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The Political Economy of Land Development in Nineteenth Century Toronto Barbara Sanford

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The Political Economy of Land Development in Nineteenth Century Toronto Barbara Sanford Document generated on 10/01/2021 7:25 a.m. Urban History Review Revue d'histoire urbaine The Political Economy of Land Development In Nineteenth Century Toronto Barbara Sanford Volume 16, Number 1, June 1987 Article abstract This paper challenges traditional ecological assumptions about urban growth URI: https://id.erudit.org/iderudit/1017943ar and development by exploring the relationship between social structure and DOI: https://doi.org/10.7202/1017943ar urban pattern. A neo-marxian analysis is used to examine the ways in which changing social, political and economic forces of Canadian society affected the See table of contents distribution of social classes in urban space during three periods of Toronto's early growth; 1) the colonial period, 1791-1833; 2) the mercantile period, 1834-1850; and 3) the early industrial period, 1851-1881. The town's original Publisher(s) land grants were allocated according to social status, physically expressing the hierarchical social structure of colonial life. Then, with the growing prosperity Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine of local merchant capitalists, former regulations on land were abandoned in favour of speculative profits for individual property owners. Early street ISSN servicing and fire by-laws reinforced the existing micro-scale segregation. During capitalist industrialization the scale of segregation changed from the 0703-0428 (print) micro to the macro scale, with the development of working class districts and 1918-5138 (digital) exclusive enclaves for the upper and middle classes. The latter were again reinforced with special provisions, suggesting that Toronto's social geography Explore this journal has historically been shaped by those with the power, wealth and position to protect and promote their own class interests. Cite this article Sanford, B. (1987). The Political Economy of Land Development In Nineteenth Century Toronto. Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 16(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.7202/1017943ar All Rights Reserved © Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine, 1987 This document is protected by copyright law. Use of the services of Érudit (including reproduction) is subject to its terms and conditions, which can be viewed online. https://apropos.erudit.org/en/users/policy-on-use/ This article is disseminated and preserved by Érudit. Érudit is a non-profit inter-university consortium of the Université de Montréal, Université Laval, and the Université du Québec à Montréal. Its mission is to promote and disseminate research. https://www.erudit.org/en/ The Political Economy of Land Development In Nineteenth Century Toronto Barbara Sanford Résumé/Abstract Cet article remet en cause les hypothèses écologiques traditionnelles à propos de la croissance et du développement urbain en explorant la connexité entre la structure sociale et le schéma urbain. Une analyse néo-marxiste est utilisée pour examiner les façons dont le changement social, politique et les forces économiques de la société canadienne affectent la répartition des classes sociales dans l'espace urbain durant trois périodes de la première croissance de Toronto : l) la période coloniale, 1791-1833; 2) la période marchande, 1834-1850; et 3) la période des débuts de l'industrialisation, 1851-1881. Les premières concessions de la ville sont attribuées conformément au statut social, exprimant ainsi physiquement la structure sociale hiérarchique du monde colonial. Par la suite, avec la prospérité croissante des capitalistes-marchands locaux, la réglementation antérieure est abandonnée au profit de la spéculation foncière. Les premiers règlements municipaux sur l'entretien des rues et sur les services contre les incendies renforcent la ségrégation existante sur une micro-échelle. Durant l'industrialisation, la ségrégation passe de la micro à la macro• échelle, avec le développement de quartiers ouvriers et d'enclaves réservées au classes moyennes et supérieures. Ces dernières sont encore renforcées par des dispositions spéciales, cela indique que la géographie sociale de Toronto a été historiquement façonnée par ceux qui possédaient le pouvoir et la santé et étaient en mesure de défendre et de promouvoir leurs propres intérêts de classe. This paper challenges traditional ecological assumptions about urban growth and development by exploring the relationship between social structure and urban pattern. A neo-marxian analysis is used to examine the ways in which changing social, political and economic forces of Canadian society affected the distribution of social classes in urban space during three periods of Toronto's early growth; 1) the colonial period, 1791-1833; 2) the mercantile period, 1834-1850; and 3) the early industrial period, 1851- 1881. The town's original land grants were allocated according to social status, physically expressing the hierarchical social structure of colonial life. Then, with the growing prosperity of local merchant capitalists, former regulations on land were aban• doned in favour of speculative profits for individual property owners. Early street servicing and fire by-laws reinforced the existing micro-scale segregation. During capitalist industrialization the scale of segregation changed from the micro to the macro scale, with the development of working class districts and exclusive enclaves for the upper and middle classes. The latter were again reinforced with special provisions, suggesting that Toronto's social geography has historically been shaped by those with the power, wealth and position to protect and promote their own class interests. The forces influencing urban land use patterns, particu• challange the ecologists' hegemony in this field of enquiry, larly residential patterns of segregation, have been addressed and assert the need for rooting urban theory in the context by human ecologists for over half a century.1 Their expla• of social theory.2 In short, neo-marxians stress the impor• nations, however, have remained ideologically bound by their tance of social structure in shaping urban patterns. In efforts to create a universal or generic theory of the modern Western societies, this social structure is identified as capi• city. In recent years, neo-marxian theorists have begun to talist, and is viewed as the primary force separating society into classes, and separating classes in urban space. Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine, Vol. XVI, No. 1 This emphasis on social structure further suggests that [June/juin 1987] the production of urban space be examined in its historical Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine context. While ecologists view human history as an evolu• some physical environment thought to ensure their future tionary process, and equate Western capitalist cities with the security and well-being. peak of modern civilization, neo-Marxians, like Castells, note that such a view is ethnocentric, to say the least.3 One may Social conditions, however, may well have been equally add that such views ignore the social and political dimen• important. Gordon's work, for example, introduces the theme sions of human history. In other words, human ecologists of class conflict as a central force precipitating segregation.8 have obfuscated the active role played by people in shaping Though somewhat oversimplified, the theme is particularly their urban environment, and have discounted the relations relevant to early capitalist industrialization because it was a of power which have historically characterized and struc• time when workers actively organized to oppose the impact tured this development process. of market relations on their work and their lives. Upper- and middle-class residents generally perceived these early labour For example, ecologists have claimed that residential dif• unions as threats to the new socio-economic order, despite ferentiation emerged during industrialization as a natural the fact that the unions' goals were frequently much less and voluntary response to urban growth, i.e., that the radical in scope. Nonetheless, fear of the "unruly classes" enlarged scale of the city allowed residents the opportunity and the new antagonisms that capitalist industrializa• to segregate, which they chose because of a preference for tion brought to the fore no doubt added to the affluent's living among neighbours similar to themselves.4 Marxian motivation to move away from the site of these conflicts in theorists, in contrast, suggest that choices and preferences the core. are themselves limited and structured within a specific his• torical context. Ashton, for example, attributes the Although not necessarily preconceived as a means of centralization of workers' slums in the nineteenth century to reproducing the inequalities of class, residential differentia• the centralization of industry and the workers' inability to tion has become a central feature of the social reproduction pay the cost of either travelling from a more distant location of capitalist class relations. Social reproduction refers to the or purchasing more-space or better housing conditions in the way in which society structures life chances, primarily centre. The workers' position thus posed serious structural through the socialization of children. Harvey notes, for limitations on their housing choices or "preferences." For example, that residential differentiation creates differential those who could afford to leave the central area, segregation access to resources, thus tending to structurally limit mar• was a means of enhancing
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