A Reworking of Chinese Language Classification
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
In Language and Linguistics Compass 7.1:39-57 (2013) Survey Of
In Language and Linguistics Compass 7.1:39-57 (2013) Survey of Chinese Historical Syntax Part I: Pre-Archaic and Archaic Chinese Edith Aldridge, University of Washington Abstract This is the first of two articles presenting a brief overview of Chinese historical syntax from the Pre-Archaic period to Middle Chinese. The phenomena under examination in the two papers are primarily aspects of pre-medieval grammar which differ markedly from modern Chinese varieties, specifically fronting of object NPs to preverbal position, the asymmetry between subject and object relative clause formation, and the encoding of argument structure alternations like active and passive. I relate each of these characteristics to morphological distinctions on nouns, verbs, or pronouns which are either overtly represented in the logographic writing system in Archaic Chinese or have been reconstructed for (Pre-)Archaic Chinese. In the second part of this series, I discuss the changes in the Archaic Chinese grammatical features and correlate these innovations with the loss of the (Pre-)Archaic Chinese morphology. The main goal of these articles is to highlight a common denominator, i.e. the morphology, which enables a systemic view of pre-medieval Chinese and the changes which have resulted in the striking differences observed in Middle Chinese and beyond. 1. Introduction This paper is the first in a two-part series on grammatical features of Chinese from the earliest attested records over a millennium before the Common Era (BCE) to Middle Chinese of approximately the 5th century of the Common Era (CE). The first installment introduces characteristics of Pre-Archaic and Archaic Chinese which distinguish it from both Middle Chinese and modern Chinese varieties, in particular Standard Mandarin. -
Chinese Language Learning in the Early Grades
Chinese Language Learning in the Early Grades: A Handbook of Resources and Best Practices for Mandarin Immersion Asia Society is the leading global and pan-Asian organization working to strengthen relationships and promote understanding among the peoples, leaders, and institutions of Asia and the United States. We seek to increase knowledge and enhance dialogue, encourage creative expression, and generate new ideas across the fields of policy, business, education, arts, and culture. The Asia Society Partnership for Global Learning develops youth to be globally competent citizens, workers, and leaders by equipping them with the knowledge and skills needed for success in an increasingly interconnected world. AsiaSociety.org/Chinese © Copyright 2012 by the Asia Society. ISBN 978-1-936123-28-5 Table of Contents 3 Preface PROGRAM PROFILE: By Vivien Stewart 34 The Utah Dual Language Immersion Program 5 Introduction 36 Curriculum and Literacy By Myriam Met By Myriam Met 7 Editors’ Note and List of Contributors PROGRAM PROFILE: 40 Washington Yu Ying Public Charter School 9 What the Research Says About Immersion By Tara Williams Fortune 42 Student Assessment and Program Evaluation By Ann Tollefson, with Michael Bacon, Kyle Ennis, PROGRAM PROFILE: Carl Falsgraf, and Nancy Rhodes 14 Minnesota’s Chinese Immersion Model PROGRAM PROFILE: 16 Basics of Program Design 46 Global Village Charter Collaborative, By Myriam Met and Chris Livaccari Colorado PROGRAM PROFILE: 48 Marketing and Advocacy 22 Portland, Oregon Public Schools By Christina Burton Howe -
中国输美木制工艺品注册登记企业名单registered Producing
中国输美木制工艺品注册登记企业名单 Registered Producing Industries of Wooden Handicrafts of China Exported to the U.S. 注册登记编号 序号 所在省份 所在城市 企业名称 企业地址 Registered Number Province City Company Name Company Address Number 天津市北辰区双口镇双河村30号 天津津长工艺品加工厂 天津 天津 NO.30, SHUANGHE VILLAGE, 1 TIANJIN JINCHANG ARTS & 1206ZMC0087 TIANJIN TIANJIN SHUANGKOU TOWN, BEICHEN CRAFTS FACTORY DISTRICT, TIANJIN CITY, CHINA 天津市静海县利邦工艺制品厂 天津市静海区西翟庄镇西翟庄 天津 天津 2 TIANJIN JINGHAI LEBANG ARTS XIZHAI ZHUANG, JINGHAI COUNTRY 1204ZMC0004 TIANJIN TIANJIN CRAFTS CO.,LTD TIANJIN 天津市宁河县板桥镇田庄坨村外东侧 天津鹏久苇草制品有限公司 天津 天津 THE EAST SIDE OF TIANZHUANGTUO 3 TIANJIN PENGJIU REED PRODUCTS 1200ZMC0012 TIANJIN TIANJIN VILLAGE, BANQIAO TOWN, NINGHE CO.,LTD. COUNTY, TIANJIN, CHINA 河北百年巧匠文化传播股份有限公司 石家庄桥西区新石北路399号 河北 石家庄 4 HEBEI BAINIANQIAOJIANG NO.399, XINSHI NORTH ROAD, QIAOXI 1300ZMC9003 HEBEI SHIJIAZHUANG CULTURE COMMUNICATION INC. DISTRICT, SHIJIAZHUANG CITY 行唐县森旺工贸有限公司 河北省石家庄行唐县口头镇 河北 石家庄 5 XINGTANGXIAN SENWANG KOUTOU TOWN, XINGTANG COUNTY, 1300ZMC0003 HEBEI SHIJIAZHUANG INDUSTRY AND TRADING CO.,LTD SHIJIAZHUANG, HEBEI CHINA 唐山市燕南制锹有限公司 河北省滦南县城东 河北 唐山 6 TANGSHAN YANNAN EAST OF LUANNAN COUNTY, HEBEI, 1302ZMC0002 HEBEI TANGSHAN SHOVEL-MAKING CO.,LTD CHINA 唐山天坤金属工具制造有限公司 河北省唐山市滦南县唐乐公路南侧 河北 唐山 7 TANGSHAN TIANKUN METAL SOUTH OF TANGLE ROAD, LUANNAN 1302ZMC0008 HEBEI TANGSHAN TOOLS MAKING CO.,LTD COUNTY, HEBEI, CHINA 唐山市长智农工具设计制造有限公司 TANGSHAN CHANGZHI 河北省滦南县城东杜土村南 河北 唐山 8 AGRICULTURAL TOOLS SOUTH OF DUTU TOWN, LUANNAN 1302ZMC0031 HEBEI TANGSHAN DESIGNING AND COUNTY, HEBEI, CHINA MANUFACTURING CO.,LTD. 唐山腾飞五金工具制造有限公司 河北省滦南县宋道口镇 河北 唐山 9 TANGSHAN TENGFEI HARDWARE SONG DAO KOU TOWN, LUANNAN 1302ZMC0009 HEBEI TANGSHAN TOOLS MANUFACTURE CO.,LTD. COUNTY, HEBEI CHINA 河北省滦南县宋道口镇杜土村南 唐山舒适五金工具制造有限公司 河北 唐山 SOUTH OF DUTU, SONG DAO KOU 10 TANGSHAN SHUSHI HARDWARE 1302ZMC0040 HEBEI TANGSHAN TOWN, LUANNAN COUNTY, HEBEI TOOLS MANUFACTURE CO,LTD CHINA 唐山腾骥锻轧农具制造有限公司 河北省滦南县宋道口镇 河北 唐山 TANGSHAN TENGJI FORGED 11 SONG DAO KOU TOWN, LUANNAN 1302ZMC0011 HEBEI TANGSHAN AGRICULTURE IMPLEMENTS COUNTY, HEBEI CHINA MANUFACTURING CO.,LTD. -
Deciphering the Spatial Structures of City Networks in the Economic Zone of the West Side of the Taiwan Strait Through the Lens of Functional and Innovation Networks
sustainability Article Deciphering the Spatial Structures of City Networks in the Economic Zone of the West Side of the Taiwan Strait through the Lens of Functional and Innovation Networks Yan Ma * and Feng Xue School of Architecture and Urban-Rural Planning, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 17 April 2019; Accepted: 21 May 2019; Published: 24 May 2019 Abstract: Globalization and the spread of information have made city networks more complex. The existing research on city network structures has usually focused on discussions of regional integration. With the development of interconnections among cities, however, the characterization of city network structures on a regional scale is limited in the ability to capture a network’s complexity. To improve this characterization, this study focused on network structures at both regional and local scales. Through the lens of function and innovation, we characterized the city network structure of the Economic Zone of the West Side of the Taiwan Strait through a social network analysis and a Fast Unfolding Community Detection algorithm. We found a significant imbalance in the innovation cooperation among cities in the region. When considering people flow, a multilevel spatial network structure had taken shape. Among cities with strong centrality, Xiamen, Fuzhou, and Whenzhou had a significant spillover effect, which meant the region was depolarizing. Quanzhou and Ganzhou had a significant siphon effect, which was unsustainable. Generally, urbanization in small and midsize cities was common. These findings provide support for government policy making. Keywords: city network; spatial organization; people flows; innovation network 1. -
The Globalization of Chinese Food ANTHROPOLOGY of ASIA SERIES Series Editor: Grant Evans, University Ofhong Kong
The Globalization of Chinese Food ANTHROPOLOGY OF ASIA SERIES Series Editor: Grant Evans, University ofHong Kong Asia today is one ofthe most dynamic regions ofthe world. The previously predominant image of 'timeless peasants' has given way to the image of fast-paced business people, mass consumerism and high-rise urban conglomerations. Yet much discourse remains entrenched in the polarities of 'East vs. West', 'Tradition vs. Change'. This series hopes to provide a forum for anthropological studies which break with such polarities. It will publish titles dealing with cosmopolitanism, cultural identity, representa tions, arts and performance. The complexities of urban Asia, its elites, its political rituals, and its families will also be explored. Dangerous Blood, Refined Souls Death Rituals among the Chinese in Singapore Tong Chee Kiong Folk Art Potters ofJapan Beyond an Anthropology of Aesthetics Brian Moeran Hong Kong The Anthropology of a Chinese Metropolis Edited by Grant Evans and Maria Tam Anthropology and Colonialism in Asia and Oceania Jan van Bremen and Akitoshi Shimizu Japanese Bosses, Chinese Workers Power and Control in a Hong Kong Megastore WOng Heung wah The Legend ofthe Golden Boat Regulation, Trade and Traders in the Borderlands of Laos, Thailand, China and Burma Andrew walker Cultural Crisis and Social Memory Politics of the Past in the Thai World Edited by Shigeharu Tanabe and Charles R Keyes The Globalization of Chinese Food Edited by David Y. H. Wu and Sidney C. H. Cheung The Globalization of Chinese Food Edited by David Y. H. Wu and Sidney C. H. Cheung UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I PRESS HONOLULU Editorial Matter © 2002 David Y. -
NTOU Chinese Grammar Checker for CGED Shared Task
NTOU Chinese Grammar Checker for CGED Shared Task Chuan-Jie Lin and Shao-Heng Chen Department of Computer Science and Engineering National Taiwan Ocean University No 2, Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 202, Taiwan R.O.C. {cjlin, shchen.cse}@ntou.edu.tw However in NLPTEA2-CGED (Lee et al., Abstract 2015), it is required to report the location of a detected error. To meet this requirement, two Grammatical error diagnosis is an new systems were proposed in this paper. The essential part in a language-learning first one was an adaptation of the classifier tutoring system. Participating in the developed by machine learning where location second Chinese grammar error detection information was considered. The second one task, we proposed a new system which employed hand-crafted rules to predict the measures the likelihood of sentences locations of errors. generated by deleting, inserting, or We also designed two scoring functions to exchanging characters or words. Two predict the likelihood of a sentence. Totally sentence likelihood functions were three runs were submitted to NLPTEA2-CGED proposed based on frequencies of space- task. Evaluation results showed that rule-based removed version of Google n-grams. systems achieved better performance. More The best system achieved a precision of details are described in the rest of this paper. 23.4% and a recall of 36.4% in the This paper is organized as follows. Section 2 identification level. gives the definition of Chinese grammatical error diagnosis task. Section 3 delivers our newly 1 Introduction proposed n-gram statistics-based systems. Section 4 gives a brief description about our Although that Chinese grammars are not defined SVM classifier. -
De Sousa Sinitic MSEA
THE FAR SOUTHERN SINITIC LANGUAGES AS PART OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA (DRAFT: for MPI MSEA workshop. 21st November 2012 version.) Hilário de Sousa ERC project SINOTYPE — École des hautes études en sciences sociales [email protected]; [email protected] Within the Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) linguistic area (e.g. Matisoff 2003; Bisang 2006; Enfield 2005, 2011), some languages are said to be in the core of the language area, while others are said to be periphery. In the core are Mon-Khmer languages like Vietnamese and Khmer, and Kra-Dai languages like Lao and Thai. The core languages generally have: – Lexical tonal and/or phonational contrasts (except that most Khmer dialects lost their phonational contrasts; languages which are primarily tonal often have five or more tonemes); – Analytic morphological profile with many sesquisyllabic or monosyllabic words; – Strong left-headedness, including prepositions and SVO word order. The Sino-Tibetan languages, like Burmese and Mandarin, are said to be periphery to the MSEA linguistic area. The periphery languages have fewer traits that are typical to MSEA. For instance, Burmese is SOV and right-headed in general, but it has some left-headed traits like post-nominal adjectives (‘stative verbs’) and numerals. Mandarin is SVO and has prepositions, but it is otherwise strongly right-headed. These two languages also have fewer lexical tones. This paper aims at discussing some of the phonological and word order typological traits amongst the Sinitic languages, and comparing them with the MSEA typological canon. While none of the Sinitic languages could be considered to be in the core of the MSEA language area, the Far Southern Sinitic languages, namely Yuè, Pínghuà, the Sinitic dialects of Hǎinán and Léizhōu, and perhaps also Hakka in Guǎngdōng (largely corresponding to Chappell (2012, in press)’s ‘Southern Zone’) are less ‘fringe’ than the other Sinitic languages from the point of view of the MSEA linguistic area. -
From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: the Case of Disposal Constructions in Sinitic Languages
From Eurocentrism to Sinocentrism: The case of disposal constructions in Sinitic languages Hilary Chappell 1. Introduction 1.1. The issue Although China has a long tradition in the compilation of rhyme dictionar- ies and lexica, it did not develop its own tradition for writing grammars until relatively late.1 In fact, the majority of early grammars on Chinese dialects, which begin to appear in the 17th century, were written by Europe- ans in collaboration with native speakers. For example, the Arte de la len- gua Chiõ Chiu [Grammar of the Chiõ Chiu language] (1620) appears to be one of the earliest grammars of any Sinitic language, representing a koine of urban Southern Min dialects, as spoken at that time (Chappell 2000).2 It was composed by Melchior de Mançano in Manila to assist the Domini- cans’ work of proselytizing to the community of Chinese Sangley traders from southern Fujian. Another major grammar, similarly written by a Do- minican scholar, Francisco Varo, is the Arte de le lengua mandarina [Grammar of the Mandarin language], completed in 1682 while he was living in Funing, and later posthumously published in 1703 in Canton.3 Spanish missionaries, particularly the Dominicans, played a signifi- cant role in Chinese linguistic history as the first to record the grammar and lexicon of vernaculars, create romanization systems and promote the use of the demotic or specially created dialect characters. This is discussed in more detail in van der Loon (1966, 1967). The model they used was the (at that time) famous Latin grammar of Elio Antonio de Nebrija (1444–1522), Introductiones Latinae (1481), and possibly the earliest grammar of a Ro- mance language, Grammatica de la Lengua Castellana (1492) by the same scholar, although according to Peyraube (2001), the reprinted version was not available prior to the 18th century. -
Mandarin Chinese As a Second Language: a Review of Literature Wesley A
The University of Akron IdeaExchange@UAkron The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors Honors Research Projects College Fall 2015 Mandarin Chinese as a Second Language: A Review of Literature Wesley A. Spencer The University Of Akron, [email protected] Please take a moment to share how this work helps you through this survey. Your feedback will be important as we plan further development of our repository. Follow this and additional works at: http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects Part of the Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Chinese Studies Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, and the Modern Languages Commons Recommended Citation Spencer, Wesley A., "Mandarin Chinese as a Second Language: A Review of Literature" (2015). Honors Research Projects. 210. http://ideaexchange.uakron.edu/honors_research_projects/210 This Honors Research Project is brought to you for free and open access by The Dr. Gary B. and Pamela S. Williams Honors College at IdeaExchange@UAkron, the institutional repository of The nivU ersity of Akron in Akron, Ohio, USA. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Research Projects by an authorized administrator of IdeaExchange@UAkron. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Running head: MANDARIN CHINESE AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 1 Mandarin Chinese as a Second Language: A Review of Literature Abstract Mandarin Chinese has become increasing prevalent in the modern world. Accordingly, research of Chinese as a second language has developed greatly over the past few decades. This paper reviews research on the difficulties of acquiring a second language in general and research that specifically details the difficulty of acquiring Chinese as a second language. -
ATTACHMENT 1 Barcode:3800584-02 C-570-107 INV - Investigation
ATTACHMENT 1 Barcode:3800584-02 C-570-107 INV - Investigation - Chinese Producers of Wooden Cabinets and Vanities Company Name Company Information Company Name: A Shipping A Shipping Street Address: Room 1102, No. 288 Building No 4., Wuhua Road, Hongkou City: Shanghai Company Name: AA Cabinetry AA Cabinetry Street Address: Fanzhong Road Minzhong Town City: Zhongshan Company Name: Achiever Import and Export Co., Ltd. Street Address: No. 103 Taihe Road Gaoming Achiever Import And Export Co., City: Foshan Ltd. Country: PRC Phone: 0757-88828138 Company Name: Adornus Cabinetry Street Address: No.1 Man Xing Road Adornus Cabinetry City: Manshan Town, Lingang District Country: PRC Company Name: Aershin Cabinet Street Address: No.88 Xingyuan Avenue City: Rugao Aershin Cabinet Province/State: Jiangsu Country: PRC Phone: 13801858741 Website: http://www.aershin.com/i14470-m28456.htmIS Company Name: Air Sea Transport Street Address: 10F No. 71, Sung Chiang Road Air Sea Transport City: Taipei Country: Taiwan Company Name: All Ways Forwarding (PRe) Co., Ltd. Street Address: No. 268 South Zhongshan Rd. All Ways Forwarding (China) Co., City: Huangpu Ltd. Zip Code: 200010 Country: PRC Company Name: All Ways Logistics International (Asia Pacific) LLC. Street Address: Room 1106, No. 969 South, Zhongshan Road All Ways Logisitcs Asia City: Shanghai Country: PRC Company Name: Allan Street Address: No.188, Fengtai Road City: Hefei Allan Province/State: Anhui Zip Code: 23041 Country: PRC Company Name: Alliance Asia Co Lim Street Address: 2176 Rm100710 F Ho King Ctr No 2 6 Fa Yuen Street Alliance Asia Co Li City: Mongkok Country: PRC Company Name: ALMI Shipping and Logistics Street Address: Room 601 No. -
Toponymic Culture of China's Ethnic Minorities' Languages
E/CONF.94/CRP.24 7 June 2002 English only Eighth United Nations Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names Berlin, 27 August-5 September 2002 Item 9 (c) of the provisional agenda* National standardization: treatment of names in multilingual areas Toponymic culture of China’s ethnic minorities’ languages Submitted by China** * E/CONF.94/1. ** Prepared by Wang Jitong, General-Director, China Institute of Toponymy. 02-41902 (E) *0241902* E/CONF.94/CRP.24 Toponymic Culture of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ Languages Geographical names are fossil of history and culture. Many important meanings are contained in the geographical names of China’s Ethnic Minorities’ languages. I. The number and distribution of China’s Ethnic Minorities There are 55 minorities in China have been determined now. 53 of them have their own languages, which belong to 5 language families, but the Hui and the Man use Chinese (Han language). There are 29 nationalities’ languages belong to Sino-Tibetan family, including Zang, Menba, Zhuang, Bouyei, Dai, Dong, Mulam, Shui, Maonan, Li, Yi, Lisu, Naxi, Hani, Lahu, Jino, Bai, Jingpo, Derung, Qiang, Primi, Lhoba, Nu, Aching, Miao, Yao, She, Tujia and Gelao. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and center of Southern China. There are 17 minority nationalities’ languages belong to Altaic family, including Uygul, Kazak, Uzbek, Salar, Tatar, Yugur, Kirgiz, Mongol, Tu, Dongxiang, Baoan, Daur, Xibe, Hezhen, Oroqin, Ewenki and Chaoxian. These nationalities distribute mainly in west and east of Northern China. There are 3 minority nationalities’ languages belong to South- Asian family, including Va, Benglong and Blang. These nationalities distribute mainly in Southwest China’s Yunnan Province. -
The Survey on the Distribution of MC Fei and Xiao Initial Groups in Chinese Dialects
IALP 2020, Kuala Lumpur, Dec 4-6, 2020 The Survey on the Distribution of MC Fei and Xiao Initial Groups in Chinese Dialects Yan Li Xiaochuan Song School of Foreign Languages, School of Foreign Languages, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi Normal University Xi’an, China /Henan Agricultural University e-mail: [email protected] Xi’an/Zhengzhou, China e-mail:[email protected] Abstract — MC Fei 非 and Xiao 晓 initial group discussed in this paper includes Fei 非, Fu groups are always mixed together in the southern 敷 and Feng 奉 initials, but does not include Wei part of China. It can be divided into four sections 微, while MC Xiao 晓 initial group includes according to the distribution: the northern area, the Xiao 晓 and Xia 匣 initials. The third and fourth southwestern area, the southern area, the class of Xiao 晓 initial group have almost southeastern area. The mixing is very simple in the palatalized as [ɕ] which doesn’t mix with Fei northern area, while in Sichuan it is the most initial group. This paper mainly discusses the first extensive and complex. The southern area only and the second class of Xiao and Xia initials. The includes Hunan and Guangxi where ethnic mixing of Fei and Xiao initials is a relatively minorities gather, and the mixing is very recent phonetic change, which has no direct complicated. Ancient languages are preserved in the inheritance with the phonological system of southeastern area where there are still bilabial Qieyun. The mixing mainly occurs in the southern sounds and initial consonant [h], but the mixing is part of the mainland of China.