remote sensing Article Local- and Regional-Scale Forcing of Glacier Mass Balance Changes in the Swiss Alps Saeideh Gharehchahi 1,* , Thomas J. Ballinger 2 , Jennifer L. R. Jensen 3, Anshuman Bhardwaj 4 , Lydia Sam 4, Russell C. Weaver 5 and David R. Butler 3 1 Department of Chemistry and Geosciences, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville, AL 36265, USA 2 International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA;
[email protected] 3 Department of Geography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA;
[email protected] (J.L.R.J.);
[email protected] (D.R.B.) 4 School of Geosciences, University of Aberdeen, Meston Building, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK;
[email protected] (A.B.);
[email protected] (L.S.) 5 ILR School, Cornell University, 617 Main Street, Suite 300, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected] Abstract: Glacier mass variations are climate indicators. Therefore, it is essential to examine both winter and summer mass balance variability over a long period of time to address climate-related ice mass fluctuations. In this study, we analyze glacier mass balance components and hypsometric characteristics with respect to their interactions with local meteorological variables and remote large-scale atmospheric and oceanic patterns. The results show that all selected glaciers have lost their equilibrium condition in recent decades, with persistent negative annual mass balance trends and decreasing accumulation area ratios (AARs), accompanied by increasing air temperatures of ≥ +0.45 ◦C decade−1. The controlling factor of annual mass balance is mainly attributed to summer Citation: Gharehchahi, S.; Ballinger, mass losses, which are correlated with (warming) June to September air temperatures.