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Studiu Despre Volvo Aero Company Si Motoarele Sale STEM Educational Lab Studiu despre Volvo Aero Company si motoarele sale Chiorean Răzvan Published on: Jan 24, 2021 License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY 4.0) STEM Educational Lab Studiu despre Volvo Aero Company si motoarele sale VOLVO AERO COMPANY SI MOTOARELE SALE Răzvan-Nicolae CHIOREAN Academia Fortelor Aeriene ,,Henri Coanda” Brasov Abstract: O aeronava are nevoie de energie mecanica pentru a fi propulsata, aceasta energie este obtinuta in urma arderilor interne dintr-un motor de aviatie. Acest articol ofera o perspectiva generala referindu-se la caracteristicile motoarelor de aviatie produse de catre compania Volvo Aero. Prima parte cuprinde o scurta introducere in ceea ce inseamna aceasta companie si o mica parte din istoria sa. A doua parte consta in prezentarea generala a patru motoare de aviatie construite de catre Volvo Aero, fiind urmata de catre un tabel ce contine specificatiile fiecarui motor in parte. +. INTRODUCERE SI ISTORIE Volvo Aero a fost o companie specializata in motoare de aviatie, rachete si avioane. In urma cumpararii companiei de catre compania engleza GKN, numele companiei a devenit GKN Aerospace Engine Systems. Inițial a fost înființată ca Nohab Flygmotorfabriker AB în 1930 pentru a produce motoare aero. Firma a devenit parte din SAAB în 1937. Ulterior, Volvo a achiziționat o mare parte din stoc, astfel schimbandu-si numele in Svenska Flygmotor AB (SFA) iar mai târziu Volvo Flygmotor. A devenit principalul furnizor de motoare al Forțelor Aeriene Suedeze în perioada postbelică. În anii ’70, Volvo Flygmotor s-a încadrat în sectorul aerospațial comercial, oferind revizii și producție de subcomponente pentru mai mulți producători internaționali de motoare, precum și în sectorul spațial european. În anii 2000, Volvo Aero s-a concentrat pe activități de cooperare cu diverse companii partenere de pe glob. Ca urmare a Marii Recesiuni, Volvo Aero a cunoscut o scădere susținută a activității, rezultând în concedieri și contribuind la vânzarea firmei. Compania-mamă Volvo a decis să- și vândă diviziunea aerospațială pe fondul crizei economice; GKN a apărut printre mai mulți ofertanți în calitatea de avans, finalizând achiziția Volvo Aero în 2012. În anii '50, compania a pus bazele parteneriatelor cu producătorii străini de motoare, ajutând-o să dobândească experiență în motorul turbojet recent dezvoltat. A întreprins fabricarea autorizată a mai multor motoare, cum ar fi Rolls- Royce Avon (menționat în serviciul Air Force Suedez drept RM5 și RM6) și Pratt & Whitney JT8D (RM8). De-a lungul perioadei postbelice, compania a servit ca principalul furnizor de motoare al Forțelor Aeriene Suedeze. În anii '70, firma a decis să aplice experiența acumulată în ceea ce privește producția și serviciile motoarelor de avioane militare pentru sectorul aerospațial comercial. Primele servicii de revizuire oferite au fost pentru motorul JT8. Volvo Flygmotor și-a extins curând activitățile în fabricarea subcomponenților pentru mai mulți producători internaționali de motoare, inclusiv General Electric, Pratt & Whitney și Rolls-Royce Plc. 2 STEM Educational Lab Studiu despre Volvo Aero Company si motoarele sale În căutarea unei creșteri ulterioare a operațiunilor sale comerciale, Volvo Flygmotor a fost implicat în Programul Spațial European, producând o serie de componente pentru motoarele rachetă care alimentează Ariane de vehicule de lansare grele. Firma s-a extins cu succes în mod semnificativ dincolo de piața sa internă. Numele companiei trebuia recunoscut cu ușurință la nivel internațional, astfel schimbandu-si numele în Volvo Aero Corporation la începutul anilor 1990. Până la sfârșitul anilor 1990, gama de componente Volvo Aero a inclus cutii de ventilatoare, structuri de ventilatoare-compresoare, rotori de compresor, arbori, structuri de combustie, palete, cutii de turbină de joasă presiune (LPT), structuri de turbină, duze rachetă, camere de combustie și turbine cu motor rachetă atât în scopuri civile, cât și militare. Până în 2003, forța de muncă a firmei avea 3.600 de angajați, înregistrând și vânzări totale de 0,9 miliarde de euro în acel an. În prezent, Volvo Aero este partener în mai mult de zece programe de motoare comerciale și componentele produse de companie sunt instalate în peste 90% din toate motoarele mari de aeronave comerciale vândute. 2.MOTOARELE VOLVO Volvo Aero furnizează componente ale motorului, în principal structuri complexe ale motorului, cum ar fi carcasele de evacuare ale turbinei, cadrele medii ale turbinei, carcasele LPT, carcasele compresorului, arbori LPT, palete și părți rotative mari. Cateva dintre motoarele pentru care Volvo Aero a furnizat componente sunt: 1. Volvo RM12 2. Volvo RM8 3. de Havilland Ghost(Volvo RM2) 4. Rolls-Royce Avon(Volvo RM5) 2.1.Volvo RM12 Produs de Volvo Aero (acum GKN Aerospace Engine Systems), RM12 este un derivat al General Electric F404-400. Modificările de la standardul F404 includ o fiabilitate mai mare pentru operațiunile cu un singur motor, și adoptarea unui sistem FADEC (control digital complet al autorității). Mai multe 3 STEM Educational Lab Studiu despre Volvo Aero Company si motoarele sale elemente au fost, de asemenea, reproiectate pentru a reduce cerințele de întreținere . Intrarile de aer ale motorului au fost proiectate pentru a minimiza reflectarea radarului de la ventilatorul de compresie, reducând secțiunea transversală a radarului aeronavei. Unitatea de control a motorului analog F404 a fost înlocuită cu Controlul motorului digital - dezvoltat în comun de Volvo și GE - care comunică cu cabina de pilotaj prin autobuzele de date digitale și, ca redundanță, un back-up hidromecanic. Back-ul hidromecanic rămâne în noul control al motorului digital al autorității complete (FADEC) pe care Volvo a început să îl dezvolte în 1996. General Electric produce 50% din motor. Elemente precum discurile și carcasa ventilatorului / compresorului, bobina compresorului, butucurile, garniturile și arzătorul sunt fabricate în Suedia, asamblarea finală având loc acolo. 2.2.Volvo RM8 Volvo RM8 este un motor cu jet de turbofan cu combustie redusă, derulat pentru luptătorul Saab 37 Viggen. În 1962, motorul Pratt & Whitney JT8D-1 a fost ales pentru a alimenta Viggen în absența unui motor adecvat și disponibil, proiectat pentru uz militar. Practic, o versiune JT8D construită cu licență, puternic modificată pentru viteze supersonice, cu un afterburner proiectat în Suedia, RM8 a fost produs de Svenska Flygmotor (ulterior cunoscut sub numele de Volvo Aero). Motorul a fost produs in 2 variante: RM8A Întrucât motorul inițial a fost construit pentru viteze subsonice, cea mai mare parte a motorului a trebuit să fie redimensionată pentru turațiile Mach mai mari dintr-o aeronavă militară. Ventilatoarele și turbina au fost modificate, o nouă cameră de ardere proiectată și un sistem complet nou de control al combustibilului atât pentru motor, cât și pentru combustibil. RM8B 4 STEM Educational Lab Studiu despre Volvo Aero Company si motoarele sale Anvelopa de zbor pentru versiunea de luptă a cerut atât mai multă putere, cât și o marjă mai bună a blocului compresorului. Acest lucru a dus la o nouă etapă a ventilatorului (așa-numitul „stadiu 0”) a fost introdus, ceea ce a făcut motorul mai lung. Acest lucru a dus la o reproiectare totală a ventilatoarelor, compresorului de joasă presiune și a camerelor de ardere. 2.3. de Havilland Ghost(Volvo RM2) De Havilland Ghost (inițial Halford H-2) a fost cel de-al doilea proiect turboet al companiei de Havilland Engine Company care a intrat în producție și primul motor de turbină pe gaz din lume care a intrat în serviciul liniei aeriene (BOAC). O dezvoltare extinsă a Goblinului, Ghostul a alimentat de Havilland Venom, de Havilland Comet și SAAB 29 Tunnan. La 23 martie 1948, John Cunningham, care zbura un Vampire Mk I modificat, care a fost furnizat cu vârfuri de aripi extinse, acționate de un motor Ghost, a obținut un nou record mondial de altitudine, atingând o altitudine maximă de 18.119 m. Ghost-ul își are originea atunci când de Havilland a început să lucreze la ceea ce urma să devină Cometa în 1943. Primul design al lui Frank Halford, H-1, tocmai intra în producție și a reușit să îndeplinească cerințele de putere ale Cometei prin extinderea H- 1. H- 2 rezultat a utilizat zece camere de combustie mai mari în locul celor șaisprezece mai mici ale lui Goblin, folosind „prize admise” bifurcate care au fost alimentate de fiecare canal difuzor. În timp ce prototipul era construit, de Havilland a cumpărat firma lui Halford și a reformat-o ca companie de Havilland Engine Company, redenumind H-1 și H-2 drept Goblin și respectiv Ghost. Ghostul era functional în 1944 și zbura în 1945. Cu mult înainte ca Cometa sau Venom să fie gata de zbor. În acest moment, Ghostul a fost selectat pentru proiectul de luptă suedez "JxR", care s-a transformat în cele din urmă în Tunnan. În timpul proiectării tunelului, Suedia a primit date germane cu privire la proiectele de aripi măturate prin Elveția și a reproiectat avionul pentru a încorpora această plană. Tunnanul a zburat pentru prima dată sub această formă în 1948. Pentru versiunile de producție ale Tunnanului, Ghostul a fost construit sub licență de Svenska Flygmotor (ulterior pentru a deveni Volvo Aero) ca RM2. 5 STEM Educational Lab Studiu despre Volvo Aero Company si motoarele sale 2.4.Rolls-Royce Avon(Volvo RM5) Rolls-Royce Avon a fost primul motor cu jet de flux axial proiectat și produs de Rolls-Royce. Prezentat în 1950, motorul a continuat să devină unul dintre cele mai de succes proiecte ale acestora după cel de- al Doilea Război Mondial. A fost utilizat într-o mare varietate de aeronave, atât militare, cât și civile, precum și versiuni pentru puterea staționară și maritimă. Un English Electric Canberra alimentat de doi Avons a făcut primul zbor transatlantic non-stop alimentat de un jet, iar un BOAC de Havilland Comet 4 alimentat de patru Avons a făcut prima trecere transatlantică programată de către un avion de avion.
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