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UNODC, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014 (United Nations Publication, Sales No GLOBAL REPORT ON TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 2014 USD 22 ISBN 978-92-1-130309-4 United Nations publication printed in Malta Sales No. E.13.IV.1 – December 2012 – 3,000 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014 UNITED NATIONS New York, 2014 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Suggested citation: UNODC, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.14.V.10). Comments on the report are welcome and can be sent to: Global Report on Trafficking in Persons Unit Research and Trend Analysis Branch Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime P.O. Box 500 1400 Vienna Austria E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: (+43) 1 26060 0 Fax: (+43) 1 26060 5827 The content of this publication does not necessarily reflect the views or poli- cies of UNODC, Member States or contributory organizations, and nor does it imply any endorsement. This document has not been formally edited. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expres- sion of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Photo: © Alessandro Scotti, UN.GIFT © United Nations, November 2014. All rights reserved, worldwide. UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales No. E.14.V.10 ISBN: 978-92-1-133830-0 e-ISBN: 978-92-1-057108-1 PREFACE The exploitation of one human being by another is the It is equally clear that without robust criminal justice basest crime. And yet trafficking in persons remains all responses, human trafficking will remain a low-risk, high- too common, with all too few consequences for the profit activity for criminals. perpetrators. Trafficking happens everywhere, but as this report shows Since 2010, when the General Assembly mandated most victims are trafficked close to home, within the UNODC to produce this report under the UN Global region or even in their country of origin, and their exploit- Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, we have ers are often fellow citizens. In some areas, trafficking for seen too little improvement in the overall criminal justice armed combat or petty crime, for example, are significant response.. problems. More than 90% of countries have legislation criminalizing Responses therefore need to be tailored to national and human trafficking since the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress regional specifics if they are to be effective, and if they are and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and to address the particular needs of victims, who may be Children, under the United Nations Convention against child soldiers or forced beggars, or who may have been Transnational Organized Crime, came into force more enslaved in brothels or sweatshops. than a decade ago. Governments need to send a clear signal that human traf- Nevertheless, this legislation does not always comply with ficking will not be tolerated, through Protocol-compliant the Protocol, or does not cover all forms of trafficking and legislation, proper enforcement, suitable sanctions for con- their victims, leaving far too many children, women and victed traffickers and protection of victims. men vulnerable. Even where legislation is enacted, imple- I hope the 2014 report, by providing an overview of pat- mentation often falls short. terns and flows of human trafficking at the global, regional As a result, the number of convictions globally has and national levels, will further augment UNODC’s work remained extremely low. Between 2010 and 2012, some to support countries to respond more effectively to this 40 per cent of countries reported less than 10 convictions crime. per year. Some 15 per cent of the 128 countries covered We have seen that governments and people everywhere in this report did not record a single conviction. The pre- are approaching human trafficking with greater urgency. vious Global Report similarly found that 16 per cent of This year, we marked the first ever United Nations World countries recorded no convictions between 2007 and Day against Trafficking in Persons on 30 July, which pro- 2010. vided a much-needed opportunity to further raise aware- At the same time, we have continued to see an increase in ness of modern slavery. the number of detected child victims, particularly girls But we need to advance from understanding to undertak- under 18. ing, from awareness to action. The gravity of this continu- Most detected trafficking victims are subjected to sexual ing exploitation compels us to step our response. exploitation, but we are seeing increased numbers traf- ficked for forced labour. Between 2010 and 2012, victims holding citizenship from 152 different countries were found in 124 countries. It should be kept in mind that official data reported to UNODC by national authorities represent only what has Yury Fedotov been detected. It is clear that the reported numbers are Executive Director only the tip of the iceberg. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 1 Editorial and production team The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014 was prepared by the UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons Unit under the supervi- sion of Angela Me, Chief of the Research and Trend Analysis Branch. Core team Kristiina Kangaspunta, Fabrizio Sarrica, Raggie Johansen. Graphic design and layout Suzanne Kunnen, Kristina Kuttnig. Cartography UNODC and Atelier de Cartographie de Sciences Po (Benoît Martin). The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons Unit would like to thank the UNODC Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Section, as well as the Unit’s former intern Kelsey McGregor Perry for their valuable inputs and support. The Global Report on Trafficking in Persons Unit would also like to thank Sheldon X. Zhang of San Diego State University for reviewing and com- menting upon draft Report content. The report also benefited from the work and expertise of many other UNODC staff members in Vienna and around the world. CONTENTS Core results 5 Executive summary 7 Introduction 15 Methodology 17 I. GLOBAL OVERVIEW TRAFFICKERS 23 TRAFFICKING VICTIMS 29 FORMS OF EXPLOITATION 33 TRAFFICKING FLOWS 37 TRAFFICKERS, ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE BUSINESS OF EXPLOITATION 43 THE RESPONSE TO TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS 51 II. REGIONAL OVERVIEWS TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA 59 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN THE AMERICAS 70 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN SOUTH ASIA, EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 77 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS IN AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST 81 Text boxes Origin or destination country? 25 Intimate and/or close family relationships and trafficking in persons offending 28 Towards a global victim estimate? 30 Recruitment through feigned romantic relationships 32 Trafficking in persons and armed conflicts 42 Confiscated assets and compensation of human trafficking victims 53 Do confraternities control the trafficking of Nigerian victims in Europe? 56 MAPS MAP 1: Share of foreign offenders among the total number of persons convicted of 24 trafficking in persons, by country, 2010-2012 MAP 2: Share of children among the number of detected victims, by country, 2010-2012 33 MAP 3: Countries that report forms of exploitation other than forced labour, sexual exploitation 35 or organ removal, 2010-2012 MAP 4: Shares of detected victims who are trafficked into the given country from another 39 subregion, 2010-2012 MAP 5: Shares of detected victims by subregional and transregional trafficking, 2010-2012 39 3 2014 MAP 6: Main destination areas of transregional trafficking flows (in blue) and their significant 40 origins, 2010-2012 MAP 7: Citizenships of convicted traffickers in Western and Central Europe, by subregion, 60 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS shares of the total, 2010-2012 (or more recent) MAP 8: Origins of victims trafficked to Western and Central Europe, by subregion, share of 63 the total number of victims detected there, 2010-2012 MAP 9: Origins of victims trafficked to Western and Southern Europe, share of the total 63 number of victims detected there, 2010-2012 (or more recent) MAP 10: Origins of victims trafficked to Central Europe and the Balkans, share of the total 64 GLOBAL REPORT ON number of victims detected there, 2010-2012 (or more recent) MAP 11: Destinations of trafficking victims from Central Europe and the Balkans, as a 64 proportion of the total number of victims detected at specific destinations, 2010-2012 MAP 12: Destinations of trafficking victims from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, as a 69 proportion of the total number of victims detected at destination, 2010-2012 MAP 13: Origins of victims trafficked into North and Central America and the Caribbean, 73 shares of the total number of victims detected, 2010-2012 (or more recent) MAP 14: Destinations of trafficking victims originating in North and Central America and 74 the Caribbean, proportion of the total number of detected victims at destinations, 2010-2012 (or more recent) MAP 15: Origin of victims detected in South America, as a proportion of the total number 75 of victims detected in the subregion, 2010-2012 (or more recent) MAP 16: Destinations of trafficking victims originating in South America, proportion of the 76 total number of detected victims at destinations,
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