DOCSLIB.ORG

The Telling of Nongqawuse and the Xhosa Cattle-Killing in South African

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Telling of Nongqawuse and the Xhosa Cattle-Killing in South African HISTORY IN THE LITERARY IMAGINATION: THE TELLING OF NONGQAWUSE AND THE XHOSA CATTLE-KILLING IN SOUTH AFRICAN LITERATURE AND CULTURE (1891–1937) SHEILA BONIFACE DAVIES ST JOHN’S COLLEGE A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE IN FULFILMENT OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 2010 ii SUMMARY This thesis takes as its subject the millenarian movement of 1856–7, commonly known as the Xhosa Cattle-Killing. My project examines a range of literary representations of this seminal moment in South African history: novels, plays, and short stories in English or English translation. The period under consideration encompasses the earliest literary responses to the Cattle-Killing and includes critical historical-political moments such as: the incorporation of the last independent black territory into the Cape Colony, the creation of the Union of South Africa, the passing of the Land Act, the enfranchisement of white women and the enactment of Hertzog’s ‘native bills’. The project consists of close, contextual readings, and the approach is cross-cultural and interdisciplinary. In this dissertation I examine the meaning that has accrued to the Cattle-Killing, and the role that literary accounts have played in interpreting and defining this pivotal event in the historical consciousness of their sometimes considerable audiences. In some cases, these creative works have anticipated trends in formal historiography and suggested new ways to interrogate the evidence. But the accounts do more than creatively reconstruct the past. They are also implicated in their respective presents and use the Cattle-Killing to ‘write out’ contemporaneous concerns: be it female emancipation, ‘native education’ or Black Nationalism. The various manifestations of the Cattle- Killing story chart not only the shifting ‘truth’ of the event but also the ways in which it has been made relevant and useable for different communities at various points in South Africa’s history. To read these accounts of the Cattle-Killing, I argue, is to ‘read’ the history of this period. While taking as its subject an event from 150 years ago, and literary responses from shortly after, my project contributes to wider, on-going conversations relating to history as a field of argument and literature as a social and historical force. A related aim is to contribute to the revaluation of early South African literature, which has been neglected or homogenized in recent years. My dissertation seeks to recuperate and complicate by representing a variety of subject positions and resuscitating voices discarded or forgotten. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, PREFACE AND NOTES…… iv INTRODUCTION: Afterlives and Uses of the Xhosa Cattle-Killing…………………………………..….. 1 CHAPTER 1: The Cattle-Killing as Anthropological Fiction………………………………….…….… 31 CHAPTER 2: ‘To die like Namjikwa’: The Prophetess’ Reinvention and Metamorphosis 68 CHAPTER 3: Lessons from the Cattle-Killing……………………………………………………………….. 93 CHAPTER 4: New Africans and the African Saint Joan…………………………..………………….… 141 CHAPTER 5: South Africa – Another Ireland?.……………………………………..……………….….….. 166 CONCLUSION: ‘A cacophony of voices’ in ‘a field of interrelated narratives’...………..…. 192 APPENDIX: Table of Cattle-Killing Accounts……………………….………… 199 BIBLIOGRAPHY….…………………………………………………………….………………. 204 iv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 1 ‘Intonjane Dance’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.64 Fig. 2 ‘The Ukuxentsa Dance’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.64 Fig. 3 ‘Tormenting Umdubuko’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.64 Fig. 4 ‘A Combat’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.65 Fig. 5 ‘A Kaffir Feast’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.65 Fig. 6 ‘The Abakweta at Home’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.65 Fig. 7 ‘A Kaffir Witch-Doctor’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.66 Fig. 8 ‘A Kaffir Woman Dressed for a Party’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.66 Fig. 9 ‘Sarili 1891’, photo-engraving, Pambaniso (1891) p.66 Fig. 10 ‘Nongqause and Nonkosi, the two Prophetesses’, Pambaniso (1891) p.66 Fig. 11 Charles Kerr illustration from Haggard’s Nada the Lily (1892) p.67 Fig. 12 Stanley Wood, Frontispiece illustration, Mitford’s The Kings’ Assegai (1894) p.67 Fig. 13 ‘Umhlakaza’ by Will. A. Ogilvy, Frontispiece, Waters’ U-Nongqause (1924) p.67 Fig. 14 ‘Ireland – a Dream of the Future’, Punch (1849) p.167 Fig. 15 ‘Irish Iberian, Anglo-Teutonic, Negro’, Harpers’ Weekly (c 1880) p.175 Fig. 16 Black Larry, photograph, Dowsley, Long Horns (c. 1930) p.191 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS If it takes a village to raise a child, it has taken a global village to coax and bully this dissertation into being. For wittingly, or unwittingly, contributing in a myriad different ways, I would like to thank: Anonymous readers; Anne Torlesse, Cecilia Blight, Crystal Warren and Lynne Grant (National English Library Museum, Grahamstown); Zweli Vena and Liz de Wet (Cory Library, Grahamstown); William Jervois (Albany Museum, Grahamstown); Melanie Geustyn and Najwa Hendrickse (National Library of South Africa, Cape Town); O. Ngundu (an unexpected and serendipitous source of encouragement in Rare books, Cambridge University Library); Jeff Peires (for The Dead and the debate); ever-constant and encouraging Isabel Hofmeyr, and Bheki Peterson (University of the Witwatersrand); Ato Quayson (University of Cambridge and, subsequently, University of Toronto); Megan Vaughan, Derek Peterson, Tim Cribb and John Lonsdale (University of Cambridge); Kirsty Mclean; Paul La Hausse; Anne Mager (University of Cape Town); Jeff Opland (for U-Nongqause reviews); Catherine Wakeling (USPG archivist, London); Lucy McCann (Rhodes House, Oxford); Sandy Rowoldt Shell (African Studies Library, UCT); Rev. Fikile Mbabama (St Mark’s Parish); Graham Pechey; Peter Midgley (for his interest and his translation of U-Nongqause); Lindi Dovey; Janine Dunlop (Manuscripts & Archives, UCT); Rachel Hart (Special Collections, St Andrews University Library); Sally-Ann Robertson (Rhodes University); Chris Mann; Lisa Young (my Saturday library partner); Joanna Reed and Paul Fine (for brownies and proof-reading); Janet Sorenson (for reminding me of the Lark); Mary-Ann Smart; Harold Scheub (University of Wisconsin-Madison); Peter Davis (Villon Films); Ann Oakenfull; Annemarieke Golding (Herschel School archivist); Rachel Malkin; Chris Andreas; Andrew Offenburger; Mila Plavsic; Bede Scott; Maire Ni Mhaonaigh (St John’s College, Cambridge); Jennifer Wenzel (University of Michigan); Georgie Horrell; Karen Anderson; Conal Turner (Rev. Dowsley’s grandson) and his lovely wife Heather (for their hospitality and the copy of Long Horns, which saved me days of transcribing in the British Library); Jane Mc Arthur (Dowsley’s granddaughter); Duncan Ferguson; the cheering Effie Schauder; Lauren and Aaron Grbich; Adriana Craciun (for making the unhelpful helpful); Andy Courtier (for loving the words); the Voses (for companionship and their ASDL line) and Paul from St Edmunds for getting me to my viva on time! Special thanks to Sarah Meer, for seeing me through this journey and pushing me to make this dissertation better. And to my sisters, Jennifer and Elizabeth, and my parents, Veronica and Tony Boniface, for believing I could do this. To James for his patience, for challenging me, and for so much more – especially in the last few (and few more) weeks. And finally, to Thea and Benedict for charming me through the darker moments and making the brighter ones even more bright. vi PREFACE This dissertation is my own work and contains nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others, except as specified in the text and Acknowledgements. It does not exceed the regulation length, including footnotes and appendix, but excluding the bibliography. The photo-engravings from Pambaniso (figs 1–10) and figures 11–15 are reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library. Permission to reproduce Dowsley’s ‘Black Larry’ photograph (fig. 16) was obtained from Conal and Heather Turner. NOTES There have been various spellings of proper nouns, and derivatives, over the years. Sarhili, in earlier years, for example, was referred to as Kreli or Sarili, and Nongqawuse as Nongqause, Nonkose, Nonquassi (to name just a few). I have used the modern spellings, except when quoting. There is some controversy surrounding the term ‘Cattle-Killing’. Jeff Guy (in ‘A Landmark, not a Breakthrough’, 229), argues that it ‘conflates, distorts and over-simplifies the events to which it refers’ and should be abandoned. Helen Bradford has recently reanimated the debate in ‘Akukho Ntaka Inokubhabha Ngephiko Elinye’. While acknowledging the term to be a misnomer, I have nonetheless decided to retain it (without inverted commas). Not only is it already widely established and generally understood, but no more precise term been suggested. 1 INTRODUCTION AFTERLIVES AND USES OF THE XHOSA CATTLE-KILLING Yes, I know that historians and writers will condemn Nongqawuse as a fool, a traitor, devil-possessed witch. But is that everything that can be said about this? I hope to God not. No, I will not believe, I cannot believe that the tragedy, which is now upon us, can be explained in that way only. There must be something deeper. I believe that in the distant future someone will catch the proper spirit and get the real meaning of this incident and write about it. Who knows? H. I. E. Dhlomo, The Girl Who Killed to Save, 20 The mid-nineteenth century millenarian movement, instigated by the prophetess Nongqawuse and now commonly
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Italy, World War II and South African Poetry
    English Literature [online] ISSN 2420-823X Vol. 3 – December 2016 [print] ISSN 2385-1635 Italy, World War II and South African Poetry Marco Fazzini (Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia, Italia) Abstract The focus of this article is Guy Butler, Chris Mann and Memory. Details and texts of poetry, but also fragments of letters, drawings, notebooks, images, photos and a more general visual ico- nography pertaining to these two South African poets’ life and work will be used to show the way in which Butler and Mann had something important in common: War and Italy. Guy Butler took part in World War II in Italy, whereas Chris Mann indirectly experienced World War II conflict in our country. Their experience has been indelibly recorded both in their personal memories and in their writings: poems, diaries and prose pieces. Keywords Italy. South Africa. World War II. Poetry. It would be impossible for me to describe all the possible routes and sec- ondary paths this topic can lead to, because I would be forced to discuss at least four or five or, possibly, six different South African poets who have had diverse links and influences through and from Italy. I could, for instance, easily refer to F.T. Prince, Guy Butler, Patrick Cullinan, Stephen Watson, Douglas Livingstone and Chris Mann. For example: I recently read Douglas Livingstone’s private diary, which he kept during his 1992 trip to Italy to launch a book of his poems translated into Italian, Il sonno dei miei leoni. The diary is full of dates, impressions, drafts, poems, descrip- tions of places and people, and would be a rich source of discussion.
    [Show full text]
  • University of the Witwatersrand
    UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African Studies Seminar Paper to be presented in RW 4.00pm MARCH 1984 Title: The Case Against the Mfecane. by: Julian Cobbing No. 144 UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND AFRICAN STUDIES INSTITUTE African studies Seminar Paper to be presented at Seminar in RW 319 at 4,00 pm on Monday, 5 March 1984 THE CASE AGAINST THE MFECANE by. QuJJjun Cobbing. By the 1970s the mfecane had become one of the most widely abused terms in southern African historical literature. Let the reader attempt a simple definition of the mfecane, for instance. This is not such an easy task. From one angle the mfecane was the Nguni diaspora which from the early 1820s took Nguni raiding communities such as the Ndebele, the Ngoni and the Gaza over a huge region of south-central Africa reaching as far north as Lake Tanzania. Africanists stress the positive features of the movement. As Ajayi observed in 1968: 'When we consider all the implications of the expansions of Bantu-speaking peoples there can he no doubt that the theory of stagnation has no basis whatsoever.' A closely related, though different, mfecane centres on Zululand and the figure of Shaka. It has become a revolutionary process internal to Nguni society which leads to the development of the ibutho and the tributary mode of production. Shaka is a heroic figure providing a positive historical example and some self-respect for black South Africans today. But inside these wider definitions another mfecane more specific- ally referring to the impact of Nguni raiders (the Nedbele, Hlubi and Ngwane) on the Sotho west of the Drakensberg.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between the Missionaries of the Cape
    THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE MISSIONARIES OF THE CAPE EASTERN FRONTIER AND THE COLONIAL AUTHORITIES IN THE ERA OF SIR GEORGE GREY, 1854 - 1861. Constance Gail Weldon Pietermaritzburg, December 1984* Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Historical Studies, University of Natal, 1984. CONTENTS Page Abstract i List of Abbreviations vi Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 2 Sir George Grey and his ’civili­ zing mission’ 16 Chapter 3 The missionaries and Grey 1854-6 55 Chapter 4 The Cattle Killing 1856/7 99 Chanter 5 The Aftermath of the Cattle Killing (till 1860s) 137 Chapter 6 Conclusion 174 Appendix A Principal mission stations on the frontier 227 Appendix B Wesleyan Methodist and Church of Scotland Missionaries 228 Appendix C List of magistrates and chiefs 229 Appendix D Biographical Notes 230 Select Bibliography 233 List of photographs and maps Between pages 1. Sir George Grey - Governor 15/16 2. Map showing Cape eastern frontier and principal military posts 32/33 3. Map showing the principal frontier mission stations 54/55 4. Photographs showing Lovedale trade departments 78/79 5. Map showing British Kaffraria and principal chiefs 98/99 6. Sir George Grey - 'Romantic Imperialist' 143/144 7. Sir George Grey - civilian 225/226 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge with thanks the financial assistance rendered by the Human Sciences Research Council towards the costs of this research. Opinions expressed or conclusions arrived at are those of the author and are not to be regarded as those of the Human Sciences Research Council.
    [Show full text]
  • An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya by Sir Frank^,Swettenham,K.C.M.G
    pf^: X 1 jT^^Hi^^ ^^^^U^^^ m^^^l^0l^ j4 '**^4sCidfi^^^fc^^l / / UCSB LIBRAIX BRITISH MALAYA BRITISH MALAYA AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF BRITISH INFLUENCE IN MALAYA BY SIR FRANK^,SWETTENHAM,K.C.M.G. LATE GOVERNOR &c. OF THE STRAITS COLONY & HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR THE FEDERATED MALAY STATES WITH A SPECIALLY COMPILED MAP NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS RE- PRODUCED FROM PHOTOGRAPHS 6f A FRONTISPIECE IN PHOTOGRAVURE 15>W( LONDON i JOHN LANE THE BODLEY HEAD NEW YORK: JOHN LANE COMPANY MDCCCCVH Plymouth: william brendon and son, ltd., printers PREFACE is an article of popular belief that Englishmen are born sailors probably it would be more true to IT ; say that they are born administrators. The English- man makes a good sailor because we happen to have hit upon the right training to secure that end ; but, though the Empire is large and the duties of administra- tion important, we have no school where they are taught. Still it would be difficult to devise any responsibility, how- ever onerous and unattractive, which a midshipman would not at once undertake, though it had no concern with sea or ship. Moreover, he would make a very good attempt to solve the problem, because his training fits him to deal intelligently with the unexpected. One may, however, question whether any one but a midshipman would have willingly embarked upon a voyage to discover the means of introducing order into the Malay States, when that task was thrust upon the British Government in 1874. The object of this book is to explain the circumstances under which the experiment was made, the conditions which prevailed, the features of the country and the character of the people ; then to describe the gradual evolution of a system of administration which has no exact parallel, and to tell what this new departure has done for Malaya, what effect it has had on the neighbour- ing British possessions.
    [Show full text]
  • George Loft Papers
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt6b69r101 No online items Inventory of the George Loft papers Finding aid prepared by Hoover Institution Library and Archives Staff Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2007 434 Galvez Mall Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives Inventory of the George Loft 2006C21 1 papers Title: George Loft papers Date (inclusive): 1957-1989 Collection Number: 2006C21 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: English Physical Description: 11 manuscript boxes(4.4 Linear Feet) Abstract: Correspondence, memoranda, reports, interview summaries, printed matter, and photographs, relating to American Friends Service Committee activities in Africa, especially relating to housing in Zambia; international development projects in Africa; and political and social conditions in Zambia, Zimbabwe and elsewhere in Africa. Creator: Loft, George Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access The collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 2005. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], George Loft Papers, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. 1915 Born, New York City January 27 1931 Graduated, High School of Commerce, New York 1932-1942 Assistant to Economist, National Dairy Products Corporation, New York 1938 Graduated, Bachelor's degree in Accounting, New York University 1940 Completed Master of Business Administration, New York University 1942 Married Eleanor Riddle 1942-1945 Chief of Subsistence Requirements Section, Military Planning Division, Office of the Quartermaster General, Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • King William's Town
    http://ngtt.journals.ac.za Hofmeyr, JW (Hoffie) University of the Free State and Hofmeyr, George S (†) (1945-2009) Former Director of the National Monuments Council of South Africa Establishing a stable society for the sake of ecclesiastical expansion in a frontier capital (King William’s Town) in the Eastern Cape: the pensioners and their village between 1855 and 1861 ABSTRACT For many different reasons, the Eastern Cape area has long been and remains one of the strong focus points of general, political and ecclesiastical historians. In this first article of a series on a frontier capital (King William’s Town) in the Eastern Cape, I wish to focus on a unique socio economic aspect of the fabric of the Eastern Cape society in the period between 1855 and 1861 i.e. the establishment of a Pensioners’ Village. It also touches on certain aspects of the process of colonization in the Eastern Cape. Eventually all of this had, besides many other influences, also an influence on the further expansion of Christianity in the frontier context of the Eastern Cape. In a next article the focus will therefore be on a discussion and analysis of the expansion of missionary work in this frontier context against the background of the establishment of the Pensioners’ Village. 1. INTRODUCTION The British settlement of the Eastern Cape region was a long drawn out process, besides that of the local indigenous people, the Xhosa from the north and the Afrikaner settlers from the western Cape. All these settlements not only had a clear socio economic and political effect but it eventually also influenced the ecclesiastical scene.
    [Show full text]
  • THE UNIVERSITY Heritage Trail
    THE UNIVERSITY Heritage Trail Established by The University of Auckland Business School www.business.auckland.ac.nz ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORIC ATTRACTIONS The University of Auckland Business School is proud to establish the University Heritage Trail through the Business History Project as our gift to the City of Auckland in 2005, our Centenary year. In line with our mission to be recognised as one of Asia-Pacific’s foremost research-led business schools, known for excellence and innovation in research, we support the aims of the Business History Project to identify, capture and celebrate the stories of key contributors to New Zealand and Auckland’s economy. The Business History Project aims to discover the history of Auckland’s entrepreneurs, traders, merchants, visionaries and industrialists who have left a legacy of inspiring stories and memorable landmarks. Their ideas, enthusiasm and determination have helped to build our nation’s economy and encourage talent for enterprise. The University of Auckland Business School believes it is time to comprehensively present the remarkable journey that has seen our city grow from a collection of small villages to the country’s commercial powerhouse. Capturing the history of the people and buildings of our own University through The University Heritage Trail will enable us to begin to understand the rich history at the doorstep of The University of Auckland. Special thanks to our Business History project sponsors: The David Levene Charitable Trust DB Breweries Limited Barfoot and Thompson And
    [Show full text]
  • Proquest Dissertations
    I^fefl National Library Bibliotheque naiionale • T • 0f Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographic Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1A0N4 K1A0N4 v'o,/rM<* Volt? rottiU'iKc Our lilu Nolle tit&rtsnca NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualite de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the depend grandement de la qualite quality of the original thesis de la these soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualite ensure the highest quality of superieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec I'universite degree. qui a confere Ie grade. Some pages may have indistinct La qualite d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser a pages were typed with a poor desirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originates ont ete university sent us an inferior dactylographies a I'aide d'un photocopy. ruban use ou si I'univeioite nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualite inferieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, meme partielle, this microform is governed by de cette microforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, a la Loi canadienne sur Ie droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C-30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subsequents. Canada Maqoma: Xhosa Resistance to the Advance of Colonial Hegemony (1798-1873) by Timothy J.
    [Show full text]
  • Customary Marriage and Family Practices That Discriminate Against Amaxhosa Women: a Critical Study of Selected Isixhosa Literary Texts
    CUSTOMARY MARRIAGE AND FAMILY PRACTICES THAT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST AMAXHOSA WOMEN: A CRITICAL STUDY OF SELECTED ISIXHOSA LITERARY TEXTS BY PHELIWE YVONNE MBATYOTI Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF LITERATURE AND PHILOSOPHY in the FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES of the UNIVERSITY OF FORT HARE SUPERVISOR: Professor C.R. Botha Date submitted: JUNE 2018 DECLARATION I Pheliwe Yvonne Mbatyoti, student number 200600881 declare that CUSTOMARY MARRIAGE AND FAMILY PRACTICES THAT DISCRIMINATE AGAINST AMAXHOSA WOMEN: A CRITICAL STUDY OF SELECTED ISIXHOSA LITERARY TEXTS is my own work, and that it has not been submitted before for any degree or examination in any other university. Student: Pheliwe Yvonne Mbatyoti Signature: Date: 30 June 2018 i DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my mother Mrs. Mbatyoti Nonani Nosipho Gladys for her unconditional support and motivation in all my endeavours in life. To my children I say follow your LIGHT. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks goes to my Supervisor Prof C.R. Botha for his tireless support and encouragement, during this long road to success, Sukwini you are a guardian angel in times of need. To my colleague, Dr Z W Saul, for his support during my studies. Appreciation is also extended to Qhama, Phiwe and Siyanda for believing in my capabilities, Ozoemena Ababalwe, my grandchild you kept me company all the way, uThixo akusikelele. iii ABSTRACT In many parts of Africa, the cultural practices and customs that were in use over the ages are still largely in place today. Many of these practices discriminate against individuals and compromise their human rights, particularly the rights of African women.
    [Show full text]
  • National Identity and Post-Colonial Development: Dictatorial Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of South Africa Master's Thesis
    National Identity and Post-Colonial Development: Dictatorial Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of South Africa Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Global Studies Chandler Rosenberger, Advisor Jasmine Waddell, Advisor Richard Parmentier, Chairman In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Master’s Degree By Andrea Cohen August, 2011 Copyright by Andrea Cohen © 2011 Dedication I would like to dedicate this piece of work to my parents, Fran and Les Cohen. Their hard work and endless support has allowed me to take up any opportunity that comes my way, including my desire to earn a Master’s degree. My Dad has shown me through example the importance of a strong work ethic. His quotes comparing hard work to sports always hang above my desk. Both my parent’s high regard for the needs of others has in part inspired me with a passion to better the lives of those who live in poverty, fear and oppression. I am eternally grateful for their enduring love, guidance, support. Acknowledgements I would like to thank my graduate advisers for their role in my education and for their guidance and support throughout the process. Professors Jasmine Waddell and Chandler Rosenberger’s intellect always inspired me to keep learning, think harder, and dig deeper. I cannot possibly thank Professor Waddell enough for her enduring support throughout the writing process. Each conversation with her left me feeling renewed, validated, and ready to tackle the challenge ahead. Professor Rosenberger always pushed me to achieve the perfection he knew I was capable of, and for that I am thankful to him.
    [Show full text]
  • Kaffraria, and Its Inhabitants
    Afrjcana. a 0 SEP. 1940 I » Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Pretoria, Library Services https://archive.org/details/kaffrariaitsinhaOOflem KAFFIR CHIEFS. KAFFRARIA, AND ITS INHABITANTS. XING WILLIAM’S TOWN. BY THE EEV. FRANCIS FLEMING, M.A., Chaplain to Her Majesty's Forces in King William's Town, British Kajfiaria. SECOND EDITION. LONDON: SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND CO., STATIONERS’ COURT; NORWICH: THOMAS PRIEST. MDCCCLIV. : MERENSKY-BIBLIOTEEK ( ■*! V E*SITI!T V A N m ETC* IA i ASNOMiilff 6 FLEMING | KiGiSTflUNOUMER-. ta.4» TO THE RIGHT REV. FATHER IN GOD, ROBERT GRAY, D.D., BY DIVINE PERMISSION, LORD BISHOP OF CAPE TOWN, THIS WORK IS INSCRIBED, NOT ONLY AS A MARK OF ESTEEM FOR HIS LORDSHIP’S UNWEARIED ZEAL AND ENERGY, IN BEHALF OF HIS PRESENT EXTENSIVE DIOCESE, BUT ALSO AS A SMALL, BUT SINCERE, TOKEN OF LOVE, GRATITUDE, AND AFFECTION, FOR MANY PERSONAL KINDNESSES RECEIVED BY THE AUTHOR. PEEFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. A few words will here suffice to describe the nature of the contents of the following pages. The part, performed by the pen, has been arranged from Notes, taken during a residence in Kaffirland of nearly three years. These notes were collected from personal observation, and inquiry, as well as from the reports of various individuals, long resident in the Cape Colony. I am much indebted to the Lord Bishop of Cape Town, for the use of some valuable information ; and also to the Honorable J. Godlonton, of Graham’s Town, the Rev. J. Appleyard, Wesleyan Missionary at King William’s Town, and various others in the Colony, for a similar boon.
    [Show full text]
  • 2001 Lecture
    THE JAMES BACKHOUSE LECTURE 2001 RECONCILING OPPOSITES: REFLECTIONS ON PEACEMAKING IN SOUTH AFRICA Hendrik W van der Merwe The James Backhouse Lectures The lectures were instituted by Australia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) on the its establishment of that Yearly Meeting in 1964. James Backhouse and his companion, George Washington Walker were English Friends who visited Australia from 1832 to 1838. They travelled widely, but spent most of their time in Tasmania. It was through their visit that Quaker Meetings were first established in Australia. Coming to Australia under a concern for the conditions of convicts, the two men had access to people with authority in the young colonies, and with influence in Britain, both in Parliament and in the social reform movement. In meticulous reports and personal letters, they made practical suggestions and urged legislative action on penal reform, on the rum trade, and on land rights and the treatment of Aborigines. James Backhouse was a general naturalist and a botanist. He made careful observations and published full accounts of what he saw, in addition to encouraging Friends in the colonies and following the deep concern that had brought him to Australia. Australian Friends hope that this series of Lectures will bring fresh insights into the Truth, and speak to the needs and aspirations of Australian Quakerism. This particular lecture was delivered in Melbourne on 8 January 2001, during the annual meeting of the Society. Colin Wendell-Smith Presiding Clerk Australia Yearly Meeting © Copyright 2001 by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia Incorporated.
    [Show full text]