Sports Journalism Is an Easy-To-Read, Easy-To-Digest Primer That Conveys a Sense of Enthusiasm and Authority About Sports Reporting
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JOURNALISM | SPORTS WRITING SCHAFFER, STOFER, KATHRYN T. STOFER • JAMES R. SCHAFFER • BRIAN A. ROSENTHAL “Sports Journalism is an easy-to-read, easy-to-digest primer that conveys a sense of enthusiasm and authority about sports reporting. A variety of sources—including reporters, editors, commentators, and bloggers—make each chapter a lively read. The book also provides a thoroughly up-to-date view of the modern sports journalist, working with the spectrum of technology to bring fans the best in coverage.” —Marie Hardin, Penn State University AND SPORTS “Sports Journalism is a quality introduction to the life of a sports reporter. It is fi lled with fundamental information that tomorrow’s professional sports reporters will need ROSENTHAL to survive in a changing media system.” —Bryan Murley, Eastern Illinois University JOURNALISM AN INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING AND WRITING Sports Journalism introduces students to sports reporting careers and to the writing style sports writers and media relations professionals use. The book stresses the im- SPORTS JOURNALISM JOURNALISM portance of basic writing fundamentals and high ethical standards, essential values for AND WRITING REPORTING TO AN INTRODUCTION sports journalists. Introductory chapters acquaint readers with challenges in an industry in transition: changing technology, multimedia capability, citizen journalists and bloggers, shrinking news holes, and the deadline-dictated lifestyle of sports journalists. Skills chapters elaborate on news values and the conventions of journalism as they apply to sports writ- ing. From leads to nut grafs, inverted pyramid to Model T, simple sentences to headlines, interviewing to using quotations, Sports Journalism focuses on the basics. The book expands the writer’s experience into building relationships with sources and media con- tacts, using numbers and statistics, practicing AP style, and abiding by legal and ethical standards. An easily accessible format uses checklists, illustrations, and anecdotes to show story organization, news release format, news conference protocol, and media guide content. Chapters include suggested exercises and activities. KATHRYN T. STOFER is professor of communication arts at Hastings College. JAMES R. SCHAFFER is professor of journalism at Nebraska Wesleyan University. BRIAN A. ROSENTHAL is a sports writer at the Lincoln Journal Star and has served as adjunct professor at Hastings College. ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD & ROWMAN For orders and information please contact the publisher Rowman & Littlefi eld Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefi eld Publishing Group, Inc. 90000 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200 Lanham, Maryland 20706 9 780742 561748 1-800-462-6420 Cover image © ASSOCIATED PRESS www.rowmanlittlefi eld.com Cover design by Neil D. Cotterill SportsJourDSRPBK.indd 1 9/23/09 9:33:27 AM Sports Journalism Sports Journalism AN INTRODUCTION TO REPORTING AND WRITING Kathryn T. Stofer James R. Schaffer Brian A. Rosenthal ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC. Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK Published by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Stofer, Kathryn T. Sports journalism: an introduction to reporting and writing / Kathryn T. Stofer, James R. Schaffer, and Brian A. Rosenthal. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-7425-6173-1 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7425-6174-8 (pbk. : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-4422-0083-8 (electronic) 1. Sports journalism. I. Schaffer, James R., 1949– II. Rosenthal, Brian A. III. Title. PN4784.S6S88 2010 070.4'49796—dc22 2009020212 ϱ ™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America DEDICATIONS To my sports fans and journalists of the future: Cassidy, Hayden, Katie and Trista. —KS To Suzanne, Sarah, and Stephen, the athletes in my life; and Mary Lynn, their coach. —JS To the memory of my grandparents, Erwin Rosenthal, Donald and Martha Sherman, and my aunt, Lois Eona. —BR Contents Acknowledgments ix Preface xi Chapter 1 Living the Life 1 Routine? What Routine? 3 Take Down or Reversal? 6 Chapter 2 Covering the Game 7 A New Kind of Sports Reporter 8 Advance Stories 11 Game Summary 16 Post-Game Analysis 23 Chapter 3 Finding the Sources 29 Beat Reporting 30 Developing Sources 31 Building Relationships with Sources 49 Chapter 4 Asking the Questions 53 Interviewing Skills 54 Asking the Right Questions 58 Interview Settings 62 Using Quotations 65 Style, Placing Attribution 69 vii viii Contents Chapter 5 Working with the Media 81 Sports Information Directors 82 Credential Requests 88 News Releases 88 Chapter 6 Choosing the Words 105 Journalistic Writing Style 106 Proofreading 128 Chapter 7 Writing the Story 133 Sports News Values 134 Feature Stories 141 Leads 145 Nut Graf 154 Story Structure 157 Columns 163 Chapter 8 Following the Style 171 AP Style 171 Headlines 174 Captions 186 Libel and Other Legalities 189 Chapter 9 Making the Numbers Count 201 Understanding the Game 202 Interpreting the Game 210 Feeding the Fans 212 Dollars and Cents 212 Arbitration Suits 213 For the Record 213 Chapter 10 Highlighting the Greats 217 Participatory Journalism 218 Giants of the Past 219 A More Muscular Prose 222 Modern Masters 224 Appendix A AP Sports Guidelines and Style 237 Appendix B Society of Professional Journalists’ 261 Code of Ethics Appendix C Glossary of News and Sports Terms 265 Index 277 About the Authors 287 Acknowledgments PECIAL THANKS to our families, friends and colleagues Sfor their faith, patience, encouragement and belief, and many times their willingness to handle extra responsibilities while we wrote this book. It truly takes a team to win the game! ■ ■ ■ Kathryn T. Stofer appreciates and thanks those who helped make this book a reality, especially Brian for accepting the challenge and Jim for keeping all of us sane and focused through the process. To the consultants and copy editors who helped strengthen the text in so many ways: John Wood, Jeanne Tool, Tammie Wall, Sharon Brooks, John Brooks, Roger Doerr, Karen Doerr, Kendra Bargen, and, for his special graphic contributions, Isaiah May. ■ ■ ■ James R. Schaffer would like to thank Joe Gisondi for reading the manuscript and helping us better understand blogging; Ryly Jane Hambleton for her many insights into reporting and tireless dedi- cation to her craft; and Karl Skinner for his encyclopedic knowl- edge of small college sports. ■ ■ ■ ix x Acknowledgments Brian A. Rosenthal extends his grateful thanks to Kathy Stofer for allowing her former pupil the opportunity to share what he’s learned from the professor, and for her friendship and support; to James Schaffer, whose periodic visits over coffee kept a new author from turning gray before 40; to his former and current Lincoln Journal Star sports editors, John Mabry and Todd Henrichs, for their patience and understanding; to close friends and colleagues Steven M. Sipple and Mike Babcock for their knowledge, wisdom and humor, especially during the stressful and trying times of a sports writer’s career; to Ted Harbin and David Plati for their pro- fessional insight and help in chapter five; and to his parents for their continuing love and support. Preface RITING AND talking about sports rank right up Wthere with baseball, Mom and apple pie. That makes sports journalism an excellent career choice for those who love the excitement of the game, the rush of being in the press box or on the sidelines at game time, and the interaction with play- ers, coaches and fans. Sports reporters are journalists who write about sports. They’re expected to understand and speak the idiom but write so those who don’t can still feel they’re in the midst of the action. Fans and edi- tors expect them to know the rules of the game and the rules of journalism and be able to meld the two into colorful, action-packed game stories, picturesque profiles, informative features and thought- ful analysis in any medium. Enter “Sports Journalism: An Introduction to Reporting and Writing.” After teaching a course in sports reporting and writing for three years while searching for a textbook that met our require- ments, the authors discovered we were not alone in wishing for a tool that would provide a basic introduction to a sports reporting career and to the writing skills a novice sports reporter or media relations person needs. So we pulled together the curriculum devel- oped for the three-credit hour course, added examples, suggested activities and discussion topics for further review and created a book of easy-to-access information. The text is made timely for xi xii Preface each class by supplementing it with current examples, trips to sports events and visits with guest speakers. The authors intend the introductory chapters