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Intervensi Militer Turki Terhadap Wilayah Kedaulatan Suriah Tahun 2016 – 2019

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Intervensi Militer Turki Terhadap Wilayah Kedaulatan Suriah Tahun 2016 – 2019 INTERVENSI MILITER TURKI TERHADAP WILAYAH KEDAULATAN SURIAH TAHUN 2016 – 2019 Oleh: Andi Ahmad Khairullah Zikri [email protected] Dosen Pembimbing: Drs. Muhammad Saeri, M.Hum Bibliografi: 25 Jurnal, 32 Buku, 5 Skripsi, 53 Website. Jurusan Ilmu Hubungan International Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Riau Kampus Bina Widya Jl. H.R. Soebrantas Km.12,5 Simp.Baru Pekanbaru 28293 Telp/Fax 07561-63277 Abstract This paper aims to analyze the Turkish military intervention against the Syrian sov- ereign territory in 2016 - 2019. The Syrian crisis has directed threats indirectly to Turkey's presence of Kurdish groups on the border. The Kurdistan Workers' Party or PKK activity in Syria. Syria made the PKK affiliated with the Syrian Kurdish group, the Democratic Un- ion Party or PYD a particularly important actor in the northern region of the state during the crisis. In the midst of instability due to the army's conflict in Syria, Turkey believes that the political nature and military strength of the PKK & PYD can harm its domestic security or stability. Now the PKK is still a separate region or autonomy for the Kurdish southeast. The perspective used in this research is the perspective of Neo-Realism by Kenneth Waltz, as well as the analysis of the nation-state level. This study uses the theory of nation- al security and the concept of intervention that explains Turkey's relationship with threats to security or stability whose approach is a vital national interest. This research shows that the threat of the Syrian Kurdish PKK & PYD encourages Turkey to intervene in Syria's sovereign territory. The first Turkish military intervention was carried out in 2016 under the name Operation Euphrates Shield, the second in 2018 Operation Olive Branch, and the third in 2019 Operation Peace Spring. The Turkish mili- tary intervention aims to weaken and limit the political and military movements of the Kurdish group in northern Syria, create a safe zone (safe zone) on the Syrian border for the Syrian refugee community in Turkey, and integrate Syrian territory, in addition to weaken- ing the influence of the Kurdish PKK & PYD and creating a safe zone for Syrian refugees, Turkey also has Economic interests and Political interests in the Syrian Conflict. Keywords: Syrian, Turkey, Threat, PKK & PYD, National Security, Military Operations JOM FISIP Vol. 8: Edisi I Januari-Juni 2021 Page 1 I. PENDAHULUAN demonstrasi yang membesar. Munculnya krisis Suriah berdampak pada negara- Turki dan Suriah merupakan dua negara tetangga salah satunya Turki. Tur- negara yang secara geografis saling ki mulai merespon konflik Suriah dengan berdekatan. Dengan demikian, kedua membuat kebijakan Open-Door Policy negara ini memiliki keterkaitan dari segi atau kebijakan pintu terbuka terhadap ekonomi, politik, dan budaya yang telah pengungsi Suriah yang masuk ke Turki lama terbentuk. Selain itu, Suriah juga pada tahun 2011.1 Banyak warga negara merupakan negara bekas Kerajaan Otto- Suriah yang lari dari negaranya ke nega- man yang selama berabad-abad menjadi ra-negara tetangga untuk mendapatkan penguasa di wilayah Timur Tengah. Pada perlindungan dan Turki merupakan salah era 2000-an, kedua negara ini sedang satu negera tujuan favorit dari para gencar-gencarnya membangun hubungan pengungsi kerana Turki sangat “wel- baik, yaitu ketika presiden Suriah Bashar come”, sehingga saat ini Turki merupa- Al Assad berkunjung ke Ankara pada kan negera penampung pengungsi tanggal 6 sampai 8 januari 2004. Pada terbesar di dunia. Selain itu, Turki mem- pertemuan tersebut kedua negara mulai berikan dukungan politik kepada ke- membangun hubungan baik dengan per- lompok oposisi Suriah yang mana luasan hubungan ekonomi melalui menuntut turunnya rezim pemerintah Ba- perdagangan bebas, kerjasama di bidang shar Al-Assad. Bentuk dukungan politik keamanan dan pengelolaan konflik di Ti- Turki adalah dengan pembentukan Free mur Tengah. Adapun pertemuan pada Syrian Army (FSA) pada 29 Juli 2011 di 2004, antara Turki dan Suriah, mem- Antakya, Turki. Pada tanggal 25 Maret berikan dampak yang baik bagi 2012 pemerintah Turki mengeluarkan ke- dibangunnya hubungan baik di tahun- bijakan penutupan Kedutaan Besar di tahun berikutnya sehingga kedua negara Damaskus,Suriah. Selain itu, Turki cenderung menerapkan dan membangun melakukan pengusiran terhadap Duta Be- pola hubungan yang lebih positif, jika sar Suriah di Turki.2 Tindakan ini diam- dibandingkan dengan era sebelumnya yai- bil sebagai bentuk tekanan kepada tu pada era 1990-an. pemerintah Suriah untuk menghentikan terjadinya kekerasan di Suriah. Perubahan yang terjadi pada tahun 2011, berupa krisis dalam negeri Suriah Selain itu, suku Kurdi juga memain- akibat pengaruh Arab Spring yang terjadi kan peran aktif dalam konflik Suriah. di berbagai negara Timur Tengah. Krisis Keberadaan Kurdi dalam konflik Suriah Suriah sendiri berawal dari demonstrasi juga menambah pelik permasalahan baik masyarakat Suriah pada bulan Maret 2011 dengan tuntutan impeachment terhadap 1 rezim Bashar Al-Assad yang telah Ilias I. Kouskouvelis., “Turkey, Past and Future: The Problem with Turkey’s Zero Problems”, da- berkuasa selama 5 dekade dan dianggap lam Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2013, Volume tidak mampu memberikan perubahan XX, Middle East Forum, hal. 55. yang signifikan terhadap kemajuan Suri- 2 Deutsche Welle (DW), Turki Tutup Kedutaan ah. Pemerintah Bashar Al-Assad di Damaskus, Tersedia di: merespon demonstrasi dengan menurunk- http://m.dw.com/id/turki-tutup-kedutaan-di- damaskus/a-15838288, (Diakses 01 Desember an militer guna membendung arus 2019) JOM FISIP Vol. 8: Edisi I Januari-Juni 2021 Page 2 pemberontakan yang sedang berlangsung rangi jumlah kekuatan oposisi.6 Dengan maupun terhadap hubungan Turki dan demikian, Suriah dapat mencegah ke- Suriah. Wilayah utara Suriah merupakan lompok Kurdi bergabung dengan pihak wilayah yang didiami oleh mayoritas et- oposisi. Suriah membiarkan PYD men- nis Kurdi Suriah, jumlahnya mencapai 2 gontrol keamanan wilayah utara Suriah. juta jiwa lebih atau sekitar 10 persen dari Efektifitas PYD dalam menguasai wila- total penduduk Suriah.3 Wilayah utara yah tersebut didukung oleh kekuatan sa- tersebut berbatasan langsung dengan yap militernya yang dikenal dengan Peo- wilayah tenggara Turki yang juga didiami ple’s Protection Unit (YPG) dan Wom- oleh etnis Kurdi. Kedekatan geografis dan en’s Protection Unit (YPJ) dan PYD kesamaan etnis tersebut telah menjadi menyatakan telah memiliki 50.000 pe- alasan logis bagi kelompok Kurdi Suriah juang Kurdi. Pada tahun 2014, PYD dan Kurdi Turki untuk mengorganisasi- Kurdi Suriah secara Resmi menyatakan kan gerakan pemberontakan Kurdistan. wilayah otonominya secara de facto pada Bangsa Kurdi yang berada di Suriah juga tiga wilayah yaitu Distrik Afrin, Distrik membentuk sebuah organisasi yang baru Jazira, Distrik Kobani, serta Region yang merupakan sister organization Shahba yang berada di Utara Suriah.7 gerakan PKK yang berada di Suriah yakni Partiya Yekitiya Demokrat (PYD) atau Setelah Kurdi Suriah menyatakan Democratic Union Party pada tahun wilayah otonomi, Turki merasa terancam 2003.4 PYD Kurdi yang berada di wila- akan wilayah yang dikuasai Kurdi Suriah. yah Suriah menginginkan otonomi daerah Oleh sebab itu, Turki melakukan self di dalam wilayah Suriah yang terdesen- defense dengan cara melakukan serangan tralisasi.5 militer ke Suriah untuk meredam ke- lompok separatis PYD Kurdi Suriah dan Kebijakan Suriah yang paling PKK Kurdi Turki di perbatasan Suriah- mempengaruhi suku Kurdi adalah pem- Turki. Turki menganggap kelompok berian otonomi khususnya dalam bidang PYD Kurdi Suriah adalah organisasi sep- politik dan pemerintahan terhadap wila- aratis yang berpotensi mengancam kea- yah utara Suriah yang sudah lama mereka manan dalam negeri Turki dan secara ge- idamkan dan perjuangkan. Untuk meya- ografis berdekatan dengan perbatasan kinkan etnis Kurdi, Suriah mulai menarik Turki. Turki melakukan operasi militer pasukan militernya dari wilayah tersebut. ke bagian Utara Suriah pada bulan Pemberian otonomi kepada etnis Kurdi Agustus 2016 dengan perbatasan Suriah merupakan upaya Suriah untuk mengu- dan pendukung milisi oposisi Suriah da- lam Operation Euphrates Shield dan juga 3 ‘Syria’s Many Battlefields: ‘Islamist Rebels Wage War Against the Kurds’, 26 September 6 Luerdi, “Intervensi Turki dalam Krisis Suriah 2013, Tersedia di; (2011-2014)”, VOL 3, No.2 (2016). Hal 35. http://world.time.com/2013/09/26/syrias-many- 7 Teguh Firmansyah, 2016.”Kurdi Deklarasikan battlefields-islamist-rebels-wage-war-.against-the- Wilayah Federal di Suriah Utara”, REPUBLIKA. kurds/, (Diakses 01 Oktober 2019) Tersedia di: 4 Ibid, 175 https://www.republika.co.id/berita/internasional/ti 5 Perry, A. 2018,. Excerpt of Long Shot. Tersedia mur-tengah/16/03/18/o47sm6377-kurdi- di : http://www.alex-perry.com/excerpt-of-long- deklarasikan-wilayah-federal-di-suriah-utara (Di- shot. (Diakses pada 01 Oktober 2019). akses Pada 11 Desember 2019) JOM FISIP Vol. 8: Edisi I Januari-Juni 2021 Page 3 Operasi Olive Branch pada Januari 2018, kebijakan suatu negara. Di sisi lain, Real- yang mana pasukan Turki dan oposisi isme menafikan peran sistem internasion- (FSA) yang didukung Turki memasuki al.9 distrik Afrin di puncaknya pada bulan Ada dua jenis dalam Neoreal- Oktober 2019 Turki melakukan Opera- isme, yaitu: Realisme Offensif dan Real- tion Peace Spring di perbatasan Timur isme Defensif. Realisme Defensif meru- Laut Suriah.8 juk kepada pemikiran Kenneth Waltz. Sedangkan Realisme Offensif merujuk II. KERANGKA TEORI kepada
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