Human Trafficking, Prostitution and Public

CEU eTD Collection OPINION INHUNGARY:INTERVIEWSWITH HUNGARIAN HUMAN TRAFFICKING, PROSTITUTIONAND HUMAN TRAFFICKING, PUBLIC In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of ofArts of Masters for thedegree requirements of the fulfillment In partial UNIVERSITY STUDENTS UNIVERSITY Second Supervisor: Andrea Supervisor: Second Petö Department of Political Science Political of Department First Supervisor: JuditSándor Central European University Central European Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Margaret Farmer Margaret Submitted to Submitted (2010) By CEU eTD Collection women into prostitution, and into the hands of traffickers. factors leadthat intersectionality of deeper about the very haveand knowledge only limited trafficking in Hungary,finding that the students relate most strongly with the sex work paradigm, research seeks to draw attention, and empathy towards the plight of prostitutes and victims of to discover their and attitudes, theextentof their awareness. By investigating opinion public this interviews research conducts residingintwenty-sixuniversity with students Hungarian Budapest, trafficking. Acknowledging, lack the ofinformation on public opinion on issues,these this and exploitation of victims are they that possibility the ignoring and rights, human their necessary resources to combating init; fact they continue topunish streetprostitutes,violating the dedicating not is and phenomenon, this of extent the ignore to continues government controversial subject thatremains miredin many Yet, debate. argue thatthe Hungarian a in prostitution, primarily of forsexual the purposes exploitation, aretrafficked victims 150,000 persons trafficked through, toand out of Hungary every year. The majority these of EU, Hungary is an origin, transit and destination country for human trafficking, with an estimated Once called a bridge between the East and West, situated on the outermost border border of the on outermost the situated and West, theEast between Once calledabridge Abstract i CEU eTD Collection from from moving Budapestonday to one. And finally, I thank my family, my friends, and Stefan,for their support along the whole path, forThe students and sharing with me, their experiences thoughts All the professors who helped me along the way, and facilitated me with access to their students, Andrea Matolcsifor herin support researching whatIbelieved in, endless and information, revealing the universities of Budapest tome, Gyorgy Endrey Adrienn and forTothpal their generous time, being beside me in field,the and conductthis research, to support My advisors Judit Sándor, and Andrea Petö for their knowledge, thoughtful comments, and I wouldlike toexpress my tothe thanks following persons: Acknowledgments ii CEU eTD Collection Appendix V: Hungarian Law on 82 Prostitution ...... And Related Offenses Appendix III: Hungarian 80 Law ...... on Human Trafficking Appendix III: Four Models of Prostitution in the EU, as defined 79 by Transcrime, 2005...... 77 Appendix ...... II:List of Interviewees Appendix 75 I: The Interview...... Bibliography Chapter 5.Conclusion Chapter 4.Dataand Analysis Chapter 3. Methodology Chapter 2.Literature Review Chapter 1. Background onHungary Introduction List of Abbreviations...... iv Acknowledgments ...... ii Abstract...... i 4.14 A Search for Causes 60 and Solutions...... 4.13 Trafficking in Hungary: The 59 Students Opinion...... 4.12 Trafficking 58 and the Media...... 4.11 Trafficking: 56 Seeking a Definition...... 4.10 Attitudes 52 on the future...... 4.9 Visible Street 51 Prostitution, ...... and the Internet 4.8 Understanding 49 the Client...... 4.7 The Causes of Prostitution: “Money,” 45 and Many Not Understood...... 44 4.6 Prostitution ...... and the Media 43 4.5 Continued ...... Penalization 4.4 A System of Perplexity, 42 A Theme ...... of Perplexity 4.3 40 Inter-Group ...... Differences 4.2 Setting the Stage: The Importance 38 of Paralinguistics...... 4.1 Data Basics: 35 The Sample...... Interviewing Methodology 3.6 Prostitution: 32 ...... Specifics Meaning Construction 3.5 and 30 ...... Gender 3.4 Frame Interview Analysis and Narrative 27 Analysis...... Context: “Natural 3.3 27 Context”...... 3.2 Subpopulation of Hungary: University Students 24 Residing in Budapest...... 23 3.1 Theoretical Background...... 2.3 The Value of 19 Public Opinion...... 2.2 The Prostitution 13 Debate...... 2.1 Country 11 Level Analysis...... 1.2 Prostitution in Hungary...... 8 1.1 Trafficking ...... 4 in Hungary .. ee fEggmn ...... 38 4.1.2 ...... Level of Engagement 4.1.1 Language 37 : Surpassing the Barrier...... 2.2.2 Double Oppression: Risk Factors, and Public 17 Opinion...... 2.2.1 Reflections 14 in Hungary...... 69 ...... 1 ...... 62 ...... 23 ...... 11 ...... 35 ...... Table of Contents ...... 4 iii CEU eTD Collection 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. CATW – Coalition Against Trafficking in Women Trafficking Against – Coalition CATW ENATW - European AgainstNetwork Trafficking inWomen UNODC – United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime OHIDR - Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the OSCE OSCE –Organization for Security inCooperation Europe Association Right Women’s Hungarian – NANE MONA – Foundation for the Women of Hungary HPIPA – The Hungarian Prostitutes Interest Protection Association List of Abbreviations iv CEU eTD Collection efforts and mechanisms and representation in the media. Zagreb: Centre for Women War Victims. War Women for Centre Zagreb: media. inthe representation and mechanisms and efforts 2009: Situation of trafficking and prostitution in Hungary in the areas of legislation, victim assistance, government 5 20, 2009) http://www.cafebabel.co.uk/article/24888/budapest-sex-pornography-industry-prostitution.html (accessed December areas. possibility of punishment of prostitutes,” as street prostitution became only condoned in these legal the “reintroduced zones tolerance aprovision on Anti-legislation, Mafia of creation In 1993, the Hungarian parliament decriminalized prostitution, yet in 1999, with the literature, and international human trafficking space. public prostitution, acorrelation that is the subject of enormous debate and research within the globaland girls, and women of trafficking between interconnectivity inherent the in Hungary verifies 4 http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/123128.htm. State. 2009. Gender Imbalance in Human Trafficking. Trafficking in Persons Report 2009: Topics of Special Interest. specific focus of this research, as they are the primary trafficked, and primary prostitutedprostituted peoples, group. women - US and girlsDepartment trafficked of forprostitution, and womenand girls within prostitutionwill be the 3 unknown. and speculated widely are figures true the 2 Report, 2004. 1 year. trafficking, with an estimated 150,000persons trafficked toand through, of out Hungary every European Union, Hungary is recognizedas an origin,and transit destination for humancountry Introduction the Hungarian Police said, “90% of [trafficking] cases are related to prostitution.” are to related Hungarian Policethe said,“90%of cases [trafficking] inestimable, shows, but most commonly, prostitution. sexual inexploitation its many forms, such forced laboras in stripping, pornography, peep or Matolcsi, Andrea. 2009. Conference organized by the Centre for Women War Victims, Croatia, November 23, November Croatia, Victims, War Women for Centre by the organized Conference 2009. Andrea. Matolcsi, Pecon,Pedro. 2008. Buda-Sex and Hungarianthe Porn Industry. US Department of State. 2004. Country Narratives and Europe Eurasia, Section: Hungary. Trafficking in Persons Report 2004, and 2009. Note: UNESCO reports illuminate that because of its nature as an illegal activity, likeother trafficking statistics, 1 5 Aside from turning persons to numbers in a crime where the number of victims is truly Thus, the criminality of street prostitution was caught in the balance as they could now Once called a bridge between the East and West, situated on the outermost border of the http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2004/33192.htm (accessed 1, June 2010). 2 we do know that the majority are women and girls, trafficked for the purposes of Recognizing the large amounts of other types of trafficking and trafficking of types of other amounts large the Recognizing 3 In 2008, the head of the human trafficking Bureau of 1 CafeBabel .com. Trafficking in Persons 4 His quote CEU eTD Collection actors work earnestly to shift policy,it remains stagnant, drawing the focus to the people to see government and society, and change policy to theirbeliefs. Even as the polarized civil society a paradigm, created of values, beliefs, and desired norms, of which they use to influence that between the sex work and radical feminists. Over the last century, each side has sculpted outliterature: trafficking sex and prostitution inthe debate important most the explain will research whether separately connectedlyand/or in of minds the Hungary’s young educated people. This socialto find adominanthow and exists, whether framed, twotopicsthese paradigm are and residingspecifically instudents university from Budapest four Hungarian Iwilluniversities, seek and towardsprostitution opinions and trafficking. Using asubpopulation of Hungarian society, level what public public policy the awareness of has about issues, these aswell publicas attitudes research literature. research 8 paper. the throughout Study” Princeton “the as referenced http://wws.princeton.edu/research/special_reports/trafficking.pdf. As a very important text to this research,Hungary: How itLaws, will Structure, and Culturebe Prevent Effective Intervention. prostitution isprostitution “an area that requires further scrutiny.” issues in Hungary, as many scholars, such as Aidan Wilcox, argue that public opinion on these investigateand about of seekspublic awareness, tounderstanding extentthe This research prostitutesthat continue be to treated like criminals, and denied the feminist notion of citizenship. law, and actions lawof enforcement, still hang in the balance. IGO and government reports show prostituted women, and an uncountable number of victims of trafficking who are affected by the to its exact legalto its exact status. this legislation has been difficult toimplement correctly, as even police officials are confused as efforts and mechanisms and representation in the media. Zagreb: Centre for Women War Victims. War 7 Women for Centre Zagreb: media. inthe representation and mechanisms and efforts 2009: Situation of trafficking and prostitution in Hungary in the areas of legislation, victim assistance, government 6 in place,”for “standing wrong the face amisdemeanor Wilcox, Aidan, et al. 2009. Tackling the demand for prostitution: a rapid evidence assessment of the published ofthe assessment evidence a rapid prostitution: for demand the Tackling 2009. et al. Aidan, Wilcox, Choudhury and others and Choudhury 23, November Croatia, Victims, War Women for Centre by the organized Conference 2009. Andrea. Matolcsi, The Home Office. Home The . 2005. 7 Ten years later, with this debate still unsolved, the lives of thousands of Challenges Facing Law Enforcement Officers in Combatting Sex Trafficking in http://rds.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs09/horr27c.pdf 2 8 This research attemptto understand will 6 and in 2006, a Princeton report found that Princeton: PrincetonUniversity. CEU eTD Collection Summary. http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/Executive_summary_english.pdf 9 been scanty.” human trafficking, “policy can be effective if itis evidence-based, and so far the evidence has protection of the human rights of prostituted women and men. As the UNODC argued about they attitudes hold attention, demands andgreater understanding is asreform needed for the Hungary’syouth will thedetermine The future. question whatof youththe know and what of beliefs the on influential more been has that paradigm the next; come will and should what United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC. 2009. Global Report on Trafficking in Persons: Executive 9 3 CEU eTD Collection http://www.iom.hu/bpprojects/rm.html 10 such forpurposes another party,is guilty felony, punishableof byimprisonment nottoexceed another person, also the person, who recruits, transports, houses, hides or appropriates people for “any person who sells, purchases, conveys or receives another person, or exchanges a person for refined to conform to the aforementioned UN Protocol, creating a new definition of trafficking as 1998, comingintoforce in 1999. persons against compensation” illegal acts punishable by law in their criminal only code as late women for sexual exploitation, we cannot separate prostitution as factor, force, industry, or idea. andwhen of speaking attachment trafficking prostitution, inseparable the and of trafficked women and girls end upworkingin sexindustry the exhibits theinherentand human trafficking, especially of women for sexual exploitation. The fact that the majority of and moving within these countries. The region continues to be one of the most recognized for in countries, these from arriving countries, these coming female victims of trafficking number in the increase in anexponential resulted migration, and resources, of movement for opportunities the economies, as well as other social and economic changes, combined with the new communism regime change, and continuing into their transitional periods, the devastating state of with other states of this region a common phenomenon as concerns trafficking. After post- 1.1 Trafficking in Hungary onHungary Background 1. Chapter IOM. Regulating Migration: Hungarian Legislation. Hungary formally made “the sale, exchange, delivery, taking over,and acquiring other Hungary, as a post-communist country in the region of Central and Eastern Europe, shares 10 Three years later, in 2002, the Hungarian legislation was IOM RegionalOffice in Budapest. 4 CEU eTD Collection 14 Boulder: Paradigm Publishers. 13 12 http://www.iom.hu/bpprojects/rm.html state. Trafficking in Persons, orTIP Report decreasing Hungary’s status from a Tier 1, to a Tier 2 and attention to enforcing these laws. The trafficking situation is deteriorating, with the 2009 US Hungary complyingis not its with duties laid outin these orpayingtreaties, resources adequate Organized Crime. the was to asupplement legislation Hungarian 11 years.” three be used by states be usedbystates to criminalize trafficking. which they use to evaluate other countries. that outlines efforts taken in the areas of prevention, prosecution, and protection of victims, with standards of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act, TVPA, which is an U.S. congressional act that the police do still not yet understand the complete definition of trafficking, and thus fail to opposed to consensual. opposed to trafficking can alert the state that new laws need to be made to combat forced sexual labor as facilitated. Sangherastudies international can be laws using notes that tofight prostitution cases as trafficking, and their statistical recording, so that country analysis, comparison, and awareness amongst both law officers and citizens, formany reasons such as the recognition of and law, in from enforcement, its ownmechanismswritten needs prostitution separation and within a country. Yet, this is also negative because they are not synonymous, and trafficking istrafficking by facilitated laws, shaped these by mechanism,some basic structural can and begin Ibid. Sanghera, Jyoti.2005. Unpacking the Trafficking Discourse US Department of State. 2009. Tier Placements. IOM. Regulating Migration: Hungarian Legislation. 12 In terms of the Report this means that Hungary is nolonger complying with the minimum Jyoti Sanghera notes that in the absence of specific trafficking laws, prostitution laws can 11 The Yet many sources, such as the US State Dept, and various NGO’s, argue that UN Protocol 14 Yet, this isnot case the in Hungary. Princeton study The (2006) shows on trafficking that informed, and directly affected the affected and directly informed, that trafficking on Trafficking in Persons Report 2009. 13 This use is positive as criminalization of IOM RegionalOffice in Budapest. United Nations Convention AgainstTransnational 5 . In Trafficking and Prostitution Reconsidered . CEU eTD Collection (4): 82–90. 18 sexual exploitation– Hungarian and international experiences,March 9 17 http://action.web.ca/home/catw/attach/catw04newsletter1.pdf 16 15 begun giveto seminars police to ontraffickinghave that been favorably.viewed the law enforcement body in Hungary. Organizations such as the IOM, NANE, and MONA have exposes problemthe traffickingof as one demandingincreased attention, and understanding by opinions and knowledge of governmentofficials andlaw enforcement on traffickingin Hungary The Princeton study, a valuable resource as the only in-depth, academic study done on the in crime Hungary. problem, major a as girls see them as serious, criminal issues. For example, they do not recognize prostitution of underage pimping, orpandering. The police alsofail recognize to manycases of trafficking or altogether, recognize cases of trafficking when they have them. They often file them under crimes such as act on an issue that continues to be ignored despite the persistence of IGO’s, international and international IGO’s, of persistence the despite ignored be to continues that issue an on act crimes women.against The population can be a powerful inforce motivating the government to social informer and protector. The police and the government need to realize the gravity of these will examine, need the the for media needingtostep upits roll watchdogas government and attention and recognition by all of society, beginning with the government, and as this research states of origin.” “the growing literature on human lackstrafficking survey oncitizens’data it attitudes towards in publicthe feels and is informed in a similar, troubling manner, asauthor Mary Buckley explains, know if wecannot Yet, cases. trafficking certain recognize to wereunable officers some training, even that study andyetthe shows numberof officers, after in asubstantial succeeded reaching Alikhadzhieva, I.S. Alikhadzhieva, MONA. 2010. CATW. 2004. From Budapest to Prague. 2005. others, and Choudhury, Legal and institutional conditions for combating prostitution and trafficking for purposethe of 18 16 For these reasons, I argue that greater demands Forthesereasons,phenomenaI argue the of trafficking 2009. Public Opinion About Prostitution and Measures to Prevent It. Prevent to Measures and Prostitution About Opinion Public 2009. 15 concurrently paying a girl between 14-18 years of age for sex is not a Coalition Report. p.4. 6 th , 2010 Budapest: MONA. Budapest: Sociological Research 17 They have 48 CEU eTD Collection 21 20 7, http://www.ungift.org/docs/ungift/pdf/humantrafficking/Trafficking_in_Persons_in_Europe-Final_09.pdf years.these between 2003 and 2007,when itis very unlikely extentof the traffickinghas alsofallen during 19 that prosecutions alleviation or intensification of the causes of trafficking in Hungary and abroad. The number of order to measure effectiveness of the policies over time, comparisons with other states, and any identified ayear (adding those who are not recognized), as well as the number of prosecutions in and canbeable review numbergovernment, organizations victims the other of truetrafficking to befiled,cases begin under recognized,legislation to humantrafficking so the prosecuted and is these that It imperative State. of suchastheUSDepartment forces and NGO’s,other local in Hungary, offering the organization a building far outside of the city, that cannot serve its 2008 they did the opposite, and canceled the lease of one of only two centers for victim recovery traffickers who must be prosecuted, as well as trafficked victims who need protection. Instead, in demand Theseare there registered that data groups. Hungary that highest acknowledge Hungarian victims in2007 and 2008, respectively,” of in apeakidentification the all register[ing] and slowing at not “Germany Netherlands the with happening any less in Hungary. In fact, the UNODC shows that Hungary as an origin country is to the Middle East, the US, and the Far East.) Yet, there is no such evidence that trafficking is as well trafficked victims the cases, as unrecognized astrafficking those victims, or unrecovered of amount the evenincluding (not countries, European from different three were recovered Czech Republic.) rate peopleof convictions per100,000 .24 (compared for at Romania,to .844 1.95for the or Ibid., 14. Ibid., 9. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, UNODC. 2009. Trafficking in Persons; Analysis on Europe. 19 Out of fifteen European countries in from a study 2009, Hungary had the lowest are 20 UNODC data also show that from 2005-2007 around60Hungarian victims followed through and recorded by the state have disconcertedly fallen 7 21 with Hungarian victims being amongst the UNODC . CEU eTD Collection Invisibility of the Client. 26 modification of laws connected to it” ( the about and phenomena related and crime organized against betaken to steps the about 25 East European Review 24 23 be can prostitution of model legal Hungarian the 2000, since that states report Transcrime/EU pimping, pandering, and the promotion or advertising of prostitution are criminalized. A 22 judgment. deservedseparate that product, organized crime, as a part of it, but not as a serious criminal or punishable part, just as a by- situation of prostituted women in Hungary. Thus prostitution was framed in the context of organized crime, tohelpthewith and connection prostitution’s organized crime, acknowledging was created. prostitution on the lost tax income, and in 1999, within the creation of an Anti-Mafia law additional legislation communism, prostitution was decriminalized. In her book legal framework of inprostitution Hungary.1993, after years In of being criminal under 1.2 Prostitution in Hungary investigated, andis that we notwhat see happening now. place, fact underageneedstobeprostitute takes the he/she of iswhether and/or trafficked needs. widespread extremely became pornography and prostitution period transition the during that explains Farkas, Zita. 2004. The Critical Points of the Hungarian Prostitution Law: Organized Crime, Morality and the law LXXV 1999 “The is inEnglish law ofthe name complete The Pine Frances. Review of MagyarWomen: Hungarian Women's Lives 1960s-1990s by C.Corrin, US Department of State. 2009. Section: Hungary. Choudhury, and others, 2005. others, and Choudhury, 22 After noting prostitution’s connection with trafficking, we now turn to understanding the understanding to turn now we trafficking, with connection prostitution’s noting After Also, the Princeton report exposes that before any thought of punishment of the of punishment of thought any before that exposes report Princeton the Also, 24 . After the major growth of these industries over the years, the state desired to reach , Vol., 74,No.2 (Apr., 1996), pp. 377-379 Gender Studies, 25 The aim of this legislation was to increase lost state revenues from Hungarian Official Gazette (03): 118-134. 26 Although the act of the prostitute is not acrime, Trafficking Persons in Report 2009. 8 . MagyarKözlöny (MK) 1999/60, p.3967) 23 Magyar Women, author Chris Corrin The Slavonic and CEU eTD Collection 30 29 17 December on Press the 28 prostitutionsee Appendix III. Transcrime. 27 zones. the lostin 2004, with the state deciding that local governments did not have an obligation to create delay (Trencsényi: 2002.06.07).” Népszabadság, politicians still unwilling to bring the law into force can be accused infringementof of the law by HPIPA she explainedhow her organization brought statetocourtthe in 2001, stating“those that chairperson of the Association for the Protection of The Interest of Hungarian Prostitutes, or need,’ of which none were ever created nation-wide. In an interview with Ágnes Földi, the mandated that visible prostitution was only legal in zones of tolerance to be created ‘based on of contact work with prostitutes, serves as a seriously alarming figure, a true call for concern. the fact that they quoted a figure as high as 10-15 percent, and they also do asubstantial amount forced prostitution, in fact itis entirely negative publicity for all claims they promote, therefore a source for this information. done.) SWAN also makes the claim that 10-15 percent of them are forced workers, but do not cite sources claim and10,000, some claim although 20,000, as repeatedly no stated, state research is from 2009 claims are15,000 thatthere prostitutes currently (whileothermoreworking outdated a custody fineor of up toHUF 150.000,-.” classified as the factregulatonism, despite can prostitutes still be “punished bybeing in placed Interview with Ágnes Földi 24. Farkas, to talk Sex Workers Hungarian SWAN. Europe, Eastern and Central in Network Advocacy Rights Workers’ Sex Transcrime. 2005 Study onNational Legislation on Prostitution and the Trafficking in Women and Children. The problem with the legal system concerns street prostitution, due to a law part due to of the that prostitution, street legal the concerns system The problem with Földi also corroborated the reports that prostitutes at be harassed and penalized continue prostitutes that to reports the corroborated Földi also Today in Hungary, a report from the Sex Worker’s Rights Advocacy Network (SWAN) Brussels: European Parliament. For more information on the classificationof legal models of 30 th . SWAN. , . May 25, 2010. Budapest, Hungary. 28 http://swannet.org/node/1684. SWAN, in representing sex workers, has no interest in promoting 27 9 29 Winning in the first court, the HPIPA finally CEU eTD Collection Hajdúhadház, eastern Hungary. 34 sexual exploitation– Hungarian and international experiences,March 9 33 32 risks totheir health. incriminateleading them,prostitutes street avoidto carrying condoms, obviously accentuating the station, and searching them to nudity if they did not submit, and using possession of condoms to experiences in interviews, they told of the police robbing them of their money, taking them to the victims of severe police extortion, harassment, andbrutal violence. Describing their painful from were Debrecen prostitutes Roma street Centre, Rights Roma from European the account demand of use of servicesprostitute’s in exchange for avoiding the penalties. In one painful petty offence leads to accounts of police harassment, blackmailing, and corruption, such as unknown. the police do not formally record any of these statistics so like most related statistics, they are although reports, based arrest the on ayear, of women hundreds they are arresting that estimates continue to fine or jail prostitutes who cannotpay, for unknown amounts of time. MONA found outside of these zones continue to be treated like criminals, with police reporting that they 31 “they do not let them live in peace, and do everything to bother them.” yet the police know “they are living from their sex job,” so they are always oppressing them, the prostitutes follow all the regulations, “they give receipts, they pay bills, they have accounts,” are bad, but mostly they do this,” she stated. times by police when found on the street, “sometimes they are good [the police], sometimes they European Roma Rights Center, ERRC. 2004. You're lucky you are at home" - Testimony by Romani prostitutes in MONA. 2010. Interview with Ágnes Földi Ibid. 33 Although not a crime (it is listed in the administrative rules) this misdemeanor or misdemeanor this rules) administrative in the listed is (it a crime not Although Legal and institutional conditions for combating prostitution and trafficking for purposethe of 34 , . May 25, 2010. Budapest, Hungary. ERRC. http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=1515 31 Földi also told a narrative of a small town where 10 th , 2010 Budapest: MONA. Budapest: 32 Thus street prostitutes CEU eTD Collection Transcrime. 35 lacunae.” lamentreviewing trafficking hugethe lack to of andtocall statistics for researchtofill many the isclaims “It 2005 Theaxiomatic that for Transcrime papers almost state. particular report, a on beingcreated lack of research detailed an with acknowledged perspective, international 2.1Country Level Analysis reform. identities itintersectional isare expressed; for essential attention government arguably and policy severely hurting the humanrights of one specific societal withingroup, whichmany expresses a need for public opinion awareness andatinput this of stage stagnant indecision isthat of informed, responsive policies within a democratic state. The situation in Hungary clearly formation inthe opinion public of necessity the illuminate who authors using now, right Hungary ispublic knownabout opinion towards issues,andthese then why is research this important to frame the current state and future of Hungary’s prostitution policies. Finally, Iwill explain what Hungary in general. Second, I will explain the prostitution debate, and how it can be used to highlighting aneed for state local levelor research, with an acknowledged lack ofinformation on regional level, level, or atthe international remains human research trafficking focus of primary Iargue the First, that literature. in trafficking/prostitution willfit human the research why public opinion research in Hungary is needed about these issues, andin contextthiswhat Chapter 2. Literature Review Transcrime. 2005. Study onNational Legislationon Prostitution and Traffickingthe in Women and Children. This literature review will seek to identify and explain the necessary elements concerning elements necessary identify seekto explain the and review will literature This As an international problem solutions,inter-state requiring much isattention paid tothe 35 Brussels: European Parliament. 2. Confounding the problem of lack of data, global debates persist over the framing of 11 CEU eTD Collection in Hungary. 39 Transcrime. 38 http://www.uncjin.org/Documents/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/convention_%20traff_eng.pdf3 of removal the or see: Protocol entire servitude the of For acopy 3a).” slavery, to (article organs similar practices or slavery services, or labour forced exploitation, sexual of purpose the for person, exploitation.another over Exploitation control shallhaving include,person at ofa a minimum, consent the the exploitation achieve ofor receiving to the prostitution giving benefits or of the of or others or payments otherof forms of vulnerability of a position of or ofpower abuse of the of ofdeception, of coercion, offraud, forms other or abduction, force of use or threat ofthe means by of persons, orreceipt harbouring transfer, persons. that there are no scientific explorations on the lives, history and motivations of prostituted Gender expert Anna Betlen,from the Foundation for the Women of Hungary, orMONA, claims all. any at or attention attention, areas lacksubstantial Many well topicsseparately. two as the remains tobe done on correlationthe between andprostitution human traffickingin Hungary, as Punish Trafficking in Persons, EspeciallyWomen and Children 37 Washington D.C.: US Department of State. state. available, asa“low reliability” data Transcrime 2005classifies report, in categoryHungary thelowest level concerning traffickingof experts claim that the governmentis not making an effort to collect statistics, and other data on of the sex industry. In addition, there is also no research done on the client side. Betlen and other abroad, or from Hungary abroad.to There is no information on the scale, structure, or activities 36 in country transit between. countries to its east, but also adestination country like the states to its west, as well as acting as a position within Europe as concerns human trafficking. It is not only an origin country like the human analysis within a andtrafficking Hungary state. animportant, specific holds unique, focusthe remains on worldthe map, even or regional maps, creating obvious gaps in research on effects the prostitution legal model has on the level of human trafficking within a what country. over Yet, fought being debate pervasive most the with treaties; international in trafficking human Betlen, Anna. 2006. For thepurposes of this research trafficking will be defined according to the US Department of State. 2009. Country Narratives D-K, Section: Hungary. Transcrime. 2005. Study onNational Legislationon Prostitution and Traffickingthe in Women and Children. 39 There is noregularinformation about trafficked women and children to Hungary from Budapest: ENATW. Brussels: European Parliament. ix. ENATW Workshop: Trafficking of women for the purposes of sexual exploitation-prostitution 36 37 The situation clearly demands increased attention, yet the yet attention, increased demands clearly situation The 38 The literature clearly illuminates that much that research illuminates clearly The literature 12 , of 2000 as: “the recruitment, transportation, recruitment, “the as: Trafficking in Persons Report, 2009 UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and . CEU eTD Collection “dire economic necessity,” the splitbecame solidified in the 1980’s when the sex-work feminists beginning as an acknowledgment of manythe forms of prostitutes, againstoppression and their 40 paradigm until the 1970’s with the creation of the prostitute’s rights movements. beinto divided prohibitionist,the abolitionist or camps. Feminist activists wereunited under this women and a threat to gender equality, believing that itmust be abolished completely. They can change. On one side, the radical feminists define all sex-work as forced labor, violence against calls paradigm for with proposed reform,and creation often legislation effective and entities, to be united in theirit argument that is hindering anti-trafficking cooperation between relevant prostitution policies themselves, as well as the trafficking of women. Recent authors have begun legality/illegalityprostitution servesthat asamajor informantto thisdiscourse important on vs. prohibition/abolition on the other. For this reason, it is necessary to understand this frame of side what of on spectrum,the prostitution over debate regulation/legalization/decriminalization the being literature in this influence recurrent profound most the with research, trafficking human 2.2 The Prostitution Debate also be acontributingfactor poor situationto the inof prostitutes Hungary. can lack awareness public that of belief parallel with theissue,the feels about and public knows, existand project a seeks this totake very small steptowardsanswering question the of what the on the US governmentTIP report for time-continuous, current information. Major research gaps ENATW] she claimed that due to a lack of reliable Hungarian information, scholars had to rely these issues. In the same report for European Network Against Trafficking in Women [hereinafter Jeffreys, 1997. Sheila. Outside (andinside) of governmentreports, feministliterature provides the bulk of The Idea of Prostitution. North Melbourne: Spinifex Press. 66. Press. Spinifex Melbourne: North 13 40 Originally CEU eTD Collection at decreasing demandfor prostitution. abolitionist NGO’s also conducted awareness raising directed at society in general,mostly aimed organizations were active in awareness raising, namely for prevention of potential victims, but the neutrality, and with HPIPA being the only regulationist. She argues that almost all the both related prostitutionto and trafficking, with 4 beingmanifestly seeking one abolitionist, work of NGO’s in Hungary. Hungary,”MA diss, Central European University,2006. 43 Hungary,”MA diss, Central European University,2006. 42 41 discourse. These same debates have played out in Hungary during the creation of the Anti-Mafia policy the influencing and informing and women, the with directly working field, in the active difficult, especially between academics, and the NGO’s who frame the debate, and are the most controversy, remains a thorn in the foot of human trafficking. This thorn makes progression 2.2.1 Reflections inHungary population. have the reached narratives on these issues, despitelack of government effort, and searching for whether their arguments or society Hungarian educate to made been have attempts that know to informative merely is it but of NGO’sandpublicopinion, actions ataconnectionthe betweenthe makes noattempts research information about dangersthe of trafficking andits connections prostitution. to Of this course, work. began advocating for full legalization, and the recognition of sex work as any other type of Matolcsi, Andrea, “Discourses onProstitution and NonGovernmental Organizations Dealing With Trafficking In Matolcsi, Andrea, “Discourses onProstitution and NonGovernmental Organizations Dealing With Trafficking Ibid, 66. In 41 The research of Andrea Matolcsi focused on how the prostitution discourse influenced the influenced discourse how on the prostitution focused of Andrea Matolcsi The research Personally,argue I prostitutionthat is aword whosedefinition and surrounding 42 She identifies six NGO’s in Hungary who participate in activities participate who in Hungary NGO’s six identifies She 43 Observably, NGO’s these have spreadpublic soughtto 14 CEU eTD Collection know how to change the lack of information in public opinion,” Betlen said in a human prostitutes financially,prostitutes thus exploitationthe continues in many forms, one being by state. the all examples of pimping as exploitation in interviews, and the state continues to penalize in evennot clearly a lawdefined, organized for crime, andneither areofficials abletorecognize is pimping of crime the that as such examples in evidenced exploitation, prostitute’s to contribute authors and activists such as Juhasz and Wirth argue that in Hungary, the legislation continues to “suppress traffic in women and exploitation of prostitution of women in all its forms.” its all in women of prostitution of exploitation and women in traffic “suppress 6 the which of convention CEDAW the and Convention York New the as such conventions rights human major to According violations. is theviolence and Hungarian against oppression andprostitutes, calling attention human to rights or not, the most important fact, aside from moral/immoral concerns that seem to grasp the debate, which view the public identifies with. Yet, the larger issue is not whether prostitution is legalized 47 http://prostitucio.hu/cedaw.arnyekjelentes.prostitucio.reszlet.html of prostitution?. case in of women rights 46 9691456b58df.ivy 45 44 of system prostitute). decriminalization the prostitution (save of legalization the the retract would rather but zones, of these demand lawto creation the Woman’s Foundation of Hungary, orMONA are abolitionist and do not want to further extend in Hungary, demanding an extension of regulationist policies, while other NGO’s such as the supposedly expectedis to.HPIPA most the outspoken of advocate regulationistthe point of view government,knowing that the current policies are not working effectively, oras they were law, as well as the decade since, as actors on both sides of the discourse seek to influence the Ibid. Juhász, G.& Wirth, J. 2002. How does the Hungarianstate violate the human For more informationonMONA see http://www.mona-hungary.hu/object.1bb6ec79-ceba-4812-a28b- For more informationon HPIPA see www.prostitualtak.hu “There is a lot we don’t know. We don’t know barely anything about Hungary. We don’t Movement for aProstitution-Free Hungary. th article states that Hungary has an obligation to 15 44 45 This research seeks to identify In Hungarian at 46 Yet, 47 CEU eTD Collection when she quoted these views, which makes her comments seem to welcome verification. Yet, the 51 Trafficking in Hungary:How Laws, Structure, and Culture Prevent EffectiveIntervention. young “seeit people says thatasajob.” present apowerful argument to the youth, about free choice, and control of one’s own body. She based on the debate between the two opposing sides. She argues that the sex workers advocates Betlen argues? Betlen also says that the public doesn’tknow what to accept, what to belief as true demands what the of opinions Hungary’s young actually andeducated hold. Arethey salientas as amount money of be madeto within it, and of the prospects finding richmen. complexity whose faced,factors andintersectionality of hidden. Many thegreat remain expressed it was good money, unaware of the underlying social, cultural, and economic hardships they because job the chose freely they that belief common a was There situation. everyday prostitute’s uninformed beliefs about subjects from the definition of trafficking, to legal age of consent, toa or misinformed, exhibited officers and officials enforcement law The incomparable. is population a sample student of to Hungary’s of comparison its useasaresource officials, government and law enforcement on focused is it though Even now. right issues these on Hungary report provides a fordependable resource understanding whatis public knownabout opinion in research. This study done in cooperation with ENATW, and for the US Department of State’s TIP activity the forincome, supplemental or only occasionally. the public believes prostitutes choose it freely, can come and go as they wish, and that they use 50 49 48 uninformed,misinformed, and out of touch with reality the lives.prostitute’s of trafficking conference in Budapest in February, 2010.AccordingBetlen, to is public opinion Betlen, Anna. 2006. Ibid. and Choudhury and others and Choudhury and Ibid. Ibid. Betlen, Anna. 2006. The aforementioned Princeton study further corroborated these beliefs in their 2006 in their beliefs these corroborated further study Princeton aforementioned The . 2005. Challenges Facing Law Enforcement Officers in Combatting Sex 51 Betlen did not have studies to cite (to my knowledge) 16 49 Princeton University. 50 My research 48 She claims that CEU eTD Collection Eastern Europe. 53 52 survey of from785 prostitutes nine countries, data from a wide range of other countries can provide information inferable to Hungary. After a comparison with the attitudes and beliefs of the public. Iargue that an analysis of prostitution Hungary,it is still important to try and understand the reality of prostitute’s lives, as a means of 2.2.2 Double Oppression: Risk Factors, and Public Opinion ENATW or CATW. much suchas MONA, consternation inequality, women’sorganizations of to the related NANE, contributed to the feminization of poverty in this region, and a condition of substantial gender violence against women and girls, and the low status of women in general, are said tohave in prostitution from general.against women Discrimination early age andonthejob market, ‘choosing’ into and/or traffickers, of hands the into women in leading influential most lacking, such as rehabilitation centers or other services for victims, and any funding as well. facilitate institutions that communication and The andnormsorganized protocols are cooperation. and have standards studies, specific or research, or not do They do bureaus. agencies or other Princeton study shows that the police do not cooperate with NGO’s, they do not cooperate with these countries largely result from the “degraded status of women.” to be aware of this. For example, Chris Corrin argues that the abuse of women’s human rights in primary reasons underlying prostitution as well trafficking,as butpublic notseem opinion does due to the conditions noted above. noted conditions the to due choice, aforced as it see feminists Radical debate. ofthe nucleus the is ofchoice essence The achoice. as granted 54 Corrin, Chris. 2005. Transitional Road forTraffic: Analysing Trafficking in Women from and through Central and Taken from Choudhury and others, 2005 as well as conversations with Andrea Matolcsi of MONA. Iput ‘choosing’ within asterisks as many radical feminists scholars do not see the move to prostitution as taken for Facing an aforementioned lack of country specific information prostitute’sabout lives in Many experts also Many inequality recognizein substantial region the experts gender as oneof the Europe-Asia Studies 57 (4): 543-560. The Initiative againstSexual Traffickin 17 53 This factor is one of the g, found 54 52 CEU eTD Collection 58 H110C34 http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/159/8/778?ijkey=5256b2d214944042a36841de95f6d95dc3a6cfb4#KW Epidemiology 57 Press. Trauma and Maltreatment 56 55 choose to conceal their true life for fear of further exclusion. Author Peter Dahlgren tells us that homeless persons. Because of the stigma of public opinion on theirlives and work, they usually public dialogue, andfrom media by ignored coverage.They are street, likeon people the converse, andlive, usually visitingdeny them. Theirlives are ignored, historically excluded from notions of citizenship and community belonging. Even the clients with whom they work, undeserving women, resultingin social Essentially,exclusion. are excluded prostitutes from the prostitutes have been viewed as outsiders, the “others”, dirty, immoral, diseased, loose, public opinion has also contributed to cyclethis of oppression andThroughout history, abuse. statistics. population of equal age, which is similar to results for cause of death found in other state accidents – in that order,” with the homicide rate being 17 times higher than among the general causes of death as “homicide, suicide, drug and alcohol related problems, HIV infection and women battered rape survivors andrefugeesseeking shelter, from torture.” state-organized veterans, “combat to comparable with severity symptoms the of disorder, stress post-traumatic 89%of that them toescapeprostitution. wanted circumstances of the entire US as well as “many other countries.” reflect30-year argues their a that followedover results period prostitutes US report that 2,000 Ibid. Potterat, et al. 2004. Mortality in a Long-term Open Cohort of Prostitute Women. Farley, M. (Ed.), 2003. Initiative against Sexual Trafficking, IAST. Sexual Trafficking Facts. On top of manythe risk noted other present factors in lives, prostitute’s historically, 58 159:778-785. Prostitution, Trafficking, andTraumatic Stress, 18 55 68% of the same sample fit the criteria for IAST. Binghamton, NY: The Hayworth http://www.iast.net/thefacts.htm 57 It cites the most common American Journal of 56 A CEU eTD Collection 60 Press. University Cambridge York: 59 2.3 The Value of Public Opinion citizens. social, economic and cultural reality, and deserving of the same rights, and dignity as other improvement of the status of prostituted women in society,from criminalsvictims, to of a greater demand an acknowledgement of their human rights, and status as citizens, and an overall growing public consensus therethat was a problem, but isthis thefirst move.must Society history of being ignored in the media. Policy change could more easily be affected with a be raised to public consciousness in general, toa new level of public dialogue and debate after a and reform. If public opinion is as abolitionists claim, the painful reality of prostitution needs to arguing becomes clear, that this aspect of Hungarian society demands concentration, awareness arguments on prostitution, we see that what both sides of the NGO community in Hungary are opposing the of context the and trafficking, human to attention increased for need the Hungary, discourse. andprostitution needtobefurtherpublic trafficking into brought political awareness,and citizenship have been resultthe of political struggles,” Dahlgren says, highlighting the fact that rights of citizenship are still denied. “Just about all major gains towards a more just and inclusive status in this case, this has notlead to the social equality that democracy advocates claim, the true is essentialrecognition citizenship. to Ibid. Dahlgren, Peter. 2008. Citizens, Agency and Politics. In Martin Albrow and Helmut Anheir tell us that “Civil society cannot evade issues of war Afterunderstand attempting to difficultthe andsituation of prostitutes in prostitution 60 59 Although Hungarian haveprostitutes formal citizenship 19 Media andCivic Engagement , Dahlgren (ed.) 1-10. New CEU eTD Collection www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/155.pdf 64 http://www.infed.org/association/civic_community.htm or training, and lack of necessary resources. Non-democratic forces such as corruption are also forcesas corruption such Non-democratic resources. andlack of necessary or training, man-power necessary the mechanisms, becauseoflack necessary the creation implemented, backwards since the fall of communism. The demands of these treaties have not been and neglect by the Hungarian state, with some even arguing that progress has only moved major of areas illuminating concern, such as CEDAW, of equality gender treaties implementation especially where gender relations are concerned. Gender experts continue to fight for full is crucial development,”to and in many ways, we can see that Hungary is still developing, Mark Smith adds. foundations of civic community, and necessary to “engage with the political system,” author 63 http://www.infed.org/association/civic_community.htm ODI or for OverseasDevelopment, Organization The and action. are important, two tightly is first strings.Education tied stepunderstanding, the to compassion and what they feel personally on the issues. In essence, what they know, and what they feel are action, and the first step is awareness. It is necessary to see what the public knows about the facts, necessary policy place,attention and change totake thecommunity must organize and take consolidation, strengthening and institutional mechanisms within acountry. for In order the between connection the Toqueville and identified associations equality. citizens in their free time, are at the heart of social action and change. Even in 1850, Alexis within a society. Andin today’s interconnected world, civil madeorganizations, up of ordinary 62 http://www.lse.ac.uk/Depts/global/Publications/Yearbooks/2006/Introduction06.pdf Society Yearbook 2006. 61 and violence.” Hovland, Ingie. Successful Communication: A Toolkit. Smith, Mark K. 2001. Civic community and civic engagement. Alexis Toqueville cited in Albrow, Martin and Helmut Anheir. 2006. Violence and the Possibility of Global Civility. In the 61 A strong civil society is crucial to eliminating human rights abuses, and violence and abuses, rights human eliminating to iscrucial society civil Astrong 63 Other of highlight authors the importance society incivil democratic Smith, Mark K. 2001. Civic community and civic engagement. 20 Overseas Development Institute, ODI. INFED. 64 argues that “communication that argues 62 They are the INFED. Global Civil CEU eTD Collection from “Discourses on Prostitution and Non Governmental Organizations Dealing With Trafficking In Hungary,” MA Hungary,” In Trafficking With diss, Central EuropeanUniversity, Dealing 2006.P. 29-31 Organizations Governmental Non and Prostitution on “Discourses from Association of Street Social Helpers (USZSE) stopped aiding prostitutes specifically in 2004, due to lack of funds, 67 66 www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/155.pdf 65 information spread, but about creating an “evidence- based policy.” still influencing ODImakes thestate. astrong argumentcommunication that isjust not about exploited by pimps. The police have acknowledged that there are many underage prostitutes, yet cannot rent apartments. They have little control over their working conditions, and continue tobe from aid state. the with lawyers, but education courses) no(discounted health screenings, theprostitutes services for enforcedfunded or toprotect Ágnesthem. Földi herthat stated organization someprovides arranged, been have mechanisms necessary the of None advertise. advocates legal that benefits recover and more protect victims prosecutemoretrafficking, of trafficking and criminals. actual willpolicy that change lives,improve prostitutes prevent trafficking it before happens, public information in campaigns The future. the long intended term outcome would betoeffect eyes of the public, we must learn what they know, and where attention needs to be placed for different. In order for these issues to move forward, and to change the status of prostitutes in the andprostitutes trafficked victims wasincluded in policy the situationplans, couldbe very if the about Itis account. that evidence arguable, into facts are can beformedtaken the only when trafficking human and prostitution for policies successful most The far-reaching. and influential progressive, is extremely implementation,” and development identification, in policy evidence outside what local NGO’s can afford, which is not necessarily continuous. necessarily not is which afford, can NGO’s local what outside Matolcsi describes an example of aid offered by NGO’s that has been discontinued or lessened due to funds. The funds. to due orlessened discontinued been has that by NGO’s offered of aid example an describes Matolcsi Interview with Ágnes Földi. May 25, 2010. Budapest, Hungary. Hovland, Ingie. Successful Communication: A Toolkit. Finally, isprostitution although legalin Hungary, they arenot receiving any of the 66 The prostitutes have no government safety and assistance, nosocial safety net, have government no The prostitutes 21 Overseas Development Institute, ODI. 65 This idea of “the use of 67 The prostitutes The CEU eTD Collection 68 notin interviews. them minors police even do the as recognize contributes contributes to, such as traffickingin women, and prostitution. take a new place in the Hungarian consciousness, along with the painful social issues that itmust inequality Gender demands. Convention Rights Human UN the that people all for integrity renew their citizenship as Hungarians, and a part of the community, and restore the dignity and economic and political system. Their suffering must be brought to the attention of the public, to social, the and history discriminatory process, a socialization of victims not and criminals, as closed doors and on cold, empty highways, even in winter. Law enforcement officials see them Choudhury, and others, 2005. others, and Choudhury, 22 68 The prostitutes still work behind CEU eTD Collection research 69 the following Data and Analysis chapter. The research goal has two parts: one is topical, seeking and validity,for reasons explained throughout this chapter, with theirfinal foundevaluation in espoused by Briggs, Mishler, and Riessman, are more likely to resultin higher levels of reliability thepurposesFor of thisargue study, Ipost-modernthat interviewing techniques, suchas those validity. increasesor reliability possible extent neither smallest the to differences interviewer interview. Yet, concomitantly authors such as Charles Briggs argue that aiming to decrease inter- ateach bereplicated to weredesigned and environment interview context of and creation theories,interviewing validity, reliability are heldinand replicability high esteem. The schedule, interviewing techniques. The basic principles ofmethodological conservatism, and traditional 3.1 Theoretical Background intention up anddrawattention to thisresearch area. open expressed to society. This research is primarily exploratory and preliminary, reaching a small sample with the investigatewas used these prevalent, to painful,in understudied phenomena and Hungarian bit insightof into various opinions and experiences, in-depth qualitative researchinterviewing the world. With a mission to discover and interpret within a theoretical context, and gain a small gainandinterpreting of experiences the to others knowledgea greater perspective of and broader cornerstone of qualitative methodology in the social sciences: it concerns acquiring, consuming daily lives and stories of the present, and what can or will come in the future. Interviewing is the humans, and what they think. To interview,is to seek understanding of the events of the past, the Chapter 3. Methodology Briggs, Charles L., Charles Briggs, This study includes elements from traditional, post-modern and phenomenological and post-modern traditional, from elements includes study This . Cambridge: Cambridge University 1986.Press, 23-24 Interviewing is more than just getting answers; it is about understanding our fellow our understanding is about it answers; getting just than more is Interviewing Learning how to ask: A sociolinguistic appraisal of the role of the interview in social science 23 69 CEU eTD Collection OSCE Region. Warsaw, October2008. 73 72 71 1986), 24. 70 previously by noted, Andreademonstrated Matolcsi, how who prostitutionthe discourse has been organizations such as the OSCE. international by intervention trafficking government of part necessitated a being cooperation” and “collaboration their with serviceproviders,” as“specialized NGO’s,recognized arethe expertise of Onesource sources. andacademic internet, within on the agreatextent to accessible already is information asthis necessary, not acutely was issues on these experts, the or informants, andbecould began. thoughts reachedrepresentatively of the Researching opinions enculturedthe population was not feasible due to time and resource constraints, a search for asubpopulation that 3.2 Subpopulation ofHungary: University Students Residing in Budapest of willserve well research. purposes this the action,”policy which and itenabl[es] tobe used as basisthe for practical theory, allows itto inform, orchallenge support adds Lester “interpretivephenomenological includingStan dimension that research, to this validity,” as social identifying researchersstatus Finally, the equal,“ecological conceptof Cicourel’s stories, for which post-modern and interviewing phenomenological weremost techniques suited. cultural, tounderstand the meaning behind responses,as well as respondentexperiences, and to evaluate respondentknowledge on subjects,prostitutiontwo and trafficking,is andthe other only only be achieved if “the isrespondents, most likely benefitto reliability validity,and accepting that standardization could Office forDemocratic Institutions and Human Rights, ODIHR, of the OSCE. Current NRM Developments Lester, Stan. 1999. in the Ibid., 24. Cicourel (1982a) cited in Briggs, Charles L., In consideration that reaching a representative, randomized sample of of Hungarian the sample randomized reaching arepresentative, that In consideration 70 where the researchers methods and context are similar to the everyday reality of the An introduction to phenomenological research meaning 73 of the question were the same for each respondent.” ODIHR. Yet, they have already been studied in-depth in Hungary as Hungary in in-depth studied been already have they Yet, Learning how to ask, http://www.osce.org/documents/html/pdftohtml/36928_en.pdf.html 24 . Taunton: Stan Lester Developments. 2. Developments. Lester Stan . Taunton: (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 72 71 Author CEU eTD Collection revealed thatan alarming number female of are students engagingin prostitution as puta way to risk of being drawn intoprostitution. In recent years, studies and personal confessions have anincreasedthere risk ofbeingfor drawn into young trafficking butalso anincreased women, and hopefully so, with the female youth being at the highest risk for sex trafficking. Not only is Therefore, Ihypothesize that theyouth woulda better have understanding of human trafficking, forms has only recently started to gain attention amongst public the in any part of world.the andinfiltrated understood, public the In space humanfact, and discourse. intrafficking its all communism. Yet, trafficking remains young especially to the extent that it has been studied, trafficking networks is only a recent phenomenon, as experts associate its rise with the fall of for information. overzoneshowever debates the of inyearstolerance recent has surely an opportunity provided beforeoccurred most current studentshad aconscious political and social understanding, Although, because the change in status the of isprostitution only yearseleven old,itlikely minds,and educated could be arguably themost knowledgeable andinformed aboutthese issues. belief systems? University students, representing apopulation young,of and curious, academic their informing on influential more been paradigm abolition the or regulation the has Essentially, Trafficking In Hungary. MA diss, Central European University, European Central diss, MA Hungary. In Trafficking 74 other. each with relations their and do, they that work advocacy the extent, informed theenvironment, and actions of NGO’s inHungary, byinfluencingfunding toasmall has paradigms between two the how She explains debate by the NGO’s. between the realized and Matolcsi, Andrea. 2006. Discourses onProstitution and Non Governmental Organizations Dealing With As for trafficking, the explosion of Eastern Europe as a breeding ground for victims and Nonetheless, question the on what thepublic knowsandfeels isleftunanswered. 25 74 CEU eTD Collection http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/news/article665019.ece http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,639246,00.html, United Kingdom: Also see,France:for http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jan/21/internationaleducationnews.france,Ukraine: http://www.europeandme.eu/6baby/351-prostitution-as-a-student-job-. 75 Ukrainealso have hadnews andstorieson Lithuania topic.this such as France, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, and Denmark, but themselves school.through Evidence has supported invariousthis countries of Western Europe the change necessary to improve the human rights rights women. human of improvethese the necessary changeto the bring them to a new level informedof public awareness that can inform policy, and bring about know it, and which paradigm has reached them,in an effort togather attention to these issues, with local NGO’s or collect statistics? It is essential to see what the students know, how they of the state from the police who can’tidentify them, toa trafficking agency who won’t cooperate Hungary? Whatwill be thefuture for trafficking victims, who currently are ignored by levelsall their complexity. What will be the future of prostitution and human trafficking look like in andincreasing,phenomena social in andthatthey arehappening, their understand root all causes opportunity to help them, the potential to change. It is crucial that they know that these the prevention and prosecution of trafficking will soon be in their hands, as well as the determine the future of Hungarian laws, economy, and society. Thus, the lives of prostitutes, and lawyers, doctors, engineers, politicians, and social workers, and someday control it. They will leaders of tomorrow’s Hungary. They will soon join the community of business executives, Hungarian students Icouldif, understand what to and extent this is a reality in Hungary. situation, Hungary can alsobe hypothesizedbe to experiencing asimilar andby trend, reaching Sloover, D Sara. Prostitution as a Student Job- All over Europe. over All Job- aStudent as Prostitution D Sara. Sloover, Finally, the most important reason for reaching the student population is that they is they are the population that student the for reaching important reason most Finally, the 26 Europe and Me, 75 With its neighbors facing this CEU eTD Collection _sdt=2000 London,http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:di6XRxkCd_IJ:scholar.google.com/+gabrielle+rosenthal&hl=en&as http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/viewArticle/801/1738 (accessed May 24, 2010). Semi-structured Methods. everyday sharing of thoughts, experiences, and stories. The experiences of the students were context in mind, thus as a conversation between students about aspects of Hungarian society, an 77 76 meldinto the ongoingframework conceptual asit develops. andidea research,but from the of entire be context, the not disconnected interview should the question, as well as the system of analysis as suggested by Tom Wengraf. Wengraf argues that 3.4 Frame Analysis and Narrative Analysis and shall be transparent, as post-modernist scholars would have it. to admitmonitorand potential researcher bias, tobe carefully to controlled extentthe possible, only ask. Whilst having nodesire appear “in to person” in research,the Imost importantly sought natural conversational context, albeit the still present fact that I did not answer any questions, empower respondents, decrease the power relationship, and replace an artificial context, with a was emphasized for its potential on a comfortable, equal research environment. Isought to as social My status between parties. social feltequal both reciprocal that internationalism curious environment(the university insetting) commonthe pursuitof knowledge, understanding and sought to emphasize my role as student researcher, amongst other students in a research I in my asresearcher, actor study.role Acknowledging the isadistanced,uninterested he/she that pretension the into research, avoiding ofthe frame the researcher the puts interviewing, 3.3 Context”“NaturalContext: Interview Wrigley, Mike. 2002. Review of Tom Wengraf, Lester, Stan, Lester, The idea of natural context, a product of humanist and feminist criticism of traditional The interview itself was created within the methodological context of research of the context within methodological itselfthe wascreated The interview An introduction to phenomenologicalresearch LondonSage : Publications, 2001. In Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narratives and 27 . Taunton: Stan LesterDevelopments, 1999. 2. Forum: Qualitative Social Research 77 The interview was created with interview wascreated The 76 3 (4) Art. 4. CEU eTD Collection _sdt=2000 London,http://74.125.155.132/scholar?q=cache:di6XRxkCd_IJ:scholar.google.com/+gabrielle+rosenthal&hl=en&as http://www.qualitative-research.net/index.php/fqs/article/viewArticle/801/1738 (accessed May 24, 2010). Semi-structured Methods. 78 between participants combininginto agroup construction, orunderstanding of one or more eventually intoa “summation,” into a greater whole, with the many similarities and contrasts ideas and themes, aggregate repeated the wewantdata to in our analyzing that explains Thus frame, or thematic andnarrative analysis by meld together,supported Riessman who be stuck, and provided a new type and level informationof to be analyzed with narrative analysis. successfully in worked interview information whenappeared technique retrieving to a respondent by of contradictions interviewer, andareas interviewee, the follow-up.This the requiring lucid totheinterviewer the true attitudes ofinterviewees, andmisunderstandings alsohighlight perspectives on samethe theme.This is by also suggested interviewing specialistshelp to make questions,for example, by using probes within the same question that hinted at different reoccurring questions, inseparate and allow within comparison for between or questions, Within the thematic questions, different concepts were expected to arise, some that would be by connected root totheory, andmy itsupposition of beingmajor a theme within population.the words. own in their andcrafted placed in sequentially a way would whichexpose that most affluentparadigms were and respondents. attitudes of the experiences analysis, Iwill be using aframe approach, as well as a narrative approach to understand the their experience, and the reflection and saturation of these issues in their minds. Therefore in documented with the goal of eventual synthesis and analysis, seeking an overall understanding of Wrigley, Mike. 2002. Review of Tom Wengraf, Wengraf argues for the maintenance of the link with theory, thus the questions were 78 Each question was arranged topossess within itself a theme to be analyzed, LondonSage : Publications, 2001. In Qualitative Research Interviewing: Biographic Narratives and 28 Forum: Qualitative Social Research 3 (4) Art. 4. CEU eTD Collection 81 80 of investigation.” Author Catherine Kohler Riessman tells us that in narrative analysis the story itself is our “object were eliminated asunimportant, and other becamethemes just obsolete duetolack of discourse. concepts arose out of data,the certain questions mergedinto questions other andthemes, others and themes new many began, analysis As a theme. around arranged already was question interview. Coding began with responsescomparing toquestions interviewees between eachas 79 by the interviewer, the to beunderstood failed answer orthe respondent, tothe unprovocative elaboration (such as a only a “yes” or “no” answer), or the question appeared confusing or before. information of their own experience, oreven another’s, where they were hard-pressed to find relevant or pause, as soliciting a story allowed often allowed for anew thought, a personal interpretation espouse, I specifically sought stories from respondents, especially in a quietorconfused moment, lifeof to them. representations or narratives, have will often more and likely more they topics; the on information the telling of the story, and their experience. It is certain that the students will not have perfect language, and other visible emotions, the so-called paralinguistic elements, are also important in personality traits exhibited (i.e. shyness, openness), the authenticity, the facial and bodily theirlives, and their schematic perspective of the events in question. Furthermore I add that the ideas. Riessman, 2. Riessman, 1. Riessman, Catherine Kohler. 1993. 79 The format of the questionnaire easily facilitated a system of coding the answers post- Realizing the deep structures, and opportunities within many andopportunities deepstructures, that narratives Realizing the within advocates 80 She argues that stories reveal how the respondents interpret the experiences in experiences the interpret how stories respondents the reveal Shearguesthat 81 Thus, whenever a thematic question did notelicit acertain level of Narrative Analyses. 29 London: Sage Publications.13. Sage London: CEU eTD Collection other phenomenon other merits comparison as its equal, andhereis where question the meaningof multi-dimensional issue continues to boil within all societies. It is unique in the sense that no political, social, economic, and cultural relevancy of prostitution cannot be discarded, and this its final judgmenthas never crystallized; its future has avoided tobe pinned down. The historical, oldbe sayings forgotten, nordocannot contemporary ripdebates itapart. Throughout centuries, heror experience, and environment, education. The worditself seems beto chainedin age-place; visibility,is a concept that is surely already framed in the mind of every individual, based on his Prostitution: Meaning Construction and 3.5 Gender social context. feels. Itis only what he/she chooses to share, and one (conscious) way shareto it in a certain elicited is still only a representation, aset of words about what the respondent actually knows or or the context of social desirability. Yet ultimately, we must remember that the information having to be consciously influential or important in theirminds, orpertinent to their self-image, externalthe allowingforenvironment, what participants the knewbe to extracted without it from his/her lack knowledge perceived or of and animpersonal knowledge, share from narrative “others.” The possibility to tell any related story, allowed the respondent to separate him/herself directly experienced by a majority of subjects, most of the narratives are impersonal, or stories of analysis. with narrative respondentappeared stuck, and provided anew and type level information,of nowtobe analyzed were used.This interview successful proved technique ininformation when retrieving a probe of “Can you tell me a story about it?” or “What stories did you hear or do you remember?” Prostitution, more for its sexual nature, and controversiality than its prominence or Because of the nature of prostitution and trafficking, which are notpersonally relevant, or 30 CEU eTD Collection Lincoln. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publication.710. 82 prostitution, being an act that typically is associated with a devaluation of women, thus because a create bias, predictably men’sinhibiting ability desireor toshare their feelings true about (empathy.) Also, importantly, the sex of the interviewer (myself), as a female could possibly and political androles, less of her asanindividual, theworld or ‘her’ through perspective men would be more disconnected from the emotional side of the prostitute, seeing only her social, womenthe wouldbe more empathetic, and understanding of situationthe prostitutes, of and the and women interviewees would have different responses to the situation. It was hypothesized that men the predictably prostitution, into women of trafficking and in prostitution, women and men and feminine, the sexual nature of the questions, and most importantly the very different roles of interviewees in this study. of theresponses on will have of gender construction social the that effect powerful hypothesized population as awhole. student individuals, questions,inthese potentially about into and the aggregate, asmallperspective give inconstructed mindthe of individual,the whatit and means to them, should provide answers to If groups. this is inso, which frame do they see it? Understanding howthe word prostitution is topic still not prevalent within Hungarian society, as noted by international bodies and women’s modern discourse, the radical feminist authors see the cause in the depths of gender inequality, a understand the complexity of the modern context of prostitution today? For example, in one which themes are most developed? Do they agree with the system of the government, and do they and if possible, as a society? Which paradigm have the students used to frame this issue, and arises. What comes mind to whenit’s mentioned, and how dothey frame this topic asindividuals, Denzin (1989a), p.116 cited in “Gender filters knowledge,” “Gender Because of the sexualized nature of society of nature intoBecause of identities sexualized ofmasculinesociety the Handbook of Qualitative Research. 82 Norman K. Denzin tells us, aquotation that precludes the 31 2005, ed. Denzin, Norman K. and Yvonna S. CEU eTD Collection Qualitative Materials, 83 beencompleted.” already has research a considerable topic after about questions and Kindall (1956) of a “situation in which interviewerthe asks groupmembers very specific conducted on site at the universities. My use of focus groups follows the usage of Merton, Fiske, Individualended werecreated. interviews questions type focus groups interviewstypeand were standardized, scheduled (referring tostable order),interviews word with open-ended andclose- Interviewing Methodology 3.6 Specifics aboutthoughts in prostitutes general. negative or prostitutes, with experiences future for willingness prostitutes, with experience sexual of the perceived social desirability of certain responses, they might be inhibited from sharing past study study is farthestthe removed from issuessocial of this nature. unpredictable, although I predict they will be the least informed on these issues, as their line of issuelegal The knowledge and aswell.) of are rather opinions BMFtechnicalsciencestudents the is a this (although possess must they certificates health mandatory as the such health, prostitutes that medicalthe will students be more knowledgeable on any issues concerning public health, or be more educated on status the of public and policies issues of welfarein in society general, and can social exactly. be bepredicted the will that way what hypothesized students cannot It policy Science. Predictably the attitudes between the three groups will be comparatively different, but in differentgroups of university students werereached: Medical, Social Policy, Technical and Fontana, Andrea and James H. Frey. 2003. Interviewing, The Art of Science. In In line with the theoretical framework of the interview, semi-structured, semi- In conducting interviews, this research had four primary goals: 2. 1. to assess public awareness about human trafficking in Hungary, to assess public awareness about certain elements of prostitution in Hungary, ed. Denzin, Norman K., andLincoln, Yvonna S. London: Sage Publications. 47-48, 54. 32 Collecting and Interpreting 83 Three CEU eTD Collection eastern Hungary. eastern Rights Center, ERRC. 2004. You're lucky you at home" are - Testimony by Romani prostitutes in Hajdúhadház, Education Foundation. AIDS & Mobility Working Group V: Gender issues and HIV/AIDS in migrant communities: Report Hungary. 86 trafficking Hungary. within that the majority of prostitutes in Hungary are Roma, and that they are the most at-risk group for issues suchas is onspecific are public Iam awareness there seekingtrue. whether also prostitutes assumptions made by thatsome authors publicthe hold certain misinformed beliefs about important its in topics relevance are question. 85 84 informant[s]” which I sought for my context and understanding of the topic, but not for my yourinterviewees what are knowledgeable who subject, find on they “encultured call the created in it as a non-native. Interview experts such as Rubin and Rubin claim thatyou want to was used,in hopes of softening any cultural difficulties or misunderstandings Imight have interviewee. of our narrative of the and events the also questions how we must understand this relationship between the events “of the real world“ between public conceptualization, and reality or the “social facts” as Briggs calls them. US Department of State. 2009. Section: Hungary. Mishler, Elliot G. 1996. Briggs, 22. The draft interview was taken to four different Hungarian professors for revision before it Underlying these questions,is a deeper inquiry as to whether there is a dichotomous break Also examined arewhatbiases the Hungarian students hold andprostitutes, against if the 4. 3. ERRC. to determine what public the thinksshould beabout done issues.these to determine whatopinions thepublicholds issues, aboutthese http://ws5.evision.nl/systeem3/images/WG5%2010.%20Hungary.pdf. Or, EuropeanRoma http://www.errc.org/cikk.php?cikk=1515 Research Interviewing: Context and Narrative. 86 Trafficking inPersons Report, 2009. 33 85 Understanding if there is a dissonance, and Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 83. or Forrai, Judit. 2006. 84 Mishler Sex CEU eTD Collection Sage Publications. 87 asprobes.) questionnaires, interview basic comprehension. (The first, and most commonly used paraphrases are included in the for component necessary is a paraphrasing by repetition speakers, native non are respondents with each respondent, with the same intonation and interviewing style each time, but as the questions arenot supposed to be paraphrased orrephrased inany askedway, but exactly samethe the interviews with Generally beforehand. stimulus other no with prostitution on ideas free their associate prostitution with forced workby my mentioning of traffickingfirst, Iwanted hearto first, because Ididn’tunconsciously questions wantthem sequence. Iplacedprostitution the to interviewees would relate it to the other category themselves,just by virtue of mentioning both in prostitution questionsrelated Whichever first. of twothe categories of questions Ibegan with, the theaveragelevel therefore knowledge. of interviewees Rubin, Herbert J. and Irene S. Rubin. 1995. In forming the interview,it was difficultto decide whetherplace to trafficking or 87 . Iwasnot searching but participants knowledgeable averageand the student, Qualitative Interviewing.The Art of Hearing Data. 34 Thousand Oaks: CEU eTD Collection universities in Budapest. universities inThese Budapest. interviews typically between lasted minutes, with25-35 opportunity for comparison between the3 primary groups. allows a random, varied set of opinions from Hungary’s young generation, as well as the Social Policy (8) with the remaining 5 students from random departments. This diverse spread there are 3 distinct groups: Medical Science (6), Computer Science and Engineering (7) and Egyptology, English, Social Policy, Computer Science, Engineering, and Law. Within this range, of 19 and 26, with one outlier of age 50. student from PPKE, with 11 females and 15 boys represented. All students were between the ages students from Semmelweis, seven students from BMF, twelve students from ELTE, and one Sciences Semmelweis Loránd University, Eötvös University (ELTE), The Budapest Applied University of withconducted fromtwenty-six university students fouruniversities different in Budapest: 4.1 DataBasics: TheSample in strongly themselves certain data. presentthe conclusions literature and all the rest. Although there was a large diversity of attitudes represented, in the context of the majorthree with groups, mostthe telling appearing contrast between Socialthe students Policy between werevisible the surprising andnarratives, opinions. Differences strong anecdotes, telling Analysis and Data 4. Chapter All of the interviews were conducted inside or outside the various campuses of the The students came from a wide range of faculties: Pre-Medical, Pre-Pharmacy, Biology, During the month of May,in 2010 the Budapest, interviews focus wereand groups The data provide an interesting glimpse intoThe dataprovideand an interesting ideas glimpse thoughts the offull of students, ( BMF), and Pázmány Péter University (PPKE). The breakdown can be divided intosix 35 CEU eTD Collection Sage Publications. 88 classes andjust directly students approached universitythe at setting. Rubin and Rubin which can be viewed as a high level of non-response bias. For this reason, Iceased to go to the low level of participation of the two classes I attended (see rejection listin Appendix I.), only completing 3 - 4 of the 6 questions. There were a high number of rejections resulting from not possess enough information to complete the second, short part of the survey,most commonly information held by respondents it can here seen as a finding, that a majority intervieweesof of level did the gather to explicitly but information, certain gather to only not created survey, of the survey. This could be seen as low completion rate bias, but because of the nature of the lowerof completion rate second human acomparatively concerning trafficking,the causing part havedid not enoughinformation make to itto the end of secondthe part, questionsthe students, andalsoallow to for adiscussion among studentsontheissues. would/could notwait, late students, because of problems languageof ability of one or more varyinglength and group number was studentsto accommodate whodidn’t have much time, and interviews also occurred, and on one occasion there was a focus group of 5. The reason for interviews were conductedasfocus groups,with myself and 2-3 people,other individual although interviews as short as 15 minutes in rare, individual cases, or as long as an hour. Most often the results were generalizable within students of Faculty. same the of within students weregeneralizable results leading meto believeby that logicthe began of the frequently repeating, comparison results to talk enough interviewees to until your repeating, start results and within Faculty each the Rubin, Herbert J. and Irene S. Rubin. 1995. More than half of the time, the interview could not be completed because the respondent the notinterview because becompleted than could time,More half of the the Qualitative Interviewing.The Art of Hearing Data.” 36 Thousand Oaks: 88 advise CEU eTD Collection students who did not have a certain level of English to express their thoughts clearly, and fully. and clearly, thoughts their express to English of level certain a have not did who students my butdatabase, belief is interpretation in was most thatthis helpful reaching and advantageous, not always correctlytranslated filteringwhilst throughstudents another mind andlanguage were their thoughts Perhaps exactly. beascertained cannot had theprocess this affects on What up being another ora third expressing person, the thoughtsof firstthe person me into English. Translating among was thestudents a common part of every focus group. Thus itoften could end finding of aplethora words related of which usetounderstandI could desired the orphrase. word lack of the right word/words in English,he/she could demand of the other students, resulting in by created languageWhen the interviewee difference. the began suffer from to this frustrating occurrence. interpretation on the part of the interviewer, although this was in all circumstances, still a rare was only could be a certain that subjective in reached,understanding whichresults greater make wordusedidn’tI askedthem or phrases repeat,butsometimes there sense, rephraseor to influences the choice of words they have, and use, which must be later interpreted. When certain English (from television, a textbook, studying abroad in a certain Anglophone country) strongly learned howthey Whereand their speakers. by non-native words usageof the English certain vernacular language of a community,my was tryingchallenge decipher to meaning the behind linguist Charles Briggs (1997),whodescribed the trial understandingof local a or dialect native English speakers. Thus,instead facing of thesociolinguistic challenges explained by 4.1.1 Language :Surpassing theBarrier One of the greatest advantages of the focus groups was ameliorating the difficulties the was ameliorating focus groups of the advantages One of greatest the were none fact students of the that obvious faced wasthe challenges One of greatest the 37 CEU eTD Collection 4.2 Setting theStage: The Importance ofParalinguistics want toknow what’s going on. They want toknow the answers to my questions. a level of curiosity in all of the respondents; they want toknow more about these issues, they why was this important, and questions about myself personally as researcher. The survey created this?,” research, “Why was Istudying the about interviewee hadquestions and the eachtime own, for whatever reason, which was revealed when I asked at the end, if they had questions of their questioning memory. of The second reason is they that were allvery aboutthe curious subject know about this and subject, just generally alook andrelaying feeling of perplexity, self- and quoted as saying that they don’tknow much about it,they don’tknow the answer, they don’t rather thanlack interest is curiosity.subjects, of firstreason or The that they frequently can be on two the knowledge lack of self-perceived wasbecauseof reason primary the that believe actively engaged with giving substantial, ordetailed answers to questions, Ihave reason to genuinely uninterested in the subject. Yet, despite these other hypotheses, when students were not sensitive of nature questions,the questions the thought confusing, were unnecessary or or that either the students felt uncomfortable with the topic, and the somewhat sexual and/or andvarious students from departments,other but only a small proportion. It can be hypothesized Level 4.1.2 of Engagement allowedEnglish,focus groups and more for ideas by tobemore students reached. language ability, and different levels of shyness/braveness or willingness to practice their Much more information was able to be transmitted. There were always different levels of In all but two cases I did not tell the students before Iinterviewed them what the topic The participants that were strongly engaged with the topic were the Social Policy students, 38 CEU eTD Collection didn’t involve “thinking”having or express to a true butthought, it was truly more of a free word prostitution what comes to your mind?” I found this question to be more effective, as it said, I changed the question from “What do you think about prostitution?” to “When I say the they saw them as victims, ornegatively.After the first few interviews, where barely a word was undesirable. What was said shown light on how they felt about prostitutes as people, and whether to say what they they really thought, didn’t wanttosoundinappropriate, orsay anything socially respondent answered at all, and those who did gave very short answers; the students did notwant speechlessness and/ or the repetition of the word “prostitution (?) (!) .” Effectively,not every up ceiling,to the and around then down to and floor,the laughter,and/or smiling followed by question. Then, there was always a look of shock in the eyes, a movement of the eyes and head previousthe paragraph all students besidesdid two notknow topicthe until I askedthem firstthe large,andlacked As and necessary the to respond. in students for was stated direction guidance Unfortunately, this idea of a general, autonomous space did notwork out as planned; it was too association, where respondentcould the any give he/shethoughts had on prostitution. forinstance, by only defining other types of trafficking. to define humantrafficking, in or storiesthe they but many often related, not connect did thetwo, appeared manypossible.extentit in still withthat It interviewees associated prostitution, seeking towhatever by free anew respondents, forthe association possibility andcreate subjects, two section by telling the respondent “Now, we are moving to a new topic,” seeking to dissociate the described as surprise. Later, when mentionedI trafficking after prostitution, Iprefaced the new perceived knowledge. When firstI mentioned prostitution, in was, as I did notwant them to decide to be interviewed based on the topic and their own self- The first question was designed toopen interviewthe using free concept the of 39 each case the reaction can best be best can reaction the case CEU eTD Collection understanding, and empathy understanding, be andempathy was clearly visible, seen in referring and prostitutes the comments discussions of the issues, taking over the new questions before I could ask them.A new level of very early on. There were many more stories to be shared, and the focus groups launched into full on enhanced knowledge issues,and emergedthese sensitivity Social the the of Policy respondents 4.3 Inter-Group Differences about. seemed comfortabletalking wanted or to talk particularly often about, talked respondents about, prostitution, clearly not a common subject for conversation, and not something that the the most telling observations of the first question remain in the physical reactions to the subject of many complete thoughts were given, while the gender divide was still exposed rather clearly. Yet, “humiliation,” “it’s a hard job,” “it’s sad,” “using somebody,” or “to be enslaved.” In total, not signifying amore pronounced understanding ofher possible mental situation, suchas they tended to mention immediately some emotion or feeling towards the act of the prostitute, but mostly, simply a reference to girls. While the females answers were much more diverse, and included “the girls by the highway,” “girls, sex, money,” “girl who sells her body,” “bitches,” the “girls,” as seemingly independent, stand alone representatives of prostitution. Responses vocabulary varied with mentioned, responded who male every almost clear: immediately became “Holland’s red light district,” to just the word “bitches.” The gendered nature of the responses a to all.) like“They’re bunnies,” from few of at variable, The answerswere highly mentions neutralizing perceived the judgment (based onthe fact actually that the students began responding idea,image, experience. Itdid immediately not demand theirjust opinion, whateverin, popped association experiment, andgave the respondent more freedom say to anything: any random The findings inter-group on differences highly support originalthe hypotheses. The 40 CEU eTD Collection scientifically, and scientifically, more socially focused. social sciences, Egyptology and English, and one from Law, thus their studies are less and for This sympathy prostitutes. the could arguablybe because theycome of from departments were thesehavelikelymore random to departments, students different understanding, anuanced distinguishable from other fivethe random students of random departments. Although from three public view.” These groupswere two barely Infact,distinguishable. together they more are more likely to be accepting of buying sex, but wanting more exclusion of prostitutes “out of with the five random students this difference is not so great.) Both BMF and Semmelweis were they were theleastsensitive to,and understandingof livesthe (though of prostitutes, compared issues as so many students mentioned this topic. It can be said that along with the BMF students, medical or health issues as predicted, and neither did they show any greater concern for health interview. in of the part students this other the from differences less noticeable their services,) and still had a troubling lack of information on all aspects of trafficking, showing using to (in prostitutes addition harass street andpenalize to policecontinue the unaware that [prostitutes]” or that most prostitutes “were abused in their childhood.” Yet, they were still disproportionately high risk for prostitution, and trafficking,“that the police used them a wereat orphanages of young coming out fact girls such concepts as the that important noted that publicthe understand doesn’t women, these andweretheonly mention manyto group can’tspeak about issuesthese openly,“society that and judges” them prostitutes.) They (the being angry “if marked governmentthe them” anddescribing Hungarians as shy people, who highlighting their sociology background, suchas in aboutdiscourses society needing zones,but psychology or protection. Also, here the first critiques of society as a collective whole came up The Semmelweis students are hard to place. They did notshow any greater awareness of 41 CEU eTD Collection Timothy Timothy R.2002.Uninformed response bias in telephone surveys. Journal of Business Research 55( 3): 251. 89 encouragement tosay, “I don’t know” was recognized at the beginning of every interview.) (Adding the option of “don’t know” is an important factor in survey research, and the option and levelthe “uninformed response bias,”longof a problem plaguing publicof researchers. opinion tobehonest, andadmitrespondents lack on of question,this very knowledge andlowers specific twenty-six respondents said they didn’t know, which I believe reflects willingness for with two persons choosing the correct answer of nowhere. Admittedly,nearly two-thirds of the included “everywhereyou can find or“A them,” lot” or “12 20,” or to “very few”, and“one,” responses the manyexisted zones how When more became asked diverse. tolerance even answers complex, and puzzling system. As the direction shifted into the zones of tolerance issue, the only prostitutionstreet is illegal. Thus, complex, the puzzled responses actually reflect a inconclusion, created; never were that zones intolerance legal is only which street-prostitution, exception of with the legal certain constraints) it (albeiteverywhere is legal Thus, etc.) almost legal, which half missed, there are zones where itis illegal (near public institutions, churches, Undoubtedly, the reality is not clear to this sample, and neither in law or practice. Although,it is theanswers actually complexity and perplexity adequately express Hungarian quite the system.of where it waslegal” orsome zones where it is not. However, these dichotomous, or two part “zones wassome there that explained respondent where the of thezones tolerance, on discourse know” before or after their choice. Most often, the question on legality lapsed into some illegal. Abitless than half said it was legal, and the rest said, “I don’t know,” or added, “I don’t 1999, wemust askwhatquestions emerge when half respondentsthe of claim prostitution isthat 4.4 ASystemof Perplexity, A Theme ofPerplexity See Bishop et al. 1980. Pseudo-Opinions on Public Affairs. In a country In a country haswhere since1993, and been prostitution since decriminalized regulated 42 Public Opinion Quarterly 44:198-209. Or Graeff, 89 CEU eTD Collection recurring concept of of “tolerantrecurringthe by concept was police” left whereby created police students the the just apprehended, or“If they do something criminal but not for prostitution.” Consequently, the by the police. Afew respondents expressed that maybe for drugs, or alcohol they are Police know that the govt. made mistakes.” Other students reiterated this expression of tolerance where they can do it legally,but they do it soit’s legal. Maybe that’s why the police don’t care. explained that, “They said they need tomake places, but the local govt. did notmake places response each of “I don’t care,” “the police just use them,” and “not enough.” One student half said, “I don’t know,” with many “no’s,” a few “I don’t think so’s,” and interestingly, one fined, jailed, arrested) in Hungary, nota single respondent confirmed that they were. Again about 4.5 Continued Penalization importantly,never they consequences heardthe thisof conclusion. concluded, they never heard the end of it, or the conclusion that no zones were created. And most never debate the it that was apparent but in news, the debate this hadheardabout they that poor people live, and the sales went down of house, and now there is no zone.” Many mentioned made area where local an “They govt.] that [the citizen adding pressure, dissolved dueto later wealth of information on the topic, as she was from Miskolc where a zone was created, and then femalehada for acertain and another car racing event, area created temporary the mentioned government is different, some hate this woman,” or exclude, or segregate her. One male “Every local isaneed,” or thatthere fact the “Society denies Theysaidthat, department. a finding that was not hypothesized but seems clear in hindsight as they are within the Sociology to find butpeople don’tsay anything.” TheSocial Policy students again addressed society’s role In discussions, respondents mentioned “red-light districts,” and “secret places that the police want When asked if the students knew whether prostitutes continue to be criminalized (such as 43 CEU eTD Collection whole thing,” hinting at anote of condescension or judgment. The students of Social Policy the on down look to us “want media the that noted also “inhumane” of respondent the yet do, asthe abolitionists and “victims” woman the as as “inhumane,” media prostitution frames that the inability governmentthe of to deal with problem the Two students mentioned(Social Policy.) made of wood being found illegally, the debate arising again during a Formula one race, and the the nature of both legality and illegality. Other stories from the media include a small brothel framed the student’s ideas, and the primary source of how they have all come to be informed on has issue this that hypothesis my confirms which debates, tolerance of zones the mentioned many students said, “no,” “no, not really,” or “sometimes.” When primed for what stories they heard, coverage of these events? When asked if there is discussion of prostitution in the media, most 4.6 Prostitution andtheMedia imprisoned. despite legalization, continue prostitutes tobe harassed by fined police, enormous penalties, or 90 argument. undergo each day,from clients, pimps, or the state. This study strongly corroborates their conditionsthe thatprostitutions live andworkunder; abuse,the suffering andoppression they are doing. The studies mentioned in literaturethe review affirm public the that isnotcognizant of students believe the police should be doing; this iswhatlogictheir would suggestthat the police students) in bymostthat thisthat information iswhat(acknowledged the absence of perfectthe the case. These answers reveal not a notion of ‘what is’ but a notion of ‘what should be.’ I believe the prostitutes alone. Although as Foldi stated there are many tolerant police; this is not always Betlen, 2006. Which leads into the next point of discussion: What do the students think of the media’s the of think students the do What discussion: of point next the into leads Which 90 Not one respondent knew about, or could even mention hearing about, the fact that fact the about, hearing mention even could or about, knew respondent one Not 44 CEU eTD Collection the “disadvantaged families,” and at risk youth, as well as for education in schools. They in as named They atriskyouth, families,”well education and as for schools. “disadvantaged the state institutes as a “real problem.” They argued that more social workers were needed to help lack the cited most frequently. the theymentionedchoice Again, of children the of coming out last chance tofeed kids and costs, and its kind of against their will.” The Social Policy students acknowledginga this that is“notandfemale respondents choice,” a very andthat“It’s desperate their life.” Surprisingly, there was nota real gender divide in responses, with both a few male to pay for university, problems with husbands or parents, or because the person has “screwed mentionedStudents drugs,and alcohol, havingtopayfor children, “common or girls” whoneed “Yes!”) “Of lower” respondent: social a Researcher: class? “They are…ghetto?” (Respondent: opportunities, orabad family Many structure. students used,orsought words the “social class,” of other causes were also named. Other students mentioned and some struggled to say a lack of perhaps forlack of the word in English.) With “money” clearly the dominant theme, a diverse set once, only mentioned was of poverty social “money” greater phenomenon (the to reference 4.7The Causes of Prostitution: “Money,” and Many Not Understood have muchinformation to offer that they had and/or heard, could remember. majority of students stated that the media did not, or rarely discussed these issues, and did not their school not and Thelarge media. the through stories have these perhaps might learned guiding their advocacy.” The only extended narratives came from the Social Policy students, who They alsomentioned their“trade union,” (the HPIPA) saying, “It’s good for the future,” and “It’s from the “last 5-6 years” that goes around helping them, but said this is “a very young service.” the road, or the fact that the government has no services to help them. They mentioned the bus, side in forest on the the girls of the narratives about stories, suchasrecurring different mentioned When asking students why women go in to prostitution, every answerincluded a 45 CEU eTD Collection Department of State. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2005/61652.htm 91 argue experts is reality that the moneythan issue.Yet, a it’s deeper like psychological factors, “They have really a low self andesteem, suggesting selfconfidence,” 93 92 controlled by pimps.” that “Where sex industries flourish and are legitimized by the state, 80- 90% of the women are social In work. her groundbreaking “The work Prostitution of Sexuality”finds Kathleen Barry issue, and identify a wealth of causes that were not identified by students, even those studying discrimination, violence against women, and the lower status of women in general are noted as any of their responses. This is especially as problematic feminisationthe of poverty, as a prostitution equating interestingly type of againstthese women. terrorism terror, its just a part of terrorism because madams and boys. There will be more pimps,” to open these houses or don’t know how to say, wewill see more girls on the roads, and more becomes addicted.” Also, one BMF male, in arguing against legalization, said “if we allow them a cause, she stated that, “He gave her drugs. He came up to her and she must work for him, she indirectly discourses. within Onegroup Egyptology female, during about adiscourse druguse as only both and way, in any pimping of reality social the mentioned sample inthe students well as exercising psychological and physical control, and of complete coercion. Yet, only two earnings vulnerable to being forced or coerced into the activity by local pimps who keep most of their Report of Hungary from 2005 also recognized that country’sthe “were 20,000prostitutes like Germany; Barry, Katheen. 1995. US Department of State. 2006. Ibid., 195, 228. The most troublinghoweveris point no that student mentioned issues of genderor sex in .” 93 Procuring is widely recognized as a major criminal factor of prostitution, a cause, as 92 with no reason to believe that Hungary is an exception. A US Human Rights The Prostitution of Sexuality. 91 This was true for abolitionist states like France as well as regulated states Hungary. 2005 Country Report on Human Rights Practices. Washington D.C.: US New York: New York University Press. 228. 46 much deeper than a money a than deeper CEU eTD Collection 99 http://ws5.evision.nl/systeem3/images/WG5%2010.%20Hungary.pdf Gender issues HIV/AIDSand in migrantcommunities: ReportHungary. 98 Campaign(Please Disturb), http://www.child-hood.com/index.php?id=716 belong to the Roma minority.” Terres des Hommes Organization, “Country Information: Hungary,” Bitte Storen 97 promotion ofopportunity equal policies, children. ENATW. and of women exploitation sexual prevent to and trafficking combat 96 95 http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/faq/000008.html Melissa. 2000. 1993. Making the Connections: women, work, and abuse (Paul M. Deutsch Press, Orlando, Florida) cited in Farley, 94 childhood, 80-90% shown that wereof victimsprostitutes and ofincest, sexualother abuse during noted as a primary cause by women’s rights groups globally. In addition, studies in the US have “abuse,” or childhood abuse, when violence towards women, and oppression of women’s rights is even related was noted by students. Only a few Social Policy students mentioned that a cause was nothing yet west, the to migration into and prostitution into both women drive that reasons major child abuse, and child sexual abuse remaineda problem. prostitutes, andprostitutes, alsoexplains male andcontrol the patriarchal dominance of Roma culture. of the Sex Education Foundation of Hungary explains the overlap between Roma women and one respondent mentioned Roma, noting that most street prostitutes “are gypsies.” behind prostitution. with public officialsshow neither that could they genderinequality recognize a as drivingforce doing that,” and “They’re like bunnies.” One female added that “There are a lot of girls wholikes So, I think it's their own decision, nobody force them to do that,” “Some girls are having fun job. of kind that do to like they maybe no idea, have “I as such responses with males, few a by exhibitionists, sex-addicts, who freely choose, and enjoy their work. Betlen, 2006. Forrai, Judit. 2006. AIDS & Mobility Working Group V: “Statistics show that 22% of the prostitutes in Hungary are younger than 18 years old. As many 60% of prostitutes European Network Against Trafficking Women,in ENATW. 2006. Implementing gender equality principles to US Department of State. 2006. The Council forProstitution Alternatives. 1991. Some sources find that the public holds an opinion that prostituted womenprostituted that are findan publicholds Some the sources opinion that 94 which can be inferable to Hungary as the 2005 US Human Rights Report states that Prostitution: Factsheet on Human Rights Violations. 96 And despite reports that Roma are at an increased risk for prostitution, only Hungary. 2005 Country Report onHuman Rights Practices. http://www.aretusa.net/V-english/01larete/doc/RICERCA_uk.pdf Annual Report, 1991 47 95 Prostitution Research and Education. and Research Prostitution A study by ENATW of interviews . Portland, Oregon. And, Murphy, Patricia. Sex Education Foundation. The European network for the 99 This belief was displayed 97 Judit Forrai 98 CEU eTD Collection whether, my presence as female interviewer created a response bias, of aresponse bias,of When which Iam created my unsure. interviewer asfemale whether, presence if question the begs This would. or past, in the has he/she that admitting respondent no with interviewees expressedalthough that they itfeltacceptable, they wouldthemselves never doit, stigmatized, even by those who see it as acceptable. Although notdirectly asked, nearly all male fromseparated mainstream society, in thus this sense itremains socially andundesirable, quote this was also combined with the idea that they do not want to see it, it still should be as wecan Yet, last see in the wasfrequently itrepeated. “don’t care,” wants tooffer then they with my family to see the birds.” The notion that if a man wants or “needs it” and a woman think it’s okay. In a house or in normal circumstances, [but] not in a forest where I want to go “It’s just ajob,” and “If there are enough prostitutes and enough people who want to buy then I exuded that it is tolerable, even by those who said it was not acceptable. Respondents argued that and the otherhalf foundbuying sex unacceptable. However, ageneral pervasive was sentiment found it acceptable, with a third of those adding the stipulation that “only if the women want to,” or at least acceptable (using the term of the survey.) A bit less than half of the respondents (9) has continued. Yet, in many ways the student sample has come to regard their work as legitimate, respects. Effectively, their placement on the outside of society, their social exclusion as “others,” students claimed they see don’t want to them,don’t knowanything and aboutlives their in many hurting their quality lifeof for ages. Today,in some respects we can see that continue as many orsexually reasons. hyperactive perverted, orall most, Nevertheless primary asfinancialfor the not othersexually-recognized cause and similar to the finding of police in the Princeton report, though they noted this more commonly. the sense that the women go in for easy money, not in the sense of pronounced monetary need, being a kind of prostitute.” In addition, some people who said money as the cause described it in As was stated have prostitutes As was of previously, attitudes publictowards beenthe stated negative 48 CEU eTD Collection going into prostitution, specifically that the “economic crisis” was hitting them the same as everyone else. 100 and an underlying criticism of their behavior. This is the recurring theme of the “dirty mind,” very negative, and harsh judgments, showing that they also hold very critical opinions of them, sorry for the clients, and believe they have sad, social problems,many respondents expressed feel students these demonstrating Besides that judgments pitiful thesesympathetic, students.) the lonely husband, particularly after the woman has given birth (mentioned by Social Policy might just need to talk (as one female heard the clients also seek.) There was also the notion of touched by the narrative of the lonely, troubled man, who needed affection and contact, who major theme was the fact that they cannotsustain normal relationships. This theme was also was that the clients seek something that they cannot get from their wives or girlfriends. Another First of all, most the profound theme, which we can call “dirty mind” as one studentdubbed it, 4.8 Understanding the Client morally otherwise. or acceptable, amongdiscourses although student, running alongside aseparate themeprostitution that was not tolerable, as long as we don’t have to see it, or our children, was the most pervasive in the prostitute. as any crisis same the other economic were facing phenomenon.Földi (Also, shealleged that knew many students working as as prostitutes they who had. Some had read about acase, with nearly no one saying they hadn’t heard of this they knew someone personally had did,who or orhadheardanother about studentin Budapest investigating as whether Hungarian fourprostitutes, students work tofive respondentsstated that in Finally, had. who friends more or one knew they that replied respondents male few the opportunity was presented to inquire whether they knew anyone who bought or sold sex, a Interview with Agnes Foldi. May 25, 2010. Budapest. Foldi only acknowledged financial reasons for women In questioning a client why seeks many prostitutes, themes are easily distinguishable. 49 100 ) Overall, the theme that it’s CEU eTD Collection imagery,music, film, advertising and somany other aspects of the culture. Or perhaps, like the acceptable in with future, the youngerthe growing generations upimmersedin highly sexualized decriminalized since 1993,and regulated since 1999.Perhaps, itwill become increasingly still important to Hungarian youth, who are not all accepting of paying for sex, though it has been to giveidea support control their Theseattitudes actions. the concept of issexual morality the that more traditional views that judge other members of society, and are more willing to criticize and the realm of the law. Yet, the other half of students still hold some morals of times past, and neighbors, who proclaim tolerance and personal freedom to live as you see fit, that sex is out of personal liberty freedom.and Theyhave subscribed the to liberal values of Hungary’s western in wherebelieve they values liberal holdingdemocratic areprogressives, half students the of Hungary likehas become highly itssexualized neighbors West. to the It can be that hypothesized inhibited and unable to talk about issues of sex, although in recent years, commercial culture in question. respondentsmentioned Multiple fact the that Hungarian was society shy, still and in a straightforward find andunacceptable about stillit equal parts acceptable, show that data “whore” and constantly focused on, and criticized while the client escapes all judgment. Yet, the society. This is an interesting contrast to what is normally perceived, where the prostitute is a phenomenon they tolerable, not do think of these people asnormal respectablemembersor of holds a very negative view of the buyers of sex; although they might consider the social society woman. fact that the over haveto the point power sex to for paid Theseattitudes clients experience.Again, only one female mentioned anygender ideas, related suggesting that the sex all the time, while others just simply described the clients as” buying joy,” or anew Another male described a friend of his as a “sex maniac” who had a girlfriend, but still bought a get woman without this “psychopaths” method,or whowere dangerous, with mental illness. men, with charm” who couldn’t “no unattractive or “nasty werecalledpeople,” clients where the 50 CEU eTD Collection Internet, such as those of CATW in 1998, which argued that “the scope, volume, and content of claim prostitution organizations that semi-closed doors has moved increasingly to the that behind of arguments the which supports “see” prostitutes, as another they “place”where Internet the noted commonly students The roadsides. the along especially Hungary, inside prevalent much is very it illegal, technically is prostitution street although that affirms respondents general, where men suspect any woman as a prostitute.) The number of locations named by the for genderproblematic equality in society,and broader men’s image and conception of inwomen is in extremely dress) certain place, acertain way, (standingacertain vague characteristics prostitute and who isn’t. (This notion that any woman could be a prostitute based on certain dress like whores” as one male stated, unfolding a theme of men’s uncertainty, about who is a “there are many people on the street so you don’t know who is, who wants,” or “a lot of tiny girls from BMF said he saw them “Everywhere!” and more than one male said something similar to were on highways, and the metros in Budapest, with many differentlocations named. One male this project. One male called it “the job that can screw you.” The most commonly named places Hungarian woman trafficked to Italy, which would be one of the primary recurring narratives in jobs, which for group one of BMF students lead to firstthe tellingnarrative of the aboutthe new place for “seeing” prostitution, finding ads for prostitutes on the internet, and also ad’s for simple question many different themes arose as well. Many students mentioned the Internet as the student except one saidyes, and could name aspecific it. place tosupport Surprisingly, this with 4.9 Visible Street Prostitution, and the Internet morally find prostitution unacceptable. more traditional half of students, the future will reject this shiftin moral values, and continue to When asked if the respondents saw prostitutes around the city or country, nearly every 51 CEU eTD Collection 101 it doesn’t work on the streets and there is no crime around it, then I don’t care.” The females were “if that have see so“weor them,” to don’t off have street, the just prostitutes to brothels legalize brothels many times. Another recurring narrative was the demand of “out of public view,” or to diseases. So it’s more safe.” This theme of public health was offered as support for legality and perfection, “that the women don’t have health problems and these women aren’t afraid of of point the to even inHolland, well worked have to believed always was Legality Holland.” functionality of the system in Holland, such as “it would be easier to legalize this like they did in better.” Often working in cohesion with the “necessary evil” narrative was a mention of the stop a phenomenon that exists for a hundred thousand years in a society and we can control it think it should belegal, because if something isillegal it’s very hard tostop because we cannot do this.” They explained repeatedly “They will find a way. Sobasically it can’t be illegal,” and “I necessity of prostitution as “necessary evil.” The students said, “People always did this and will virtual the of that was beliefs student’s the belying narrative prominent most The choices. support used theirto students the that narratives There arethreemajor brothels should beopened. majority, 20 of the 26 respondents said that it should be legal, with 13 or half also agreeing that An overwhelming thoughts. their on influential most the been has feminists, radical the or illegal? This is mostthe telling for question understanding which paradigm, of that sex-workthe 4.10 Attitudes onthefuture women and children is unprecedented.” the material on the Internet promoting orenacting....prostitution and sexual exploitation of 35bbaa48. CATW.http://action.web.ca/home/catw/readingroom.shtml?x=16286&AA_EX_Session=8301fd835fe54cf4fcb98fb8 Coalition Against Trafficking in Women. 1998. Women. in Trafficking Against Coalition What do these Hungarian students want for the future? Should prostitution be legal, or 101 Misuse of the Internet for the Purpose of Sexual Exploitation. 52 CEU eTD Collection framing prostitution as a necessary evil, that can be controlled and function within a system of throughout this research. although they are participants of this crime, they are also victims of it, for reasons explained society, thus the reality of theirlives is not realized by society, who cannot understand that crime; third, andmost importantly, are prostitutes stigmatized,ignored, and excluded from this as avictimless sees murder, society and burglary because, unlike secondly from act; the because they believe both parties involved, the client and the prostitute, are actually profiting thisfirst, claim: accepts whysociety for hypotheses important other are three there men’s desires, nature of exist.biological Besides mustcease to the crimes exist,evenwhen other to continue in their biological nature, and therefore prostitution is an uncontrollable necessity that must nature, and not man himself. The majority of this sample feels that clients have an excuse based be attributedtoits sexual nature, assomething uncontrollable; men’s issexuality decided by butfor some reason for“existing thousands ofyears” is prostitution’s Itcan scapegoat. arguably children as always punishable, noquestion, even though they have for existed thousands ofyears, questionable how society can condemn other crimes such as burglary,murder and sexual abuse of prostitution as an unstoppable phenomenon and men’s sexuality as uncontrollable, but why? It is individual Running in cohesion with the narrative of societal “necessity” was the narrative of men’s don’twant to see them or talk about them so wepretend like they don’texist, so we do nothing.” we thing; easiest “wethe always do that saying collectively, society again referenced students no means a dominant narrative, save amongst Social Policy students. Also, the Social Policy that brothels could give prostitutes a safer place than the street or highway, though safety was by mentioned sexes both yet control, and safety of concepts the for brothels support to likely more Arguably, visibility the and arguments of movements sexthe workers have succeededin need, that males in society would always would society in males that 53 need this. Clearly the students view CEU eTD Collection http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs297/en/index.html Health Organization,WHO. 2009. Fact sheet N°297: Cancer. World worldwide. women for cancer deadly most fifth the cancer, of cervical cause” “the as WHOidentifies the 102 provide true andprostitute public health protection. protect against all diseases; thus not even a perfectly regulated brothel or health system could to “protect” aprostitute’s health, protection when methods, such notas condoms, do actually Alsoframing the respondent’s conception of health is the idealistic notion that it is even possible healthexacerbate by risks demanding the prostitutes toperform any protection.service, without Health risks are intersected by a number of other factors, such as control by pimps, who vulnerable, whereas the multitude of other important risk factors, were barely mentioned, if at all. can the primary issuetake mentioned health,of whichisjust are one in factor which prostitutes understanding of in situation the Hungary. illustrate To lackthis ofnuanced understanding, we These responses conclude that most of the sample does not have a complete, nuanced only the second time in the survey, the use of pimps to control the women. like houses opening that of willterror, there be more forced prostitution, andhementionedfor prostitutes, views towards youngone BMFstudentrecognized thatlegalizing brothels would be and typically expressedthemost socially Medical liberal students andviews, unsympathetic (prostitutes lives, public health, etc.), that it will be “more hard to stop this force.” Although BMF it ameliorate not situation, the legality exacerbate only would that reasoned respondents two other belief that legality only creates a bigger problem. One of them argued for the Swedish model. The Out of the students who chose illegality, two females and one male supported their choice in the would improve the situation in many ways. Yet, the frame of the abolitionists was also presented. brothels perhaps and prostitution, legalizing that believes overwhelmingly students of sample regulation. Thishas undoubtedly been shown narrativeas thedominant of students.Thisthe As one notable example, condoms do not protect against the many types of the Human Papilloma Virus, which Virus, Papilloma Human of the types many the against protect do not condoms example, notable one As 54 102 WHO . CEU eTD Collection Sexual Exploitation: The Netherlands. illegal immigrants, working behind closed doors, afraid for theirlives, and theirjobs. rates of trafficking victims826 ayear atvictims in2008,and upto70% beingof prostitutes the And certainly neither did regulation bring prostitution out into the open, with one of the highest blatantly visible when Mayor Cohen closed half of the city’s red light district for this reason. the Netherlands as an example shows that it did not gain control of the industry, but the opposite, 104 http://www.expatica.com/nl/news/local_news/legalising-prostitution-didnt-help- 103 do majority the workinthe of field.the Her arguments by arecorroborated gender and trafficking expertsworldwide, and by NGO’s who a bigger, more powerful industry,fueled increasingly by sex tourism from wealthier countries. Free Prostitution Hungary means legalization argues thatlegalization itspimps,of means creating failure of full regulationism in the Netherlands. Janice G. Raymond of the Movement for a shows the influence of the sex work paradigm, and also that the majority are not aware of the students frequent mention of this system of regulation as positive, and beneficial for society obviously very complex, and worthy moreof study.With this example I seek to show that the distressing situations in which women are being exploited.” legalisation of prostitution did not bring about what many had hoped. We are still faced with the nature of the current situation. In 2007, Mayor of Amsterdam Job Cohen stated that, “The Persons Report, 2009. 107 http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article5400641.ece 106 IAST, http://www.iast.net/index.htm.) Education, PRE. http://www.prostitutionresearch.com/c-trafficking.html. Or Initiative Against Sex Trafficking, 105 http://www.prostitucio.hu/5.point.htm. Raymond, Janice G. Five Points for Not Legalizing Prostitution In Hungary. Expatica. 2007. Legalising prostitution didn't help. US Department of State. 2009. US Trafficking in Persons Report: Section: The Netherlands. close. windows light red of Amsterdam’s Half 2008. David. Charter, ( For example see: CATW, http://www.catwinternational.org/about/index.php. Or Prostitution Research and Many students have alsoidealized the system of the Netherlands, and are misinformed of http://www.state.gov/g/tip/rls/tiprpt/2009/123137.htm., and CATW. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/netherl.htm 105 The solution offered by the sex-work paradigm, using Expatica News. 55 20September. 103 The Times, The The situation in the Netherlands is Netherlands the in situation The CATW CATW. December 27. December . Factbook on Global on Factbook US Trafficking in 107 106 104 CEU eTD Collection 108 students with lack of awareness, of sentiment Again, wasageneral there main the characters. labor trafficking were mentioned, when asked to define it, the narratives tended to use females as method in “recruitment” whereEurope, is deception likely. muchmore Although andorgan recurring frame of trafficking involving kidnapping, which is notnoted anymore as a primary which although described in simple terms, illustrate well some main concepts. There was a poor girls, and tell them we have a good job outside in another country and then they use them,” included: “when people getmoney by selling others peoples freedom,” and “when they collect labor, or organ), rarely two, not realizing that there are many types of trafficking. Definitions when defining trafficking the majority of students would only mention one type (such as sex, internal trafficking which the US 2009 TIP Report notes is on the rise in Hungary. that concerned 60-70 year old Hungarian men in a small Hungarian village, an example of was in the media.) Other stories show new concepts, such as a domestic labor trafficking story stories, even when one is outdated by a couple of years. (It is unknown when organ trafficking notthat many stories arebeingheard on issue,this since the respondents hold on to these two could level instories Arguably, extremely small show variance of Italy the yearsago. a couple explications of organ trafficking, andtheHungarian girls whoweretrafficked forprostitution to were Thetworecurring stories informed terms. entirely invery not clearly simple, trafficking two recurring stories thatseemed toframe the topic particularly. They todefineattempted admittedly never heard about it altogether. The students told many stories about trafficking, with know, as studentsquicklythe began explainingto the in others Two students hadHungarian.) English,but all besides 2-4 recognized the word in Hungarian (sometimes it was difficult to 4.11Trafficking: Seeking a Definition US Department of State. 2009. Country Narratives D-K.Section: Hungary. For obviousFor most had students reasons, notheard of human word the traffickingin 56 Trafficking in Persons Report 2009. 108 Notably, CEU eTD Collection Department of International Development. 112 http://www.osce.org/odihr/13475.html 111 Department of International Development. 110 which the person is not anational or apermanent resident,” forand trafficking definition see page 1. obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a 109 State Party of this information. media andpublic officials arenotmakingefforts either significant to disseminate understand, or thatthe claim Morrison’s corroborates in attempt sortof trafficking organized, complete any like condition. distinctive factor is that it happens for the purposes of exploitation, with the end-result of a slave- borders of a state, and also, even if the victim has legal rights to migration. The most important difference between the two, according to the OSCE is that trafficking can occur within the tends to denote more sympathy for personsin a situation of illegal immigration. unaware, inattentive, or also as he notes, using the label of trafficking for political purposes as it well as the media, continue to ignore the prominent distinction between the two, either being that this distinction was not made until the UN Convention in 2000, and many public officials, as by explaining the act of smuggling orsometimes mentioning both. level. is notreachingon an in-depth this sample how is it works in real life, maybe it's just a legend.” Clearly, information on a very serious issue from a BMF male was “I think I only heard about human trafficking in movies, so I don't know know’s”“I and knowmuch don’t about this,” being said. One particularly response troubling have much information such as, “I haven’t heard much about this,” with again alot of “I don’t appearing rather uncomfortable with the topic, exuding animpression that said that they don’t Morrison, John. FMOResearchGuide: Human Smuggling and Trafficking. Office forDemocratic Institutions and Human Rights, ODIHR, of the OSCE. Anti-Trafficking. Morrison, John. FMOResearchGuide: Human Smuggling and Trafficking. TheUN Convention on Trans-national Organized Crime 2000 defines smuggling as “the procurement, in order to Students were Students unable todistinguish trafficking from smuggling,many defining trafficking 111 This inability of students todistinguish between two,andthe define human 112 Arguably forcesother could beatwork, such as a lack ofinterest by students, http://www.forcedmigration.org/guides/fmo011/fmo011.pdf 57 Forced Migration Online. Forced Migration Online. 109 John Morrison explains 110 The essential ODIHR. Oxford Oxford CEU eTD Collection 113 people who suffers from this. But we don’t know because if we knew then we could do “We don’t really know if this is a problem or not.” Another male said “There is not so much it,” about and “Idata haveno havethesenumbers,” sure.Becausewedon’t “Not responses: the adding thatthey givenwere not information from anywhere andthey know, notdid evidenced by trafficking wasa inproblem connected many question the Hungary,students previous, to the thought they whether asked When in Italy. girls Hungarian the about narrative the to them jobs.” Many students could recallseeing the promising and advertisements, frequently connected media thatthe concerned had informing reachedsociety, not them danger the of “fake of these children are kidnapped from her town on the Romanian border. A Social Policy student was many that noting female one with Hungary, in children for issue an primarily was trafficking that inside the shop of Chinese immigrants in a small Hungarian town. Other respondents mentioned their experiences with the media, one female recounted a story of a Hungarian girl being locked mentioned that they hadn’t heard anythingin years.recent After primingfor stories tounderstand it only 3-4 times in the last 8years,” but most just said very rarely in some words. Some students said they rarely,if ever, hear about trafficking in the media. One male said “I think I heard about 4.12 Trafficking and the Media problem. seriousthat effortis notbeingmade toeducate publicthe onapertinent, social dangerous governmentawareness campaigns have been questioned by NGO’s such as MONA, highlighting or that the students merely do not use media sources, however “the visibility and effectiveness” efforts and mechanisms and representation in the media. 2009: Situation of trafficking and prostitution in Hungary in the areas of legislation, victim assistance, government Matolcsi, Andrea. 2009. Andrea. Matolcsi, Reminiscent of prostitution, when asked about media coverage of trafficking the students 113 Conference organized by theCentre forWomen War Victims, Croatia, November 23, Zagreb: Centre for Women War Victims. War Women for Centre Zagreb: 58 CEU eTD Collection act. Some mentioned students it that was a bigger problem in West, or in the Farthe East(but perhapsis it a bigger problem than we think,just butwe don’tknow because of nature the of the statement from a BMF male shows the opinion of about five or six other students as well, that then we could do something. There are a lot of hidden, human trafficking cases.” This last or “There is notso much people who suffers from this. But we don’t know because if we knew much because maybe in foreign it’s a bigger problem, but Idon’t know, I don’t know too much,” enough information on the subject such as, “ It’s not a main problem,it’s a problem. But not so discussed previously, they alsomentioned that they weren’t sure because they did not have properly understood in their own terms. Most students did not think it was a problem,but as which highlights the difficulty in discussing (and making change on) issues of which we are not then she said “immigrants whohave novisa,” meaning she was referring toadifferentproblem, One female mentioned that in the towns of “Bicske and Debrecen” you hear about it alot, but impatient,” giving this group of society a very lowranking on his scale of social importance. that should be dealt first, with such as that “the roads are nasty, the people are unsocial [and] student putitinto context the of a scale of sayingproblems, Hungary that has “bigger problems” Hungary,most students concluded that it was not a big problem, that it was not so common. One 4.13 Trafficking in Hungary: The Students Opinion case, only one of twenty-six. paragraph thesethat campaigns arenot reaching targetpopulation the youngof in people, or this PSA warningtrafficking, against again supportingMONA’s argumentfrom previousthe a mentioned female one only jobs, for advertisements the mention could students of a number something. There are a lot of hidden, human trafficking cases.” Disconcertedly, although at least When the students were asked to what extent they believed trafficking was a problem for 59 CEU eTD Collection “The power of the mafia is always bigger than the government,” “It’s not typically the job of the arguments: “Lots of time it’s the mafia, and the government doesn’t know how to deal with this,” work before in schools. In a discourse on the topic the respondents built on each other’s and greater education in general,in fact one of them, the 50-year old female had done awareness needmore for social goingworkers schools to very (“but for expensive localthe government,”) population. known are notreaching their target make have beentrying experts to the that information the surface.Clearly the evenscratched not These might well be true statements, but in comparison with the statements of experts, they have traffickers,“they find this human trafficking areally opportunity good earn to some money.” Respondentsmentioned the “cruelty” of the traffickers, or that “people wantslaves,” or that the subject. on the level causesrevealavery knowledge were given basic of the about Answers that to finish the interview, and I did notfeel it was right to continue under these circumstances. ready andappeared embarrassed, look a bituncomfortable or began to student the because often hadlittlerespondentinformation subject,on the and last the thus werenot attempted, questions the clearthat became it secondquestion firsttrafficking or the after Generally, critical answers. methods for combatingit could barely be reached dueto levelthe knowledgeof requiredgive to 4.14 ASearch for Causes and Solutions know how is it works in real life, maybe it's just a legend.” subjectthe quote I “Ione student, think Ionlyheard about human intrafficking movies, soIdon't with Farthe Eastthey would always describe smuggling.)To illuminate the lack of knowledge on The lastquestions two of survey,the causes the concerning of trafficking and potential the In speaking of what can be done to fight trafficking, the Social Policy students described a 60 CEU eTD Collection “Education, parents and the government. These three pillars.” Thesethree and government. the parents “Education, government[to combat this problem],buteducation family,” and andthelast respondentagrees, 61 CEU eTD Collection type, can be acknowledged as a major finding, and explanations as to how and why remain beto a majority had noother discovery organ trafficking,andsometimes students that heardof about times, but only few mentions of other types of trafficking, besides organ trafficking. This example, recurring the of story Hungarianthe women trafficked toItaly manywas repeated not well informed. Majorissues in human trafficking were never even mentioned by students, for awareness is so low, isso awareness for sex trafficking and other types of trafficking, it’s a true cause for alarm when the level of only poverty was mentioned once.) In a country where these young women and men are at risk violenceinequality,lack againstwomen, [and] of andawareness discrimination;“ such as giventhose by likeexperts Anne Christensen,Brandt who recognizes “poverty, gender as its why itis happening in Hungary. The students wereunable toidentify underlyingthe causes students do not know it. They remain unaware of the extent of trafficking, its definition, as well Hungarian of sample this that is research this of finding main the yet Hungary, for problem recovered thirteen Hungarian victims. Trafficking in women for sexual exploitation is a very real comments came evenbefore May with17, 2010, the bustof a Hungarian thattrafficking network for Study Abroad 23 from would18 to high the combat numbervictims from of countries. traffickingthese 116 115 http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2010/01/increase_prostitution_age_to_2.php (accessed June 1, 2010). 114 vulnerable.” andHungary are extremely Romania from Bulgaria, '18-year-old girls that Asscher declared Conclusion 5. Chapter Christensen, Anne Brandt.2010. Human Trafficking and Prostitution inEurope: Course Syllabus. Ibid. DutchNews.nl. 2010. Increase Prostitution Age to 23. In a news article from January 20, 2010Amsterdam City Council LodewijkExecutive This research reveals that within this sample of Hungarian university students, they are 114 . http://static.dis.dk/files/syllabus/trafficking_su.pdf (accessed June 1, 2010). She claimed that an increase in the legal age of prostitution in the Netherlands especially when, as indicated above, “lack of awareness” is when,“lack above,of indicated a causeinitself. awareness” as 62 DutchNews.NL. January 20. 116 (of which Danish Institute 115 Her CEU eTD Collection 117 ideas:three theprostitute, and/or public health, and/or notionthe ‘decencyof within public could also beexplained by a belief thattheregulation paradigm protect better will one moreor of women, prostituted that can andclients as do they want. The viewsby held group of this students independent goals your with independentown means has arguably influenced half of studentsthe liberty freedom,individuality,or tolerance and economic freedom pursue yourto own democratic consolidation, with a foundation in philosophythe of liberalism,based in personal transition to, and belief in the notion of a liberal democratic society. Growing up during the of because is students, the by with identified strongly most be can paradigm regulation reason thatthe the can Itbyhypothesized fewinstances. majority a of time,the albeitthe can’t get rid of it, and sometimes to protect the women, although this answer came from women we forever,its been around that arguments the comprising evil” “necessary of that being theme their views. Most of the respondents agreed that prostitution should be legal, with the strongest framed have couldin used debates arguments these the that zones tolerance debatesover of the inquiry.can further be It thatbecauseamajority hypothesized viewingmediacoverage recalled influential on the minds of the youth, for whatever reason exactly, this is unknown, and demands question. Hungary’s third status as a transit country was only noted by one individual,in the form of a mentioned. fromchildren and Ukraine Romania for purposesthe of sexual exploitation, wasnever connect this with Hungary.) Hungary’s status as a destination country, mostly of women and country (Two students mentioned smuggling from the Far East to the West, but still did not ascertained. Also,anothermajor findingis thatthis sample onlyviews Hungary as an origin US Department of State. 2009. Section: Hungary. It can be argued according to the data that the regulation paradigm has been the most the been has paradigm regulation the that data the to according argued be can It 117 The victims The within Hungary, who are not Hungarian, have been entirely forgotten. entirely been have Hungarian, not are who Hungary, Trafficking Persons in Report 2009. 63 CEU eTD Collection confused as to the law’s status, but rather the law is confusing in itself to the point that street populationthe in any country wouldnot know. The second theory is thatthe public is not this isnotcommon knowledge, butspecific information undoubtedlythat some greatpercent of not know whether itis legal, orillegal, and do not understand the law’s complexities; admittedly The first is theory thatthepublicis confused about status the of inprostitution Hungary. They do visible, from other, to human and citizen. overall improvement of the status of prostituted women in society, at least from invisible, to exist underthe public radar media,of and of consciousness this sample, revealing agreatneedfor about their lives must be increased. Clearly, the suffering and human rights abuses continue to in dire need of social welfare, protection, and means to leave prostitution, the level of awareness female said. In order to begin to acknowledge their human rights, and status as deserving citizens trafficking have a recent history of being ignored in the media, “They don’t speak about it,” one Hungarian women. According tothisissues sample, surrounding prostitution andhuman that trafficking and the exploitation of prostitution are legitimate dangers, especially to young informed public, as the primary reason supporting public awareness, secondary only to the fact debate. Again, Ipresent the concept of informed public policy, which necessitates first an consciousness in general and then further in the future, to a new level of public dialogue and reasons. of multitude culture of viewingtimes past, prostitution as morally impermissible, simply or for a unacceptable see them on the street. Yet, many students still remain in a more traditional, or conservative not ideamost wantthemselves, do nations respondents repeated children that to their children/the space.’ This notion was created by the recurring theme that prostitutes are indecent, based on the This research can be supportive of one of two major points about prostitution legislation. prostitution about points major two of one of besupportive can research This This research reveals that the harsh realities of prostitution need to be raised to public 64 CEU eTD Collection funding, the real source ofaction. source real the funding, ispressure needed; todemandproper attention that is paid to issue,this notonlyin in but word change. The necessity of funds to provide social services is another majorfactor in why public now is being carried outby various but NGO’s requires funds government tomake substantial prostitutes, as well as increase the amount of training the police receive on these issues, which and of force penalization tostop harassment persuadethethe government neededto real is within reach of the government, starting at the level of law enforcement. Public pressure is the 119 118 they can make the laws, and then they don’t have to do anything else. supposed benefits of a system of legalization/regulation. As Ágnes Földi believes, the state thinks yet street prostitutes continue to be penalized at the will of the police, and are not receiving the in Hungary, isdecriminalized prostitution debate, all and details legislative from Aside correct. logically issue wastheir answer of zones andthe tolerance thesafe zones, about explanation following the with other, the or one replied respondent the when Only prostitution. street time. Thus, both answers to the question are correct, and yet wrong at the same time, concerning prostitution is neither legal, nor illegal, because within Hungary’s borders, it is both at the same if ever prosecuted. in the wrong place” in the words of MONA, while the “less visible pimps and clients” are rarely, continuebetolerance, fined, to prostitutes jailed for underamisdemeanor charge and “standing zonesof created that legislation 1999 of the because was decriminalized, actof prostitute the the those who exploit and traffic them, however this cannotbe seen in Hungary today. Even though persons in prostitution demands social welfare and health services, and active prosecution of efforts and mechanisms and representation in the media. 2009: Situation of trafficking and prostitution in Hungary in the areas of legislation, victim assistance, government Matolcsi, Andrea. 2009. Andrea. Matolcsi, Interview with Ágnes Földi. May 25, 2010. Budapest, Hungary. 119 This shows that the real responsibility and power to improve their situation Conference organized by theCentre forWomen War Victims, Croatia, November 23, Zagreb: Centre for Women War Victims. War Women for Centre Zagreb: 65 118 True protection of all CEU eTD Collection Hungarian citizens want prostitution to be legal, yet they must realize that although they might they although that realize must they yet be legal, to prostitution want citizens Hungarian and the government has the capacity and commitment to be responsive. My study has found that to government, important the are anddemands values, citizen factthat opinions, the illuminates despite the obvious need. The governmentreacted quickly andcivic responsively to pressure. It its presence, rejected closed asthecitizens forcibly andafter soon wascreated, of zone tolerance power of citizen awareness and pressure in Hungarian communities. In the city of Miskolc, a experts, academics, and exceptionally motivated individuals. Onespecific story the highlights of anetwork outside mustextend lives. mobilization Thesocial of prostitutes harsh conditions the organizations tohave effect, towards their separate goals, or their common goal of ameliorating foris these civic requisite involvement and citizen pressure, citizen Undoubtedly, trafficking. to devote more resources, manpoweror toprostituted women in need of aid, orhuman legislation on regulation. In addition, neither has been successful at even getting the government the orreform retract to failures abolitionists andthe zones, tolerance caseover court HPIPA’s the mentioning when before noted been has as government, the influencing on successful been have NGO’s Hungarian these of neither Yet prostitutes. street of maltreatment the fight created due to citizen pressure, HPIPA has been fighting for theirinstatement, as another path to becould or be not created, not would of thezones tolerance that apparent became itever since For from regulationists, act. the the earn financial theneed andnot sexual resources the act, to choice to engage in prostitution, based primarily on their ability to spend financial resources on who are approachonly Hungary. upon penalties those centered makingenforces free This client a client, thus avoiding the human rights violations of the street prostitute we see suffered in Swedish model, highly by acclaimed around abolitionists world,the which criminalizes only the interests since even before the new legislation in 1999. MONA calls for the introduction of the Hungarian NGO’s have been attempting to reform the prostitution legislation to their to legislation prostitution the reform to attempting been have NGO’s Hungarian 66 CEU eTD Collection about domination and power, where one side controls and has access to the other. Inequalities in (mostly) vulnerable women for sexual exploitation in prostitution and trafficking. Essentially, itis create in to coherence they work none beseparated, of solethem can arethe cause,but these none Yet, factor. of itsplays role anintersecting also be as minority, to race Roma of sources the inequality.Hungary, In majority the and where prostitutes of victims areclaimed trafficking by class, social these phenomenalowest cannot the only be understoodfrom as issuescome of class differences,victims poverty, wealth, and trafficking and prostitutes of majority the Although trafficking are not just about women,it cannotbe understood solely as a gender or sex issue. roots. Although the majority of prostitutes are women, and clients are men, prostitution and Where social class intersects with gender, and race, is where these phenomena really find their noted socialMany students cause, butclass as animportant thesurface. this barely scratches factors. as intersecting but reasons, notas understood separate can bebest of hands traffickers, theirlives, and the deeper reasons that lead them to stand on the street. shiftmust come first, from prostitutes as criminals to victims, with a greater understanding of proclaimed tobe happening within andbeyond their concerning borders this issue.However a the gravity of the trafficking situation in Hungary,yet Hungarians are largely unaware of what is information collecting by the government. The global trafficking community continues to signal important issues relevant to theirlives and theirfellow citizens, as well as the failure of public way. another various reasons) will not be realized. If they do not support the zones, then they must demand street prostitutes will continue to be violated, and the system legalizationof that they support (for disagree with prostitution in their area, if they reject zones of tolerances, the human rights of The deeper reasons that lead to the street, overlapping neatly with those that lead into those the that overlappingleadwith neatly street, that tothe The deeperreasons This study seeks to draw attention to this issue, and a majorfailure to inform the public of 67 CEU eTD Collection conducted to better understand the attitudes and awareness of Hungarian students on on issue. this understandstudents and ofHungarian attitudes to better the conducted awareness interesting andinformative, and this study presents aneed for much morein-depth research beto diverse, views the were extremely all.” sample, small at this understand within Even and can’t many that it!” argued “We arenottolerant, Another student about are against, people information on “homosexuals,” onefemale mentioned. Another studentexpressed that “We haven’t gotany when it comes to sex, they still don’t like to talk about it, or deal with it, much like their discourse amongst the students, particularly the Social Policy students was that Hungarians are “very shy” immoral, diseased, undeserving women, resulting in their social exclusion. A dominant narrative found in indicatingprostitution, that exploitationthe inherentin isprostitution still not lucid. noted by respondents. Only two interviewees mentioned pimping, or the reality of exploitation underlying issues in society, that need to be dealt with. Yet, neither issues of gender or race were simple terms such as financial need, or the idea of choice; the causes touch much deeper, issueseconomic, cultural atstake.Prostitution and andhuman in betrafficking understood cannot of complexity political, of the social, toaccessandaccount intersectionality is understand into taken factors these the that essential is it problems, social dire these to solutions and causes the gender, class and race together lead women into these desperate situations, and when analyzing Today, street prostitutes remain as outsiders, the “others”, seen by some as dirty, 68 CEU eTD Collection Netherlands. http://www.uri.edu/artsci/wms/hughes/netherl.htm (accessed May 20, 2010). Coalition AgainstTrafficking in Women, June 1,2010). Coalition Against Trafficking in Women, CATW website. www.catwinternational.org. (accessed in the USA. in the Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking, CAST. A serious problem -- around the globe and June 1,2010). 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Is personthe currently as enrolled a university student of any level? I. Qualifiers Do you feel like there is discussion of prostitution in the media? youDo know if governmentthe continues topenalize/criminalize prostitutes? tolerance? Y or N (If they do not mention zones of tolerance already)Have you heard of the zones of Hungary? youDo thinkprostitution that is officially allowed, legal or prohibitedor andillegal in think of? What do you think about prostitution? When prostitution comes to your mind what do you Whereyou from? : are (Hometown) (Age) How oldyou? are : Department of Student: University of Student: Bachelors, Masters, or PhD/Year of study: Gender:M or F Place ofinterview: interview: and Date time of III. II. III. think the government has an obligation to create them, orleft asis? ) (probe: whatdo you think you about them? explainCan what they youare? Do If Y, doyou know how many areinthere Hungary? The Interview 75 CEU eTD Collection Thank youThank somuch for your time today! I really it. Do appreciate you have any questions? 1. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19. 18. Part 2:HumanTrafficking 17. 16. 15. 14. 13. Time of finish, length of interview: of length finish, of Time beproblem solved? What do you think needs to be done to fight trafficking in Hungary? How can this Why youdo thinkin trafficking exists whatHungary,are or causes?the problem? To whatextent doyou think is this a problem in Hungary? Doyou isthinkit a serious it? about heard you have What in 15) answered not (If How did you hear about it? the interview.) “leanykereskedelem.” If the person hasn’t heard of the Hungarian words, this is the end of “emberkereskedelem”if or understood still not “n Haveyouhuman heardabout trafficking? understood use (If not Hungarianthe first word, Do you think prostitution should be legal or illegal in Hungary, orsome other model? Do you see prostitutes around the city? Why youdo think seek clients prostitutes? Do thinkis itbuy to acceptable sex? Why youdo believewomen that into prostitution?go II. II. II. II. II. II. III. II. (Probe: What stories can you remember/did you hear?) (Probes: The news or on television? What stories did you hear about it?) would(probe: How you define it?) (Probe: Why or why not?) immoral?) or moral, is it think you do (Probe: undercoercion?) or voluntarily, (Probe: (Probes: in the news, on TV.? What stories do you hear?) (Probe: if yes, can you explain on how itis discussed?) 76 Ę kereskedelem” or CEU eTD Collection B. Semmelweis University - 6Students 21. Female, 22,from Dunaharaszti, studyingfor 1 7. Male, 20, from Budakeszi, studying 2 20. Female, 22,from Vészt 19. Female, 22, from Jászárokszállás, studying for 1 C. EötvösLoránd University, –8students ELTE 6. Male, 20, from Budapest, studying 2 5. Male, 25, from Budapest, studying for BA in Computer Science, May 14 4. Male, 26, from Budapest, studying for BA in Computer Science, May 14 18. Male, 24, from Jászberény, studying for 1 17. Male, 21,from Olaszfalu, studyingfor 1 13. Male, 19,from studyingEger, 1 10. Male, 21, from Tata, studying 3 12. Male, 19,from Budapest ,studying 1 11. Female, 24, from Balaton, studying Pharmacy,May 11 16. Female, 50,from studyingBudapest, for 1 15. Female,from 23, forSátoraljaújhely, 1 studying 9. Female, 21,from studyingBudapest, 3 3. Female, 20, from Gy 14. Male, 25, from Subotica, studying for 1 Sociology 8. Female, 24,from Gy 2. Male, 20, from Pálosvörösmart, studying 1 1. Male, 21, from Hatvan, studying 1 A. The Budapest University Appliedof Sciences, II. List of Interviewees byUniversity I. Interviewee Basic Demographics Appendix II:List ofInterviewees 3. 2. 1. born in born desiredSerbia, whocitizenship. Hungarian Citizenship: They all were born in Hungary besides one Hungarian-speaking male Age: They were between the ages of 19 and 26, except one female of 50 years of age. Sex: There were 11 females, and 15 males. Ę Ę r, studying 1 r, studyingr, 1 Ę , studyingfor 1 st rd st year Pre-Medical, May 13 st year Pre-Pharmacy, May 11 year in Engineering, May 4 year for PhD in Biology, May 11 st year in Engineering, May 4 st rd nd nd year Pre-Medical, May 13 st year Pre-Pharmacy, May 11 st st year, May 14 year, May 14 year MA in Social Policy, May 13 year MAin Social Policy, May 13 year MA in Social Policy, May 13 st st year MA in Social Policy, May 13 77 st year MA in Social Policy, May 13 year in Engineering, May 4 st BMF –7Students year MA in Social Policy, May 13 st st year MA in Social Policy, May 13 year MA in Social Policy, May 13 th th th . . . th . th th . . th th . . th th . . th . th th . th th th . . . . th . th . th . th th . . CEU eTD Collection C. BMF C. ELTE B. Semmelweis A. III. Rejections 26. Female, 23, from Veszprém, studying law and religion, May 11 D. Pázmány University Péter – 1student 25. Male, 24,from studyingBudapest, 5 English 24. Female, 29, from Miskolc, studying for BA in Egyptology, May 11 23. Male, 22, [missing data], studying for BA in Egytology (and Latin), May 11 22. Male, 22, [missing data], studying for BA in Egyptology (and Mathematics), May 11 Linguistics May 12 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Male, reason: didn’t speak English. didn’t Male, reason: speak English. didn’t Male, reason: reasons: didn’t choose to stay for unknown reason. Class of students (approximately Statedreasons:15-17.) didn’t speakEnglish, other want to. didn’t reason: Female, Male, stated reason: only hadminutes. 10 Male, stated reason: only hadminutes. 10 Male, reason: didn’t speak English. Male, stated reason: didn’t speak English. busy. reason: stated Male, Male, stated reason: busy. reason. unknown for stay to choose didn’t Class of students (approximately Stated reasons:8.) didn’t speakEnglish, reasons: other th . th year for MA in English Literature and Linguistics, and Literature in English MA for year 78 th . th . th . th . CEU eTD Collection 3. “ prohibit the existence of brothels.” explicitly to intervenes State the thelatter with to reference but prohibited, country falls under this model if andoutdoor indoor prostitution are not 2. “ profiting from another person’s prostitution is, however, criminalised.” not interveneto init. Prostitution by adults is subjectnot topunishment,but prohibited. decidesare notand to prostitution prostitution State The tolerate 4. “ penalties, including in some cases, the clients.” prostitution are prohibited. Parties involved in prostitution can be liable to 1.” Appendix III: Four Models of Prostitution in the EU, as defined by Transcrime, 2005. Women and Children. Source: Transcrime. 2005. Study on National Legislation on Prostitution and the Trafficking in undergo medical in controls.” obliged to arecases some and authorities are bylocal often Prostitutes registered thisaccordingexercised to regulation. prostitution are regulated and by State the are therefore prohibited not when Prohibitionism. New abolitionism. Regulationism Abolitionism . A country falls under this model if outdoor and indoor . A country falls under this model if outdoor and indoor A country falls under thismodel if andoutdoor indoor This model is a development on the “abolitionism” model. A model. “abolitionism” the on development a is model This Transcrime. Brussels: European Parliament. viii. Parliament. European Brussels: 79 CEU eTD Collection Sources: offencemisdemeanour and shallbepunishable with imprisonment of 2 up years.to (6) Any makingperson preparations toengage in trafficking of human beings commits a person another with such in engage involuntarily orto sexual intercourse, laboris and purposeofforced or the for sodomy criminal act committed (5) The punishment shallbe imprisonmentbetween fifteenten to life years if imprisonmentor the (4) The punishment shall be fivebetween imprisonment years to ten if criminal the act (3) The punishment shall be imprisonment between two toeightyears if criminalthe act committed (2) The punishmentshallfive beimprisonment between ifone to is years criminal the act offense and shallbe imprisonment punishable with of years.up tothree for afelony anotherparty, onefor commits suchpurpose appropriates or person, for another aperson exchanges receives person or another purchases, conveys, or sells,who(1) Anyperson T Appendix III: Hungarian Law on Human Trafficking RAFFICKING IN committed a) involves three of the cases described in Subsection (2), or if the criminal act is the perpetrator,the and deprived of personal freedom. of medicaltreatment or supervision guardianship, tutelage, the under a person b) against a) against aperson deprived of personal freedom, aspart of a criminal organization, perpetrator,the and deprived of personal freedom. of medicaltreatment or supervision guardianship, tutelage, the under a person b) against perpetrator. the of treatment medical or supervision tutelage, the guardianship, under a person against a person c) against of a criminal b) organization, aspart committed involves of a) inif two casesdescribedisthe Subsection or criminal(2), act the g) in return for apayment. f) as an organized criminal act, or e) for an illegal use of the human body; person. another d) for the purpose of sodomy or sexual intercourse, or to involuntarily engage in such with c) for the purpose of forced labor, ageofeighteen, person underthe a b) against a) against aperson deprived of freedom, personal H UMAN B EINGS , S ECTION 175/B 80 OF H UNGARIAN C RIMINAL C ODE CEU eTD Collection (Princeton (Princeton University,http://wws.princeton.edu/research/special_reports/trafficking.pdf 2005) in Trafficking Hungary: How Laws, Structure,andCulturePrevent Intervention, Effective Choudhury and others http://www.interpol.int/Public/Children/SexualAbuse/NationalLaws/csaHungary.pdf children: Hungary - Hongrie – Hungría,” Spring Budapest, 2006, against offences sexual on member states of Interpol Laws,“Legislation National Interpol, , ChallengesFacing Law OfficersEnforcement inCombatting Sex 81 CEU eTD Collection make profit. regular a) Prostitution is pursued by personwhohasthe sexual intercourse fornicatesor striving to Section 210/A felony beand shall punishable with imprisonment of up to years.three a (2)commits subsection in panderingdefined of perpetration agrees onthe The personwho (4) committed (3) The punishment shallbeimprisonmentfrom two yearsyears, eight to if panderingthe is business-like. (2) The punishment shall befrom imprisonment one year five to if years, panderingthe is years.to three imprisonment shallbe of felony, tomakeelse with in profit,up and apunishable order commits (1) The person who solicits another person for sexual intercourse or fornication for somebody Pandering, Section207 may placealso take as a supplementary punishment. commits be afelony,and years.three shall of imprisonment punishable Banishment with up to The livesperson who in wholly or part on earningsthe of a person engagingin prostitution, Living onEarnings of Prostitution, Section 206 (1). with subsection accordance in be punishable inprostitution,shall to engage person persuades another person (4) The who (3) The punishment shall be imprisonment from two years toeightyears if years. functioning commits thereof, afelony and bepunishable shall with imprisonment of up tofive (2) The personwhomaintains, heads abrothel, ormakesfinancial available means the to commits afelony and shall be punishable imprisonment with of up to years. three makes (1) Thepersonwho availableanother abuildingor placefor person, another prostitution to Promotion Section ofProstitution, 205 (of the Hungarian Criminal Code) Appendix V:Hungarian LawonProstitution And Related Offenses c) As part of c) Aspartof organization a criminal b) with deceit, violence or direct menace against life or limbs, supervision or care or who has not yet completed his eighteenth year of age, a) to the injury of a relative of the perpetrator or of a person under his education, b) is prostitution promotedas part of a criminal organization. brothel a) any person whohasyet not his completed year eighteenth engages in inprostitution a 82 CEU eTD Collection http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cat/docs/AdvanceVersions/CAT.C.HUN.Q.4.Add.1.pdf periodic report of Hungary 15-16 November(CAT/C/55/Add.10) on 2006, Against(CAT/C/HUN/Q/4) Torture tobeconsidered during examination the fourth the of OHCHR, Republic Of Hungary, Responses to the list of issues submitted by the Committee (Princeton University,http://wws.princeton.edu/research/special_reports/trafficking.pdf 2005) in Trafficking Hungary: How Laws, Structure,andCulturePrevent Intervention, Effective Choudhury and others Sources: of sexual intercourse, which serves the stimulation or satisfaction of sexual desire. b) For the purposes of this Title, fornication is: any gravely indecent act with the exception , ChallengesFacing Law Officers inCombattingEnforcement Sex 83