425 M. interrupta, 41–43, 50, 218, 259, 333, 341, 367 Catana, 426 M. (Melikerria) interrupta, 33, 41, 209 Ecuadorian stingless bees, 426 M. interrupta triplaridis, 50 multifactorial impacts, 432 M. lateralis kangarumensis [= Melipona (Michmelia) nest from Ecuador, 426 lateralis], 364, 367–370, 393–397 in Peru, 428, 429 M. mandacaia, 215, 218, 341, 344, 349, 367, 382, Pisilnekmej, 426 392, 437, 439, 442 pot-honey, 427 M. marginata, 68, 157, 246 stingless bee type, 427 M. marginata micheneri, 50 social interventions, 431–432 M. melanopleura [=Melipona (Michmelia) traditional knowledge, 423–425 costaricensis], 50 Meliponine evolution, 229 M. melanoventer, 143 Meliponini, 17–18, 401 M. micheneri, 50 in Colombia M. mimetica, 216, 221, 222, 423–426 microbiome, with bees and pollen, M. (Michmelia) mimetica, 209 265–272 M. nebulosa, 62, 194, 204 yeast communities in pollen (see Yeast M. (Michmelia) nebulosa, 210 communities in pollen, Colombian bees) M. (Michmelia) nitidifrons, 210 entomological collections of, 223–224 M. orbignyi, 19, 21–25, 27 legs and heads of, 196–199 M. panamica, 10, 48, 50, 57, 59, 61, 141 Living Museum, 223–224 M. paraensis, 218, 364, 367–370, 393–396 tiny, 200 M. (Michmelia) paraensis, 34 waorani (huaorani) names, 204 M. phenax, 50 Meliponula spp. M. puncticollis, 194 M. (Axestotrigona), 181, 232, 237 M. quadrifasciata, 242, 244–246, 248, 249, 274, 294 M. (Meliplebeia) beccarii, 180, 233 M. quadrifasciata quadrifasciata, 103 M. bocandei, 181, 182, 185, 186, 232–234, 237, 238 M. quinquefasciata, 68, 103, 106, 145, 147, 157, 223, M. (Meliponula) bocandei, 180 244–246, 248, 249, 273, 274, 286, 290, 349 M. (Axestotrigona) cameroonensis, 180 M. rufiventris, 143, 244–246, 248, 274, 369–371, 383 M. (Axestotrigona) erythra, 180, 232, 233 M. (Michmelia) rufiventris, 34 M. ferruginea, 180 M. scutellaris, 203, 218, 223, 255, 259, 349–358, M. (Axestotrigona) ferruginea, 232, 233, 436–440, 442 237, 238 M. scutellaris pot-pollen (see Samburá) M. (Meliplebeia) griswoldorum, 180 M. seminigra, 38, 41, 42, 218, 259, 333, 341, 367 M. (Meliplebeia) lendliana, 180–182, 185 M. seminigra merrillae, 33, 34, 41 M. nebulata, 181, 182, 184–186 M. (Michmelia) seminigra merrillae, 41 M. (Meliplebeia) nebulata, 181, 182, 184–186 M. (Michmelia) seminigra pernigra, 34 M. (Meliplebeia) roubiki, 180, 181, 233 M. (Michmelia) seminigra seminigra, 33, 34, 41 M. (Axestotrigona) togoensis, 181, 182, 185, 238 M. titania, 62, 194, 204 Meliponula, 181, 182, 231, 232, 237 M. (Michmelia) titania, 210 Melissodes, 19 M. torrida, 288, 290 Melittopalynology, 89–90, 364 M. triplaridis, 50 for restoration strategies, 95–96 M. (Eomelipona) tumupasae, 33 Meliwillea bivea, 50 Melipona spp., 17, 26, 39, 42, 59, 67–71, 73, 74, 91, 103, mellaria, Nannotrigona, 50, 210, 216, 221, 339 108, 119, 120, 131, 134, 140–142, 157, 167, mellicolor, Oxytrigona, 50, 61, 210, 216, 423, 424 191, 195, 203, 209, 231, 246, 267–269, mellicolor, Trigona (Oxytrigona) tataira, 50 468 Index mellifera, Apis, 47, 58, 61–63, 68, 70, 83, 112, 131, 139, M. arenosa P, H, O, S, D, 91–93 142, 144–146, 148, 155, 156, 167, 170, 181, M. bahamensis, 119, 120 186, 203, 208, 215, 231, 238, 247, 250, 256, M. bahamensis P, H, L, S, A, 72, 114, 119, 120, 263–269, 272, 273, 275–277, 289, 306, 314, 124, 308 316–320, 322, 330, 332–334, 339, 349, M. caesalpiniifolia, 108 351–353, 355, 356, 361, 362, 364, 367, M. caesalpiniifolia N, P, H, L, O, S, A, 91, 93, 370–372, 377, 378, 380, 382, 383, 387, 392, 105–108, 356–358 397, 401, 402, 421, 422, 424, 425, 430, 435, M. casta P, 55 436, 438–442 M. gemmulata, 369 Melochia (Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae) P, 56 M. guilandinae O, S, 42 Melothria (Cucurbitaceae) P, 54, 59 M. invisa N, P, H, L, S, A, 55, 105, 107, 108 Mendoncia gracilis (Acanthaceae) P, 52 M. orthocarpa P, S, 124 Menispermaceae, 57 M. pigra P, 55 Cissampelos P, 57 M. pudica P, H, O, S, 42, 55, 82–84 Merremia aegyptia (Convolvulaceae) S, 308 M. quadrivalvis P, H, O, S, 91, 93 Merremia (Convolvulaceae) P, 54 M. scabrella N, P, H, L, S, A, 105–108 merrillae, Melipona seminigra, 34, 38, 41–43, 143, 382 M. sensitiva O, S, 42 Mesolecty, 18 M. tenuiflora P, H, O, S, 91–93 Metopium brownei (Anacardiaceae) N, P, S, A, 72 M. verrucosa, 106 Metschnikowia pulcherrima, 274, 275, 277 Mimusops elengi (Sapotaceae) P, S, 79, 80, 82, 85 mexicana, Scaptotrigona, 112, 114, 116–118, 120–122, minangkabau, Tetragonula, 147 143, 147, 215, 218, 220, 222, 325–335, 422, “mingkaye” Tetragona clavipes Ecuador, 204 426, 427, 430 minima, Trigona (Plebeia), 51 mexicana, Scaptotrigona, 221 minima, Plebeia, 35, 51, 143, 194, 214 Mexican stingless bees Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods, Campeche 393–394 Melipona beecheii, 114–115 minuta, Nannotrigona, 34 methods and study areas, 113–114 mirandula, Nogueirapis, 50, 61, 194, 196, 200, 210 polliniferous plant preferences, 117–120 mirandula, Plebeia (Nogueirapis), 50 melittopalynology, 112–113 Mirí bee, 288 pot-pollen melittopalynological studies, 120–127 “mirí” Plebeia droryana, P. emerinoides, P. remota and Veracruz P. guazurary Argentina, 288, 290, 294 angiosperm resources, 116–117 Misiones, Argentina INANA’s sustainable meliponiculture, 115–116 ethnobiological fieldwork, 285–286 methods and study area, 113–114 stingless bees (see Rural residents, stingless bees) polliniferous plant preferences, 117–120 Mitotic division, 5 Mexico, Melipona beecheii, 131–136 Mobile Phase B (MPB), 405 micheneri, Melipona, 50 Momordica (Cucurbitaceae) P, 54 micheneri, Melipona marginata, 50 Monofloral pollen loads, 105–106 Miconia myriantha (Melastomataceae) O, S, 38 Monolecty, 18, 19 Miconia (Melastomataceae) P, O, S, 38, 42, 56, 59, 62, Moraceae P, H, O, S, 38, 57, 58, 125, 162, 365 118–120, 125, 246, 357, 358 Artocarpus altilis O, S, 38 Microbiome, with bees and pollen, 265–272 Artocarpus heterophyllus P, S, 82 bee gut microbiome, 272 Brosimum alicastrum P, S, 125 composition, 266 Brosimun P, 57 operational taxonomic units (OTUs), 267 Ficus carica, 162 representative sequences and taxonomy, 270–271 Ficus P, S, 303 taxonomic composition, 268 Maclura, 62 Microorganisms Maquira, 62 in pot-pollen Poulsenia, 62 bacteria, 257–258 Sorocea, 62 filamentous fungi, 258 Trophis P, 58, 62 host-associated microorganisms, 257 moratoi, Dolichotrigona, 194 yeast, 258 Morella (Myristicaceae), 62 Mikania (Asteraceae) P, S, 79, 80 “moroja” Geotrigona fulvohirta Ecuador, 216 mimetica, Melipona, 216, 221, 222, 423–426 “moroja grande” Trigona cf. truculenta Ecuador, 217 mimetica, Melipona (Michmelia), 209 “moroja” Partamona epiphytophila Ecuador, 216 Mimosa spp. (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae), 55, 59, 119, 124, “moroja” Partamona peckolti Ecuador, 216 243, 245 “moroja” Scaptotrigona sp. Ecuador, 216 M. albida P, S, 124 “moroja” Trigona cf. albipennis Ecuador, 217 Index 469

“moroja” Trigona silvestriana Ecuador, 217 E. buxifolia N, P, S, 72, 73 “moroja” Trigona sp. Ecuador, 423 E. capuli P, S, 331 “morojita” Scaptotrigona sp. Ecuador, 216 E. dysenterica P, S, 245 Mortoniodendron (Malvaceae, Tilioideae) P, 56 E. stipitata P, O, S, 38, 39, 357, 358 “moruja” Trigona fuscipennis Ecuador, 217 E. uniflora P, S, 78, 79, 82, 255, 260, 357 “mosco” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 216 Leptospermum N, P, H, S, A, 378, 414 “mosquitillo” Nannotrigona cf. perilampoides Myrceugenia N, P, H, L, S, A, 108 Ecuador, 216 Myrcia amazonica O, S, 38 “mosquito de miel” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 217 Myrcia N, P, H, L, O, S, A, 38, 105–108, 243, 358 “mosquito” Plebeia sp. Ecuador, 216 Myrcianthes fragrans N, P, S, 72, 73 “mosquito” Tetragonisca angustula Brazil, 217 Myrcia obovata P, S, 357 Most probable number (MPN) method, 354 Myrciaria dubia N, P, L, O, S, 39, 143 Moure’s bee Catalogue, 242 Pimenta dioica P, S, 125 Muhlenbergia (Poaceae) P, S, 122 Plinia cauliflora P, O, S, 42, 357 mulfordi, Oxytrigona, 194 Psidium P, H, S, 57, 243, 357 Muntingia calabura (Muntingiaceae) N, P, H, L, S, 54, Psidium spp. 72, 79, 245 P. guajava P, S, 114, 118–120, 125 Muntingiaceae, 54, 72, 79 P. sartorianum N, P, S, D, 72 Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae) P, S, 82–85 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa P, S, 78, 79 “muruja grande” Scaptotrigona tricolorata Ecuador, 216 Syzygium P, S, 78, 79 “muruja hedionda” Partamona epiphytophila Ecuador, S. jambos P, 57 216 S. samarangense P, S, 357 “muruja” Partamona epiphytophila Ecuador, 216 S. smithii P, S, 414 “muruja suca” Nannotrigona melanocera Ecuador, 216 Musaceae, 10, 161 Musa x paradisiaca S, 161 N musarum, Partamona, 50, 211 “ñabo” Melipona nebulosa Ecuador, 204 Musa (Musaceae) S, 167 Nannotrigona, 200, 201, 203, 221, 362, 365, 423, 428, 436 Musa x paradisiaca (Musaceae), 161 N. melanocera, 194, 196, 210, 216 “muul” Trigona fulviventris Mexico, 300 N. mellaria, 50, 210, 216, 221, 339 muzoensis, Trigona, 51, 214 N. minuta, 34 “mvem” Hypotrigona Gabon, 186 N. perilampoides, 50, 112, 116, 121–127, 143–147, Myracrodruon urundeuva (Anacardiaceae) P, H, O, S, 210, 216, 300 92, 93, 95, 96 N. (Scaptotrigona) postica flavisetis [nom. nud.], 34 Myrceugenia (Myrtaceae) N, P, H, L, S, A, 108 N. testaceicornis, 146, 147, 286, 437 Myrcianthes fragrans (Myrtaceae) N, P, S, 72, 73 N. tristella, 210 Myrciaria dubia (Myrtaceae) N, P, L, O, S, 39, 143 Narrow oligolecty, 18 Myrcia spp. (Myrtaceae) N, P, H, L, O, S, A, 38, Native stingless bees in Maya tradition, see Maya 105–108, 243, 358 tradition, in pollen pot M. amazonica O, S, 38 nebulata, Meliplebeia, 233, 237 M. obovata P, S, 357 nebulata, Meliponula, 181, 182, 184–186 Myristicaceae, 57 nebulata, Meliponula (Meliplebeia), 180 Morella, 62 nebulosa, Melipona, 62, 194, 204 Virola P, 57, 62 nebulosa, Melipona (Michmelia), 210 Myrtaceae P, O, S, 11, 32, 38, 39, 41, 42, 57, 72, 73, 75, necrophaga, Trigona, 49, 51 78, 79, 105, 108, 119, 125, 143, 167, 243, 245, Nectandra salicifolia (Lauraceae) P, S, 122 246, 260, 331, 352, 356–358, 365, 378, 381, Nectar foraging, 133–134 403, 414, 440 Neisseriales, 266, 269, 272 Angophora P, A, 378 Neomarica longifolia (Iridaceae) P, S, 79 Backhousia citriodora P, S, 414 Neomillspaughia emarginata (Polygonaceae) S, 308 Callistemon P, S, 414 Neotropical bees, 68 Campomanesia P, S, 356–358 Nephelium lappaceum (Sapindaceae) N, P, L, S, Corymbia P, A, 378 82, 147 Corymbia torelliana P, R, H, S, 357, 403, 414 Neptunia plena (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) O, S, 93 Eucalyptus moluccana P, S, 245 Nesting behaviour, stingless bees, 184–186 Eucalyptus N, P, H, L, S, A, 105–108, 159, 165, 237, Nesting ecology, stingless bees in Africa 243, 245, 378, 381, 408, 414 dispersal and richness, 230–231 Eugenia N, P, H, L, S, A, 57, 72, 74, 331, 356 estimated number of, 231 Eugenia spp. origin, 230 E. axillaris N, P, S, 72, 73 Nest pollen analysis, 26 470 Index nigerrima, Trigona, 61, 143, 214 Ovule, 5 nigra, Frieseomelita, 300, 339 Oxalidaceae, 78, 79, 143 nigra, Trigona, 143 Averrhoa bilimbi P, S, 78, 79 “nimbuche” Tetragonisca angustula Ecuador, 423 Averrhoa carambola N, P, L, S, 78, 79, 143 Nissolia fructicosa (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, S, 124 Oxytrigona, 190, 362 nitidifrons, Melipona (Michmelia), 210 O. chocoana, 210 Nogueirapis spp., 58, 193, 196, 199, 200 O. daemoniaca, 50 N. butteli, 34 O. flaveola, 34 N. mirandula, 50, 61, 194, 196, 200, 210 O. huaoranii, 194, 196, 210 nuda, Paratrigona, 194, 246 O. isthmina, 50 Nutritional composition O. mediorufa, 214 amino acid analysis, 319–320 O. mellicolor, 50, 61, 210, 216, 423, 424 bee-collected pollen, 316 O. mulfordi, 194 botanical origin, 320–322 O. obscura, 194 fatty acid analysis, 318–319 O. tataira, 34, 290 macronutrients, 316–317 “oyo” Melipona grandis Ecuador, 204 mineral analysis, 318 stingless bees distribution, 313 P management, 313 Pachira spp. (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) meliponiculturists in Thailand, 313 P. aquatica P, 56 Nyctaginaceae, 82 P. quinata P, 56 Bougainvillea glabra P, S, 82, 83 P. sessilis P, 56 pachysoma, Trigona (Scaptotrigona) [=Scaptotrigona luteipennis], 51 O pacifica, Paratrigona, 211 “obobosí,” Scaptotrigona depilis, Bolívia, 427 pacifica, Trigona (Paratrigona) opaca, 50 obscura, Oxytrigona, 194 pallens, Trigona, 36, 51 occidentalis, Ptilotrigona, 49, 51, 211 pallida, Trigona [=Trigona pallens], 51 occidentalis, Trigona (Ptilotrigona), 51 Palynology, 5 occidentalis, Trigona (Ptilotrigona) lurida, 51 pollen biology and, 6–8 Ochnaceae pot-pollen, 3 Ouratea P, S, 245 Palynomorphs, 6, 7 Ochroma pyramidale (Malvaceae, Panama Bombacoideae) P, 56 pot-pollen, 48–49, 52–57 ochrotricha, Scaptotrigona, 218, 317, 333, 341, 362, stingless honey bees, 47–48, 50–51 367, 427, 428 panamensis, Trigona (Scaptotrigona) pectoralis, 51 Ocimum (Lamiaceae) P, S, 117, 118, 125 panamica, Melipona, 10, 48, 50, 57, 59, 61, 141 Oenocarpus mapora (Arecaceae) P, 52 panamica, Melipona fasciata, 50 ogouensis, Meliplebeia, 232 Panicum miliaceum (Poaceae), 160 Olacaceae S, 125 Panicum (Poaceae) P, 57 Oleaceae, 160 Papaveraceae, 387 Ligustrum lucidum P, S, 245 Papaver Olea europaea (Oleaceae), 160 P. rhoeas, 387 Oligolecty, 18, 19 P. somniferum P, A, 396 “ollotongo” undetermined, Ecuador, 423 “papito blanco” Trigonisca sp. Ecuador, 423 Onagraceae, 57 paraensis, Melipona, 218, 364, 367–370, 393–396 Ludwigia octovalvis P, 57 paraensis, Melipona (Michmelia), 34 onorei, Paratrigona, 210 paraensis, Melipona fasciata, 50 opaca, Paratrigona, 50, 211 Parapartamona spp. Opuntia ficus-indica (Cactaceae), 162 P. fumata, 210 orbignyi, Melipona, 19, 21, 22, 25, 27 P. tungurahuana, 210 Orchidaceae P. vittigera, 210 Vanilla planifolia, 328 Parapartamona, 210, 214 Oreopanax (Araliaceae) P, S, 123 Parasaccharibacter apium, 266 orizabaensis, Partamona, 50 Paratrigona, 158, 190, 200, 201, 203, 274–276, 362, ornaticeps, Paratrigona, 50 423, 428 Oryza sativa (Poaceae), 160 P. eutaeniata, 194, 210, 216, 221 Ossaea (Melastomataceae) P, S, 357 P. lophocoryphe, 50, 194 Ouratea (Ochnaceae) P, S, 245 P. nuda, 194, 246 Index 471

P. onorei, 210 “pegón” Trigona cf. truculenta Ecuador, 217 P. opaca, 50, 211 Peltophorum (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, 55 P. ornaticeps, 50 Penicillium spp., 256, 258, 356, 415 P. pacifica, 211 Peninsular Malaysia P. prosopiformis, 194, 196, 211 Heterotrigona itama, 78–82 P. rinconi, 211, 216 Lepidotrigona terminata, 82–84 P. scapisetosa, 194, 211 penna, Hypotrigona [=Hypotrigona squamuligera], 234 P. subnuda, 246 Pennisetum glaucum (Poaceae), 160 Pareto principle, 202 Pentace (Malvaceae, Brownlowioideae) P, S, 79 Parkinsonia spp. (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) Pentaphylacaceae, 62 P. aculeata P, S, 19, 21, 123 Pera (Peraceae), 62 P. praecox P, H, S, D, 19, 21, 124 Peraceae, 57, 58, 122, 191 Parmentiera aculeata (Bignoniaceae) P, S, 19, 21, 123 perangulata, Tetragona, 51 Partamona, 32, 58, 190, 191, 194, 200, 201, 210, 214, 362 perangulata, Trigona (Tetragona) clavipes, 51 P. aequatoriana, 50, 211, 214, 216, 424 pereneae, Ptilotrigona, 193, 194, 211 P. ailyae, 34 perilampoides, Nannotrigona, 50, 112, 116, 121, 122, P. bilineata, 143–145, 147 143–147, 210, 216, 300 P. cupira, 50, 143, 214 perilampoides, Trigona (Nannotrigona) testaceicornis, 50 P. epiphytophila, 35, 194, 204, 211, 216 permodica, Trigona, 194 P. ferreirai, 35 pernigra, Melipona (Michmelia) seminigra, 34 P. grandipennis, 50 Persea americana (Lauraceae) N, P, L, S, 143, 163, 167 P. musarum, 50, 211 Persea (Lauraceae) H, L, S, 179 P. orizabaensis, 50 Petiveria alliacea (Petiveriaceae) P, S, 125 P. pearsoni, 35, 214 Petiveriaceae S, 125 P. peckolti, 50, 211, 216 Gallesia integrifolia P, S, 245 P. rustica, 244–246 Phalaris canariensis (Poaceae), 161 P. testacea, 194, 196, 211 Phaleria macrocarpa (Thymelaeaceae) P, S, 79 P. vicina, 35, 193, 194, 211 Phaseolus (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, S, 124, 163 P. xanthogastra, 51 phenax, Melipona, 50 Parthenium spp. (Asteraceae) phenax, Melipona favosa, 49, 50 P. fruticosum P, S, 331, 332 Phenolic compounds, 378 P. hysterophorus P, S, 21 Phenolics, 409 parvula, Eremapis, 19 Phyllanthaceae, 57, 79 parvula, Liotrigona, 234 Amanoa, 62 pascuorum, Bombus, 274 Baccaurea lanceolata P, S, 79 Paspalum (Poaceae) P, 57, 58 Hieronyma alchorneoides P, 57 Passifloraceae, 57, 72, 78, 79, 93 Physalis pubescens (Solanaceae) P, S, 72, 73, 114, 118, P. aff. auriculata P, 57 120, 126 P. aff. nitida P, 57 Phytelephas macrocarpa (Arecaceae) P, 52 P. edulis P, S, 78, 79 “pichilingue” Trigona septentrionalis Ecuador, 423 P. foetida N, P, L, 72 “pico de loro” Melipona sp. Venezuela, 427 Turnera subulata P, O, S, 93 Picramniaceae, 71 Passiflora spp. (Passifloraceae) Alvaradoa amorphoides N, P, 71 P. edulis P, S, 78, 79 Pilea (Urticaceae) P, S, 126 P. foetida N, P, L, 72 Pimenta dioica (Myrtaceae) P, S, 125 Pasteurellales, 269, 272 Pinaceae, 57 Patterson’s curse, 403 Pinus (Pinaceae) P, 57, 114 Paullinia (Sapindaceae) P, 57 Piperaceae P, O, S, 57, 58, 122, 191 paupera, Frieseomelitta, 50 Piper hispidum (Piperaceae) P, S, 122 paupera, Trigona (Tetragona) nigra, 50 Piper (Piperaceae) P, S, 10, 57–59, 62, 122 pearsoni, Partamona, 35, 214 “pirunga” Paratrigona aff. eutaeniata Ecuador, 216, 221 peckolti, Partamona, 50, 211, 216 “pirunga” Paratrigona cf. rinconi Ecuador, 216 pectoralis, Scaptotrigona, 51, 116, 143, 215, 223, 300, “pirunga” Paratrigona sp Ecuador, 423 325, 428, 429 Piscidia piscipula (Fabaceae, Faboideae) N, P, S, A, Pedaliaceae, 57 72, 308 Sesamum indicum P, 57 “pisilnekmej” Scaptotrigona mexicana Mexico, 426 Pediococcus, 272 Pisum sativum (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 163 “pegón grande” Trigona cf. truculenta Ecuador, 217 Pithecellobium dulce (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) “pegón-muruja” Trigona amalthea Ecuador, 217 P, H, S, 357 “pegón” Trigona cf. crassipes Ecuador, 217 Pithecellobium (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, S, 331 472 Index

Pitlotrigona (sic = Ptilotrigona), 190, 202, 273, 362 Panicum P, 57 “pitón” Nannotrigona cf. perilampoides Ecuador, 216 Paspalum P, 57, 58 “pitón” Nannotrigona sp Ecuador, 423 Pennisetum glaucum, 160 “pitsilnekmej” Scaptotrigona mexicana Mexico, 328 Phalaris canariensis, 161 Pittosporaceae, 170 Secale cereale, 160 Pittosporum tobira (Pittosporaceae) S, 170 Setaria italica, 160 Pityrocarpa moniliformis (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) Sorghum bicolor, 160 P, H, O, S, 91–93, 95 Triticum aestivum, 160 Plantaginaceae, 72 Zea mays P, H, S, 57, 160 Russelia campechiana N, P, L, 72 Podocarpus, 62 Plant-bee interactions Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae), 62 Amazonian bee diet, 38–41 Poincianella spp. (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) in Central Amazon, 31–38 P, S, 243 meliponiculture improvement, 41–43 P. bracteosa, 96 origin and evolution, 29–30 P. pluviosa P, S, 243, 245 Plant diversity, 31–32 Polar axis, 9 Plant reproduction, 5 Pollen analysis, 19–20 Platanaceae S, 125 in stingless bees, 30–31 Platanus mexicana (Platanaceae) P, S, 117, 118, 125 Pollen biology, 6–8 Plate count agar (PCA) medium, 354 Pollen collection Plebeia catamarcensis, 168–171 bee visitation, 39 flower-visiting records, 170 corbicular pollen in nest, 31 pollination of strawberries with, 168–171 honey samples, 31 Plebeia, 51, 112, 114, 116–117, 119–127, 146, 157, 158, nectar regurgitation, 31 167, 181, 193–195, 200, 203, 204, 211, 216, nested compartments, 32 274, 275, 288, 290, 294, 306, 339, 362, 423, 428 plant-bee interactions, 29–41 P. (Schwarzula), 190 postemergence residue and storage, 31 P. alvarengai, 194 social bees, 39 P. droryana, 255, 288, 290 Pollen foraging, 133 P. emerinoides [= Plebeia nigriceps], 290 Pollen grains, 5 P. flavocincta, 194 arrangements, 8–9 P. franki, 51 cleaning and preparation, 10–11 P. frontalis, 51, 143, 211 size, 9–10 P. guazurary, 290 types, 11–13 P. jatiformis, 51 Pollen kit, 6 P. minima, 35, 51, 143, 194, 214 Pollen load/pellet, 361 P. (Nogueirapis) mirandula, 50 Pollen specialization categories, 18–19 P. remota, 132, 135, 157, 246, 290 assessment by adjustment calculations P. tobagoensis, 147 abundant vs. minor pollen types, 25 Plebeiella spp., 232, 235 intra-nest pollen analysis, 26 P. griswoldorum, 233 recruitment behavior, 25–26 P. lendliana, 232, 233, 237, 238 spatial and temporal adjustments, 20, 25 Plebeina spp. threshold values and pollen types, 20–24 P. armata, 180, 232, 233, 235–238 Pollen taxonomy, 4, 8–11 P. denoiti [= Plebeina armata], 238 Pollen types, 356 P. hildebrandti, 232, 238 Pollination, 139 P. hildebrandti [=Plebeina armata], 232, 238 Argentina, stingless bees Plinia cauliflora (Myrtaceae) P, O, S, 42, 357 advantages and disadvantages, 157–158 plumata, Ptilothrix, 248, 249, 274 ground-nesting, 158 Poaceae P, S, 57, 58, 122, 160, 161, 243 intrinsic and extrinsic factors, 156–157 Avena sativa, 160 ecology Bambusa P, 57 field bee short-term resource selection, 49, 58–61 Bromus, 165 meliponines, 61–62 Eleusine, 160 and population biology, 62 Festuca, 165 qualitative and quantitative analyses, 49, 58–61 Hordeum vulgare, 160 of strawberries with Plebeia catamarcensis, 168–171 Lolium, 165 Polyalthia (Annonaceae) P, S, 79, 80 Muhlenbergia P, S, 122 Polygalaceae, 57 Oryza sativa, 160 Polygala (Polygalaceae) P, 57 Panicum miliaceum, 160 Polygonaceae P, S, 71, 72, 125, 331, 365, 366 Index 473

Antigonon P, S, 365, 366 Pradosia schomburgkiana (Sapotaceae) O, S, 39 Coccoloba N, P, H, S, 62, 71, 331 Pre-Columbian Maya art, small format modeled C. caracasana P, S, 125 sculptures, 300 C. spicata N, P, S, 71 censers, 302–303 C. uvifera S, 308 ceremic beehive, 301–302 Gymnopodium floribundum N, P, S, 72, 308 small clay bee, 301 Neomillspaughia emarginata S, 308 Prestonia (Apocynaceae) P, 52 Polygonum P, S, 126 Primulaceae, 57, 71, 79 Triplaris L, P, S, A, 62, 107 Ardisia elliptica P, S, 79 Triplaris weigeltiana H, S, 43 Ardisia P, 57 Polygonum (Polygonaceae) P, S, 126 Bonellia macrocarpa N, P, L, 71 Polylecty, 18, 25 Principal component analysis (PCA), 402, 412–413 Polyphenol, 362 prisca, Cretotrigona, 30, 111, 207, 364 content, 342 Problebeia silaceae, 306, 307 polysticta, Scaptotrigona, 35, 428 Propolis, 325 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), 369 prosopiformis, Paratrigona, 194, 196, 211 Pontífica Universidad Católica del Ecuador’s scientific Prosopis spp. (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) P, S, 19, 21–23, research station (PUCE-YSRS), 191 26, 124 Populus (Salicaceae), 165 P. alba P, S, 21 Portulacaceae, 170 P. elata P, S, 21 Portulaca oleracea S, 170 P. kuntzei P, S, 21 Posoqueria latifolia (Rubiaceae) P, 57 P. nigra P, S, 21 postica flavisetis [nom. nud.], Nannotrigona P. ruscifolia P, S, 21 (Scaptotrigona), 34 P. vinalillo P, S, 21 postica, Scaptotrigona, 141, 143, 215 Proteaceae P, O, S, 57, 143, 380, 387, 414 Potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, 354 Grevillea P, S, 380, 381, 387 pothieri [nom. nud.], Hypotrigona, 143 Grevillea robusta P, S, 414 Pot-honey Macadamia integrifolia N, P, L, S, 143 local perceptions of, 295 Macadamia P, S, 414 naming in, labels of commercial products, Roupala montana P, 57 428–431 Protein, 333 vs. pot-pollen, 293–294 of pot-pollen ethanolic extracts, 342 “potolusho” Partamona peckolti Ecuador, 216 Samburá, physicochemical characteristics of, Pot-pollen 351, 353 marketing, 439 Protium heptaphyllum (Burseraceae) O, S, 38 Melipona scutellaris (see Samburá) Protium (Burseraceae) P, S, 53, 62, 246 microorganisms in Prunus spp. (Rosaceae) S, 165 bacteria, 257–258 P. armeniaca, 161 filamentous fungi, 258 P. avium, 161 host-associated microorganisms, 257 P. cerasus, 161 yeast, 258 P. domestica, 161 naming in, labels of commercial products, P. dulcis P, A, 258, 266 428–431 P. persica L, S, 161 and palynology, 3 P. salicina, 161 Panama, 48–49, 52–57 P. simonii, 161 plant reproduction, 5 Pseudobombax spp. (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) pollination, 5–6 P. ellipticum N, P, S, 72 process, 438 P. septenatum P, 56 Scaptotrigona mexicana Pseudomonas, 272 chemical parameters, 332–334 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 264, 384–386, 392, 393, elemental composition, 334 395–397 in meliponiculture, 329–330 Pseudozyma antarctica, 249, 273, 274 palynological analyses, 330–332 Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) P, S, 114, 118–120, 119, 125 synthesis by modern methods, 3–5 Psidium (Myrtaceae) P, H, S, 57, 243, 357 value, 439 Psidium sartorianum (Myrtaceae) N, P, S, D, 72 Poulsenia (Moraceae), 62 Psilate, 9 Pourouma (Urticaceae), 62 Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae) P, S, 125 Pourouma cecropiifolia (Urticaceae) P, L, S, 143 Psychotria (Rubiaceae) P, 57 Pouteria (Sapotaceae) N, P, S, 61, 62, 72, 331 Pteridophyta reproduction, 5 Pouteria reticulata (Sapotaceae) N, P, S, 72 Pterocarpus (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, 55, 58 474 Index

Ptilothrix plumata, 248, 249, 274 Rosaceae, 143, 147, 161, 162 Ptilotrigona spp., 190, 273, 362 Cydonia oblonga, 161 P. lurida, 35, 51, 193, 194, 196, 204, 211, 415 Fragaria P. occidentalis, 49, 51, 211 chiloensis, 168 P. pereneae, 193, 194, 211 virginiana, 168 Pueraria phaseoloides (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, H, S, 357 x ananassa N, P, L, S, 147, 162, 168 Puerto Morelos, 73 Malus domestica N, P, L, S, 142, 143, 161 “pulao” Trigona fulviventris Ecuador, 423 Prunus S, 165 Punctate, 9 Prunus spp. puncticollis, Melipona, 194 P. armeniaca, 161 “putulunga” Trigona fulviventris Ecuador, 423 P. avium, 161 “p’uup” Trigonisca maya Mexico, 300 P. cerasus, 161 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA), 402, 409 P. domestica, 161 Pyrus communis (Rosaceae), 161 P. dulcis P, A, 258, 266 P. persica L, S, 161 P. salicina, 161 Q P. simonii, 161 quadrifasciata, Melipona, 68, 103, 106, 145, 147, Pyrus communis, 161 157, 223, 244–246, 248, 249, 273, 274, 286, Rubus idaeus, 161 290, 349 Rosenbergiella, 272 quadrifasciata quadrifasciata, Melipona, 103 roubiki, Meliponula (Meliplebeia), 180, 181, 233 quadripunctata, Schwarziana, 157, 290, 294 roubiki, Trigonisca, 51 Quararibea spp. (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae) Roupala montana (Proteaceae) P, 57 Q. asterolepis P, 56 “royal bees” Melipona spp. Ecuador, 203 Q. magnifica P, 56 Rubiaceae P, O, S, 57, 79, 80, 93, 117, 126, 143, 167, Q. pterocalyx P, 56 365, 425 Quercus (Fagaceae) P, S, 114, 117–119, 124 Amaioua, 62 quinquefasciata, Melipona, 242, 244–246, 248, 249, Borreria P, S, 126 274, 294 Coffea P, L, S, 79–82, 179 Coffea spp. C. arabica N, P, H, L, S, D, 117–120, 126, 143, R 328, 425 Randia (Rubiaceae), 62 C. canephora N, P, L, S, 143 Ranunculaceae S, 126, 403 Genipa americana P, 57 Ranunculus P, H, A, 403 Ixora chinensis P, S, 245 Thalictrum dasycarpum P, S, 126 Macrocnemum roseum P, 57 Rapistrum rugosum (Brassicaceae) P, A, 378, 414 Posoqueria latifolia P, 57 Recruitment behavior, of pollen, 25–26 Psychotria P, 57 recursa, Trigona, 36, 194, 214 Randia, 62 remota, Plebeia, 132, 135, 157, 246, 290 Rondeletia P, S, 126 Reproduction, plant, 5 Spermacoce spp. Reticulate, 9 S. alata P, 57 Rhamnaceae P, S, 21, 121, 126 S. verticillata P, H, O, S, 91, 93, 95 Gouania lupuloides P, S, 126 Uncaria tomentosa P, 57 Ziziphus mistol P, S, 20, 21 “rubita” Tetragonisca angustula Venezuela, 339, 424 Ziziphus P, S, 117, 126 Rubus idaeus (Rosaceae), 161 Rhizobiales, 269 Rubus (Rosaceae) S, 161 Rhodococcus, 269, 271 Ruellia simplex (Acanthaceae) P, S, 79 Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae) P, S, 78, 79 rufa, Lestrimelitta, 209 Rhodospirillales, 269 rufipes, Lestrimelitta, 288, 290 Rhodosporidium toruloides, 249 rufiventris, Melipona, 143, 244–246, 248, 274, Rhodotorula glutinis, 273, 275 369–371, 383 Rhodotorula spp., 273 rufiventris, Melipona (Michmelia), 34 Ribes spp. (Grossulariaceae) Rugulate, 9 R. nigrum, 162 Rural residents, stingless bees R. rubrum, 162 context of exploitation, 289–291 Ricinus communis (Euphorbiaceae) P, S, 124, 245 cultural factors, 287, 292–293 Rickettsiales, 267, 269, 272 organoleptic factors, 288–289 rinconi, Paratrigona, 211, 216 pot-honey vs. pot-pollen, 293–294 Rondeletia (Rubiaceae) P, S, 126 psychological factors, 287–288, 292–293 Index 475 ruspolii, Hypotrigona, 180, 181, 232, 234 Sapindaceae P, O, S, 38, 71, 72, 78, 79, 121, 126, 147, Russelia campechiana (Plantaginaceae) N, P, L, 72 167, 243, 245, 331, 356–358 rustica, Partamona, 244–246 Allophylus P, H, S, 357 Rutaceae P, S, 57, 71, 78, 79, 82, 126, 161, 365 Cupania glabra N, P, L, S, 71 Citrus P, H, L, S, 57, 78–80, 121, 167, 328 Cupania P, S, 62, 117, 118, 121, 126 Citrus spp. Erioglossum rubiginosum P, S, 79, 82 C. aurantiifolia, 161 Lepisanthes fruticosa P, S, 78, 79 C. hystrix P, S, 82–85 Matayba sp. O, S, 62 C. limon P, H, S, D, 126, 161 Nephelium lappaceum N, P, L, S, 82, 147 C. paradisi, 161 Paullinia P, 57 C. sinensis N, P, H, L, S, A, 71, 126, 161 Sapindus P, S, 62, 126 Murraya paniculata P, S, 82–85 Sapindus saponaria, 126 Zanthoxylum P, 57, 62 Serjania P, S, 243, 331 S. lethalis P, S, 243, 245 S. racemosa N, P, L, S, A, 72 S S. yucatanensis N, P, L, S, A, 72 Sabal yapa (Arecaceae) S, 308 Talisia P, S, 126 Saccharomycetales, 275, 277 Thouinia spp. Salicaceae P, O, S, 57, 71, 79, 80, 159 T. canescens N, P, L, S, A, 72 Banara guianensis P, 57 T. paucidentata P, S, 117, 119, 126 Casearia emarginata N, P, L, 71 Sapindus (Sapindaceae) P, S, 62, 126 Casearia P, 55 Sapindus saponaria (Sapindaceae), 126 Flacourtia jangomas P, S, 79, 80, 82, 85 Sapium (Euphorbiaceae) P, 54, 62 Populus, 165 Sapotaceae P, O, S, 21–23, 61, 71, 72, 79, 80, 126, 331 Xylosma, 62 Chrysophyllum spp. Salicornia freitagii, 384 C. cainito N, P, S, 71, 73 Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica AM, 265, 384, 387, C. mexicanum N, P, S, 71 392, 396 Manilkara zapota P, S, 126 Salvia spp. (Lamiaceae), P, S, 414 Mimusops elengi P, S, 79, 80, 82, 85 S. farinacea N, P, L, S, 147 Pouteria N, P, S, 61, 62, 72, 331 S. lamiifolia P, S, 125 Pouteria reticulata N, P, S, 72 Sambucus (Adoxaceae) S, 170 Pradosia schomburgkiana O, S, 39 Samburá Sideroxylon obtusifolium N, P, S, 21–23, 72 botanical families, 357 Synsepalum dulcificum P, S, 79, 82 in Brazil, 435–436 “saramishki” Melipona eburnea in Kichwa, Ecuador, 216 characteristics, 349 Saurauia yasicae (Actinidiaceae) P, S, 122 cultural aspects of, 439 Scabrate, 9 harvest and process, 438 scapisetosa, Paratrigona, 194, 211 legislation, 440–441 Scaptotrigona mexicana, 114, 116–117, 122–127 marketing, 439 bee honey, 327 microbiological characteristics of, 354–356 in Mexico, 325, 326 physicochemical characteristics of, 350 neotropical distribution, 325 acidity, 351, 354 pot-pollen ash, 351, 352 chemical parameters, 332–334 carbohydrates, 351, 353 elemental composition, 334 fiber, 351, 353 in meliponiculture, 329–330 lipid, 351, 352 palynological analyses, 330–332 moisture, 351–352 traditional values, 328–329 pH, 351, 353 trumpet-shaped nest entrance, 326 protein, 351, 353 Scaptotrigona, 35, 51, 146, 157, 158, 167, 194, 201, 203, total energy value, 351, 354 204, 212, 216, 221, 231, 242, 273–276, 290, water activity, 351, 354 314, 325, 326, 333, 362, 365, 421–432, 425, physicochemical parameters, 440–441 436, 437, 439 pollen analysis, 356–358 Catana, 426 production, 436–440 Ecuadorian stingless bees, 426 qualitative pollen analysis, 349 mexicana, 112, 114, 116–118, 120–122, 143, 147, 215, seasonality, 440 218, 220, 222, 325–335, 422, 426, 427, 430 of stingless bees, 349, 350 mexicana, 221 “Uruçú” bee, 350 multifactorial impacts, 432 Santa Teresa, 68 nest from Ecuador, 426 476 Index

Scaptotrigona (cont.) S. pallida P, L, 72, 73 ochrotricha, 218, 317, 333, 341, 362, 367, 427, 428 S. racemosa P, L, S, 72, 114, 124 pectoralis, 51, 116, 143, 215, 223, 300, 325, 428, 429 S. silvestris P, S, 246 in Peru, 428, 429 S. trachypus O, S, 93 Pisilnekmej, 426 S, uniflora P, H, O, S, 93 polysticta, 35, 428 septentrionalis (sic = setentrionalis), Trigona, 423 postica, 141, 143, 215 Serjania spp. (Sapindaceae) P, S, 243, 331 pot-honey, 427 S. lethalis P, S, 245 S. barrocoloradensis, 51, 212 S. racemosa N, P, L, S, A, 72 S. bipunctata, 273, 290, 369 S. yucatanensis N, P, L, S, A, 72 S. depilis, 147, 157, 244–246, 254, 257, 258, 260, “serrano” undetermined Ecuador, 423 273, 290, 425, 427, 428, 432 Sesamum indicum (Pedaliaceae) P, 57 S. fulvicutis, 35, 38 Setaria italica (Poaceae), 160 S. hellwegeri, 112, 325 setentrionalis, Trigona [=Trigona fuscipennis], 215 S. limae, 212 Shrub, 59 S. luteipennis, 51 Sicyos (Cucurbitaceae) P, S, 120, 124 S. subobscuripennis, 51 Sida cordifolia (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) P, H, S, 91, 93 stingless bees type, 427 Sida (Malvaceae, Malvoideae) P, S, 56, 125 S. tricolorata, 194, 196, 212, 216 Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Sapotaceae) N, P, S, 21–23, 72 S. xanthotricha, 437 silaceae, Problebeia, 306, 307 S. xanthotricha, 437 silvestriana, Trigona, 51, 214, 217 Scaura, 32, 49, 51, 58, 59, 195, 201, 339, 362, 363 silvestrii, Frieseomelitta, 33, 209 Scaura, 32, 58, 190, 191, 194, 200, 201, 210, 214, 362 Simarouba (Simaroubaceae), 62 Scaura spp. Simarouba amara (Simaroubaceae) P, 62 S. argyrea, 49, 51, 57–59 Simaroubaceae, 21 S. latitarsis, 35, 49, 51, 194, 212, 215 Castela coccinea P, S, 21 S. longula, 51, 194, 196, 212, 216 Siparuna (Siparunaceae), 62 S. tenuis, 35, 194, 212 Sisymbrium officinale (Brassicaceae) P, A, Schefflera morototoni (Araliaceae) P, O, S, 38, 52 378, 414 schencki, Melipona bicolor, 290, 293 Smilax (Smilacaceae) N, P, H, L, S, A, 107 Schinopsis spp. (Anacardiaceae) Snodgrassella alvi, 266 S. balansae P, S, 19, 21 Socratea exorrhiza (Arecaceae) P, 52 S. lorentzii P, S, 19, 21 Solanaceae P, H, O, S, 21–23, 38, 39, 71–73, 79, 82, 83, Schinus fasciculata var. arenicola (Anacardiaceae) P, S, 19 108, 120, 126, 143, 147, 163, 167, 246, 331, schmidti, Dactylurina, 180, 232, 233 332, 335, 356–358, 365, 366 schulthessi, Dolichotrigona, 50 Capsicum P, L, S, 79, 80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 167 schulthessi, Trigona (Trigonisca), 50 Capsicum Schwarziana quadripunctata, 157, 290, 294 C. annuum N, P, L, S, D, 142–144, 147, 163 Schwarzula, Plebeia (Schwarzula), 190 C. chinense, 144 Schwarzula spp., 195, 200, 201 Cestrum nocturnum P, S, 71 S. coccidophila, 35 Cestrum P, H, S, 357 S. timida, 194, 196, 212 Datura metel P, S, 126 Scrophulariaceae P, S, 126, 365, 366 Lycopersicon esculentum N, P, L, S (see Solanum Capraria biflora P, S, 126 esculentum) Scrophularia nodosa (Scrophulariaceae) P, S, 365, 366 Physalis pubescens P, S, 72, 73, 114, 118, 120, 126 scutellaris, Melipona, 203, 218, 223, 255, 259, 349–358, Solanum spp. (Solanaceae) N, P, C, L, O, S, A, 21–23, 436–440, 442 25, 38, 59, 72, 73, 105–108, 115, 119, 158, scutellata, Apis mellifera, 58 167, 246, 331, 332, 356–358 Secale cereale (Poaceae), 160 S. americanum, 365 Sechium edule (Cucurbitaceae) N, P, L, S, 54, 143 S. americanum P, S, 72, 114, 120, 126, 365, 366 Self-pollination, 5 S. lanceifolium P, S, 72, 73 seminigra, Melipona, 38, 41, 42, 218, 259, 333, 341, 367 S. lanceolatum S, 114, 115, 120, 126 seminigra, Melipona (Michmelia) seminigra, 33, 34, 41 S. lycopersicum L, S, 163 Senegalia polyphylla (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) H, S, 93 S. macrocarpon P, S, 357 Senna spp. (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, L, S, 72, 73, S. melongena P, L, S, 147, 163 94, 243, 246 S. schlechtendalianum (Solanaceae) P, S, 126 S. acclinis P, S, 414 S. stipulaceum P, S, 357 S. clavigera P, S, 414 S. torvum P, S, 72, 73 S. macranthera O, S, 93 S. tuerckheimii P, S, 72 S. obtusifolia P, H, O, S, 91–94, 246 S. verbascifolium S, 114, 115, 118, 120, 126 Index 477

Sonchus oleraceus (Asteraceae) S, 170 megabiodiversity, in Ecuador, 208 “sonquette” Scaptotrigona cf. ochrotricha Venezuela, meliponiculturists in Thailand, 313 427, 428 morphology, 140 Sorghum bicolor (Poaceae), 160 nest architecture, 235–236 Sorocea (Moraceae), 62 nesting behavior, 236–238 Southernmost Atlantic forest ecoregion, 284–285 palynology analysis of, 321 Spermacoce spp. (Rubiaceae) in Panama, 47–48, 50–51 S. alata P, 57 plant interactions with, 30 S. verticillata P, H, O, S, 91, 93, 95 pollen analysis, 19–20, 30–31 Sphingomonadales, 269 pollen specialization categories, 20–26 Sphingomonas, 269, 272 pollination efficiency, 140 Spigelia scabra (Loganiaceae) P, 55 promotion, 148 spinipes, Trigona, 201, 244–246, 288, 290, 294, 339, propolis, 402 437, 439, 440 rural residents Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae) P, O, S, 39, 122, 308, cultural factors, 287, 292–293 331, 357, 358 organoleptic factors, 288–289 Spondias (Anacardiaceae) P, S, 52, 61 pot-honey vs. pot-pollen, 293–294 Spondias purpurea (Anacardiaceae) P, S, 122 psychological factors, 287–288, 292–293 Spores, 5 shape and volume, 314–345 Sporopollenin, 6 specialization, 17–18 squamuligera, Hypotrigona, 180, 234 storage pots, fermentation process in Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Verbenaceae) O, S, 38 characteristics, 254–255 Staphylococcus aureus AM, 264, 265, 384–387, 392–396 exogenous compounds in pollen, 256–257 Starmerella spp., 248–249 microbial fermentation and nutritional S. meliponinorum, 248, 249, 273, 274, 277 enhancement, 256 S. neotropicalis, 248, 249, 274 Tetragonisca angustula pot-pollen staudingeri, Dactylurina, 180–182, 184–186, 233, 238 bee pollen, 340 Sterculia (Malvaceae-Sterculioideae), 62 Creole, 339 Stigmaphyllon (Malpighiaceae) P, 56 distribution, 339 Stingless bees, 181–184, 186 flower pollen, 340 in Africa, 232–235 traditional breeding, 339 agricultural field, 148 Venezuelan pot-pollen bee keepers genera and number of, 362 chemical composition of pot-pollen, 218–219 geographical origin and ethnic names, 364 Faro Convention, 221 pot-honey from, 363 heritage and conservation mission, 217 window at climate warming, 222–223 meliponiculture, 221 Strawberry nutritional and toxic elements, 220 cultivation in Argentina, 168 biology, 229 and Meliponini, 169–170 breeding, 291 in Santa Fe, 168–169 categories, 18–19 Streptococcus, 264, 269 characteristics, 140–141 Streptophyta, 267, 269, 270, 272 complex communication systems, 141 Striate, 9 conservation Struthanthus cassythoides (Loranthaceae) P, S, 125 management plans, 97 Struthanthus (Loranthaceae) P, 55 melittopalynology, 95–96 Stryphnodendron guianense (Fabaceae, Mimosoideae) context of exploitation, 289–291 O, S, 38 crop pollination, 141–142 “suapillo” Nannotrigona cf. mellaria Ecuador, 216 contribution, 143 subnitida, Melipona, 89–98, 144, 146, 147, 220, 318, diversity, 142 320, 367, 369–371 field research, 142 subnuda, Paratrigona, 246 greenhouses, 144–145 subobscuripennis, Scaptotrigona, 51 distribution, 313 subobscuripennis, Trigona (Scaptotrigona) mexicana, 51 diversification, 30 “suca” undetermined Ecuador, 423 diversity and abundance, 148 Suregada multiflora (Euphorbiaceae) P, S, 82 ethnic names of, 423 “suro choco,” Scaptotrigona aff. xanthotricha, 428 exotic pollinators, 149 “suro negro,” Scaptotrigona polysticta, 428 harvest and store food, 254 Swartzia (Fabaceae, Faboideae) O, S, 42 management, 313 Swartzia panamensis (Fabaceae, Faboideae) P, 55 management, in greenhouse conditions, 145–148 Swietenia (Meliaceae), 62 478 Index

Syagrus (Arecaceae) P, S, 357 ethanolic extracts Symmetric grains, 9 ABTS+• method, 342–343 Symphonia globulifera (Clusiaceae) P, 53 antioxidant activity, 342–343 Synsepalum dulcificum (Sapotaceae) P, S, 79, 82 biochemical components, 343–345 Syzygium spp. (Myrtaceae) P, S, 78, 79 flavonoid content, 342 S. jambos P, 57 hydroxyl radical, 343 S. samarangense P, S, 357 polyphenol content, 342 S. smithii P, S, 414 preparation, 342 protein content, 342 proximal analysis, 341 T stingless bees Tabebuia nodosa (Bignoniaceae) P, S, 21 bee pollen, 340 Tabebuia (Bignoniaceae) P, S, 21, 246 Creole, 339 Tachigali versicolor (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, 55 distribution, 339 Talinaceae, 170 flower pollen, 340 Talinum S, 170 traditional breeding, 339 Talisia (Sapindaceae) P, S, 126 storage, 340 Taman Tropika Kenyir, Terengganu Tetragonisca, 26, 58, 158, 167, 202, 265, 339, 362, 363, Heterotrigona itama, 78–82 365, 393, 436 Lepidotrigona terminata, 82–84 T. angustula, 36, 51, 61, 112, 121, 143, 146, 147, pollen collection, 78–84 157, 171, 194, 196, 212, 213, 215–217, Tamarindus indica (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae) P, S, 219–221, 224, 242, 246, 248, 249, 259, 79, 80 265–269, 272–276, 339–346, 356, 365, 367, Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae) P, H, O, S, 32, 38, 392–396, 415, 423, 424, 428, 438, 439 42, 357 T. buchwaldi, 51, 213 Tapirira (Anacardiaceae) P, S, 321, 322 T. fiebrigi, 19, 21, 25–27, 171, 288, 290, 294, 334 Taraxacum campylodes (Asteraceae) S, 170 Tetragonula spp., 146, 231, 321, 377–387, 401–403, tarsata, Centris, 248, 249, 274 414, 416 tataira, Oxytrigona, 34, 290 T. biroi, 203 Taxonomy, 8–11 T. carbonaria, 371 tellurica, Geotrigona, 209 T. carbonaria, 143, 145–147, 203, 371, 378–382, tenuis, Scaura, 35, 194, 212 386, 387, 401–404, 406–409, 411, 412, 416 Terminalia (Combretaceae) P, S, 79 T. fuscobalteata, 78, 313 terminata, Lepidotrigona, 78, 82–87, 143, 215, 218, 220, T. hockingsi, 378–382, 385–387, 401, 403, 404, 313–318, 321, 322 406–409, 415, 416 Ternstroemia (Pentaphylacaceae), 62 T. hockingsi, 379–381 terrestris, Bombus, 132, 148, 273, 274 T. laeviceps, 78, 215, 219, 220, 313–322 testacea, Partamona, 194, 196, 211 T. laeviceps complex species testaceicornis, Nannotrigona, 146, 147, 286, 437 amino acids in, 320 testaceitarsis, Tetragonula, 219, 220, 313–318, 321, 322 carbohydrate content, 317 Tetracera (Dilleniaceae) P, 54 fatty acid spectra of, 319 Tetragastris (Burseraceae), 62 pollen protein content, 317 Tetragona spp., 49, 58, 59, 200, 203, 212, 362, 363 pot-honey of, 315 T. clavipes, 194, 196, 204, 212, 216, 244–246, 290, pot-pollen of, 314 294, 427, 437 T. minangkabau, 147 T. dorsalis, 49, 51, 194, 212 T. testaceitarsis, 219, 220, 313–318, 321, 322 T. dorsalis ziegleri, 49, 51 Tetrapterys goudotiana (Malpighiaceae) P, H, 56 T. essequiboensis, 212 Tetrigona apicalis, 78, 345, 379 T. goettei, 35, 194 Tetrigona, 146 T. handlirschii, 194 Thalictrum dasycarpum (Ranunculaceae) P, S, 126 T. jaty, 122–127 Theobroma grandiflorum (Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae) T. jaty [= Tetragonisca angustula], 51, 122 N, P, L, S, 143 T. perangulata, 51 Theobroma (Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae) N, P, B, L, S, T. truncata, 194 143, 185 T. ziegleri, 51, 57–59, 61, 62, 212 thoracica, Geniotrigona, 78, 345, 379 Tetragonilla spp. thoracica, Trigona, 78, 345, 379 T. atripes, 78 Thouinia spp. (Sapindaceae) T. collina, 78 T. canescens N, P, L, S, A, 72 Tetragonisca angustula, 242, 394 T. paucidentata P, S, 117, 119, 126 chemical and bioactive characterization, 341 Thrinax radiata (Arecaceae) N, P, S, A, 72, 73 Index 479

Thunbergia (Acanthaceae) P, 52 T. crassipes, 194, 213 Thymelaeaceae, 79 T. (Partamona) cupira, 50 Phaleria macrocarpa P, S, 79 T. dallatorreana, 194, 213, 217, 424 Tibouchina (Melastomataceae) L, P, S, A, 108, 246 T. dimidiata, 194, 213 Tibouchina tortuosa (Melastomataceae) P, S, 125 T. (Plebeia) domiciliorum, [=Plebeia franki], 51 timida, Schwarzula, 194, 196, 212 T. (Tetragona) dorsalis, 51 titania, Melipona, 62, 194, 204 T. (Trigonisca) duckei atomaria, 51 titania, Melipona (Michmelia), 210 T. ferricauda, 51, 213, 217, 424 “tiúba” Melipona fasciculata Brazil, 439 T. (Plebeia) frontalis, 51 tobagoensis, Plebeia, 147 T. fulviventris, 36, 38, 39, 51, 62, 143, 194, 201, 213, “tobillo morrocoy” Melipona sp. aff. eburnea 217, 221, 248, 300, 423 Venezuela, 427 T. fuscipennis, 36, 51, 157, 194, 213, 217, 300 “tobuna” Scaptotrigona depilis and S. bipunctata T. guianae, 194, 213–215, 217 Argentina, 290 T. hypogea, 51, 194, 201, 215, 258 togoensis, Axestotrigona, 181, 182, 185, 238 T. (Paratrigona) isopterophila, 50 togoensis, Meliponula (Axestotrigona), 180 T. itama, 379 torrida, Melipona, 288, 290 T. (Plebeia) jatiformis, 51 Torulopsis spp., 258, 273 T. (Tetragona) jaty, 51 Total energy value (TEV), 351, 354 T. laeviceps, 142, 143 Tournefortia spp. (Boraginaceae) P, 53 T. laeviceps, pollination efficiency, 142 T. gnaphalodes S, 308 T. (Tetragona) leucogastra chiriquiensis, 50 T. volubilis N, P, L, 72 T. lurida, 143 Tovomita (Clusiaceae), 62 T. (Ptilotrigona) lurida occidentalis, 51 Tovomitopsis (Clusiaceae), 62 T. (Scaptotrigona) mexicana subobscuripennis, 51 Toxic xenobiotics, 402–403 T. (Plebeia) minima, 51 Tradescantia commelinoides (Commelinaceae) P, S, 122 T. muzoensis, 51, 214 tranquebarica, Xylocopa (Nyctomelitta), 321 T. necrophaga, 49, 51 Trattinnickia (Burseraceae), 62 T. nigerrima, 61, 143, 214 Trema (Cannabaceae), 62 T. nigra, 143 Trema micrantha (Cannabaceae) P, S, 123, 321, 322 T. (Tetragona) nigra doederleini, 50 Tricellular pollen, 5 T. (Tetragona) nigra paupera, 50 Trichilia (Meliaceae) P, 57, 62, 121 T. (Ptilotrigona) occidentalis, 51 trichocerata, Frieseomelitta, 194, 196 T. (Paratrigona) opaca pacifica, 50 Trichospermum sp. (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) P, S, T. (Scaptotrigona) pachysoma [=Scaptotrigona 62, 125 luteipennis], 51 Trichosporon sp., 249 T. pallens, 36, 51 Trichotrigona, 199 T. pallida [=Trigona pallens], 51 tricolorata, Scaptotrigona, 194, 196, 212, 216 T. (Scaptotrigona) pectoralis panamensis, 51 Tridax procumbens (Asteraceae) P, S, 123, 308 T. permodica, 194 Trifolium (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 165 T. recursa, 36, 194, 214 T. pratense, 163 T. (Trigonisca) schulthessi, 50 T. repens H, S, 163 T. septentrionalis (sic = setentrionalis), 423 Trigona, 30, 32, 142, 190, 193, 195, 200–202, 231, 246, T. setentrionalis [=Trigona fuscipennis], 215 303, 362, 423, 424 T. silvestriana, 51, 214, 217 T. (Duckeola), 195, 200, 231, 362 T. spinipes, 201, 244–246, 288, 290, 294, 339, 437, T. (Geotrigona), 190 439, 440 T. (Geotrigona) acapulconis kraussi, 50 T. (Oxytrigona) tataira mellicolor, 50 T. albipennis, 194, 213, 217 T. (Nannotrigona) testaceicornis perilampoides, 50, T. amalthea, 36, 49, 51, 192–195, 204, 213, 217 112, 116, 121, 122, 143–147, 210, 216, 300 T. amazonensis, 192, 194, 195, 204, 213, 217, 424 T. thoracica, 78, 345, 379 T. apicalis, 78, 345, 379 T. trinidadensis [= Trigona amalthea], 51 T. branneri, 36, 194, 213, 217 T. truculenta, 194, 196, 204, 214, 217 T. (Cephalotrigona) capitata zexmeniae, 50 T. williana, 36, 38, 194, 214 T. chanchamayoensis, 36, 194, 213, 215 Trigonisca spp., 51, 190, 195, 200, 201, 214, 217, 362, 423 T. cilipes, 36, 51, 194, 213 T. atomaria, 51 T. clavipes, 194, 196, 204, 212, 216, 244–246, 290, T. buyssoni, 51, 214 294, 427, 437 T. maya, 300 T. (Tetragona) clavipes perangulata, 51 T. (Leurotrigona), 190 T. compressa [= Trigona cilipes], 51 T. roubiki, 51 T. corvina, 51, 57, 59, 143, 213 T. variegatifrons, 194, 196 480 Index

Trigonisca, Trigonisca (Leurotrigona), 190 proteins, 363 trinidadensis, Trigona [= Trigona amalthea], 51 synchronous pollen presentation, 364 triplaridis, Melipona, 50 ethanolic extract triplaridis, Melipona interrupta, 50 antioxidant activity, 370–372 Triplaris (Polygonaceae) L, P, S, A, 62, 107 bioactive components, 368–369 Triplaris weigeltiana (Polygonaceae) H, S, 43 flavonoids by HPLC-UV, 369–370 tristella, Nannotrigona, 210 preparation, 367–368 Trithrinax schizophylla (Arecaceae) P, S, 21 proximal analysis, 365, 367 Triticum aestivum (Poaceae), 160 stingless bees Triumfetta rhomboidea (Malvaceae, Grewioideae) P, S, genera and number of, 362 243, 245 geographical origin and ethnic names, 364 “trompetilla” Tetragonisca angustula pot-honey from, 363 Ecuador, 217 Verbenaceae, 38, 72, 366 Trophic niche, stingless bees, 241 Duranta erecta P, S, 245 Trophis (Moraceae) P, 58, 62 Lantana velutina P, L, 72 truculenta, Trigona, 194, 196, 204, 214, 217 Stachytarpheta cayennensis O, S, 38 truncata, Tetragona, 194 Verbesina (Asteraceae) P, S, 331, 332 “tubi” Scaptotrigona spp. Brazil, 439 Vernicia fordii (Euphorbiaceae), 160 tumupasae, Melipona (Eomelipona), 33 Vernonanthura deppeana (Asteraceae) P, H, S, 123 tungurahuana, Parapartamona, 210 Vernonia arborescens (Asteraceae) P, 123 Turbina corymbosa (Convolvulaceae) S, 308 Vernonia (Asteraceae) N, P, L, S, A, 52, 107, 123, 331 Turnera subulata (Passifloraceae) P, O, S, 93 Verrucate, 9 vicina, Partamona, 35, 193, 194, 211 Vigna (Fabaceae, Faboideae), 163 U Viguiera dentata (Asteraceae) N, P, L, S, A, 72, 134, 308 Ulmaceae S, 126, 321 Virola (Myristicaceae) P, 57, 62 Ulmus mexicana (Ulmaceae) P, S, 126 Vismia guianensis (Hypericaceae) O, S, 38 Ultra Violet Electro Spray Mass Spectrometry Vismia (Hypericaceae) P, 55 (UV-ESI-MS), 403 Vitaceae P, S, 126, 161 “unatawe” Trigona amalthea Ecuador, 204 Vitis vinifera S, 161 Uncaria tomentosa (Rubiaceae) P, 57 Vitex gaumeri (Lamiaceae) S, 308 Unclassified bacteria, 271 Vitis (Vitaceae) H, S, 161 “uñepoi” Scaptotrigona spp. Ecuador, 204 Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae) S, 161 Urticaceae P, O, S, 61, 121, 126, 143, 321, 365 vittigera, Parapartamona, 210 Cecropia obtusifolia P, S, 117, 119, 126 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Cecropia P, B, S, 59, 61, 62, 68, 117, 120, 126, 193, chromatographic profile, 406–408 203, 204 by HS-SPME-GC-MS, 404–405 Coussapoa purpusii P, S, 126 Pilea P, S, 126 Pourouma, 62 W Pourouma cecropiifolia P, L, S, 143 Waltheria indica (Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae), 308 Urtica mexicana P, S, 126 Waltheria (Malvaceae, Byttnerioideae) P, O, S, 91, 93, 95 “uruçú cinzenta” Melipona fasciculata Brazil, 439 Water activity (Aw), 351, 354 “uruçú” Melipona scutellaris Brazil, 350 Wedelia acapulcensis (Asteraceae) P, H, S, 123 Utricularia (Lentibulariaceae) P, 55 williana, Trigona, 36, 38, 194, 214

V X Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae) L, S, 162 xanthogastra, Partamona, 51 Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae), 328 Xanthorrhoeaceae, 170 varia, Frieseomelitta, 33, 215, 218, 244–246, 259, 273, Hemerocallis S, 170 274, 364, 367–369, 393–397, 415, 437 xanthotricha, Scaptotrigona, 437 variegatifrons, Trigonisca, 194, 196 Xestaea lisianthoides (Gentianaceae) P, 55 Venezuelan pot-pollen “xiik” Frieseomelita nigra Mexico, 300 antibacterial activity Ximenia americana (Ximeniaceae) P, S, 21–23 ethanolic extracts, 394–397 Ximeniaceae, 21–23 botanical origin, 362 “xnuuk” Trigona fuscipennis Mexico, 300 diversity, 365 “xun’an kab” “xuna’an kab” “xunan kab” Melipona melittopalynology, 364 beecheii México, 112, 299 predominant pollen types, 365, 366 Xylocopa, 191, 248, 321 Index 481

Xylocopa (Nyctomelitta) tranquebarica, 321 isolations, 274 Xylosma (Salicaceae), 62 phylogenetic relationships, 276 Vitek® system, 275 Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, 67–68, 308 Y “yapamal” undetermined, Ecuador, 423 Yarrowia, 277 Z Yasuní biosphere reserve, Ecuador Zanthoxylum spp. (Rutaceae) P, 57, 62 comparative bee morphology, 199–202 Zea mays (Poaceae) P, H, S, 57, 160 meliponine biodiversity, 191–193 zexmeniae, Cephalotrigona, 50 and melittological background, 189–190 zexmeniae, Cephalotrigona capitata, 49 pollination knowledge and sustainable exploitation, ziegleri, Tetragona, 51, 57, 58, 62, 212 202–204 ziegleri, Tetragona dorsalis, 49, 51 records of stingless honey bees, 194 Ziziphus mistol (Rhamnaceae) P, S, 20, 21 species accounts and frequency, 193–199 Ziziphus (Rhamnaceae) P, S, 117, 126 topographic map, 190 Zygophyllaceae, 21, 23, 24 Yateí docile bee, 288 Bulnesia sarmientoi P, S, 21, 23, 24 “yateí” Tetragonisca fiebrigi Argentina, 290 Zygosaccharomyces spp., 273, 275 Yeast communities in pollen, Colombian bees Z. bisporus, 273, 274 enzymes, 273 Z. machadoi, 248, 249, 273 glucose and sucrose fermentation, 273 Z. mellis, 249 identification of isolations, 275 Z. siamens, 273, 275