An Iconography of Liguus Land Shells Introduction

Arch. Molluskenkunde | 143 | (1) | 1–19 | 9 figures | Frankfurt am Main, 27.06.2014

Color-full and eye-catching: an iconography of Liguus land shells

1 * 2 3 Abraham S.H. Breure , Luis Álvarez-Lajonchère & Adrián González Guillén

Abstract

The first book illustrating a Neotropical land shell appeared in 1684, with a figure of Liguus virgineus (Linnaeus 1758). An iconography for this genus is presented, describing early pre- and post-Linnean figures from 17th and 18th century shell books, with a briefer discussion of later illustrations through the early twentieth century. Also the development until the first photographs in the early 20th century is briefly discussed. Key words: history of malacology; pre-Linnean illustrations; Neotropical land shell; Orthali- cidae.

Introduction

Shell collecting has a long history dating backeschweizerbartxxx sng- to pre- edge of the printing techniques used at the time the book historic times. The earliest writings on mollusks were was produced (Buchanan 1979). Before 1700, the wood- those about marine species and are attributed to Aristotle cut was the earliest method which produced images in (Dance 1966), while the first book figuring a freshwa- black and white. The image had to be drawn and carved ter mussel dates back to 1491 (Valledor de Lozoya in the wood block in reverse, so that when the inked & Araujo 2011). Land snails have attracted less atten- block was pressed to a sheet of paper the image would tion and Neotropical species became only well-known be displayed correctly. When printers (or engravers with after trade connections had been established with e.g. later techniques) forgot to do this, the shell appeared as the West Indies. Specimens from genera as Liguus and mirror-image. In the course of the 17th century wood en- Polymita are colorful and plentiful — at least in those graving was developed as a refinement of wood-cutting days —, and were desired objects for conchologists. that allowed to obtain a multitude of fine lines and thus The figures of shells in natural history books have subtle gradations of grey tones. Engraving a figure de been the basis of identification for individuals who did novo was a laborious work, and it was thus not uncom- not have access to a museum collection where the spe- mon to re-engrave already published illustrations (Ford cies concerned was represented. The quality of the figure 2003). was thus important to reflect all the characteristics of Around 1700, copper engraving was introduced, the species. In the case of Liguus, e.g., the overall shell which enabled illustrations colored by hand; this method shape, the shape of the columella and the colors were was used throughout the 18th and into the early 19th among some of those characteristics. However, the im- century. The original drawing was transferred to a cop- age quality can only be appreciated with some knowl- per plate in reverse, after which the lines were cut away

Authors’ adresses: 1 Abraham S.H. Breure Naturalis Biodiversity Center, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands; E-mail: ashbreure@ gmail.com; *corresponding author 2 Luis Álvarez-Lajonchère, Museo de Historia Natural ‘Felipe Poey’, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, El Ve- dado, Plaza, La Habana, Cuba; E-mail: [email protected] 3 Adrián González Guillén, Coral Gables, U.S.A; E-mail: [email protected]

with a burin, and the plate was inked and printed. In were still used, but the more important works were il- this and the preceding technique the engraver worked lustrated with stipple engravings in France, and with aq- from light to dark; a reverse technique (mezzotint) was uatint or mezzotint in Britain. Color printing from plates developed in Germany in the 17th century in which the was done either by applying all the colors to a single surface was roughened before the drawing was trans- copper plate (Britain) or making several identical copper ferred in reverse with a scraper. This surface technique plates and applying different colors to each (France). was better suited for color printing than line processes, After 1830 these techniques were gradually replaced by but the drawback was that the plates wore each time a lithography, and finally chromolithography. Lithographs print was taken from them and hence no two prints were used a smooth stone on which the drawing was made in pen exactly the same. Often the plates needed retouching, and greasy ink or a greasy lithographic crayon. The soft- making further differences between the prints, until the ness of the crayon gave a rather imprecise line, frequently whole plate had to be re-modeled. improved by retouching. The stone was then wetted, but Another technique made use of etching rather than the inked parts rejected the moisture; when a greasy ink engraving, in which the plate was covered with var- was passed over the stone it was, however, accepted by the nish first, then etching needles and punches were used previously inked portions. The lithographic prints, contrary to copy the design with small dots which went right to the aforementioned techniques, did not have the plate through to the copper beneath. Subsequently acid was mark surrounding the engravings and were frequently hand- applied eating away through the copper in which the dots colored. In chromolithography one used as many stones as had been punched, leaving intact only the parts covered there were colors to be applied, which allowed for overlap- with the varnish. This way, a very delicate and varied ping blocks of color overlapping and overprinting to create tone was produced, which was generally used with color a range of colors. However, this process required a con- printing on the plate. siderable skill of the printer and many chromolithographic In the aquatint technique the main difference was that plates were not of the highest quality (Buchanan 1979: the etching ground was porous. Acid was applied to the 193–197). The introduction of photography superseded plate many times and this method produced a soft half- these techniques in the early 20th century. tone effect. As with mezzotints, the plates wore and had In this paper we will describe how the Liguus shells to be continually worked on, and many prints contained were illustrated drawn in pre-Linnean times and beyond, a number of minor differences. During the Grand Era of until in the early 20th century when the first photographs natural history books (1780–1830) copper engravings appeared.

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Iconography of Liguus shells

The first published figure in print of Liguusa shell we Altera colore subnigro est, altera purpurea, vel ad min- have found is are aware of was in Philippo Buonanni’s ium accedens, tercia fulua [fulva], viridis quarta, vltima [also known as Filippo Bonanni] Recreatio mentis et ostrina; omnes ita à summo vertice mucronem vsque oculi (Buonanni 1684). This is the earliest book devoted ita circumuoluuntur, vt interuallo [intervallo] quodam entirely to shells (Dance 1966), and a typical late 17th distinctae inter se, in eo videatur veluti album indusium, century compendium. The folio volume, which invited quò turbo tegitur. Valdè nitidus est, & lenigatus, & ab contemplation rather than reading, contained copper- Indico mati cum caeteris octo superioribus habetur” (A plate engravings illustrating individual shells. Each il- liberal translation might be: “Encircled with five bands lustration was accompanied by a relatively brief text and otherwise quite elegant. Another color is semi-black which described the shell in terms of its external fea- [grey], or purple, or tending to vermillion, as a third tures, enabling the classification of objects in conchol- brown, as a fourth green, real purple as the last one, all ogy (Dietz 2006). In Classis III, Testacea Turbinata, wrapped up to and including the apex, with clear inter- figure 66, Buonanni pictures a dorsal view of a shell ruptions, which seems like it were a white coat covering that is now attributed to L. virgineus (Linnaeus 1758) the whorls. It is very shinying, [...], and on the testimony (Pilsbry 1899), although Linnaeus did not mention this of the sea with the eight other [species] above”). The figure until the 12th edition of his Systema naturae (Lin- shell shape in the figure alone is, however, distinctive naeus 1767 [1766-1767]). The shell is placed in a semi- enough: the only Liguus sp. that has a high, near 40º upright position and —though reversed —shows clearly angle is L. virgineus. Pl. 151 fig. 1 in Petiver (1764) is a a Liguus species (Fig. 1A). This figure has been copied slightly changed, mirror-copy of Buonanni’s figure. in Buonanni (1709). Shortly after this publication, Martin Lister’s Histo- The explanatory text reads (Buonanni 1684: 121): riae sive Synopsis Methodicae Conchyliorum appeared “Quinque fascijs cingitur hic alius caeteris elegantior. (Lister 1692–1697; see also Wilkins 1957); a book not Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 3

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Figure 1. A—Buonanni 1684: Cl. III, fig. 66; B—L ister 1692–1697: pl. 12 fig. 7; C—L ister 1692–1697: pl. 15 fig. 10; D—Klein 1753: pl. 2 fig. 43; E—Argenville 1742: fig. M–N; F— Argenville 1757: App., pl. 1 fig. G; G—Müller 1766: fig. 52; H— Schröter 1779: pl. 8 figs 3–4. 4 Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells

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Figure 2. A—Gualtieri 1742: I, pl. 6A; B— Gualtieri 1742: I, pl. 6D; C— Gualtieri 1742: I, pl. 6C; D— Argenville 1780: pl. 65. only figuring shells, but also animals and anatomical the shell referred to by Linnaeus (1758: 740) under his details. The (as such unnumbered) plates in this work are Buccinum virgineũ. Lister’s (1692–1697) Plate 844 fig. composed of illustrations that have been partly grouped 72 —cited by Gmelin (1791: 3429) —is very dubiously together, to show multiple shells on a page. As a result referred to this species. There is a second figure in plate there is a dual numbering, one close to the shell (here 12 fig. 7 (Fig. 1B), as “Buccinum septem spirarum, cujus indicated as “figure”, and repeated with the explanatory superiores spirae fasciatae inferiores undatae” (“Whelk text), and one to the lower-right of the shell (here used as of seven whorls, upper ones with bands, the inferiors indication for “plate”). Plate 15 fig. 10 (Fig. 1C) shows a with waves”); note that here the shell is described with Liguus shell, for which the text reads “Buccinum septem the apex pointing down, as they were sometimes illus- orbuun, fascys fere bicoloribus interdum tricoloribus trated in those days, see below). The figure shows the undis instar depictum” (Liberal translation: Whelk of shell from a lateral side, with the plane of the aperture seven whorls, the waving lines are bi- or tricolored). The slightly skewed and turned towards the viewer. Müller figure shows the shell laying flat on a background from (1774: 146) quoted this figure, among others, for his a lateral-posterior angle, which does not show the shape third variety of B. fasciatum: γ alba fascies variegatis of the aperture very well. However, it shows the widely (white, lines variegated). This shell is a variety of Liguus concave anterior lip, or `base´of the shell, in a way that fasciatus (Müller 1774), viz. L. f. goodrichi Clench one can easily see the columella if looking from bellow, 1934. The same two figures were reproduced in the Hud- which is exclusive for L. virgineus. It may be noted that desford edition (Lister 1770); the first figure was copied in Lister’s classification the color pattern of the shells by Petiver (1702–1704) in his Gazophylacii naturae et played an important role (cf. Dietz 2006: 367). This is artis, pl. 22 fig. 11 and re-issued inP etiver (1764). Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 5

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Figure 3. A—Knorr 1757: pl. 30 fig. 7; B—Regenfuss 1758: pl. 10 fig. 46; C—Chemnitz 1786: pl. 117 fig. 1000; D— Chemnitz 1786: pl. 117 fig. 1002–3; E—C hemnitz 1786: pl. 117 fig. 1001; F— Seba 1759: pl. 40 fig. 38; G—Seba 1759: pl. 40 fig. 38[bis].

Nicolò Gualtieri, in the first part of his Index Testarum 2003). For Gualtieri the shape and position of the aper- Conchyliorum (Gualtieri 1742), figured a number of taxa, ture was part of his classification system, hence the illus- which he regarded as “Buccinum fluviatile”. These spe- tration of the aperture in the position as we use them till cies are figured as dorsal and ventral views of the shell today. Among these shells are those of three Liguus taxa placed on its apex, their aperture plane perpendicular to (Gualtieri 1742: I, plate 6 figs A, C and D; Figs 2A–C). the viewer. This upside-down illustration of shells was The explanatory text of his figure A reads: “Bucci- not uncommon in those days, particularly in France (Ford num fluviatile, spiris non prominentibus oblongum, ore 6 Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells

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Figure 4. A— Seba 1759: pl. 39 fig. 73; B—S eba 1759: pl. 39 fig. 74; C—K norr 1757: pl. 25 fig. 4; D—C hemnitz 1786: pl. 117 fig. 1004; E—C hemnitz 1786: pl. 117 fig. 1005; F— Chemnitz 1786: pl. 117 fig. 1006.

angustiore, laeve, candidum, fasciis aliquando piceis, wide, almost flat basal line. Although Gualtieri’s figure aliquando rubris, plumbeis, & luteis, iridis instar elegan- clearly illustrated L. vittatus, the description seems to tissime fasciatum” (Freshwater whelk, oblong with in- mix the two taxa when describing the color bands; livid conspicuous whorls, with a narrow aperture, thin, white, and yellow are typically colors of L. virgineus. sometimes has black bands, sometimes red, livid or yel- Plate 6 figs C–D (Gualtieri 1742) shows two subspe- low, with evenly spaced and tasteful bands). The misin- cies of L. fasciatus. The text of figure C is: “Buccinum terpretation of Liguus species as freshwater shells was fluviatile, maius, laeve, labio interno repando, ex carneo, evidently due to the incomplete data with which the fulvo, albido, & purpurascente colore fasciatum, ali- European conchologists received their material from quando lineis intersectis, punctatum, nebulatum, & mar- overseas. This shell has been considered as L. virgineus, moris intar lucide, & eleganter variegatum” (Freshwater and the figure was referred to by Linnaeus (1758: 740). whelk, bigger, thin, with the inner lip curved, sickle- However, Swainson (1822 [1821–1823]: pl. 84 middle shaped colored in flesh [reddish] color, brown, white figures + text), referring to the same figure of Gualtieri, and purplish, sometimes with broken lines, punctured, considered it to be his Achatina vittata [= L. vittatus smudged, bright or marbled on the inside and tastefully (Swainson 1822)]. We concur with this, as the narrow colored). Given the apparent size, eight whorls, long aperture to which Gualtieri refers hints more to L. vit- spire, the concave and very truncated columella, this is a tatus than to L. virgineus, which has the aperture with a shell of the L. fasciatus achatinus lineage, a dark morph, Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 7

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Figure 5. Seba 1759: pl. 39. Reproduced with permission from the copy in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. 8 Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells p. 3429 (β) p. 8 Liguus vittatus A I, pl. 6 fig. p. 740 p. 612 p. 1186 p. 144 (β) (1742) p. 3430 Liguus fasciatus pl. 117 figs pl. 117 1004-1006

ualtieri G p. 3430 (α) Liguus fasciatus p. 146 (α) p. 14 pl. 5 fig. 52 (5) p. 3430 (α, β) (14) Liguus fasciatus p. 146 (α, β) p. 13 pl. 14 fig. M App., pl. 1 fig. G (β) p. 1186 fig. M pl. 11 in italics, varieties indicatedvarieties italics, in —

p. 3430 (β, γ) (15) L. f. pallidus I, pl 6 fig. D pl. 2 fig. 43 (4) p. 143 (7), 146 (γ) p. 13 p. 3430 (α, β, γ) L. f. guitarti pl. 39 fig 63-73 p. 146 (α, β, γ) p. 3430 L. f. goodrichi p. 13 pl. 25 V, fig. 4 to original figures original to —

p. 3430 (γ) L. f. goodrichi p. 13 p. 1186 (1) p. 1186 p. 146 (γ) pl. 12 fig. 7 pl. 12 fig. 7 p. 3430 (γ) L. f. fasciatus p. 13 p. 1186 (3) p. 1186 p. 146 (γ) pl. 10 f. 46 p. 740 (1757: App., pl. 1 fig. G); The (6) figure(1757: of p. 3430 L. f. fasciatus p. 14 pl. 65 figs G2, G6 enville g r A p. 3430 L. f. fasciatus p. 13 pl. 39 fig. 62, 74 (β) p. 1186 p. 145 ’ d p. 3429 (10) L. f. crenatus p. 10 pl. 65 figs G1, G4 p. 366 (13) p. 3430 L. f. achatinus p. 14 pl. 65 figs G3, G5 p. 3430 (γ) Liguus fasciatus L. f. achatinus I, pl. 6 fig. C (β) p. 1186 p. 146 (γ) p. 13 species; (9) According to handwritten remarks added to the copy in BHL (http://biodiversitylibrary. BHL in copy the to added remarks handwritten to According (9) species; p. 3429 (δ) (12) pl. 173 fig. 1682-1683 (1742); (5) Modified copy of Liguus

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pl. 117 figs pl. 117 1000–1003 ualtieri p. 3429 pl. 5 fig. 7 G p. 3429 pl. 8 figs 3–4 p. 10 p. 3429 (α) fig. pl. 11 N (7) p. 144 (α) p. 3429 VI, pl. 28 fig. 4 (9) ”; (14) Var. α: pl. 1 fig. G, var. β: pl. 11 fig. M; (15) Var. β: pl. 6 fig. D, var. γ: pl. 2 fig. 43; (16) mirror-copy, slightly changed. var. γ: pl. 2 fig. 43; (16) mirror-copy, β: pl. 6 fig. D, Var. 11 fig. M; (15) β: pl. α: pl. 1 fig. G, var. Var. ”; (14) ”; (4) Modified copy of p. 3429 (γ) p. 143, 144 (γ) p. 9 pl. 40 fig. 38 (2) p. 1186 pl. 64 fig. 2 p. 3429 (γ) p. 144 (γ) p. 9 I, pl. 30 fig. 7 (1742: pl. 14 fig. N); (8) Dubious if this is a is this if Dubious (8) N); fig. 14 pl. (1742: Bulla Virginea Bulla virginea p. 3429 (α) (11) pl. 7 fig.116 p. 740 p. 1186 p. 144 (α) p. 8 enville g r p. 3429 (α) pl. 14 fig. N p. 740 p. 612 p. 1186 p. 9 A p. 143 p. 3429 III, pl. 45 fig. D pl. 844 fig. 72 (8) p. 143 p. 3429

pl. 15 fig. 10 11 fig. 22 pl. p. 740 11 fig. 22 pl. (1) p. 1186 pl. 15 fig. 10 p. 144 (α) p. 8 p. 3429 (α) Liguus virgineus III, fig. 66 III, fig. 66 pl. 151 fig.1 (16) p. 1186 p. 144 (α, γ) p. 8 p. 3429 (α) 1742 1757 1772 1780 1758 1684 1709 (1759) pl. 40 Asfig. “ 39 [= 38 bis]; (3) 1742 1779 1783 1786 1788 1758 1764 1767 1766 1774 1702-1704 1764 1791 a 1757 1771 1692-1697 1770 1753 1759 b artini üller e ualtieri r g enville lein r g enville norr norr r g enville r g enville melin uonanni uonanni e g en f uss hemnitz hemnitz ister innaeus innaeus innaeus ister etiver e b a etiver chröter chröter Anonymous 1768 B L P B G A K A K R L S L P M L L K A M S S A C C G org/page/27342773), the identification of this shell as this species is unlikely; (10) Only fig. G1 is quoted; (11) Referred to as “t. 17 [sic, 7] f. 116”; (12) Cited as “t. 173 f. 1682.1673 [sic, 1683]”; (13)(11) Referred to as “t.the 17identification [sic, of 7] this f. shell as this species is org/page/27342773), unlikely; (10) Only fig. G1 is quoted; Only fig. G4 is quoted; wrongly assigned to “ Table 1. Figures and references in pre-Linnean and Linnean (1758–1791) works. Original figures are in bold type, copies in normal type, citations type, normal in copies type, bold in are figures Original works. (1758–1791) Linnean and pre-Linnean in references and Figures 1. Table with Greek letters in parentheses. Roman numbers in parentheses refer to the following notes: (1) References to “List. conch. t. 12” [fig. 7] and “Pet. gaz. t. 22 f. 7” 11] [fig. likely in error; AlsoS (2) of Copy (7) D”; f. 45 “t. as quoted is Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 9

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Figure 6. Seba 1759: pl. 40. Reproduced with permission from the copy in the Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. 10 Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells

probably found near Trinidad, Cuba. Gualtieri’s figure indeed a specimen of L. virgineus, not only for the posi- was referred to by Linnaeus (1767 [1766–1767]: 1186) tion of the three lines, or the name “ruban” [= banded as “[var.] β” of B. virginea. This is the first illustration as the locals use to call it], but because of the excavated cited for Buccinum fasciatum var. γ (Müller 1774). Fi- concavity of the base of the columella clearly shown, nally, the explanation of figure D reads: “Buccinum flu- which is typical of this species. viatile, idem minus, candidum, & in prima, & in secunda In the second edition (Argenville 1757) a newly en- spira linea subrubra circumdatum” (Freshwater whelk, graved figure appears in the Appendix, pl. 1 fig. G (Fig. as small, white, and first and second whorl with a red- 1F), which is a re-design of Argenville 1742: fig. M; it dish spiral band). This is L. fasciatus pallidus (Swainson thus represents a free interpretation of L. fasciatus. The 1822), and was cited by Müller (1774: 146) for his vari- accompanying text (Argenville 1757: 384) described ety β of Buccinum fasciatum. the shell as “Huit bandes principales, assez larges, con- In the third part of Gualtieri’s work, in the section on vrent cette Vis: la première est brune, la seconde ver- Buccinum, plate 45 fig. D illustrates “Buccinum parvum, dâtre, la troisiéme violette, la quatriéme bleue, la cin- integrum, ore obliquo, umbilicatum, laeve, albidum, quiéme blanche, bariolée de brun rouge, la sixiéme à duabus lineis rufis circumdatum” (liberally translated peu près de même; la septiéme & la huitiéme formant as: Small whelk, with an oblique aperture, umbilicate, le sommet, sont de couleur de rose”. This shell, from smooth, whitish with two spiral red lines). This figure d’Argenville’s own collection, is Liguus virgineus. is cited as Liguus virgineus by both Müller (1774: 143) Jacob Theodor Klein (1753) wrote an extensive clas- and Gmelin (1791: 3429). sification of shells, today almost forgotten, in which he Antoine Joseph Dezallier d’Argenville published recognized a genus Oxystrombus, with 11 species ar- his L’Histoire naturelle (also known as Conchyli- ranged in two groups, making references to figures of ologie) in the same year (1742) as Gualtieri’s book. Buonanni and Lister. One of his species in the group d’Argenville’s work has been both praised and criti- Laevis was described as “Fasciatus supra; infra septem cized. On one hand, “were it not for his illustrations, spiris undatus; ore subrotundo laevi”; his pl. 2 fig. 43 his further comments would be quite unintelligible” and (Fig. 1D) is a modified copy ofL ister’s Liguus fasciatus. “criticized severely in his lifetime” (Dance 1966: 59). This figure is the last quoted under Müller’s Buccinum On the other hand, “this illustrated compendium of shells fasciatum var. γ: alba, fascies variegatis Müller (1774: enjoyed an extraordinary success” and was “the founda- 146). Klein’s taxon Oxystrombus was referred to by tion on which the magnificent Paris collections of the Mörch in his Catalogus Conchyliorum (post-Linnean eighteenth century rested” (Dietz 2006: 368). On plate and validated for nomenclatural purposes; Mörch 1852:

14, under the heading “Vis” and amidst a varietyeschweizerbartxxx of sng- ma- 21) for the species group of Liguus fasciata (Müller), rine species, two figures of Liguus may be found (figs L. crenatus (Swainson 1821), and a “var.[iety] l[on]g. Pf[eiffe]r ع .M–N; Fig. 1E); both figures are with the apex up. One is 73 m[illimeter] A.[chatina] fasciata var a finely engraved, dorsal view of aLiguus fasciatus vari- [in] Reeve [Reeve 1849 (1849–1850): pl. 10] fig. 35 c”, ety (Argenville 1742: pl. 14 fig. M). The accompanying which is L. f. achatinus. Mörch (1852) kept this group text (Argenville 1742: 276) reads: “on sera seulement apart from Pseudotrochus ‘Klein’ Herrmannsen 1847 remarquer que celle de la lettre M, apellée le Ruban, est = Chersina ‘Humphrey’ Beck 1837 = Liguus Montfort bariolée seulement par le haut, & toute blanche par le 1810, in which he only listed L. virgineus; this was based bas, à la difference des Vis ordinaires, que l’on apelle on Klein’s figure of this taxon, listed as “PseudoTro- Rubans, comme celle marquée N”. Again at least sev- chus” (Klein 1753: pl. 7 fig. 116). SinceM örch included en whorls, a globose, white last one, a flatter profile of only subspecies of L. fasciatus and no other species un- the others, the only brightly colored (bariolée), and the der Oxystrombus, he thus correctly differentiated the two trimmed bands just intensified at the ends point towards taxa (groups of species) and this could be understood a L. fasciatus achatinus like shell. Müller (1774) com- intending ‘subgenera’, because Oxystrombus is printed bined this L. f. achatinus, and the L. f. pallidus of Gual- in a smaller, thinner type and between parenthesis, while tieri pl. 6 fig D, in his β variety of Buccinum fasciatum; Liguus, which is printed in bold type, is listed above. while he paid perhaps too much attention to the paler last The first colored figures appeared in Georg Wolf- whorl, in this case he was wrong. gang Knorr’s Vergnügen der Augen und des Gemüths. The second figure [Argenville 1742: pl. 14 fig. N] This book consisted of several parts, originally published shows a somewhat smaller shell. The plane of the ap- 1757–1771, and re-published in a French version (Knorr erture is here skewed, turned away from the viewer, 1760–1773) and a Dutch version (Knorr 1770–1775). thus appearing very narrow and rather elongate. Lin- Each part contained merely a description of the many naeus (1758: 740) referred to this figure for his Bucci- plates that showed shells in no particular order. In part num virgineum; also mentioned in Linnaeus 1764 (: 612) 1 — published 1757 — a dorsal view is shown of a and 1767 (1766–1767: 1186). d’Argenville (1742: 382) shell on pl. 30 fig. 7, in which Liguus virgineus may be stated “les Vis apellées rubans, venant des Barbabes”; recognized (Fig. 3A); the figure is not very precise, but this locality refers back to Lister (1692–1697). This is the explanatory text leaves no doubt about the identifi- Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 11

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Figure 7. Seba 1759: pl. 39 fig. 62–72. cation. The same figure was re-published in the French rose apex (the rose columella not shown). This accurate (1760) and Dutch (1770) versions of the book. In part illustration is not referred to by Müller, nor Swainson. A 5 pl. 25 fig. 4 — published in 1771 and re-published third shell was published in the sixt part (also 1771), pl. in the French (1771) and Dutch (1774) versions —a 28 fig. 4; Gmelin (1791: 3429) referred to this figure as second Liguus shell is figured (Fig. 4C). It is a dorsal Liguus virgineus. The latter two shells were ‘Ex Museo view, with the axis of the shell slightly turned to the left, Houttuijniano’, thus from the collection of Martinus of what nowadays would be classified as L. fasciatus Houttuyn, who contributed much to the parts published goodrichi Clench 1934: only brown and white with the after Knorr’s death in 1761. See Boeseman & de Ligny subperipheral and subsutural lines reddish-brown and (2004: 68–71) for details on Houttuyn’s contributions. 12 Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells

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Figure 8. Pilsbry 1912: pl. 37. Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 13

Franz Michael Regenfuss, in a bi-lingual German this species is very rare. Pilsbry (1929) selected figure / French edition, published in 1758 a Liguus species, 74 as type figure of L. fasciatus (Fig. 4B); this is one of which he referred to as “Buccinum terrestre f. fluviatile”. the mirror-images. All of them belong in what we known Besides references to the previous literature, for the first today as L. f. guitarti Jaume 1952, a Sancti Spiritus mi- time we find here vernarcular names in three languages crogeographical race of L. f. goodrichi from southern (Danish, German and French). His pl. 10 fig. 46 (Fig. Cienfuegos, Cuba. On pl. 40 fig. 38[a–b] represents the 3B) pictures two views of what seems to be Liguus f. second known Liguus species at that time, L. virgineus. fasciatus from the Havana-Matanzas region; the rounded The left-hand figure gives a dorsal view, the right hand profile of the whorls, seven (not eighth) turns, shorter figure a (mirror-imaged) ventral view (Fig. 3F). spire, the bigger last whorl with its globose shoulder, not In 2001, the plates from the hand-colored copy of at the base, the arched but barely twisted or truncated Seba’s work, present in the Royal Library in The Hague, columella, the mauve parietal, and the blue-grey tint on were reproduced with modern printing techniques the upper whorls, are all characteristics more frequently (Müsch et al. 2001). As Bauer (2002) correctly stated, found on these shells. The left hand picture is a shell in the warm colors of the original pigments and the depth ventral view, but with the axis turned to the right-hand of the copperplate engravings cannot effectively be cap- side at 45 degrees. The colors are vivid and the shell is tured by these techniques. Müsch et al. (2001: 23) as- shown to be very shining. The right hand picture shows sumed that the volumes were not sold in colored condi- a dorsal view, the shell with the aperture placed on the tion, but rather that individual buyers commissioned underground and the axis to the left-hand side at 315 colorists independently to color the plates. The plates of degrees. See van Benthem Jutting (1964) and Dance the third volume, except pls 32–34, were already made (1966: 59–60) for the history and importance of this during Seba’s lifetime (Holthuis 1969: 241–242). There- work within its epoch. fore, it is likely that the colorists based themselves on The third book with colored figures of Liguus was previously colored copies if they were ordered after the published by Albertus Seba in his Locupletissimi re- publication of this third volume in 1759. This is cor- rum naturalium thesauri accurata descriptio. This work roborated by the two copies used for the 2001 reprint, as started in 1734 and was issued in four parts, each in two there “are striking differences in the way that these two bi-lingual editions (Latin / Dutch and Latin / French). copies have been painted” (Müsch et al. 2001: 544). Se- Part of the editions was issued with hand-colored plates ba’s collection itself was auctioned in 1752, and widely (see below). The third volume, in which Liguus appears, dispersed afterwards (Boeseman 1970). is generally cited as Seba (1758). However, Holthuis Linnaeus had visited Seba in 1735, when the second

(1969) has shown that this posthumous volume,eschweizerbartxxx sng- edited volume of the Thesaurus was published, and used many by Vosmaer, was published — after an eventful his- of Seba’s animals as type specimens for his own descrip- tory — in 1759. The correct citation is thus Seba (1759). tions (Eason 2014). Linnaeus (1758: 740), in describing Seba’s work is renowned for its artful illustrations, which “Buccinum” virgineus, cited six (6) illustrations, i.e., Lis- reflected the arrangements in his collection (Figs 5–6). ter (pl. 15, fig. 10); Petiver (pl. 22, fig. 11); Gualtieri Linnaeus, in his various editions of the Systema Naturae, (pl. 6, fig. A [= Liguus vittatus]); d’Argenville (pl. 14, referred many times to these ‘pre-Linnean’ illustrations, fig. N);K lein (pl. 7, fig. 116), andR egenfuss (pl. 10, fig. th some of which have been cited as type by later authors 40 [sic, 46]). In the 12 edition a reference to Seba’s fig- (e.g., Bauer 2003, Crochet et al. 2006, Kohn 1963; see ures and a variety β [= L. fasciatus] was added. Linnaeus also Boss 1988, Heller 2007, and below). erroneously recorded this species from “Africae fluviis” Seba’s Plate 39 shows an arrangement of various (African rivers). See Table 1 for a full cross-reference of shells, more or less geometrically positioned, on which Linnaeus’ citations to present-day taxa. figures 62–74 represent the idiotypes of Liguus fasciatus In 1766 Friedrich Heinrich Wilhelm Martini pub- (Fig. 4A–B, 7), quoted by Müller (1774: 145). Figs lished a paper, in different parts, on land snails in the 62–68[a], 70–71, 73 are dorsal views; figs 68[b]–69, Berlinisches Magazin, oder gesammelte Schriften und 72 and 74 are ventral views. Figs. 62 and 63 are the Nachrichten für die Liebhaber der Arzneywissenschaft, first idiotypes for var. α of Buccinum fasciatum, fig. 67 Naturgeschichte und der angenehmen Wissenschaften is the last for his var. β, and fig. 68 for the γ; being all überhaupt. In the third part (Martini 1766: 125) he refers color morphs of the same subspecies, this was incorrect. to d’Argenville’s earlier work (Argenville 1757). The Various figures are probably illustrating the same shell shell figured in his pl. 5 fig. 52 (Fig. 1G) is a copy of in ventral and dorsal views: figs. 68[a–b], 69–70, 71–72, d’Argenville’s pl. 1 fig. G, and thus represents Liguus 73–74; figs. 58–59 have not been referred to by later au- fasciatus (but very badly). This paper is of interest since thors but represent an albino L. fasciatus shell. The fig- it is the first in which a comparative discussion onLiguus ures on the right-hand side of the plate are mirror-images literature was made from a scientific point of view. How- of the shells, as the coiling of the shells in the right-hand ever, Martini mistakenly attributed the figured specimen figures is wrong; this is likely due to an error in the en- to Jamaica, relying on data of the collector, where this graving of the copper plate template as enantiomorphy is genus does not occur. 14 Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells

eschweizerbartxxx sng- Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 15

An obscure reference was found in Chemnitz (“En- In the tenth volume (Chemnitz 1788), on pl. 173 figs cyclop. Rec. de Pl. tom. 6 tab 64 f. 2”, which in the end 1682–1683, Liguus virgineus was illustrated again; these could be traced back to Anonymous (1768). The expla- figures have been cited by Gmelin (1791: 3429) as vari- nation of pl. 64 fig. 2 reads “Celui de la fig. 2. se nomme ety δ. le Ruban, parce qu’il a des bandes circulaires blanches, In 1791, Gmelin published the 13th edition of the jaunes, vertes & rouges qui imitent assez bien un ruban: Systema Naturae, and under “Bulla” virginea (Linnaeus on le trouve à Saint-Domingue [Hispaniola]”. The figure 1758), Gmelin listed (1791: 3429) four of the six sources is very poor, but the text undoubtedly refers to Liguus cited by Linnaeus, along with “Spengl. selt. Conch. t. virgineus. 1 fig. G” [?Argenville 1757]; Schröter ([1779] pl. 8, Schröter, in his Geschichte der Flussconchylien fig. 3–4), Schröter ([1783] pl. 5, fig. 7), Knorr (6, pl. (1779), published a lengthy discussion of the literature 28, fig. 4), Favanne ([Argenville 1780] pl. 65, fig. G); on Liguus virgineus, still considering it a freshwater and Chemnitz (9, pl. 117, figs. 1000-1003). Gmelin also snail. He noted the considerable variation in color pat- recognized four varieties, each named as polynomials tern of the shells then known, and discussed the two (invalid), and each based on one or more illustrations, different vernarcular names — “Staatenflagge” and including Buonanni (cl. 3, fig. 66). Gmelin’s locality for “Prinzenfahne” — that were in use (Schröter 1779: this species was even more incorrect than the locality 335–339). In plate 8 figs 3–4 two figures are presented, given by Linnaeus, recording it from “Asiae fluviis” [a both up-side down and in monocolor, of dorsal views of freshwater species from Asia]. this species (Fig. 1H). Gmelin (1791: 3430) also listed “Bulla” fasciata Mül- In 1780 Jacques Favanne de Montcervelle and his ler, and cited five illustrations for that species; as local- son published an enlarged edition of d’Argenville’s ity he cited “America australis et India”. He recognized Conchyliologie (Argenville 1780), in which the shells five varieties, each named as polynomials (invalid), and were figured as arranged in an artful manner in cabinets. each based on one or more illustrations. The latter two On plate 65 six Liguus shells are arranged in a star-like are herein excluded from the list of references to this fashion, their apices pointing together (Fig. 2D). Figs G1 species. See Table 1 for a summary of all references up and G4 present a ventral view of Liguus fasciatus var. till this publication. crenatus (Swainson 1821), one is a dextral shell (G1), The work of Montfort (1810: 422) defines Liguus the other a sinistral one (G4). However, since sinistral just for L. virgineus by monotypy; the figure is very shells are very rare in natural populations, it is likely poor, with too many more whorls, the wrong profile, but that the design was made with artistic rather than scien- the base of the columella is well depicted. The descrip- tific purposes; therefore, we assume that G4eschweizerbartxxx is sng- a mirror- tion of the species makes it likely that he had the correct image. The other four shells are figured as dorsal view. shell at hand, although all localities cited were wrong. Two of them (G2 and G6) represent perhaps L. fasciatus During the 19th century the engraving and printing fasciatus, the others (G3 and G5) look more like L. f. techniques improved to such an extent, that iconographic achatinus, but the whole figure is rather imprecise. works with extensive systematic treatments of species Martini started in 1769 with his Neues systematisch- became fashionable; e.g., Swainson’s Zoological illustra- es Conchylien-Cabinet, a work in which he intended to tions (Swainson 1821–1823), the Conchologica Iconica illustrate every shell known, but in a systematically or- (Reeve 1848–1850, 1849–1850), and Martini und Chem- dered way. After his death in 1778, Johann Hieronymus nitz’s Neue Systematischen Conchylien-Cabinet, Neue Chemnitz continued the work which, with various edi- Folge, which started in 1837 and lasted till 1920 (Küster tors and authors, would last till the early 20th century. In & Pfeiffer 1840–1865; see Coan et al. 2012a, b for a full 1786 Chemnitz published a volume on land and freshwa- collation of these references). ter mollusks, with contemporary rather good illustrations Swainson’s work is paramount in the early 19th centu- and very brief explanatory text. On plate 117 (Chemnitz ry. His plate 42 depicts one of his new taxa, viz. Achati- 1786) we find the twoLiguus species known at that time; na pallida Swainson 1821 (= L. f. var. pallidus) in lateral the text uses the binominal system and gives the Ger- views of both the dorsal and ventral sides; pl. 58 another man vernarcular name. Figures 1000–1003 “Die Staaten- one, viz. A. crenata Swainson 1821. Plate 74 illustrated flagge. Die Prinzenfahne. Bulla virginea Linnaei” (Fig. A. fasciata sensu Müller (currently understood as the 3C–D). Figures 1004–1006 “Der vielfarbichte Bund. variety L. f. guitarti), both in a skewed dorsal and more Bulla fasciata” (Fig. 4D–F). The latter depict either L. or less ventral view; pl. 84 showed A. vittata Swainson f. guitarti Jaume 1952 or L. f. poncianus Sanchez Roig 1821 and A. emarginata Swainson 1821; the latter is ac- 1951. tually a variety of L. virgineus. Finally, his pl. 162 show-

Figure 9. Simpson 1920: frontispiece. 16 Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells

ing L. f. goodrichi, L. f. achatinus (ventral and dorsal figures of his Achatinus poeyanus, a ventral and lateral views; both are from the eastern provinces in Cuba), and view; this taxon is currently considered as L. fasciatus a juvenile of L. f. fasciatus or maybe L. f. pallidus. by Richardson (1993). Another work within this era relevant to understand Finally, at the turn of the century, Pilsbry published the history of Liguus illustration, is the publication by his treatment of this group in his monumental Manual of Orbigny (1841–1853). Plate 6 shows the following Conchology (Pilsbry 1899: 160–175), in which he rec- forms: Figs 1–2 is L. f. trinidadense Jaume 1952 in ven- ognized four full species, viz. Liguus blainianus (Poey tral and dorsal view; this shell has very large proportions 1853), L. poeyanus (Pfeiffer 1857), L. virgineus (Lin- and a pink columella. Figs 3–5 is according to Orbigny naeus. 1758), and L. fasciatus (Müller 1774). He devel- the typical Achatina fasciata of Müller; in our cur- oped a synoptic scheme to comprise the many varieties rent understanding fig. 3 is L. f. guitarti Jaume, fig. 4 of L. fasiciatus (more details in González Guillén et al., L. f. poncianus Sanchez Roig, and fig. 5 L. f. goodrichi in preparation). Part of his figures were copied from the Clench. Fig. 6 is L. f. pictus Reeve 1849, probably a original sources, while others partly they were drawn morph from Key West in Florida (if displayed ventrally after specimens in the Philadelphia collection. the shell should have a pink columella). Fig. 7 is a vari- In the beginning of the 20th century the photograph- ety of L. f. solidus Say 1825 like humesi Jones 1979, or ing of shells gradually replaced other illustrating tech- versicolor Simpson 1920 from Florida. Finally, fig. 8 is niques. The first photographs of Liguus species (Fig. 8) the morph L. f. crenatus Swainson from, given the size, were published by Pilsbry in his treatment of the variation the eastern region in Cuba. within Florida colonies (Pilsbry 1912); however, illustrat- Reeve’s work is interesting as his plates were hand- ing these color-full shells initially required a special tech- colored, but the quality of coloring varies considerably nique. “The original artwork was a paste-up of individual from one copy to another (Petit 2007: 27). On plates 7, figures, which seem to have been monochrome photo- 9 and 10 of his treatise on Achatina (Reeve 1849 [1849– graphs that had been printed fairly pale and then hand 1850]) several forms of Liguus may be recognized. Plate colored (by Pilsbry; he put “Pilsbry pinxit” [= painted] 7 figs. 22 a–b are currently considered as what the leg- at the bottom of each plate). This paste-up was then print- end reads, Liguus murreus Reeve 1849. Clench (1932) ed in color using the half-tone process, which had been wrongly associated Reeve’s fig. 22b with L. f. solidus around for a few years by then” (P. Callomon, pers. com- (Say 1820) var. roseatus Pilsbry 1912; Reeve’s fig. 22a mun.). A few years afterwards the first full-color photo- were erroneously claimed as L. f. fasciatus by Clench graphs of Liguus appeared in Simpson (1920: frontispiece) (1932); we intend to clarify this issue in a future paper (Fig. 9). That this milestone in Liguus iconography was

(González Guillén et al., in preparation). Reeveeschweizerbartxxx’s sng- Pl. 9 published in a book aimed at a general public, may have fig. 28, which is identified as A. alabaster Rang, seems contributed to their popularity with under shell collectors. like a L. f. achatinus morph arenarius Sanchez Roig 1948 or L. f. achiatuinus var. romanoense Jaume 1952, in error presented as a West African species. Reeve’s fig. 29 is L. fasciatus var. crenatus conform his statement; Acknowledgements his fig. 30, A. reeveana Pfeiffer, should be regarded a shell of L. f. solidulus Pilsbry 1912 from Stock Island In our search for Liguus pictures and literature we had with the two peripheral bands fused, or perhaps a vari- the valuable help of Jonathan Ablett and Kamila Harper- ety of L. f. pictus without dots. Plate 10 fig. 34 is L. f. Reekie (Natural History Museum, London, UK), Paul Cal- lomon (Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University, pictus Reeve, fig. 35a is L. f. fasciatus as we understand Philadelphia, USA), and staff from the Naturalis Library. Dolf it today, fig. 35c L. f. achatinus (because of the reddish van Bruggen (The Hague) provided help with translation of columella and bigger size perhaps the var. trinidadense Latin texts and kindly commented on a previous version of Jaume 1952); figs. 36 a–c areL. virgineus. the manuscript, which helped considerably to improve it. We A special mentioning may be made for Pfeiffer thankfully mention the comments of an anonymous reviewer, (1857), who produced a lithographical plate with two who made some valuable suggestions. Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 17

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Recensuit et indicibus Gemüths, in Vorstellung einer allgemeinen Samm- auxit Gulielmus Huddesford: [iv + 6 + 7 + 12 + 77 lung von (Schnecken und) Muscheln und andern pp.] 1059 pls. + 6 pls. with duplicate numbers + 22 Geschöpfen, welche im Meer gefunden werden: part anatomical pls. [pls. 923 & 1008 never appeared, see 1 (1757) [ii +] 39 pp., 30 pls; part 2 (1764) 56 [+ Wilkins 1957]; Oxonii (Clarendoniano). 16] pp., 30 pls; part 3 (1768) 52 pp., 30 pls; part 4 M[artini, Fr. H.W.] (1766): Von den Erd-Trompeten oder (1769) 48 [+ 14] pp., 30 pls; part 5 (1771) 48 pp., Spitzhörnern und Schraubenschnecken. — Berliner 30 pls; part 6 (1772) 76 + 18 + 11 + 100 pp., 40 pls.; Magazin, 3: 115–154, pl. 5. Nürnberg (Knorr). Mörch, O. A. L. (1852): Catalogus conchyliorum quæ reliquit Knorr, G. W. (1760–1773): Les délices des yeux et de l’esprit, D. Alphonso d’Aguirra & Gadea Comes de Yoldi. ou collection génerale des differentes espèces du Fasciculus primus. Cephalophora: [1–4], 1–170, [1– coquillages que la mer renfarme: part 1 (1760), [2 2] pp.; Hafniæ (Klein). +] 52 pp., 30 pls; part 2 (1765), [2 +] 65 pp., 30 pls; part 3 (1768), [2 +] 55 pp., 30 pls; part 4 (1770), [2 Montfort, D. de (1810): Conchyliologique systématique, et +] 54 [+ 14] + 4 + 24 pp., 30 pls; part 5 (1771), [2 +] classification méthodique des coquilles; offrant leurs 11 + 16 + 48 pp., 30 pls; part 6 (1773), [2 +] 76 pp., figures, leur arrangement générique, leurs descrip- 40 pls.; Nuremberg (Knorr). tions charctéristiques, leurs noms; ouvrage destiné à faciliter l’étude des Coquilles, ainsi que leur dispos- Knorr, G. W. (1770–1775): Verlustiging der oogen en van den tion dans les cabinets d’histoire naturelle, II: 676 pp. geest, of Verzameling van allerley bekende hoorns Paris (Schoell). en schulpen, die in haar eigen kleuren afgebeeld zijn: thans nagezien, verbeterd, vervolgd, en met een ge- Müller, O. F. (1774): Vermium terrestrium et fluviatilium, seu heel nieuwe Nederduitse beschrijving uitgegeven: animalium infusoriorum, helminthicorum, et testa- part 1 (1770), 1–, pls; part 2 (1771), , pls; part 3 ceorum, non maronorum, succincta historia, II: xxxv (1772), –118, pls; part 4 (1773), [2 +] 1–34, pls; + 214 [+ 10] pp. Havniae et Lipsiae (Heineck et part 5 (1774), [2 +] 35–62, pls; part 6 (1775), [2 +] Faber). Breure, A.S.H. et al.: Iconography of Liguus land shells 19

Müsch, I., Willmann, R. & Rust, J. (2001): Albertus Seba, Richardson, C. L. (1993): Bulimulacea, catalog of species. Cabinet of natural curiosities. Locupletissimi rerum Amphibulimidae, Anadromidae, Grangerellidae, Od- naturalium thesauri, 1734–1765: 587 pp., 6 fold-out ontostomidae, Orthalicidae. — Tryonia, 27: 1–164. plates; Köln (Taschen). Schröter, J. S. (1779): Die Geschichte der Flussconchylien, Orbigny, A. d’ (1841–1853): Moluscos. In: Sagra, R. de la, mit vorzüglicher Rücksicht auf diejenigen welche ed., Historia física, política y natural de la Isla de in den thüringischen Wassern leben: vi + 434 pp., 11 Cuba, II, 5: 1–376. [Spanish ed. 1845, F. P. Mella- pls.; Halle (Johann Jacob Gebauer). do, Madrid]. [see Bouchet & Rocroi 2005 for dates]. Schröter, J. S. (1783): Ueber den innern Bau der See- und Petit, R. E. (2007): Lovell Augustus Reeve (1814–1865): einiger ausländischen Erd- und Flußschnecken: i– malacological author and publisher. — Zootaxa, xiv, 1–164 pp.; Frankfurt am Mayn (Varrentrapp & 1648: 1–120. Wenner) [not seen].

Petiver, J. (1702–1704): Gazophylacii naturae et artis decas Seba, A. [ed. Vosmaer, A.] (1759): Locupletissimi rerum prima...: [80 pp. + illustr.]. Londini (Christ. Bate- naturalium thesauri accurata descriptio et iconibus man). See for bibliographical references http://www. artificiosissimis expressio per universam physices scricciolo.com/nuovo_neornithes/Petiver%20James. historiam. Tomus III: [26 +] 212 pp., 118 pls. Amste- htm (accessed 28 July 2012). lardami (Janssoni-Waesbergios).

Petiver, J. (1764): Jacobi Petiveri Opera Historiam naturalem Simpson, C. T. (1920): In lower Florida wilds, a naturalist’s spectantia; or Gazophylaceum containing several observations on the life, physical geography, and 1000 figures of birds, beats, fish, reptiles, insects, geology of the more tropical part of the state: xv + shells, corals, fossils, etc. from all nations on 156 404 pp., frontispiece, 2 maps, 64 figs. New York/ copperplates, with Latin and English names, 1: London (G.P. Putnam’s Sons). 4+4+12+10 pp., 156 pls. London, Milan. Swainson, W. (1821–1823): Zoological illustrations, or original Pfeiffer, L. (1857): Zur Molluskenfauna von Cuba. — Mala- figures and descriptions of new, rare, or interesting kozoologische Blätter, 4: 170–179, pl. 4. animals, selected chiefly from the classes of orni- thology, entomology, and conchology, and arranged Pilsbry, H. A. (1899): American Bulimulidae: North American on the principles of Cuvier and other modern zoolo- and Antillean Drymaeus, Leiostracus, Orthalicinae gists, (1) 1–3: i-x [+ i–xi, xi–xxvii], pls 1-192. Lon- and Amphibuliminae. — Manual of Conchology, don (Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy & Wood). (2)12: iii + 258 pp., 64 pls. Valledor de Lozoya, A. & Araujo, R. (2011): How the naiad Pilsbry, H. A. (1912): A study on the variation and zoogeogra- was drawn: a pre-Linnean iconography of freshwater phy of Liguus in Florida. — Journal of the Academy

eschweizerbartxxx sng- mussels. — Malacologia, 53: 381–402, 49 figs. of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, (2)15: 427–471, figs 1–12, pls 37–40. Wilkins, G.L. (1957): Notes on the Historia conchyliorum of Martin Lister (1638–1712). — Journal of the Pilsbry, H. A. (1929): Bolten’s species of Liguus. — The Nau- Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, 3: tilus, 42: 141. 196–205. Reeve, L. A. (1848–1850): Conchologica iconica or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, 5. Buli- mus: i-ix, 89 pls. + legend. London (Reeve, Benham and Reeve).

Reeve, L. A. (1849–1850): Conchologica iconica or illustrations of the shells of molluscous animals, 5. Achati- na: i, 23 pls. + legend. London (Reeve, Benham and Reeve).

Regenfuss, F. M. (1758): Auserlesne Schnecken, Muscheln und andre Schaalthiere auf allenhöchsten Befehl Seiner Königlichen Majestät nach den Originalen gemalt, in Kupfer gestochen und mit natürlichen Farben er- leuchtet. Erster Band: xiv + 22 + lxxxvii [+ i] pp., 12 pls. Kopenhagen. [This was the only volume that was published, bi-lingual German / French].

Manuscript submitted: 11.11.2013 Revised manuscript accepted: 13.03.2014