Appendix: Manifestos Issued by the Commission, May-November 1918

This appendix lists all the leaflets written by the Padua Commission during its seven• month existence which have been discovered in archives in , Budapest, Zagreb, Prague and London. Those marked with an asterisk(*) have been located only in Antoni Szuber's work. Manifestos with more than one language in the same leaflet are indicated thus: C/Cz; otherwise the leaflets were issued separately in different languages (with some occasionally issued on the obverse and reverse of a single sheet). The spelling of the titles has been left as in the original.

Language Key: c Croat p Polish Cz Czech R Romanian G German s Serb [Cyrillic] I Italian Sl Slovene M Magyar u Ukrainian

1. Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci! c 2. Polacy! p 3. Unlocated 4. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 5. Unlocated 6. Mandre catane Romane! R 7. Vojaci Rakousko-Uherska! Cz C GM P R 8. [Title unknown]* CzCGMPR 9. Drazi bratfi Cechoslovaci! Cz 10. Polacy! p 11. Krajane Cechoslovaci! Cz 12. LegioniSci polscy! p 13. Unlocated 14. Unlocated 15. Vojini Cechoslovaci, Polaci ... CzCPR 16. Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci! c 17. Jugosloveni! Draga braco Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 18. Bitka na zapadnom frontu! c 19. fugoslavija (no. 1) c 20. Soldaten der deutschen und magyarischen Nazionalitat G 21. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 1) Cz 22. Neamul Romanesc (no. 1) R 23. Polak (no. 1) p 24. Unlocated

445 446 Appendix

25. Polacy! p 26. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 27. Bratri Cechoslovaci! Cz 28. Po lacy! p 29. Hrvati, Srbi i Slovenci! c 30. Cechove a Slovaci! Cz 31. Po lacy! p 32. Soldati romani! R 33. Jugoslavija (no. 2) c 34. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 2) Cz 35. Polak (no. 2) p 36. Neamul Romilnesc (no. 2) R 37. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! CIP 38. Gospodarska vaznost jugoslovanske deklaracije Sl 39. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 40. Zolnierzu Polaku! p 41. Magyar Katonak! M 42. LegioniSci polscy! p 43. Zolnierze - Polacy, Legioniki! p 44. Polak (no. 3) p 45. Jugoslavija (no. 3) c 46. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 3) R 47. Unlocated 48. Bratfi! Cesi! Slovaci! Cz 49. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 3) Cz so. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 51. Po lacy! p 52. Bratfi Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 53. Po lacy! p 54. Mandre catane romane! R 55. Osterreichische Soldaten! G 56. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 57. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 58. Po lacy! p 59. Po lacy! p 60. Polacy! p 61. Po lacy! p 62. Bracia iolnierze! p 63. Unlocated 64. Unlocated 65. Po lacy! p 66. Narodni Listy rakouskou vladou zastaveny Cz 67. z 13. cisla Ceskoslovenske Samostatnosti Cz 68. Osterreichischer Begriff von Hochverrat G 69. Unlocated 70. Osterreichische Soldaten! G [71-3 Unlocated] 74. Jugoslavija (no. 4) c 75. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 4) R Appendix 447

76. Polak (no. 4) p 77. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 4) Cz 78. Prehlidka ceskoslovenskeho vojska J.V. knilem Czl 79. Az olaszok elsiilyesztettek ket nagy ... hadihajot GM 80. Ceskoslovenske vojsko uznano anglickou vladou Cz 81. Unutrasnje prilike u Austriji c 82. Polacy z pod zaboru austyackiego w opozycyi p 83. Representantii Societtilor ungure~ti din America R 84. Opozycya Polak6w zaostrza przesilenie wewnetrzne p 85. Jugoslovenski pokret c 86. Politia militar nemteasc din Romania R 87. Ceskoslovenske vojsko na pochodu do Vladivostoku Cz 88. Ukrai:n'ci:! u 89. Magyar Katonak! Miert harcoltok ti? M 90. Srbi, Hrvati, Slovenci! C Sl 91. Polacy! Za kogo walczycie? PU 92. Cechove a Slovaci, polozili jste si otazku Cz 93. Mandri osta~i romani! R 94. Osta~i romani! R 95. Mndri osta~i romani! R 96. Derek magyar katonak! ... M 97. Klamstwa niemieckiej prasy p 98. Talijanski demokrate iredentiste C/Cz/I/Sl 99. Srbi, Hrvati, Slovenci! CCzGIMPR U 100. Nic jim neverte! Cz 101. Njegovoj ekselenciji madalu Svetozaru Borojevicu c [102-7 Unlocated] 108. Cesi a Slovaci! CzGIMP RSl 109. Itt nyugszik Magyarorszag M 110. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 111. Zatim co na fronte cesti ... Cz 112. Polak (no. 5) p 113. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 5) Cz 114. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 5) R 115. Jugoslavija (no. 5) c 116. Derek Magyar Katonak! M 117. Magyar honfiak-Katonak! M 118. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 119. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 120. Unlocated 121. Soldaten! G 122. Unlocated 123. Unlocated 124. Cesko-slovacki bataljon u bitci kod Fossette C/Cz/PIR 125. Nachrichten tiber den Hunger in Oesterreich-Ungarn CCz GIP R 126. Magyar Katonak! M 127. Unlocated 128. Wiener! G 129. Es ist nicht wahr G 448 Appendix

130. In questo mattino d'agusto ... I 131. Necht' Vas posfli na velkeho mucednika M.Jana Husa! Cz 132. Unlocated 133. A magyar kepviselohiz iilese M 134. Polak (no. 6) p 135. Jugoslavija (no. 6) C/S/Sl 136. Neamul Romfmesc (no. 6) R 137. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 6) Cz 138. Po lacy! p 139. Cesi a Slovaci! C/Cz 140. Po lacy! p 141. Polacy! I Ukrai"n'ci:! P/U 142. Bezumne optuzbe austriske o rdjavom postupanju C/Cz/PIR 143. Gl6d w Austryi PR 144. Unlocated 145. Magyar katomik! M 146. Magyar katonak! M 147. Soldati Romani! R 148. Die erste Millionen amerikanischer Soldaten G 149. Prvi mil jon amerikanskih vojakov Sl 150. Uria~ele pregtiri de rzboi ale Americii R 151. Milion zolnierzy amerykanskich p 152. Po lacy! p 153. Ukrai"n'ci:! u 154. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 155. Soldaten! Die Folgen des neuen Biindnisses ... G 156. Neamul Romanesc (no. 7) R 157. Polak (no. 7) p 158. Jugoslavija (no. 7) c 159. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 7) Cz 160. Po lacy! p 161. Magyar katonak! M 162. Soldati romani! R 163. Jugosloveni! CCz 164. Ohromne valecne pi'ipravy v-fkony Cz 165. Magyar katonak! M 166. Magyar katonak! M 167. Polacy! p 168. Jugosloveni! c 169. Kosovo! s 170. Soldaten! Zehntausende von euren Briidem ... G 171. Magyar halcil az olasz front6n M 172. Magyar katonak! M 173. Jaky dojem v Rakousku vyvolalo pl'iznani Cz 174. Oriasi hadikesziilOdes Amerikaban M 175. Soldati romani! R 176. Neamul Romanesc (no. 8) R 177. Polak (no. 8) p 178. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 8) Cz Appendix 449

179. Jugoslavija (no. 8) c 180. Interpellaci6 az olasz offenzivar6l ... M 181. Soldati romani! R 182. ? Soldati romani! R 183. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 184. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 185. Unlocated 186. Polacy! p 187. Polacy! Prezydent miasta Krakowa ... p 188. Unlocated 189. Zolnierze! p 190. Sonderfriedensgeriichte und Sonderfriedenstatsachen G 191. Soldati romani! R 192. Soldati romani! R 193. Jak Niemcy przesladuj;,tlud polski p 194. Polacy! Wiecie, ze wasi bracia z Brazylji ... * p 195. Po lacy! p 196. Unlocated 197. Vaika a Hlad CzMPR 198. Po lacy! p 199. Uslovi mira Sila Sporazuma CCzGIMPR U 200. Polacy! p 201. Po lacy! p 202. Denkt iiber folgende drei tatsachen nach ... G 203. Jugoslavija C/Sl 204. Po lacy! p 205. Po lacy! p 206. Soldati Romani! R 207. Polak (no. 9) p 208. Jugoslavija (no. 9) C/Sl 209. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 9) R 210. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 9) Cz 211. Polacy! p 212. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 213. Soldati romani! R 214. Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 215. Magyar Katonak! M 216. Magyar Katonak! M 217. Po lacy! p 218. Bracia Polacy z Galicyi! p 219. Soldaten! Der deutsche Staatssekretar ... G 220. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 221. Po lacy! p 222. Po lacy! p 223. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl 224. Krajane, bratn! Cz 225. Jugosloveni! c 226. Soldati romani! R 227. Soldati Romani! R 450 Appendix

228. wer ist diese hassliche und schmutzige Hexe G 229. Bratfi Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 230. Unlocated 231. Zolnierze Polacy! p 232. Bezumne optuzbe austriske o rdjavom postupanju C/Cz/P!R 233. Unlocated 234. Magyar Katonak! GM 235. Jugoslavija (no. 10) C/Sl 236. Polak (no. 10) p 237. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 10) Cz 238. Neamul Romfinesc (no. 10) R 239. Zhovni:ri-Ukrai:n'skii Narode! u 240. Po lacy! p 241. Gr6f Tiszar6l van sz6! M 242. Magyar Katonak! M 243. Bratfi! Brati'i! Cz 244. iolnierze - Ludu Polski! p 245. iolnierze- Polacy! Powiedzcie, dlaczego? p 246. Po lacy! p 247. Soldati Romani! R 248. [Serb leaflet]* s 249. Magyar Katonak! M 250. Szegeny lelkivaksaggal megvert magyarok! M 251. Ojciec Swiety dla Polski p 252. Soldaten, die ihr fiir Deutschland ... kampft GMR 253. Unlocated 254. Magyar Katonak! M 255. Magyar katonak! M 256. Unlocated 257. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 11) Cz 258. Jugoslavija (no. 11) C/Sl 259. Polak (no. 11) p 260. Neamul Romfinesc (no. 11) R 261. Magyar Katonak! M 262. Po lacy! p 263. Magyar Katonak! M 264. Magyar Katonak! M 265. Modlitwa ucisnionych synow Polski p 266. Unlocated 267. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 268. Unlocated 269. Was alles Am erika beitragt GIPU 270. Magyar Katonak! M 271. Unlocated 272. Po lacy! p 273. Polak (no. 12) p 274. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 12) Cz 275. Jugoslavija (no. 12) C/Sl 276. Neamul Romfinesc (no. 12) R Appendix 451

277. Soldati romani! R 278. Austria-Magyarorsag Katoncii! M 279. Polacy* p 280. Co czyni Ameryka dla p 281. Po lacy! p 282. Magyar Katonak! M 283. Po lacy! p 284. Unlocated 285. 'Delenda Austria!' CzGIMP U 286. 6sterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten! G CzMP R Sl 287. Soldati romani! R 288. Magyar Katonak! M 289. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 13) Cz 290. Neamul Romanesc (no. 13) R 291. Jugoslavija (no. 13) CIS I 292. Polak (no. 13) p 293. Po lacy! p 294. Po lacy! p 295. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 296. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 297. VaJecne die rakouskych Nemcu Cz 298. Unlocated 299. Unlocated 300. Vzesly jiz dnove odplaty strasne ... Cz 301. ? Magyar Katonak! M 302. Magyar Katonak! M 303. Magyar Katonak! M 304. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 305. Soldati Romani! R 306. Unlocated 307. Zo:lnierze Polacy! p 308. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 309. Jugoslavija (no. 14) CIS I 310. Polak (no. 14) p 311. Neamul Romanesc (no. 14) R 312. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 14) Cz 313. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! c 314. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl 315. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci! CGIMR 316. Unlocated 317. Soldaten! Das Lied klingt aus G 318. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl 319. Zo:lnierze-Polacy! PU 320. Magyar Katonak! M 321. Unlocated 322. Zolnierze-Polacy! p 323. Glad CCz 324. Cesi a Slovaci! Cz 325. ? fugoslavija (no. 15) C/Sl 452 Appendix

326. ? Polak (no. 15) p 327. ? Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 15) Cz 328. ? Neamul Romiinesc (no. 15) R 329. Unlocated 330. Graphischer Aufriss der grossen Entent-Offensive CGM 331. Vojnici Austro-Ugarske CGMP 332. Miliardy, Miliardy ... * p [333-5 Unlocated] 336. Zapadni front. Pregledna karta bitke u Flandriji CCzR 337. Unlocated 338. Po lacy! p 339. [Czech leaflet]* Cz 340. Unlocated 341. Cechove a Sloviici! CziPR 342. ? Jugoslavija (no. 16) C!Sl 343. ? Polak (no. 16) p 344. ? Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 16) Cz 345. ? Neamul Romiinesc (no. 16) R [346-51 Unlocated] 352. Magyarok! M 353. Ludendorff und Wilson G 354. Vojaci rakousko-uhersti! Cz [355-9 Unlocated] 360. Vitezstvi Spojenai u Saint Mihiel CzG 361. 4 Millionen Amerikaner GP 362. Jugoslavija (no. 17) C/Sl 363. Polak (no. 17) p 364. Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 17) Cz 365. Neamul Romiinesc (no. 17) R 366. Magyar Katonak! M 367. Polacy!* p 368. Lloyd George o rykonech ceskoslovenskeho vojska* Cz 369. Unlocated 370. Austria-Magiarorszag hciboru-adossagai M [371-4 Unlocated] 375. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci c 376. Take Japonsko uznava samostatnost Cz [377-9 Unlocated] 380. Polacy! Wame oswiadczenia w sprawie polskiej* p 381. ? Jugoslavija (no. 18) C!Sl 382. ? Polak (no. 18) p 383. ? Ceskoslovenskii Samostatnost (no. 18) Cz 384. ? Neamul Romiinesc (no. 18) R 385. Hodina miru dosud neudefila Cz 386. Po lacy* p [387-9 Unlocated] 390a. Soldati Romani! R 390b. Soldati Romani! R 391a. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl Appendix 453

391b. Slovenci, Hrvati in Srbi! Sl [392-5 Unlocated] 396. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci CSSl 397. Unlocated 398. Unlocated 399. Bugarska kapitulacija c 400. Soldati Romani! R 401. Turecka fronta v Palestyne Cz 402. Nove ponizky nemecke ve Francii Cz 403. Mieknie i rozsypuje sie w drazgi centralny blok* p 404. Bulharsko pfijalo podminky Dohody Cz 405. Magyar Katonak! M 406. Soldati Romani! R 407. Unlocated 408. Polak (no. 19) p 409. Ceskoslovenska Samostatnost (no. 19) Cz 410. Neamul Romilnesc (no. 19) R 411. Jugoslavija (no. 19) C!S/Sl [412-7 Unlocated] 418. Soldaten! G 419. Unlocated 420. Poselstvi prof. Masaryka ceskoslovenskemu vojsku Cz 421. Unlocated 422. Az Antant gyozelmei Szakadatlanul folytatod ... M 423. Deutsches Volk! Die zwolfte Stunde schUigt! G 424. Magyar Katonak! M 425. Jugoslavija (no. 20) C/Sl 426. Polak (no. 20) p 427. Ceskoslovenskri Samostatnost (no. 20) Cz 428. Neamul Romilnesc (no. 20) R 429. Unlocated 430. Unlocated 431. KRIEG ODER FRIEDEN? CzGR 432. Unlocated 433. Unlocated 434. 'Den Besiegten muss man nur die Augen lassen .. .' G 435. Unlocated 436. Osterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten! G [437-8 Unlocated] 439. Srbi, Hrvati i Slovenci!* s [440--53 Unlocated] 454. Magyar Katonak! M 455. Soldaten! GR [456-85 Unlocated] 486. Trpeti a umirati! Proc? Cz 487. Osterreichisch-ungarische Soldaten! G [488-91 Unlocated] 492. Das Ende! G Bibliography

A Primary sources

I Archives

1 Austria (Vienna) 0STERREICHISCHES STAATSARCHIV, KRIEGSARCHIV (KA- War Archives) Army High Command (AOK) Evidenzbiiro (EvB) Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle (FAst) Operations Section (Op.Abt) Verbindungsoffizier Oberost, 1917 Army, Corps and Divisional Command records Heeresgruppekommando Conrad (HGK Conrad) 2nd Army Command (2AK) Isonzo Army Command (KISA) 6th Army Command (6AK) lOth Army Command (lOAK) 11th Army Command (llAK) 6th Corps Command (VI KK) lOth Corps Command (X KK) 13th Corps Command (XIII KK) 36th Divisional Command and Court records (36ID) Other records Flugzettel Sammlung Militarkanzlei Seiner Majestat (MKSM) Zensurstelle Feldkirch ALLGEMEINES VERWALTUNGSARCHIV (AVA) Ministry of Interior files HAUS-HOF-UND STAATSARCHIV (HHStA) Politisches Archiv I, XL

2 Croatia (Zagreb) ARHIV HRVATSKE (AHZ- Croatian States Archives) Mirko Belosevic MSS (789) Maximilian Csicserics MSS (792) Julije Gazzari MSS (798) Stjepan Sarkotic MSS Ratni Arhiv (477) 42. Domobranska Pjesadijska Divizija, 1916-18 (482) Propaganda leaflet collection (907)

454 Bibliography 455

ARHIV }UGOSLAVENSKE AKADEMI]E ZNANOSTI I UMJE1NOSTI (AJA - Archive of the Yugoslav Academy) Arhiv Jugoslavenskog Odbora (JO- Yugoslav Committee): America (1); Czechoslovaks (24); England (2); France (31); Milivoj JambriSak, Yugoslav Committee in Rome (35); Ante Mandie (8); Miscellaneous reports (136); Northcliffe (85); Paris Congress (46); Prisoners in (59); Propaganda leaflets (111); Rome Congress (19); Henry Wickham Steed (9); Dinko Trinajstic (84); Ante Trumbic (60, 76); Volunteer ques• tion in Italy (28); Yugoslav Committee in Paris (27)

3 Czech Republic (Prague) ARCHiv NARODNiHO MuZEA (ANM - Archive of the National Museum) FrantiSek Hlavacek MSS VOJENSKY HISTORICKY ARCHiV (VHA- Military History Archive) Czechoslovak National Council papers (CSNR) Propaganda leaflets 1915-18 Records of the 39th Regiment Lev Sychrava MSS

4 Great Britain BRITISH LIBRARY London (BL) Northcliffe MSS CHURCHILL COLLEGE Cambridge (CCC) Earl of Cavan MSS Maurice Hankey MSS Henry Rawlinson MSS HousE OF LORDS RECORD OFFICE (HLRO) Beaverbrook MSS Lloyd George MSS IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM London (IWM) Charles Delme-Radcliffe: diary and papers (DRP) L.I.L. Ferguson MSS F.C. Pritchard MSS L.A.E. Price-Davies MSS V.G. Ricketts MSS Campbell Stuart MSS Henry Wilson MSS Propaganda leaflet collection (1914-18) PUBLIC RECORDS OFFICE London (PRO) Admiralty Files (ADM) 137 Air Ministry Files (AIR) Foreign Office Files (FO) 170 - Consular 371- Political 383 - Prisoners 395 -News, Miscellaneous 800 - Balfour MSS War Cabinet Files (CAB) War Office Files (WO) 79, 106, 157, 158 456 Bibliography

SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIFS London (SSEES) R.W. Seton-Watson MSS (SWP) THE T!MFS ARCHIVE London (TTA) W.K. McClure MSS Northcliffe MSS Henry Wickham Steed MSS

5 Hungary (Budapest) HAmbRTENETI INTEZET Es LEVELTAR (HIL - Hungarian Military Archives) Army and Divisional Command records: KISA, 6AK, 42HID, IR25. Hadifeliigyeleti Bizottsag (HFB- War Surveillance Commission) Honved Ministerium (1918) 'Propaganda Anyag' Szeged and Miskolc court martial records

0RSzAGOS HADTORTENETI MOZEUM (OHM- National Military History Museum) Propaganda leaflet collection

6 Italy (Padua) ARCHIVIO DI STATO DI PADOVA (State Archives) Gabinetto Prefettura

II Newspapers and journals Bosnische Post (Sarajevo) Corriere della Sera (Milan) Glas Slovenaca Hrvata i Srba (Zagreb) Hrvatska (Zagreb) Neue Freie Presse (Vienna) The New Europe (London) Osterreichische Wehrzeitung (Vienna) Pester Lloyd (Budapest) (London)

III Official documents and government publications Browder, Robert and Kerensky, Alexander (eds), The Russian Provisional Government 1917: Documents, 3 vols (Stanford, 1961). Challener, Richard D. (ed.), United States Military Intelligence 1917-1927, vols 1-S (New York and London, 1978). Comando Supremo of the Royal Italian Army, The Battle of the Piave, June 15-23 1918 (London, 1921). Komjathy, Miklos (ed.), Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates der Osterreichisch-Ungar• ischen Monarchie 1914-1918 (Budapest, 1966). Jankovic, Dragoslav and Krizman, Bogdan (eds), Gradja o Stvaranju Jugoslavenske Driave, 2 vols (Belgrade, 1964). Ludendorff, Erich (ed.), Urkunden des Obersten Heeresleitung uber ihre Tiitigkeit 1916-18 (Berlin, 1922). Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States 1918. Supplement 1. The World War, vol. 1 (Washington, 1933). Bibliography 45 7

Papers relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States. The Lansing Papers 1914-1920, vol. 2 (Washington, 1940). Relazione della Commissione d'Inchiesta. Dall'Isonzo al Piave, 24 Ottobre-9 Novembre, 1917, 2 vols (Rome, 1919). Stenographische Protokolle iiber die Sitzungen des Hauses der Abgeordneten des Osterreichischen Reichsrates, XXII Session, vols 4-5 (Vienna, 1918). Zeman, Z.A.B., Germany and the Revolution in Russia 1915-1918: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry (Oxford, 1958).

IV Published letters, diaries and contemporary writings Albertini, Luigi, Epistolario 1911-1926, ed. Ottavio Barie,3 vols (Verona, 1968). Alessi, Rino, Dall'Isonzo al Piave. Lettere Clandestine di un Corrispondente di Guerra, ed. Amoldo Mondadori (Milan, 1966). Amendola, G., Borgese, G.A., Ojetti, U. and Torre, A., II Patto di Roma (Rome, 1919). Barac, Franjo (ed.), and -Friends of the Entente in the World War (Paris, 1919). Bissolati, Leonida, Diario di Guerra, ed. G. Einaudi (Turin, 1935). Bocou, Severe, Les Legions Roumaines de Transylvanie. L'Irredentisme Roumain (Paris, 1918). Goldsmid, C.H., Diary of a Liaison Officer in Italy in 1918 (London, 1920). Kafka, Franz, The Diaries of Franz Kafka 1910-1923, ed. Max Brod (Penguin, 1972). Korosec, Anton, Les Yougoslaves et Ia Conf&ence de Brest-Litovsk (Geneva, 1918). Malagodi, Olindo, Conversazioni della Guerra 1914-1919, ed. B. Vigezzi, 2 vols (Milan, 1960). Ojetti, Ugo, Lettere alia Moglie 1915-1919, ed. Fernanda Ojetti (Florence, 1964). Kobald, Karl (ed.), Kriegsalmanach 1914-1916 (Vienna, 1916). Kokoschka, Olda, and Mamau, Alfred (eds), Oskar Kokoschka Letters 1905-1976 (London, 1992). Popovic, Nikola (ed.), Jugoslovenski Dobrovoljci 1914-1918. Zbornik Dokumenata (Belgrade, 1980). Redlich, Josef, Schicksalsjahre Osterreichs 1908--1919. Das politische Tagebuch Josef Redlich, ed. Fritz Fellner, 2 vols (Graz and Cologne, 1953-4). Salvemini, Gaetano, Carteggio 1914-1920, ed. Enzo Tagliacozzo (Rome and Bari, 1984). Seton-Watson, R.W., R. W. Seton-Watson and the Yugoslavs: Correspondence 1906-1941, eds. Hugh and Christopher Seton-Watson, Ljubo Bohan, Mirjana Gross, Bogdan Krizman, Dragovan Sepic, 2 vols (London and Zagreb, 1976). Sonnino, Sidney, Diario 1916-1922, 3 vols (Bari, 1972). Wicht!, Friedrich, Dr Karel Kramarsch, der Anstifter des Weltkrieges (Vienna and Munich, 1918). Zanotti-Bianco, Umberto, Carteggio 1906-1918, ed. V. Carind (Rome and Bari, 1987).

B Secondary sources

I Memoirs Albertini, Luigi, Venti Anni di Vita Politica. Parte Seconda. L 'Italia nella Grande Guerra, 3 vols (Bologna, 1950-3). Arz von Straussenburg, Arthur, Kampfund Sturz der Mittelmachte (Vienna, 1935). Arz von Straussenberg, Arthur, Zur Geschichte des Gro{Sen Krieges 1914-1918 (Vienna, 1924). 458 Bibliography

Auffenberg-Komar6w, Moritz, Aus bsterreichs Hohe und Niedergang. Bin Lebensschilderung (Munich, 1921). Bardolff, Carl Freiherr von, Soldat im alten Osterreich. Brinnerungen aus meinem Leben (Leipzig, 1938). Benedikt, Heinrich, Damals im alten bsterreich. Brinnerungen (Vienna and Munich, 1979). Benes, Edvard, Svetova Valka a nase Revoluce. Vzpominky a Uvahy z Boju za Svobodu Naroda, 3 vols (Prague, 1927). Benn, Captain Wedgwood, In the Side Shows (London, 1919). Blankenhorn, Heber, Adventures in Propaganda: Letters from an Intelligence Officer in France (Boston and New York, 1919). Borgese, G.A., Goliath: the March of Fascism (London, 1938). Brancaccio, Nicola, In Francia durante Ia Guerra (Milan, 1926). Burian von Rajecz, Stephen, Austria in Dissolution (London, 1925). Cockerill, George, What Fools We Were (London, 1944). Conrad von Hotzendorf, Franz, Private Aufzeichnungen. Brste Veroffentlichungen aus den Papieren des k.u.k. Generalstabs-Chefs, ed. Kurt Peball (Vienna and Munich, 1977). Cram on, August von, Unser osterreich-ungarischer Bundesgenosse im Weltkriege (Berlin, 1920). Creel, George, How we Advertised America (New York, 1972). Crosse, E. C., The Defeat ofAustria as seen by the Seventh Division (London, 1919). Czernin, Ottokar, Im Weltkriege (Berlin and Vienna, 1919). Finzi, C.P.L., Il Sogno di Carzano (Bologna, 1926). Finzi, Cesare P.L., 'I.T.O.' Note di un Capo del Servizio Informazioni d'Armata 1915-1918 (Milan, 1931; 2nd edn: Milan, 1934). Gladden, Norman, Across the Piave: A Personal Account of the British Forces in Italy, 1917- 1919 (London, 1971). Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund von, Bin General im Zwielicht, ed. Peter Broucek, 3 vols (Vienna, 1980-8). Gomoll, Wilhelm Conrad, Im Kampf gegen Russ land und Serbien (Leipzig, 1916). Hajsman, Jan, Ceska Mafie. Vzpominky na Odboj Doma, 2nd edn (Prague, 1934). Hajsman, Jan, Mafie v Rozmachu. Vzpominky na Odboj Doma (Prague, 1933). Hansi [Jean Jacques Waltz] and Tonnelat, Henri, A Travers les Lignes Bnnemies (Paris, 1922). Hanzal, Vojtech, S Vyzvedciky od Svpcarskych LedovcU ai po More Adriaticke (Prague, 1938). Hanzal, Vojtech, VyzvMCici v Italii ana Slovenskem (Prague, 1928). Hlavacek, Frantisek, 'Cinnost dra Ed. Benese za Valky v Italii a moje Spoluprace s nim', Nase Revoluce, XII (Prague, 1936). Karolyi, Michael, Gegen eine ganze Welt. Mein Kampfum den Frieden (Munich, 1924). Karolyi, Michael, Memoirs ofMichael Karolyi: Faith without Illusion (London, 1956). Klobukowski, A., Souvenirs de Belgique 1911-1918 (Brussels, 1928). Knox, Alfred, With the Russian Army 1914-1917, 2 vols (London, 1921). Krauss, Alfred, Die Ursachen unserer Niederlage. Brinnerungen und Urteile aus dem Weltkrieg (Munich, 1920). Landwehr von Pragenau, Ottokar, Hunger. Die Brschopfungsjahre der Mittelmiichte 1917-18 (Vienna, 1931). Ludendorff, Erich, My War Memories 1914-1918, 2 vols (London, 1919). Mandie, Ante, Fragmenti za Historiju Ujedinjenja (Zagreb, 1956). Marchetti, Tullio, Luci nel Buio. Trentino Sconosciuto 1872-1915 (Trento, 1934). Marchetti, Tullio, Ventotto Anni nel Servizio Informazioni Militari (Trento, 1960). Marchetti, Tullio, 'Un tragico Episodio di Guerra nautica sui Fronte trentino', Trentino. Rivista delle Legione Trentina, IV/4 (April1928). Bibliography 459

Mestrovic, Ivan, Uspomene na Politicke Ljude i Dogadjaje (Zagreb, 1969). Mironescu, G. G., Aperp1s sur Ia Question Roumaine (Paris, 1919). Nicolai, Walter, Geheime Miichte: Internationale Spionage und ihre Kiimpfung im Weltkriege und heute (Leipzig, 1924). Papirnik, Antonin, 'U Narodni Rady v Rime', Nase Revoluce, XII (Prague, 1936). Pivko, Ljudevit, Carzansko Noc (Maribor, 1924). Pivko, Ljudevit, DRUP (Maribor, 1928). Pivko, Ljudevit, Informatorji (Maribor, 1925). Pivko, Ljudevit, fablane med Frontama (Maribor, 1924). Pivko, Ljudevit, Nasi Dobrovoljci u Italiji (Maribor, 1924). Pivko, Ljudevit, Proti Avstriji 1914-1918 (Maribor, 1991). Pivko, Ljudevit, Seme (Maribor, 1924). Pivko, Ljudevit, Val Bella (Maribor, 1928). Pivko, Ljudevit, Vulkanska Tla (Maribor, 1924). Pivko, Ljudevit, Zeleni Odred (Maribor, 1925). Polzer-Hoditz, Arthur, Kaiser Karl. Aus der Geheimmappe seines Kabinettschefs (Zurich, Leipzig and Vienna, 1929). Rodd, james Rennell, Social and Diplomatic Memories. 3rd Series. 1902-1919 (London, 1925). Ronge, Max, Kriegs- und Industriespionage. Zwiilf Jahre Kundschaftsdienst (Zurich, Leipzig and Vienna, 1930). Simpson, ].Y., The Self-Discovery ofRussia (London, 1916). Stebbing, E.C., From Czar to Bolshevik (London, 1918). Steed, Henry Wickham, Through Thirty Years 1892-1922: A Personal Narrative, 2 vols (London, 1924). Strobl, Karl Hans, Die Weltgeschichte und das Igelhaus: von Nachmittag des Lebens (Budweis and Leipzig, 1944). Stuart, Campbell, Secrets of Crewe House: The Story of a Famous Campaign (London, 1920). Stuart, Campbell, Opportunity Knocks Once (London, 1952). Trevelyan, G.M., Scenes from Italy's War (London, 1919). Turk, Ernest, ]eras, josip and Paulin, Rajko (eds), Dobrovoljci Kladivarji Jugoslavije 1912- 1918 (Ljubljana, 1936). Voska, E. and Irwin, W., Spy and Counterspy: The Autobiography of a Masterspy (London, 1941). Vosnjak, Bogumil, U Borbi za Ujedinjenu Narodnu Driavu (Ljubljana, Belgrade and Zagreb, 1928). Weber, Fritz, Das Ende der Armee (Leipzig, Vienna and Berlin, 1931). Werkmann, Karl Freiherr von, Deutschland al Verbiindeter. Kaiser Karls Kampf urn den Frieden (Berlin, 1931). Windischgratz, Ludwig, Heiden und Halunken. Selbsterlebte Weltgeschichte 1899-1964 (Vienna, Munich and Zurich, 1965). Windischgratz, Ludwig, My Memoirs (London, 1921). Zeman, Adolf (ed.), Cestami Odboje (Jak iily a kudy tahly Cs. Legie), 5 vols (Prague, 1927). Zipek, Alois (ed.), Domov za Valky, 5 vols (Prague, 1929-31).

II Other secondary literature Ackovic, Aleksandar (ed.), Politicki Zivot Jugoslavije 1914-1945 (Belgrade, 1973). Almann, Klaus and Lengauer, Hubert (eds), Osterreich und der Gro(Je Krieg 1914-1918 (Vienna, 1989). 460 Bibliography

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Feigl, Erich, Kaiserin Zita. Legende und Wahrheit (Vienna and Munich, 1977). Felger, Friedrich (ed.), Was wir von Weltkrieg nicht wissen (Berlin, 1929). Ferguson, Niall, The Pity of War (London, 1998). Fest, Wilfried, Peace or Partition: The Habsburg Monarchy and British Policy 1914-1918 (London, 1978). Fiala, Peter, Die letzte Offensive Altosterreichs. Fiihrungsprobleme und Fiihrerverantwortlichkeit bei der ost.-ung. Offensive in Venetien, Juni 1918 (Boppard am Rhein, 1967). Fischer, Fritz, Germany's Aims in the First World War (London, 1977). Foerster, Wolfgang (ed.), Kampfer an vergessenen Fronten (Berlin, 1931). Fiihr, Christoph, Das k.u.k. Armeeoberkommando und die Innenpolitik in Osterreich 1914- 1917 (Graz, Vienna and Cologne, 1968). Fyfe, Hamilton, Northcliffe (London, 1930). Galantai, J6zsef, Hungary in the First World War (Budapest, 1989). Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund von, The Collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (London and Toronto, 1930). Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund von and Kiszling, Rudolf (eds), Osterreich-Ungams letzter Krieg 1914-1918 [OULK], 7 vols (Vienna 1930-8). Gratz, Gustav and Schuller, Richard, Die wirtscha{tliche Zusammenbruch Osterreich-Ungams. Die Tragodie der Erschiipfung (Vienna, 1930). Hanak, Harry, Great Britain and Austria-Hungary during the First World War: A Study in the Formation of Public Opinion (Oxford, 1962). Hanks, Ronald, II Tramonto di un'Istitutizione. L'Armata Austro-Ungarica in Italia, 1918 (Milan, 1994). Hargrave, john, Words win Wars: Propaganda the Mightiest Weapon of All (London, 1940). Herwig, Holger, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914-1918 (London, 1997). Hitchens, Keith, Rumania 1866-1947 (Oxford, 1994). Hoglinger, Felix, Ministerpriisident Heinrich GrafClam-Martinic (Graz and Cologne, 1964). Horne, john (ed.), State, Sodety and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War (Cambridge, 1997). Hrabak, Bogumil, Jugosloveni Zarobljend u Italiji i njihovo Dobrovoljacko Pitanje 1915-1918 (Novi Sad, 1980). Isnenghi, Mario, Giomali di Trincea 1915-1918 (Turin, 1977). jackall, Robert (ed.), Propaganda (New York, 1995). Jerabek, Rudolf, Potiorek. General im Schatten von Sarajevo (Graz, 1991). jones, H.R., The War in the Air, vol. 6 (Oxford, 1937). Kalvoda, josef, The Genesis of Czechoslovakia (New York, 1986). Kann, R.A., Kircily, B.K., and Fichtner, P.S. (eds), The Habsburg Empire in (New York, 1977). Kerchnawe, Hugo (ed.), Die Militiirverwaltung in den von osterreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten (Vienna, 1928). Kerchnawe, Hugo, Der Zusammenbruch der osterr.-ungar. Wehrmacht im Herbst 1918 (Munich, 1921). Kiraly, Bela and Dreisziger, Nandor (eds), East Central European Sodety in World War I (New York, 1985). Klecanda, Vladimir, Bitva u Zborova. Vojensko Historicka Studie o Boj{ch Ceskoslovenske Brigady v HaliCi roku 1917 (Prague, 1927). Knesebeck, Ludolf Gottschalk von dem, Die Wahrheit iiber den Propagandafeldzug und Deutschlands Zusammenbruch (Munich, 1927). 462 Bibliography

Krause, Gerhard, Die britische Auslandspropaganda. Organisation, Methoden, Inhalt 1914- 1940 (Berlin, 1940). Krizman, Bogdan, Hrvatska u Prvom Svjetskom Ratu. Hrvatsko-Srpski Politicki Odnosi (Zagreb, 1989). Lasswell, Harold, Propaganda Technique in World War I (New York, 1927). Logaj, josef, Ceskoslovenske Legie v Italii (Prague, 1922). Lorenz, Reinhold, Kaiser Karl und der Untergang der Donaumonarchie (Graz, Vienna and Cologne, 1959). Marchetti, Odoardo, Il Servizio Informazioni dell'Eserdto Italiano nella Grande Guerra (Rome, 1937). May, A.J., The Passing of the Hapsburg Monarchy 1914-1918, 2 vols (Philadelphia, 1966). Melograni, Piero, Storia Politica della Grande Guerra 1915-1918 (Bari, 1972). Messinger, Gary S., British Propaganda and the State in the First World War (Manchester and New York, 1992). Mock, james and Larson, Cedric, Words that Won the War: The Story of the Committee on Public Information 1917-1919 (Princeton, 1939). Monticone, Alberto, Nitti e la Grande Guerra 1914-1918 (Milan, 1961). Moroi:anu, George, Les Luttes des Roumains Transylvains pour la Liberte et ['Opinion Europeene (Paris, 1933). Nowak, Karl Friedrich, Der Sturz der Mittelmachte (Munich, 1921). Nowak, Karl Friedrich, Der Weg zur Katastrophe (Berlin, 1926). Opocensky, Jan, Konec Monarchie Rakousko-Uherske (Prague, 1928). Page, T.N., Italy and the World War (London, 1921). Palla, Luciana, II Trentino Orientale e Ia Grande Guerra (Trento, 1994). Paulova, Milada, Jugoslavenski Odbor (Zagreb, 1925). Pichlik, Karel, Klipa, Bohumir and Zabloudilova, Jitka, Ceskosloven5ti Legiomffi, 1914-1920 (Prague, 1996). Pieri, Piero and Rochat, Giorgio, Pietro Badoglio (Turin, 1974). Pilch, Jeno, A hfrszerzes es kemkedes tiirtenete, 3 vols (Budapest, 1937). Plaschka, Richard, Cattaro-Prag. Revolte und Revolution (Graz and Cologne, 1963). Plaschka, Richard, Haselsteiner, Horst, and Suppan, Arnold, Innere Front. Militarassistenz, Widerstand und Umsturz in der Donaumonarchie 1918, 2 vols (Vienna, 1974). Plaschka, Richard and Mack, Karl-Heinz (eds), Die Auflosung des Habsburgerreiches. Zusam- menbruch und Neuorientierung im Donauraum (Munich, 1970). Pleterski, Janko, Prvo Opredeljenje Slovenaca za Jugoslaviju (Belgrade, 1976). Pound, Reginald and Harmsworth, Geoffrey, Northcliffe (London, 1959). Procacci, Giovanna, Soldati e Prigionieri Italiani nella Grande Guerra (Rome, 1993). Rauchensteiner, Manfried, Der Tod des Doppeladlers. Osterreich-Ungam und der Erste Welt- krieg (Graz, 1993). Redlich, Joseph, Emperor Frands Joseph of Austria: a Biography (New York, 1929). Redlich, Joseph, Osterreichische Regierung und Verwaltung im Weltkriege (Vienna, 1925). Regele, Oskar, Feldmarschall Conrad. Auftrag und Erfiillung 1906-1918 (Vienna and Munich, 1955). Regele, Oskar, Gericht ilber Habsburgs Wehrmacht (Vienna and Munich, 1968). Rhodes, Anthony, The Poet as Superman (London, 1959). Roetter, Charles, The Art ofPsychological Warfare 1914-1945 (New York, 1974). Roshwald, Aviel and Stites, Richard (eds), European Culture in the Great War: The Arts, Entertainment and Propaganda, 1914-1918 (Cambridge, 1999). Rothenburg, Gunther, The Army ofFrands Joseph (West Lafayette, 1976). Bibliography 463

Rumpler, Helmut, Max Hussarek. Nationalitiiten und Nationalitiitenpolitik in Osterreich im Sommer des fahres 1918 (Graz and Cologne, 1965). Sanders, M.S. and Taylor, P.M., British Propaganda in the First World War 1914-1918 (London, 1982). Schubert, Peter, Die Tiitigkeit des k.u.k. Militiirattaches in Bern wiihrend des Ersten Weltkrieges (Osnabrock, 1980). Schuster, Peter, Henry Wickham Steed und die Habsburgermonarchie (Vienna, Cologne and Graz, 1970). Schwabe, Matthias, Die franzosische Auslandspropaganda. Ihre Grundlagen und Voraussetzun• gen (Berlin, 1939). Sepic, Dragovan, Italija, Saveznid i fugoslavensko Pitanje 1914-1918 (Zagreb, 1970). Seton-Watson, Hugh and Christopher, The Making ofa New Europe: R. W. Seton-Watson and the Last Years of Austria-Hungary (London, 1981). Seton-Watson, R.W., A History of the Czechs and Slovaks (London, 1943). Seton-Watson, R.W., A History of the Roumanians (Cambridge, 1934). Shanafelt, Gary, The Secret Enemy: Austria-Hungary and the German Alliance 1914-1918 (New York, 1985). Sked, Alan, The Decline and Fall of the Habsburg Empire 1815-1918 (London and New York, 1989). Squires, J.D., British Propaganda at Home and in the United States from 1914 to 1917 (Cambridge, 1935). Steed, Henry Wickham, The Fifth Arm (London, 1940). Steglich, Wolfgang, Die Friedenspolitik der Mittelmiichte 1917-18 (Wiesbaden, 1964). Stone, Norman, The Eastern Front 1914-1917 (London, 1974). Strugar, Vlado, fugoslavenske Sodjaldemokratske Stranke 1914-1918 (Zagreb, 1963). Szende, Zoltan, Die Ungarn im Zusammenbruch. Feldheer/Hinterland (Oldenbourg, 1931). Szuber, Antoni, Walka o Przewag~ Duchowq. Kampanja Propagandowa Koalidji 1914-1918 (Warsaw, 1933). Taylor, Philip M., British Propaganda in the Twentieth Century: Selling Democracy (Edin• burgh, 1999). Taylor, Philip M., Munitions of the Mind: A History of Propaganda from the Ancient World to the Present Day, 2nd edn (Manchester, 1995). Taylor, Philip M., War and the Media: Propaganda and Persuasion in the Gulf War (Manches- ter, 1992). The Times History of the War, vol. XXI (London, 1920). Thimme, Hans, Weltkrieg ohne Waffen (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1932). Timms, Edward, Karl Kraus. Apocalyptic Satirist. Culture and Collapse in Habsburg Vienna (New Haven and London, 1989). Tobolka, Zdenek, Politicke Dejiny Ceskoslovenskeho Naroda od r.1848 az do Dnesni Doby, 4 vols (Prague, 1932-7). Tosi, Luciano, La Propaganda Italiana all'Estero nella Prima Guerra Mondiale. Rivendicazioni Temtoriali e Politica delle Nazionalita (Udine, 1977). · Tosti, Amedeo, Come d vide !'Austria Imperiale. Dall'Ultimatum alia Serbia a Villa Giusti (Milan, 1930). Valiani, Leo, The End ofAustria-Hungary (London, 1973). Vermes, Gabor, Istvan Tisza: the Liberal Vision and Conservative Statescraft of a Magyar Nationalist (New York, 1985). Viazzi, Luciano, I Diavoli dell'Adamello. La Guerra a Quota Tremila 1915-1918 (Milan, 1981). Villari, Luigi, The War on the Italian Front (London, 1932). 464 Bibliography

Wachtel, Andrew B., Making a Nation, Breaking a Nation: Literature and Cultural Politics in Yugoslavia (Stanford, 1995). Wanderscheck, Hermann, Bibliographie zur englischen Propaganda im Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1935). Wanderscheck, Hermann, Weltkrieg und Propaganda, 2nd edn (Berlin, 1939). Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace. March 1918 (London, 1963). Wildman, Alan, The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Old Army and the Soldiers' Revolt, March-April1917 (Princeton, 1980). Wildman, Alan, The End of the Russian Imperial Army: The Road to Soviet Power and Peace (Princeton, 1987). Williamson, Samuel R. and Pastor, Peter (eds), Essays on World War I: Origins and Prisoners of War (New York, 1983). Wilson, Trevor, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914-1918 (Cam• bridge, 1986). Zborov, 1917-1937. Pamatnik k Dvacatim VfroCi Bitvy u Zborova. 2 Cervence 1917 (Prague, 1937). Zell, A. von, Warum haben wir den Weltkrieg verloren? (Klagenfurt, n.d.). Zeman, Z.A.B., The Break-Up of the Habsburg Empire 1914-1918 (Oxford, 1961). Zeman, Z.A.B., Nazi Propaganda, 2nd edn (London, Oxford and New York, 1973). Zivojinovic, Dragan, America, Italy and the Birth of Yugoslavia 1917-1919 (New York, 1972).

III Articles Angerer, Thomas, 'Henry Wickham Steed, Robert William Seton-Watson und die Habs• burgermonarchie', Mitteilungen des Instituts fiir Osterreichische Geschichtsforschung, vol. 99, 3/4 (1991). Belosevic, Mirko, 'Uloga Ljudevita Pivka u tali janskom napadu kod Karcanu 17 .Septembra 1917. godine', Vojnoistorijski Glasnik, no. 20 (1969). Broucek, Peter, 'Aus den Erinnerungen eines Kundschaftsoffiziers in Tirol 1914-1918', Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Staatsarchivs, vol. 33 (1980). Cles, Denise, 'Die Propagandatatigkeit Gabriele D' Annunzios gegen Osterreich-Ungam 1914-1918', Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Staatsarchivs, vol. 27 (1974). Cornwall, Mark, 'Austria-Hungary', in Hugh Cedi and Peter Liddle (eds), At the Eleventh Hour: Reflections, Hopes and Anxieties at the Closing ofthe Great War, 1918 (London, 1998). Cornwall, Mark, 'The Experience of Yugoslav Agitation in Austria-Hungary 1917-1918', in Hugh Cecil and Peter Liddle (eds), Facing Armageddon: The First World War Experienced (London, 1996). Cornwall, Mark, 'Morale and Patriotism in the Austro-Hungarian Army 1914-1918', in John Home (ed.), State, Society and Mobilization in Europe during the First World War (Cambridge, 1997). Cornwall, Mark, 'News, Rumour and the Control of Information in Austria-Hungary 1914-1918', History, vol. 77 no. 249 (1992). Jedlicka, Ludwig, 'Das Ende der Monarchie in Osterreich-Ungarn', in Hellmuth Rossler (ed.), Weltwende 1917. Monarchie, Weltrevolution, Demokratie (Gottingen, 1965). Opacic, Petar, 'Solunski Front 1917. godine', in Slavenko Terzic (ed.), Srbija 1917. Godine. Naueni Skup (Belgrade, 1988). Peball, Kurt, 'Literarische Publikationen des Kriegsarchivs im Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918', Mitteilungen des Osterreichischen Staatsarchivs, vol. 14 (1961). Pichlik, Karel, 'Das Ende der osterreichisch-ungarischen Armee', Osterreichische Osthefte, 5 (1963). Bibliography 465

Plaschka, Richard, 'Contradicting Ideologies: the Presswe of Ideological Conflicts in the Austro-Hungarian Army of World War 1', in R.A. Kann, B.K. Kircily and P.S. Fichtner (eds), The Habsburg Empire in World War I (New York, 1977). Plaschka, Richard, 'Zur Vorgeschichte des Oberganges von Einheiten des Infanterieregi• ments Nr.28 an der russischen Front 1915', in Osterreich und Europa. Festgabe fiir Hugo Hantsch zum 70. Geburtstag (Vienna, 1965). Pleterski, Janko, 'Koroski Slovenct med Prvo Svetovno Vojno', in Janko Pleterski, Lojze Ude and Tone Zorn (eds), Koroski Plebiscit. Razprave in Clanki (Ljubljana, 1970). Scindome, Gabor, 'Az oroszorszcigi forradalmi mozgalmak visszhangja a magyar dolgoz6k hadifoglyokboz irt leveleiben', Parttiirteneti Kozlemenyek, no. 2 (1958). Sepic, Dragovan, 'Oktobarska Revolucija i jugoslavensko pitanje u Austro-Ugarskoj 1917-18', Historijski Zbomik, XI-XII (1958-9). Simonetti, M., 'II Servizio "P" al Fronte', Riforma della Scuola (August-September 1968). Tosi, Luciano, 'Giuseppe Antonio Borgese e Ia Prima Guerra Mondiale (1914-1918)', Storia Contemporanea, IV/2 (1973). Tosi, Luciano, 'Romeo A. Gallenga Stuart e Ia propaganda di guerra all'estero (1917- 1918)', Storia Contemporanea, II (1970). Ude, Lojze, 'Deklaracijsko gibanje na Slovenskem', in Vasa Cubrilovic, Ferdo Culinovic and Marko KostrenCi.c (eds), Naueni Skup u Povodu 50-GodiSnjice Raspada Austro-Ugarske Monarhije i Stvaranja Jugoslavenske Driave (Zagreb, 1969).

IV Theses and dissertations Holzer, Barbara, Die politische Erziehung und der vaterliindische Unterricht in Osterreich zur Zeit des Ersten Weltkrieges, Diploma Diss. (Vienna, 1987). Klein, Signe, Freiherr Sarkotic von Lovcen. Die Zeit seiner Verwaltung in Bosnien-Hercegovina von 1914 bis 1918, Ph.Diss. (Vienna, 1969). Mayer, Klaus, Die Organisation des Kriegspressequartiers beim AOK im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918, Ph.Diss. (Vienna, 1963). Schiel, Wolfgang, Die Flugblatt- und Flugschri(tpropaganda der Entente im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914-1918, Ph.Diss. (Vienna, 1979). SchmOlzer, Hildegund, Die Propaganda des Kriegspressequartiers im Ersten Weltkrieg 1914- 1918, Ph.Diss. (Vienna, 1965). Spann, Gustav, Zensur in Osterreich wiihrend des 1. Weltkrieges 1914-1918, Ph.Diss. (Vienna, 1972). Index

AH =Austria-Hungary PC = Padua Commission For propaganda campaigns, see under fronts: Balkan Front, Eastern Front, Italian Front, etc.

Abano, 102,149,160,161,190,205 and army morale, 33, 267-8, 269, 271, Adriatic Sea, 10, 82, 113, 153, 212, 300 284-5,286 air warfare, 1, 101-2, 370-1 and enemy subversion, 8-9, 257-8, Albania,62,81,91, 115,371,372,416,423 272-3,423 Albertini, Clemente, 124 and prop. against Italy, 91 Albertini, Luigi, 177, 180, 188, 227, 441 and prop. against Russia, 46, 47, 48, 49, and front propaganda, 149, 159-61, 183, 54, 69, 79 189,333,334,335 Asiago, 82, 142, 202, 233, 256, 276, 283, and nationality principle, 118, 119-20, 289ff, 302, 304, 320, 382 141, 158, 162, 163, 178, 180-1, 182, Asolone, Monte, 82, 3 78 330,331,332,339-40 Assa, Val d', 386 urged to become 'Italian Northcliffe', Astico, river, 82, 94 160 Austria Aleksandar, Regent of Serbia, 63 'civilian prop. centre' created, 414 Alessi, Rino, 92-3, 108, 160 constitutional regime introduced, Allenby, General Edmund, 422 29-30, 34-5, 284, 286 Ambroz, Emanuel, 377 'German course' adopted in, 350, 360 Amendola, Giovanni, 158, 160, 172, 180, Germans in, see German-Austrians 195,331,339,340 Ministry of Interior, 28, 284-5, 287, 414 American army, 89, 183, 220, 344, 422-3 parliament, see Reichsrat Ancona, 106, 404 wartime emergency legislation in, 18, 21 Arbeiterwille, 286 wartime regime of 1914-17 described, Arbeiter-Zeitung, 25, 29, 91, 285, 286 18-22 used in AH prop., 52 Austria-Hungary (AH), used in Italian prop., 343, 344, 366, 425-6 AH prop. in Switzerland, 42 Area, Francesco, 204, 248 atmosphere in at start of war, 16, 18 L'Arena, 100 Austrian High Command, see Armeeoberkommando (AOK: Austrian Armeeoberkommando High Command), 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, authorities' alarm at enemy prop., 7, 41, 30-1, 32, 33, 34-5, 258, 279, 281,303, 51, 60, 104, 152, 203, 257-68, 344 272-3,299,321,369,370-3,387, attention to morale and discipline, 435 268ff, 277, 371, 414 disintegration, 25, 30, 286, 320, 352, attitude to AH press, 284-6, 371, 373 414-15,424-6,443 and prop. against Italy, 79, 82, 86, 93, 96, military Intelligence, see AH military 103,104,285,306,308,406,419 Intelligence and prop. against Russia, 40, 42, 44ff, final peace offers, 412, 417-19 60-2,405,436 food crisis, 29, 33, 91, 213, 257, 268, Arz von Straussenburg, General Arthur, 278-83,345,355,359,406 31,42,63-4,139,274,406 Foreign Ministry, see Ballhausplatz

466 Index 467

front prop. against Italy, see Italian Front 416, 422; Isonzo army (KISA), 82, front prop. against Russia, see Eastern 85,93,97,280-1,307,308,376, Front 412,416 national councils created in, 325, 352, 'civilians in arms', 31, 35, 274 353,424 desertions, see desertions official history of the war see discipline, 34, 37, 268-9, 275, 281, 378, Osterreich-Ungams letzter Krieg 402,407,409 patriotism in, see patriotism disintegration of, 405-6, 408-9, 412-13, postwar myth about Entente prop., 8-9, 421,426 14,257,263,444 losses, 31, 105, 288, 297-8, 343, propaganda coordination in, 42, 413-14 363,406 propaganda smuggled into via manpower problems, 31, 65, 84, 277, Switzerland, 175-6, 205, 260, 262, 286,288,296-7,406 285,365,367 material conditions, 31, 33, 35, 145, 278, role of prop. in collapse of AH, 6, 8, 12, 280-3,289-90,295,313,406-7,412 421, 442-4 morale in, see morale and separate peace with West, 119, 183, patriotic instruction in, see 217,220-1,222 Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle strikes in, 91, 154, 257, 365, 366 reorganization (1917), 35, 192 subordination to Germany, 31, 217, 222, revolts in, 262, 265, 270, 276, 287, 279-80,344,349,351,362-3,367 298-9,305,311,406,409,426 War Ministry, 19, 27, 273, 284, 371, 410 stereotyping of nationalities, 32-5, war weariness in, 28, 60, 268, 413 133,428 warzonesin, 18-19,23 on Western Front, 193, 344, 423 AH airforce AH military Intelligence, 6, 9, 66, 92, and inferiority in air warfare, 86, 101-2, 122,205 150,289-90,372,406 and Allied prop., 258-62, 263-4, 267 and resistance to spreading prop., 85-6, defence against Bolshevism, 60, 269 107,209 on Eastern Front, 44, 53, 55, 62, 417 AH army, 30-5, 305-6, 405-6 organization, 60, 72 Regiments: BHIR 1, 131, 134; BHIR2, 428; takes over prop. against Italy, 417 BHIRS, 381-2; SchR9, 145; SchR12, see also Ronge 147; FAR13, 383; IR21, 230; IR25, AHnavy, 153,252,257,276,367,372 64-5; HIR25, 290ft; HIR26, 290ft; spreads AH prop., 81, 106 IR28, 32, 378; HIR28, 294; HIR33, Avallah, 65 297; IR36, 32; IR50, 236; IR56, 230; Az Est, 363 IR75, 52, 376; IR88, 402; IR113, 376-7; IR116, 316 Babec, Florijan, 304 Divisions: lst, 344; 6th, 410; 6KD, 378; Baden (base of AOK), 30 10th,280-1,329; 12th,230,329-30; Badia Polesine, 238, 239 12thSch, 410; 18th, 131, 134, 283; Badinka, Martin, 404 19th,52;22ndSch,95;26thSch, 145, Badoglio, General Pietro, 99, 104, 127, 149, 147, 233-5, 255, 290; 35th, 344, 155,160,209,320,421 423, 431; 36th, 295, 402; 42HID, see enthusiasm for prop. against AH, 190, Croats; 48th, 278; 54thSch, 272 197,202,227,228,237,238,239, Corps: I, 95, 264; II, 276; VII, 406-7; XIV, 303,372,381 94; XV, 406; XX, 85, 407; XXIV, 413 Baernreither, Josef, 20 Armies: 2nd army, 46, 51; 6th army, 82, Bahr, Hermann, 26, 28 93, 109,281,307,308,409; lOth Bainsizza plateau, 76, 126-7, 137, 151 army, 82, 85, 93-4, 264, 281-2, 372, Baker, Bernard Granville (British delegate 384, 386, 416, 422; 11th army, 82, to PC), 186, 188, 197, 198, 201, 202-3, 95-6, 282-3, 289ft, 308, 406, 408, 208,211,220,225-6,227,240,322, 468 Index

Baker, Bernard Granville -continued Bolzano [Bozen], 124, 134, 427 324,325,332-5,336,343,362,367, Bongiovanni, General Luigi, 372 402, 420 Borgese, Giuseppe Antonio, 118, 120, 141, Balfour, Arthur, 183, 221, 224, 323, 324, 160,180,184,185,195,227,336-9, 325-6,333,346 340,341,441 Balfour, Michael, 6 and Berne press bureau, 119,204-5, 263, Ballhausplatz (AH Foreign Ministry), 49, 285,333,423 62,86,162,371,410 mission to Switzerland (1917), 119, 164, propaganda section in, 42 180,204 Balkan Front, 31, 40, 411-12, 420 Borgo, 134 AH propaganda against Greece, 73 Boroevic, Field Marshal Svetozar, 82, AH propaganda against Serbia, 62-6, 97,152,178,243,281,303,342, 438; arguments used, 63-5; Croat 348-9, 373 propaganda troops, 63-5; Borovica, Captain Pantelija, 44, 46, 51, 55 guidelines, 64; organization, 63-4; Boselli, Paolo, 76, 99, 113, 114 results, 65-6, 159 Bosnia-Hercegovina, 19-20, 25, 179, 211, Serbian propaganda against AH, 65, 264,277,345 73,420 Bosnian Moslems, 134, 138, 211, 238, as theme in PC prop., 411-12, 420 250,330 Banciu, Aristotele, 357 Bosnian , 19-20, 115, 133, 134, 140, 'Bandino' (Austrian agent), 80 144,240,317,381-2,383 Barac, Franjo, 243 Brancaccio, Nicola, 116, 120, 128, Baradello, Francesco, 165 130, 131 Barek, Anton, 255 Brankovic, Vuk, 349 Barzilai, Salvatore, 180, 195 Bratianu, Ion, 35 7 Basl, Antonio, 377 Bratislava, 267 Battisti, Cesare, 113-14, 125, 233 Brazda, Oskar, 116, 126, 163 Bauer, Captain, 406 Breganze, 144 Beaverbrook, Lord [Max Aitken], 182, 201, Brenner Pass, 113 260, 261, 263, 413 Brenta, river, 82, 93, 95, 145, 304 Belgrade, 2, 276 Brescia, 123, 125 Belosevic, Mirko, 256, 290-4, 375 Brest-Litovsk, peace (1918), 59-60, 90, 218, Below, General Otto von, 75, 343 257,269,369,417 Benedict XV, Pope 56, 76, 358, 426 British army in Italy, 82, 93, 100-2, 144, Benes, Edvard, 116-17, 120-1, 143, 157, 187, 184,187,192,193,202,233,371, 195,199,221,247,323,325-6,424 386-7,421 Beogradski Novine, 65 Broccardi, Francesco, 100 Berne,80, 124,164,204-5 Bruntz, George, xii, 11 Bethlen, Count Istvan, 35 7 Brusilov offensive (1916), 31, 128 Bibbiena (prison camp), 114, 126, 127 Buchan,John, 176, 182, 184 Bissolati, Leonida, 99, 113-14, 117, 121, Bucharest, 53 126,157,158,162,177,206,214,223, Bucharest, peace of (1918), 216, 357, 226,228,326,327,328,329,330, 358,369 331-2,340-1 Budapest, 16, 27, 154, 257, 258, 273, blockade, 29, 91, 268 365,371 Bohemia, 19, 21, 37, 41, 116, 199, 205, Budisavljevic, Srdjan, 23 218,267 Bukovina, 19, 52 Bohm-Ermolli, Heeresgruppe, 51 Bulgarian army, 63-5, 73, 129, 201, 407, Bolshevik propaganda, 412,420,421,422 against AH, 59-60, 257-8, 269-70, 272, BuzadZic, Mile, 290 274,435 Burian, Count Istvan, 14, 263, 371, in Russian trenches, 51, 55-9 417-18 Index 469

Caburi, Franco, 227, 329 Cizek, Karel, 233 Cacic, Sime, 134, 139 Clam-Martinic, Count Heinrich, 30 Cadorna, General Luigi, 74-5, 77, 86, 87, Clemenceau, Georges, 11, 89, 187, 200, 99, 137, 140, 162, 163, 172 222,260,424 Calamento, Val di, 134 Cockerill, General George, 5, 6, 11, 175 Capek, Jan, 117 Cocking, Dorothy, 201 Capello, General Luigi, 77, 127 Colpi, Giuseppe, 123 Caporetto, battle (1917), 74-82, 99, 101, Comando Supremo (CS: Italian High 102, 113, 120, 133, 140, 142, 151, Command), 75, 76, 77, 99, 101, 137, 162, 178 140,187,210,225,340 and 'defeatist propaganda', 75, 76, 105, and Czech and Yugoslav volunteers, 144, 182, 188, 437 156-7,159,228,237,238,239,332, official investigation into, 74, 76, 77, 380-1, 385 78-9 and military Intelligence, 75, 122-3, 124, Carinthia, 21 164,202 Carniola, 267 view of AH in final months, 320, 387, Carpathian campaign (1915), 31, 288 420-1 Carzano, 131-40, 427 view of front propaganda, 98, 112, 127, Austrian inquiry into, 133, 138 128, 144, 149, 155, 159, 160, 161, Carzand trained in Italy, 142ff 162,188,190,195,202,209,235, plot, 133-9 242,248,303,306,321,342,369, repercussions of, 133, 140ff, 148, 149, 421,427,436 156, 162 see also Badoglio, Cadorna, Diaz Cas, 25 Comandini, Ubaldo, 117, 121, 170 Casoni, Gaetano, 100 Committee on Public Information (CPI), Castellare, 139 335-6 Castelli, Arturo, 123 Concei, Val dei, 233, 381, 384 Castello Tesino, 290-1, 293 Conegliano, 150,374 Catanzaro mutiny, 77 Congress of Oppressed Nationalities (1918) Catherine II, Empress of Russia, 360 expectations after, 200, 211, 218, 220, Cattaro naval mutiny (1918), 153, 257, 221,261 265, 372 origins of, 180-1, 184, 185 Cavan, General Lord Frederick, 77, 101, takes place, 191, 195-7, 199, 203, 207, 103,187,188,192,202,302,320-1, 215, 216, 227 421,437 Conrad von Hotzendorf, Field Marshal Cavazuccherina, 230 Franz, 82,103,139,281,307,435 Cecil, Robert, 221, 222-3, 323 and army morale, 33-5, 203-4 censorship, 4, 22, 27-9, 113, 205, 413 criticizes AH hinterland, 19, 32, 33-5, of AH press, 18, 19, 24-7, 35, 211, 219, 268, 282 283-6,351,352,357,371,373 dismissed by Emperor, 29, 30, 303, 364 and AOK press 'index', 286, 314, 373 view of enemy prop., 8, 97, 203 postal, 92, 100, 282, 295 Consulta, see Italian Foreign Ministry; Cenzato, Gaetano, 100 Sonnino Chaix, Commandant, 336 Coppola, Francesco, 329-30 Charles, see Karl Corfu, 63, 115, 194 Chiese, river, 85 Corfu Declaration (1917), 118, 136, Chlumecky, Leopold von, 414 177, 178, 179, 181, 188, 212, 227, Chytil, Bohumir, 116 332,345 Cima Tre Pezzi, 378, 386 Cormons, 127 Cimone, Monte, 94 Como, Monte, 233 Cis, Damiano, 123 Corriere della Sera, 81, 97, 118, 158, 178, Cittaducale (prison camp), 236 179,180,206,369,436 470 Index

Carriere della Sera - continued on Italian Front pre-May 1918, 116, campaigns for prop. against AH, 159-60, 128-31,147,154,166,193,194,268 162, 172 unit on Eastern Front, 41, 51-2 campaign against Sonnino, 330, 332, Czech prop. patrols on Italian Front, 112, 339-40, 411, 420 142, 144, 145-8, 155, 159, 228-35, Corvara, 134 373-9, 381-2 Co~bu, Gheorghe, 355 AH response to, 233, 264, 371, 374, 376, Cotru~, A. (Romanian delegate to PC), 206, 378,382,384,411,429 207,216,218,334,358,362 and dangers of patrol work, 147-8, 231, Courland,47,49,68 235,374,375 Cremona, 114 effectiveness of, 147-8, 229, 230, 233, Crewe House, see Department of 235,299,300,301-2,375-6,378, Propaganda in Enemy Countries; 384, 442 Northcliffe; Steed singing, 142, 145, 148, 177,229,233,376 Crinis, Walter de, 95 Czechs, 30, 33 Croatia, 23, 279, 288, 291, 296-7, 316, 413 as agents behind enemy lines, 304-5, Diet (Sabor), 23, 350, 351 379, 383-4, 386-7 Croat propaganda in AH army, 21, 32, 33, 34, 75, 125, issued by Italy pre-1918, 130 127, 133, 134, 136, 138, 145, 147, issued by PC, 211-13, 264, 289, 292, 177,230,233-5,271,278,290,378, 345-52,376,423 410, 428 Croats, 21, 383 in Bohemia-Moravia, 16, 21, 29, 30, 136, 'dual allegiance', 23, 243, 289, 213,218,285-6,325,353,355 295-6 community in Switzerland, 124, 205, 219 42HID,276-7,287-99,315,330 memoirs about war, 9, 321 in AH army, 31, 33, 35, 113, 144, 177, Czernin, Count Ottokar, 46, 48, 49, 54, 59, 192,238,240,241,276-7,304 68, 69,86,90, 106,193,213,257,360 used in propaganda against Serbia, Czestochowa, 210 63-5 culture, popular in AH, 27-9 D~browski, Henryk, 215, 216 Curie, Ante, 381-2 Dalmatia, 21, 112, 114, 118, 119, 163, 179, Czechoslovakia, 116, 120, 129, 176, 203,208,209,264-5,291,372 213-14,293,353,426 Daniel, Ute, 3 and myth of common wartime sacrifice, D'Annunzio, Gabriele, 87, 172, 321, 9,14,355,382,444 369-70, 371, 373 Czechoslovak Legion in Italy, 77, 121, 126, Dante Alighieri, 117 131, 149, 155-6, 159, 195, 207, 254, Daszyil.ski, Ignacy, 360 278,301,385,440 Davy, Robert, 414 AH disinformation against D.R.U.P., Deak, Istvan, 31 321,384-6,404,416 declaration movement (Yugoslav), 212-13, and combat at front, 374-5, 377-8, 424 265 established, 157-8, 220 De Giulli, Ivo, 179, 200, 220, 223, 325 expansion of, 228-9, 240, 383 De Laszlo, Philip, 259 theme in PC prop., 214, 353, 375, 424 Delme-Radcliffe, Brigadier-General Czechoslovak National Council, 114, Charles, 75, 78, 99, 101, 102-3, 105, 116-17,120-1,205,213,221,228, 109,111,192,221,245-6,305,327 240,323,325-6,340,376 character, 188-9 Czech propaganda role in Italy's propaganda campaign, issued by PC, 207, 210, 213-14, 218-19, 188,190,191,197,198,201,220, 221,225,264,353-6,424 222,225,227-8,332,348,436 issued by Russians, 41, 51-2 De Luca, Benedetto (Romanian delegate to in Italy, 116-17, 127, 155-9 PC),206-7,216,236 Index 471

De Marchi, Nikola, 240, 241, 256, 380 Dolezel, 165 De Martino, Giacomo, 117 Donald, Robert, 260, 263 Deneke, 175,205 Donati, Giuseppe, 208, 420 Department of Propaganda in Enemy Donauland, 28 Countries (British EPD), 220-2, 224, Dosso Alto, 378, 424 322,326,328,367,420 Dragomirov, General A.M., 48, SO AH view of, 174, 259-63, 285, 287, 426 Drobac, Ante, 377 and Allied propaganda conferences, Druiina (Czech unit on Eastern Front), 41 184-5,261,323,335-9,340,365,367 Dukhonin, General N.N., 58 attitude to PC, 227, 332-3, 335, 339 Dupont, Major, 127, 145, 229, 241, dissolved, 426-7 374, 377 established, 159-60, 182-3, 434 Diirich, Josef, 129, 166 mythical reputation, 6-9, 11, 174, 200-1, 305 Eastern Front, 5, 28, 31, 32, 279, 361 organization, 200-1 Central Powers' propaganda against and propaganda against Bulgaria, 201 Russia, 40-62; AH military qualms and propaganda against Germany, about, 45, 46, 48, 51, 53, 59, 435; 200-1, 248, 321 arguments used in, 41, 42ff, 49, SO, and propaganda against Turkey, 201 52, 56-7, 58, 67; armistice offer tries to sharpen Italy's policy on AH, 322, made, 47-8, 49, 69; campaign 326-8, 337-9 launched (1917), 4-5, 11, 42-3; see also Steed conflict between Germany and AH, desertions 44, 47, 49-50, 54, 62; dangers of Czechs,32,34, 75,125-6,127,129,145, propaganda work, 54, 61, 72; 147,165,229,230,231,268,305, distribution, 41, 42, 51, 52; Entente 376, 378, 381, 408 attacked in, 44, SO, 51, 52, 53, 56-7, from AH army, 34-S, 75, 125, 142, 143, 58, 61, 62; Germany's initiative, 153,270,276,278,290-6,299-302, 41-2, 44, 45; guidelines issued, 43-4, 305,314,367,376,381,405,406, 49, 52,56-7,59, 68, 69, ?!;ignored 408-9 in historiography, 6, 9, 10, 11, 40; 'green cadres' (in AH), 296-7, 408 interacts with Bolshevik from Italian army, 76, 80, 92, 93, 145, propaganda, 51, 56, 57-9, 439; 168, 307 interacts with Russian hinterland, from Romanian army, 54, 70 49, 53,56-8,61, 62,86, 159,405, from Russian army, 41, SO, 54 437; myth of, 41, 60-2, 142, 145, from Serbian army, 63, 65, 73 159,182,222,292, 433-4; De Viti De Marco, Antonio, 117, 195 newspapers used in, 43, 44, 46, 52-7, Diaz, General Armando, 104, 160, 187, 62; oral propaganda, 43, 44, 45, SO, 188,189,320,421 52, 54, 56, 57, 62, 71,437-8; appointed Italian chief of staff, 99 organization, 44-6; pictorial and prop. against AH, 149, 161, 162, imagery in, 44, 56, 438; pre-1917, 198,202,203,237,303,342,369, 41; results, 'success' of, 10, 40, 45, 370,420 48-9,50,54,57, 60-2,63,68,434; scepticism over Czech Legion, 155, 156, against Romanian army, 51, 53-4, 158., 172, 374 64; subversion in Russian interior, Di Cesaro, Colonna, 116, 180, 195 42-3, 47, 61, 67; against Ukrainians, Dimitrijevic, Dragutin ('Apis'), 72 51, 70; by wireless, SO, 58, 59 Dinale, Ottavio, 380 fraternization on, 5, 43, 45, 48, 54, 58, Djuric, Cvijo, 134 59-60,272,290 Dmowski, Roman, 195 Russian propaganda against Central DOHL see German High Command Powers, 41, 43, 48, SO, Slff, 67, 70, (DOHL) 272; use of Czechs, 41, 45, 51-2; 472 Index

Eastern Front - continued Fiala, Peter, 303 pre-1917, 4, 41; see also Bolshevik film as propaganda, 27, 311 propaganda Finzi, Major Cesare Pettorelli Lalatta, 10, in Second World War, 2 123,126,153,154,161,165,188,240 as theme in Italian prop., 193, 345, background, 125 361,423 becomes 6th army Intelligence head, 144 Echele, Cold', 145, 234 and Carzano plot, 133, 135-9, 167, 427 Edgell, G.H. (American delegate to PC), and Pivko's unit in Italy, 140-3, 147-8, 335,419 149,155,238,241,302,375,377 education in AH, 32 and use of prop. against AH, 130, 144, Edwards, Middleton, 175, 205 149,156,160,162,190-2,205, Eichhorn, General Hermann von, 345 218,228,233,292,304,373,385, Eisner-Bubna, Colonel Wilhelm, 27, 42, 436, 439 311, 414-15 view of AH, 125, 191-2, 320, 387 Emanuel, Guglielmo, 159, 178, 185, 188, view of Yugoslavs, 136, 139, 141, 197, 337 208, 380 EPD see Department of Propaganda in Fleischmann, Captain Moritz, 45, 49 Enemy Countries (British EPD) Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 343, 423 Epiphany Declaration (1918), 154, 213 Fontana Secca, Monte, 95, 319 Epoca, 329 Fossalta di Piave, 230 Ertl, 138 Fournol, Etienne, 195, 220, 325 Erveso, Elvezia, 150 Fourteen Points (Wilson's), 179, 182, 258, espionage, 55, 123-5, 138, 165, 167, 304, 412,418,419 321,373,383-4,386-7 France,24,118-19,120, 121,180,191,193, Esterhcizy, Count Moritz, 366 195,220,223,224,328,331,338,421 Etna, General, 137, 140 foreign ministry, 116, 220 Eugen, Archduke, 280 military Intelligence, 11, 123 and policy on AH, 199, 323-5, 424 Fascio della Difesa Nazionale, 158, 180, prop. activity, 11, 184-5, 187, 195, 201, 195, 196 249,260,263,335-6 fascism, in Italy, 10, 140, 441 see also French army Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle [FAst: Franchet d'Esperay, General Louis, 422 Enemy Propaganda Defence Agency], Frankfurter Zeitung, 217 32,100,369,370,434-5 Franklin-Bouillon, Henri, 156, 184, 187, arguments in instruction, 274-6, 279, 195,196,200,220,260-1,325 283,349,410-12 Frankopan, Krsto, 211, 289, 293 complains at lack of civil action, 413-14 Franz joseph, Emperor-King, 21, 29, 186 created, 271-4 Frederick II, King of Prussia, 360 dissolved, 426 French army, 65, 82, 93, 100-1, 102, 144, final efforts, 409-14 147,192,193,197,202,233,290,320 training courses and network, 273, Frenzella, Val, 145, 234, 255 275-7,312,409,428 Friedl, 64 weaknesses of, 271, 273, 274-5, 277-8, front propaganda, 3, 433-44 286-7,298,407,409,411-14,440 emerges during First World War, 1-2, 4ff. Fayolle, General Emil, 101 interwar historiography of, 7-11 Fedel, Martin, 381-2 recent historiography of, xii, 6-7, 11-12, Felger, Friedrich, 14 174-5 Felix, Jindnch, 377 history of, 2 Feltre, 150 and letter-traffic, 41, 45, 53, 63-5, 84, 92, Fenyes, Laszlo, 363, 373 93, 95, 151 Ferdinand, King of Romania, 53, 357 as 'modern weapon of warfare', 41, 45, Ferrari, General, 233-4 62, 79, 96, 97,160,202,418,436 Index 473

in war of movement, 5, 52, 55, 422 Giardino, General Gaetano, 121, 187, 302 seen as 'unchivalrous', 8, 10, 40, 55, 61, Gibbs, Philip, 108 96,192,202,260,435 Giornale d'Italia, 81, 227, 261, 340, 372 see also under individual fronts, Giovannazzi, Giovanni, 124 countries Giulian front, see Isonzo Frydman, Captain (11AK prop.officer), Gl<)binski, Stanislaw, 360 95-7,436 Glaise-Horstenau, Edmund von, 9, 37, 174, Funder, Friedrich, 259 257,274,275 Fyfe, Hamilton, 201 Glas Slobode, 25 Glas Slovenaca Hrvata i Srba, 285, 286 Gablenz, Major Richard, 278 Gobec, 136 Galantai, }6zsef, 12 Goiginger, FML Ludwig, 413 Galicia, 19, 20, 21, 41, 52, 54, 130, 195, Goito, 238 207,215,257,262,276,285,345, GOmbOs, Gyula, 275 359-60,409 Goog, Roderich, 274, 275 Gallenga Stuart, Romeo, 160, 178, 184, Gorizia, 74, 126, 128, 177 189,197-8,204,205,208,225,236, Grac, Josef, 377 245,261,331-2,336,340,413,423 Grandi, Luigi, 124 Garda, Lake, 79, 85,124,381,383-4 Granello, Luigi, 124, 204, 205, 219, 248 Garruccio, Colonel, 119, 120, 131, 164 Grappa, Monte, 229, 378 gas, 74, 79 Graz, 267 Gay, Nelson, 195 Graziani, General Andrea, 77, 214, 228, Gazzari, }ulije, 119, 164, 202, 237 231,232,234,375-6,385 Gazzetta del , 92, 150-1 Great Britain, 24-5, 411 Gazette des Ardennes, 4 Foreign Office, 182, 183-4, 221-2, Geneva, 119, 175 323,328 Genoa, 358 military Intelligence, 65, 123, 125, George V, King, 44 175-6,192,201,217,306 German-Austrian propaganda Ministry of Information, 27, 182, 201, issued by Italy in early 1918, 152 326,413 issued by PC, 209, 217-18, 367-71, myth about primacy in wartime prop., 435-6 6-9, 10-11, 433 issued by Russians, 43 and policy on AH, 179, 183-4, 190, 193, German-Austrians, 16, 18, 21, 28, 33, 212, 199,220-3,224,323-6 350,412,426 prop. against AH pre-1918, 175-6 in AH army, 33, 34-5, 84, 107, 235, prop. on Western Front, 5, 6, 11, 201, 271, 283 209,242,248,321 German army, 63, 75, 82, 89, 186, 193 recognizes Czechoslovaks as allies, 326, German Foreign Ministry, 42-3, 67, 68 337,339,353 German High Command (DOHL), 42, 45, role in coordinating prop. against AH, 47,49,55,63-4,90,406 159, 163, 174-5, 182, 184-95, annexationist aims in East, 46-7, 49, 54, 197-9,200,204,339 56-7,58,62, 90,112,441 War Office, 5, 175, 186, 188, 189, German military Intelligence, 42, 46, 58 201,221 Germany, 24, 31, 86, 200-1, 279, 320, 411, see also British army in Italy; Department 417,419 of Propaganda in Enemy Countries and patriotic instruction, 272-3, Greece, 63, 73 409, 434 Grossi, Colonel, 197, 198 and postwar myth about Allied prop., 8, Grunwald, battle (1410), 215 10, 14 Gruss, Major (French delegate to PC), 197, and prop. abroad, 42, 244 202-3,208,225,420 prop. smuggled into via Holland, 175 Gubec, Matija, 211, 351 474 Index

Guest, S.A., 175-6, 200, 242, 336, 365 Hussarek, Max von, 398, 424 Guglievic, 3 77 Hviezdoslav, Pavel, 218 Gulf War (1991), 2 Illuschak, Georg, 404 Habsburg dynasty, 28, 217, 263, 275 Illustrowany Kurjer Codzienny, 314, 359 Habsburg Empire, see Austria-Hungary Innsbruck, 27, 102, 124, 165, 187, Hackl, Ernst, 315 267,370 Hadifeliigyeleti Bizottsag (HFB: Intelligence (military) see under Hungarian War Surveillance Austro-Hungarian, French, Italian, etc. Commission), 25, 27 and links to propaganda, 5, 122, 126, Hadik, Count Janos, 279 127,162,205,240,436 Haften, Colonel Hans von, 42, 43 Ionescu, Take, 355, 357 Hague Convention (1907), 115, 121 Ippen, 169 Haguenin, Emil, 249, 336 Isonzo, Isonzo front, 74-5, 126-7 Hajsman, Jan, 25 lOth battle of (1917), 48 Haller, GeneralJ6zef, 216, 359 11th battle of (1917), 55, 137 Hanzal, Vojtech, 9, 230, 232, 301, 377, 12th battle of (1917), see Caporetto 382,384 !stria, 112, 114, 208, 226, 280, 351 Hasek, Jaroslav, 270 Italian army, Hasse (German Intelligence officer), 67, 70 Regiments: 141st, 94 Heard, Captain W.B., 201 Divisions: 14th, 375 Hertz, Friedrich, 275, 367 Corps: XX, 233-4 Hindenburg, Field Marshal Paul von, 57, Armies: lst army, 77; 2nd, 75, 77, 105, 344,363 158; 3rd, 158, 161, 231, 301-2, 374; Hitler, Adolf, 2, 8, 10, 444 4th, 301; 6th, 137, 144, 192, 194, Hlavacek, Frantisek, 9, 149, 163, 170, 207, 228; 7th,232;8th, 158 214,232,247 discipline in, 77, 80, 99 deserts, 126 High Command, see Comando Supremo as head of Czech office in Italy, 121, 141, losses, 76, 80, 86, lOS 143, 155-9, 178, 195 material conditions, 77, 99, 289, 307 Intelligence work for Italians, 126-7, officers in, 78, 80, 93, 100 130-1 morale in, see morale in Italian army Hoberth, Major Eugen von, 409,428 propaganda to boost morale, 77-8, Hocevar, Major Franz, 312 98-100,110,224,307 Hoen, GM Max von, 27 regeneration after Caporetto, 99-103, Hoffmann, General Max, 43, 218 272,434 Hofmannsthal, Hugo von, 26 suspicion of , 139, 141, 143, 148, Holland,5, 175,260 155,165,209,231,234,239,321, homecomers (from Russia), 60, 258, 262, 374, 384-6, 435 269-70, 276 Italian Foreign Ministry, 113, 114, 117, Hristic, Major Filip, 195, 202, 419-20 120,189,204,329 Hungary,28,54, 154,216,274,426 see also Sonnino electoral reform, 357, 365-6 Italian Front, 5, 10, 12, 33-5, 40, 45, 74-8, emergency legislation in, 18, 22, 23 320-1 and food crisis, 22, 279, 282, 365, 406 AH propaganda against Italy, 78-104, parliament, 18, 22, 303, 357, 363, 432 405-6; aerial prop., 81, 85-6, 98, Party of Independence (Karolyi), 22, 102, 106, 415; AH confidence about, 29,218 97-8,103,104, 152,292,307,415; Social Democratic Party, 22, 26, 366 aims and arguments of, 78, 80, 81, wartime regime described, 22-4 86-92,151,233,275,344,375, Hungarians, see Magyars 416-17,418-19,429,438-9;on Hus, Jan, 210, 355, 356, 375 Albanian front, 81; avoids Index 475

'treasonable' messages, 81, 92, 127, 371-2, 419; distributed over AH 416; campaign launched, 82, 103; cities, 111, 209, 265-6, 267, 303, campaign scaled down, 308; at 321,369-72,413, 414,437,442; Caporetto, 78-82, 145; dangers of, early efforts (pre-1918), 35, 127-31, 79, 94-6, 104; distribution 133, 151, 165-6, 190, 434; exploits problems, 85-6, 95-6, 307, 415-16, AH press, 153, 204, 210, 212, 218, 438; D.R.U.P. disinformation, 321, 219, 285, 286, 345, 350ff, 359, 363, 384-6, 404, 416; 'duel' with Italian 365, 368-9, 372-3, 424; exploits AH campaign, 97-104, 145, 147, 149, parliamentary speeches, 153, 159, 151,230,234-5,290,306,371,378, 353-4, 357, 360, 363, 424; extent of, 386, 406, 418, 419, 438; effects, 79, 2,209, 210,249,264,342,345,358, 92-8, 103, 145, 147, 159, 181, 417; 360,362,367, 371-2,416,422; England attacked in, 80, 88-9, 90, historiography of campaign, 6-7, 9, 94, 100, 104, 151, 416, 419; Entente 11-12, 174-5; impact in AH view of, 102-3, 182, 188; exploits trenches, 128, 145, 148, 195, 235, enemy press, 89, 210; extent of, 93, 277,293,299-302,303-4,306,342, 95, 109, 307, 308, 416; failure of, 82, 362,367,376-7,408,422,438,440, 299, 306-8, 419, 435, 437; final 442-3; impact on AH interior, 159, efforts, 415-19, 427; guidelines 209, 264-8, 437; intensified, 149, issued, 80, 82, 84, 88, 91, 306-7, 161, 264, 421-2; manifestos in early 415, 418-19; ignored in 1918, 149-55; Padua Commission's historiography, 6, 10, 11; work, see Padua Commission; interaction with Italian hinterland, pictorial imagery in, 170, 251, 300, 80, 81, 86, 93, 159, 415, 437; Italian 353, 354, 355, 356, 368, 393, 431, response to, 97, 104, 159-60, 234, 443; press bureau in Berne, 204-5, 272, 290, 307-8, 333, 417, 419; oral 219, 285, 344-5, 350, 351, 359, 439; propaganda, 79,82,85-6,93-5,306, printing of material for, 161, 190, 419, 438; organization, 79, 82, 84, 193,203,208, 345;propaganda 96, 417; pictorial imagery in, 87, 88, patrols, see Czech, Yugoslav, Polish, 418; pre-1917, 78, 128; resistance of Romanian propaganda; resistance in AH officers to, 95-6, 306, 435; Italian armed forces to, 209, 371-2, Russian campaign used as model for, 420; as response to Austrian 80-1,84,86,93,98, 101,103-4,415, campaign, 11, 97, 111, 149, 159-60, 434, 437-8; via Switzerland, 81, 86; 162, 434; role of national emigres in, and Venetia, 92 160,161,196,198,206,208,210, Italian propaganda against AH, 33, 225-6,227-8,240,332-5, 420,422; 112; acts as catalyst, 267, 287, 298, stresses AH weakness, 210, 345; 300, 377, 387, 442; AH distorted stresses Allied strength, 128, 210, information about, 258-68; and air 344, 367, 422; view of AH superiority, 101-2, 104, 150, 209, commanders of, 152, 203, 264, 295, 438; Allied coordination of, 184-95, 308,349,360,363,370-1,372-3, 197-9; and Czech emigres, 128-30; 415; see also Ojetti attacks Germany, 128, 151, 152, Italian military Intelligence, 5, 75, 101, 217-18,343-4,348-9,350,359-60, 119, 122-31, 187, 189-90, 192, 198, 367, 424; begins to exploit 202,204,205,421 nationality principle, 128, 152-5, absence in historiography, 122 193-4; calls for coordination of, in Italian 1st army, 100, 123-6, 128, 130, 159-60, 161; content of prop., 128, 131, 142, 229, 231, 232-3, 238-9, 151, 321, 342-3, 353, 439-40, 378-9,380,386 442-3; and see under nationality: 2nd army, 126, 127 Croat propaganda, etc.; distribution 3rd army, 126, 161, 229-31, 240, 330, of, 2, 145, 149, 190, 191, 208-9, 380,381,382,386 476 Index

Italian military Intelligence - continued parliament, 87, 113, 114, 116, 158, 180, 4th army, 123, 229, 236, 239--40, 374, 327,430 378,380,381 its prop. organization, 160, 170, 184--S, 6th army, 231, 232, 233-5, 238, 239, 189,197-8,204,331,431 240, 292, 302, 375-6, 380, 382 war against Turkey (1911-12), 1 7th army, 232, 239, 380, 382 8th army, 229, 240, 241, 374, 380 Jagiello, Wladyslaw, 215, 216 employs Slav deserters, 125-7, 304 Jambrisak, Milivoj (Croat delegate to PC), and Czechoslovak Legion, 131, 149, 206,207,208,211,222,226,227-8, 155-6, 228 238,240-1,265-6,299,303,310,330, early prop. manifestos, 40, 116, 127-8, 332,334,335,336,348,379-81,390, 130-1, 133, 151-S, 160 420,441 espionage work, 123-S, 140, 167, 304, Japan, 71, 424 383--4,386--7 Jelacic, Ban Josip, 349 interrogation techniques, 125-6, 143, 145 Jelinek, Josef, 378 and irredentism, 123-S Jemric, Ljubomir, 276 and manifestos from April 1918, 190, Jerabek, Leopold, 383 193,203,219,292,304,342,361 Jerkowitz, 109 organization of, 122-3 Jerusalem, 151 and prop. patrols, 133, 140-1, 142ff, 149, Jews,8,290,315,345,359 155,159,215,228-35,236,239-40, Jirasek, Alois, 218 301-2,321,373-9,427 Jirsa, FrantiSek, 136, 377 role in boosting Italian morale, 100 Joseph, Archduke, 39, 44, 56, 57, 61, 82, see also Dupont, Finzi, Marchetti, 373,408 Smaniotto, Vecchiarelli, Vigevano journalism, see press Italian navy, 118, 153, 209, 372 Judenburg revolt, 262 Italian prisoner of war Commission Jugovic, Majka, 293 (Ministry of War), 121, 157 ]ung, Ladislav, 381-2 Italian propaganda (in Italian language, for 'enemy' territory) Kafka, Franz, 16 issued by Austrians, see Italian Front: AH Karl, Emperor-King, 44, 46, SO, 61, 75, 91, propaganda against Italy 92, 138-9, 183, 212, 217, 222, 257, issued by Italians 150-1, 361, 369, 370, 263,269,278,303,352,435-6 372,427 grants amnesty, 34 Italians, 218, 275 introduces constitutional regime to in AH army, 20, 107, 361 Austria, 29-30, 284 in Tyrol, 20, 123-S, 126 and manifesto of October 1918, 424 Italy, 33 in PC prop., 265, 344, 349, 351, 363, 366, attitude to Czechs, 116--17, 120-1, 400,426 155-9,214,223,231-2 Karlovac, 291 attitude to Yugoslavs, 10, 112-16, 117, Karolyi, Mihaly, 22, 26, 29, 218, 426 119-20,155,177-81, 195-7,223-S, Keeley, James, 335-6 226--7,237,241,322,327-32, Keil, Ernst, 273 337--42, 379, 420, 423, 440-1 Kent, C.S., 15 efforts to boost domestic morale, 76, 170 Kerekovic, Luka, 293-S enters war, 19, 20, 76, 90, 112 Kerensky, Alexander, SO, 55, 56, 61 and historiography on front prop., 10, 'Kerensky offensive' (1917}, 50-2, 61, 436 174-5,421 KISA, see AH army: Isonzo army interwar attitude to front prop., 10 Kiszling, Rudolf, 303 and nationality principle, 112-22, Klein, GM, 148 141, 148, 149, 158, 162, 180, 199, Klima, Auditor, 138 326--7, 341 Klimek, Eduard, 234--S Index 477

Klobukowski, A., 263, 336 Lazar, Prince, 347 Knott, Lt, 138, 139 Lazzarini, Giuseppe, 126 Kobylinskij, Moses, 231, 254 Legion, Czechoslovak Kohoutek, Josef, 134, 136, 142, 232 in France, 120, 141, 156, 323 Kokoschka, Oskar, 16 in Italy, see Czechoslovak Legion in Italy Kolozsvar, 267, 357 in Russia, 52, 120, 130, 220, 353 Komilov, Lt-General L.G., 55-6 Legion, Polish, 130, 131, 215, 216, 236, Korosec, Anton, 212, 227, 265, 267, 359,360 286,352 Legion, Romanian, 236, 255-6, 358 Kosovo, Legion, Yugoslav, 114, 207, 237-8, 241, battle of (1389), 293, 346-7, 349, 394 322,340,348,379,382,420 war (1999), 2, 12 Lemberg, see L'viv Kossuth, Lajos, 153, 218, 363, 365 Lenin, V.I., 43, 57-60, 345 Kostrenac, Luka, 290,291-2,294,295,315 Leopold, Prince of Bavaria, 48 Kouba, Lt, 231 Levico,96, 135,138,304 Kovacic, Oton, 239, 377, 380 Lidove Noviny, 286 Kragujevac revolt, 276 Lika region, 193 Kraljevic, Marko, 293 Likovic, Stjepan, 317 Krak6w,215,257,267,276,359 Liptovsky Svaty Mikulas, 355 Kramar, Karel, 21-2, 34, 166, 218, 219 literacy, 300, 307, 438, 443 Kraus, Karl, 26, 273 Lithuania, 47, 49, 68 Krauss, General Alfred, 45, 437 Ljubljana, 213, 291, 352 Kreuz, Franz, 79, 81, 145, 168 prop. raid over, 209, 265-6, 303, 321, Kriegsarchiv (KA: Austrian War Archives), 369,442 28, 32, 273, 413 Lloyd George, David, 6, 88-9, 90, 152, 158, Kriegspressequartier (KPQ: Austrian War 179,180,182,427 Press Office), 26-8, 32, 42, 66, 81, 86, Lodge, Henry Cabot, 346 92,150,270,271,272,273,274,276, London, Treaty of (1915), 90, 112-15, 277, 284, 410, 413 118, 136, 158, 177, 178-80, 181, 188, Kriegsiiberwachungsamt (KUA: Austrian 196,224,226-7,320,330,337-8,341, War Surveillance Office), 19, 21, 22, 423,441 25,27,66,284 Lublin,267 Krobatin, Field Marshal Alexander, 82, Ludendorff, General Erich von, 8, 10, 44, 281,382,407-8 47-8,54, 58,61, 64, 67, 68,69 Kuhlmann, Richard von, 90 Lukacs, Karl, 410 Kujund.Zic, Bogoljub (Serb delegate to PC), Liitzow, Heinrich, 116-17 188,206,207-8,210,211,215,222-3, L'viv (Lemberg) 20, 359, 361 224,227,241,265-6,324,332,345, 379-80,381,430 Macdonagh, General C.M.W., 186 Kurjer Lwowski, 286, 359 Mackensen, Heeresgruppe, 51, 53 Kvatemik, Eugen, 293 Mafie (Czech underground organization), Kyhos, Vaclav, 378 116, 175, 205 Magyar propaganda Lahvicka, Alojz, 138 issued by Italy in early 1918, 152, 153-4, Lakom, Major, 137 194-5 land issue, land reform, 51, 55-6, 57, 58, issued by PC, 209, 216, 218, 321, 358, 59,104,212,276,357,366 362-7,376,422,424-5 Landwehr, General Ottokar, 278-80 Magyars, Lansing, Robert, 221, 224, 324, 337, 346 in AH army, 33, 34-5, 39, 96, 137, 194, Lasic, Stojan (Slovene delegate to PC), 206, 271,273,283,349-50,362,426,432 208,210,276,345,367,430 Maljak, Martin, 316 Lasswell, Harold D., xii, 7, 174 Mangra, Metropolitan of Nagyszeben, 35 7 478 Index

Mantua, 101 AOK efforts to improve, 32, 270-1; and M

Northcliffe, Lord - continued Italian dominance of, 203, 208, 225, AH view of, 258, 259-62, 263, 272-3, 419-20 309,414 membership of, 197, 206-8, 419-20 appointed to head EPD, 6, 7, 159, 160, planning of, 190-1, 196-7, 198, 208 174, 182 and sources of information for, 204-6, mythical reputation, 7, 8, 11, 200, 259, 219,240,322,424,439 269, 414 tensions in, 203, 220, 225-8, 322, 331, Novy, 139, 165 332-5,380,390,420,440 Nyugat, 26 Padula prison camp (Salerno), 117, 157, 158,171,228,234 Oberost (Eastern Command), 43-4, 46, 49 Pajger, Karel, 134, 255, 375 Obilic, Milos, 293 Pajk, BoZidar, 233, 238 Obzor, 53 Palestine, 215, 422 O'Donovan, Gerald, 328, 335 Pan, Vaclav, 126 Ojetti, Ugo (Italian delegate to PC), 118, Pantano, General, 375 172,195,202,328,433 Papafava, Contessa, 225 and control over PC, 203, 205-10, 215, Papirnik, Antonin, 195 216,218,265,300,342-3,345,348, Papric, Stanko, 290, 291 358,362,367,369,371-2,417,419, Paprskar, Rudolf, 229, 302, 303, 317 420-2,424,425-6,427 parachutes, 1, 387 asked to coordinate Italian campaign, Paris, 89, 114, 179, 180, 184, 185-7, 199 160-2, 185, 189 Paris Congress (1918), 197, 200, 220, 325, enthusiasm for prop., 161, 299, 303, 321 331,334 view of his role, 162-3, 185, 189, 197-8, Paris Peace Conference (1919), 10,423, 441 203,225,227,240,322,332-S Pasic, Nikola, 114-16, 179, 194 and Yugoslav question, 207, 225-7, 324, Passchendaele, 182 329-31,332,339,340,341,379, Paterno, Gaetano, 119 380-1,420,441 patriotism, AH authorities' attempts to Ora, 134-S promote, 24ff, 32, 284-7, 371, 413 Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele, 113, 119, 157, in education, 32 194,214,255,421 by film, 27 and front prop., 148, 149, 160-1, 185, by literature, 28-9 188,189,197-8,206,209,227,370, war artists, 27 379,420 war bonds, 28, 37, 413 and nationality principle, 149, 158, 162, see also morale in AH army; 179-80,181,190,196,199,223, Feindespropaganda-Abwehrstelle 224, 320, 326-9, 330-2, 339-41, Pecori-Giraldi, General Guglielmo, 77 346,420,423,430,441 Peerz, Rudolf, 275, 287 becomes Prime Minister, 99 Pennella, General Giuseppe, 380 Osterreich-Ungams letzter Krieg (Austrian Pertica, Monte, 229, 278 official history of the war), 9, 10, 31, Pester Lloyd, 259 45,48, 70,283,303,375 Petar Karadjordjevic, King of Serbia, 238, Osusky, Stefan, 205 241,379 Petofi, Sandor, 153, 363, 365, 424, 425 Padua, 99,. 101, 160, 189, 197, 224 Petr, Rudolf, 386 Padua Commission (PC), 202-20, 222-8, Petrograd, 42, 47, 55, 57, 115 240,303,326,433 Petrograd Soviet, 43, SO content of manifestos analysed, 209-19, Petrovic, Dusan, 272, 273, 275, 428 342-70,417-18,419,422-6,427 Pflanzer-Baltin, General Karl von, 416 dissolved, 427 Piave, battle of (1918), 97, 229, 283, final efforts of, 417-18, 419, 421-6 297-8, 308, 320, 342-3, 363-4, first meeting, 202-3 374-6, 406, 437 480 Index

Piave, battle of (1918)- continued Popovic, Dejan, 290, 293-5, 296 'betrayal of', 293, 294, 301-3 Popovic, Milica, 291, 293 myth of postponement due to prop., Posina, Val, 167 187-8,194,199,202,299,303,337 Posledniia Izvestiia, 53 Piave, river, 81, 82, 92, 93, 95, 149, 230, Prague, 2, 16, 26, 27, 33, 126, 134, 285, 307,421 352,355,378,413,424,426 Pichon, Stephen, 184, 323-4, 325, 346 Prejda, Alexandr, 377, 378 Pilch, Jeno, 9 press Pilsudksi, J6zef, 130, 131 in AH, 18, 19, 24, 25, 37, 124, 211, 261, Pivko, Ljudevit, 9, 155, 177, 228, 240-1, 271,284-6,363 287,304,377,385 in Italy, 152, 159, 329-30, 339-40 background and beliefs, 133-4, 135, 141 war correspondents, 26 and Finzi, 135-42, 168, 191 see also under individual newspapers; makes first links to Italy, 134 censorship; Kriegspressequartier flees to Italy, 140 Pribicevic, Svetozar, 23 links to Slav emigres, 142, 143 Pribicevic, Valerijan, 23 prepares Carzano plot, 136-8 Price-Davies, Major-General L.A.E., 199 recruits volunteers in Italy, 143-4, prison camps, 168,232,238-9,290,292,294, discussed in front prop., 4, 78, 91, 380-3,441 347-8,359 reputation, 140, 143 prisoners of war, 63, 115, 125-6, 130, trains unit in Italy, 142-5 197,201 work of his unit at front, 140-1, 145-8, Czechoslovak (in Italy), 117, 120-1, 191,194,208,228,231-2,233-5, 156-8,203,207,228,385 290,302,375-6 Italian (in AH), 84, 91, 101, 103, 115, 307 his writings, 133 Polish (in Italy), 236, 360, 397 Pivkova, Ljudmila, 136 Romanian (in AH), 53 Plesinger-BoZinov, Miroslav, 117 Romanian (in Italy), 197, 216, 236-7 Plhak, Hugo, 256, 377 Russian (in AH), 44, 52, 54, 67, 128, 134, Plumer, General Herbert, 101, 102, 435 167,398 Plzen, 355 Serbian (in AH), 64 Poincare, Raymond, 323, 357 Yugoslav (in Italy), 114-16, 212, 237-41, Poles, Poland, 153, 217, 218, 224, 323, 426 303-4,320,332,348,375,379-80 in AH army, 20, 35, 216, 224, 282, 305, see also homecomers 376,428 propaganda, in Galicia, 20, 30, 257 definition of, 2-4 postwar writing about front prop., xii, 9 see also front propaganda; morale; in Russian army, 51 patriotism Polish National Committee, 195, 236, Prussia, threat of, used in prop. against AH, 359,397 128,151,153,155,215,218,343,344, Polish propaganda, 267 363,369,424 German threat as theme in, 215, , see front 359-60,424 propaganda issued by Austrians on E.Front, 41, 47, 51 Pula, 106,111,262,372,427 issued by Italy pre-1918, 130, 131 issued by PC, 207, 210, 214-16, 224, 264, Radetsky, Field Marshal joseph, 125, 289 358-61,376,424 Rakoczi, Ferenc, 218, 363 patrols on Italian Front, 215, 235-6, Ramponi, Artemio, 124 240,359 Rauchensteiner, Manfried, 12, 31, 321 Pop, ~tefan Cicio, 357 Ravenna, 106 Popadic, Bogoljub, 377, 381-2, 384 Rawlinson, General Henry, 187 Popolo d'Italia, II, 111, 159, 339 Ray, Marcel, 367 Index 481

Reading, Lord, 258 Rozsypal, Franz, 404 Redlich, Joseph, 19, 28 Russia, 33, 90 Reggio Emilia, 208, 209 Bolshevik Revolution (1917}, 57-8, 61 Reich, Colonel, 273, 274 February Revolution (1917}, 30, Reichspost, 414 42-3,434 Reichsrat (Austrian Parliament), 7, 18, 113, Provisional Government, 43-4, SO, 55, 136,153,154,207,213,216,259,284, 57, 58, 61 303,345,350,353-4,360,424 Russian army, 21, 41-62 recalled (1917}, 18, 30 Corps: XI, 58; XXIV, 56; XL, 54; XLV, 54 religion, as theme of propaganda, 43, 128, Armies: Sth, 48; 8th, 58; 9th, 58 151-2,210,211,215,346-7,355-6, disintegration, 51, 54-S, 57-9, 61-2, 75, 358--9 76,270,275,412-13 Resnica, 265 Bolshevik propaganda in, 51, SS-9 Resto del Carlino, II, 329-30, 389 soldiers' committees, 43, 44, 56, 61 Ridley, Lt Erwin, 267 Russian propaganda, see Eastern Front: Riga, 55 Russian propaganda against Central Rilke, Rainer Maria, 28 Powers Rimini, 106 Russki Vestnik, 52, 67 Riva, 383 Ruthene propaganda, 154 Rodd,Rennell, lOS issued by PC, 195, 360-1, 376, 398 Rodier, Captain Erich, 104 issued by Ukrainians on Eastern Front, 66 Roller, Margarete, 275 Ruthenes (Ukrainians), 30, 195, 252 Romania, kingdom of, 24, 33, 53-4, 88, 90, in AH army, 20, 32, 34, 51, 255, 428 102,279,355,357,406 in Galicia, 19, 20 army of, 24, 48, 53-4, 55, 57 in Hungary, 23 Romanian propaganda, 275 Ruziak, Andrej, 386 issued by Austrians on Eastern Front, 51, Ryant, Jan, 165 53-4, 64 Rybka, Josef (Czech delegate to PC), 206, issued by Italy pre-1918, 130 207, 213, 215 issued by PC, 207, 210,216-17, 219, 225, Rygier, Maria, 236, 358 264,355,357-8,422,424 patrols on Italian Front, 236-7, 358 Sabor, see Croatia, Diet (Sabor) Romanians, sabotage behind enemy lines, 304-S, 373, in AH army, 34, 74, 167, 192, 217, 236, 383-4,386,432 255,303,357 Sacchi, Filippo, 205 emigre organization, 195, 196, 207, 216, St POlten, 267 217,358,424 Salonika, 63, 115, 141 Romanian National Party, 24 and see Balkan Front in Transylvania, 22, 23-4, 54, 195, Salvemini, Gaetano, 113, 116, 117, 118, 216-17, 357, 426 119, 120, 158, 161, 162, 180, 195, Romanul, 24 208,224,226,244,248,328,329, Rome, 114, 116, 195-7, 211, 214, 218--19, 330,331 223,358 Sanders, Michael, xii, 3, 7 Ronge, GM Max, 9, 10, 44, 51, 60, 65, 72, San Francesco, 234-S 79,82,258,260,261,263,268,270, Santa Maria Capua Vetere (prison camp), 302,311,349,414,417,418,419,436 117,236,397 Roosevelt, Theodor, 416 Sarkotic, General Stjepan, 20, 264-S, Rosa (Bassano), 143 277,280 Rosso, Col del, 82, 101, 147-8, 234, Sarrail, General Maurice, 63 235,376 Scarpa, Gino, 117 Royal Flying Corps (British), 101-2, Scheuchenstuel, GO Count Viktor, 82, 371, 401 88,282 482 Index

Schlosser, Lt Oskar, 370 Slovene propaganda Schneller, Karl, 37 issued by Italian Intelligence, 154-5 Schnitzler, Arthur, 28, 38 issued by PC, 208, 210, 212-13, 265, 345, Scholtz, General Friedrich von, 63-4 352,422,423 Scialoja, Vittorio, 76 Slovenes, 195, 383 Schwarz, Captain Geza, 406-7 in AH, 20-1, 29, 30, 212, 218, 285-6, 352 Scorluzzo, Monte, 85 in AH army, 33, 35, 107, 113, 136, 140, Seba,Jan, 195,254,374 144,177,192,238,239,240,242, Sebenico, 106 283,410 Secolo, 159, 160 memoirs about war, 9, 321 Secrets of Crewe House (by Stuart), 7, 15, see also Pivko 174, 201 Smaniotto, Colonel Ercole, 155, 160, 161, Seidler, Baron Ernst von, 30, 212, 259, 350, 188,191,229-30,231,240,377 354,360,398 Smarda, Jan, 383-4, 385 Serbia, 16, 31, 33, 426 Smodlaka, Josip, 21 emigres in Switzerland, 119, 124, Sobotka, Josef, 382 205,248 socialism, socialist propaganda, 42, 56, 75, government (in exile), 113-16, 177, 76,80,86,89, 199,232,258,261,269, 179,325 270,274,275,285-6,294,352,359, occupied territory, 62-5, 115, 276, 278, 365-6,367 296,422 Sokols, 133, 143, 144, 353 parliament (Skupstina), 194, 195 Solarolo, Monte, 109 and Yugoslav prisoners, 115-16 Sonnino, Sidney, 87, 99, 119, 193, 204 Serbian army, 2, 23, 62-5, 73, 115, 212, under attack in press, 328, 339-41 237,238-9,379 and Czechs, 120-1, 156, 157, 158, Serbian propaganda 172, 214 issued by Austrians, see Balkan Front insistence on Treaty of London, 112-13, issued by PC, 211, 346-7, 422, 423 118, 181, 185-6 Serbian Society of Great Britain, and Italy's prop. campaign, 189, 193, 176-7 194,196,209,390,420 Serbs, 238-9, 242, 383 policy towards AH, 113, 199, 223, 224, in AH army, 20, 21, 32, 34, 288 305,323,326,330-2,341 in Bosnia, see Bosnian Serbs and Yugoslav prisoners, 114-16, 237-8 in Croatia, 23 Soretic, FML, 295, 297, 298 Seton-Watson, R.W., 21, 176-7, 178, 183, Spa (German GHQ), 217, 349, 363 185-6, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, Spingardi, General Paolo, 121, 157, 171, 238 204-5,227,322,323-4,328,335, Split, 21 336,337 ~razzi di Luce (KISA newspaper), 93 Siciliani, Colonel Domenico (official head Srob;h, Vavro, 355 of PC), 197, 198, 202-3, 227, 228, 331, Stacu, Juraj, 252 333,334,336,420 Stampa, La, 329 Sief, Monte, 134 Stanek, Frantisek, 354, 424 Silvio a Prato, Baron, 124 Steed, Henry Wickham, 7, 9, 10, 174,207, Sinigallia, 106 227,258,331,333,335,441 Sisemol, Monte, 290 acknowledges Italy's work with front Sixtus Affair, 217, 351, 400 prop., 189-90 Skerlecz, Ivan, 23 and belief in prop. weapon, 177-8, Slovaks, 386, 404 192-3,199,267,346,387,427 in AH army, 157, 262 dominates EPD, 182-3 in Hungary, 22, 23-4 exploits myths about prop., 187-8, 193, in PC propaganda, 213, 353, 355 194,199,222,299,300,303,304-5, Slovenec, 212, 267, 286, 314 337,443 Index 483

and Italian-Yugoslav agreement, 159, Thomas, Albert, 195, 199-200, 220, 358 177-9,180-1,185,243,244 Times, The, 7, 159, 176, 182, 222, and mission to Italy, 185-99, 200, 202, 258, 341 206,209,226,229 Tione, 123 view of AH, 176, 199 Tisza, Count Istvan, 16, 22, 24, 29, 153, works to change Allied policy on AH, 154,366,426,432 183-4,190-1,199-200,201,221-2, Tobek, Frantisek, 383 322-7,328,337-8,341,431 Toggenburg, Count Friedrich, Stefanik, Milan, 116-17, 155, 157, 158, 284-5, 286 195,207,214,220,376 Tomba, Monte, 101 spreads manifestos over Italian front, Tonale pass, 85, 232, 239, 302 128-30, 166, 177 Torre, Andrea, 180-1, 195, 196, 197, 227, Stetina, Viteslav, 290-1, 293, 294 331,346 Stinny, Karel, 230, 301-2, 303 Torretta, Marchese della, 121 Stipetic, Major Wilhelm, 63-5 Tosi, Luciano, xii, 12 Stoccareddo, 145-8, 191, 194 Tosti, Amedeo, 100 Stockholm, 47 Trampa, 138 Stager-Steiner von Steinstatten, GO Transylvania, 24, 54, 195, 262, 267, 357 Rudolf, 258, 270, 274, 371 trench newspapers, 100, 271, 311, 442 Stone, Senator, 258 Trentino offensive (1916), 74, 123, 124, Storch, Alois, 383-4, 410 125, 127 Stransky, Adolf, 353, 373 Trento,6,92, 112,134,136,137,223,338, Stransky, Antonin, 136 369,386,427 Suaia,285,350, 410 Tresic-Pavicic, Ante, 21, 172, 193, 294 Strossmayer, Josip, 211 Treves, Frederick, 188 Stuart, Campbell, 7, 9, 10, 174, 200, Trieste, 86, 92, 106, 112, 124, 223, 257, 201,336 280,338,351,369,427 Stiirgkh, Count Karl, 18-19, 21, 29, 32 Trinajstic, Dinko, 202, 209, 226, 237, 381 Styria, 21 Trotsky, Leon, 59, 90 Sugana, Val, 82, 131, 134-7, 140, 304 Trumbic, Ante, 21, 114, 176, 196, 197, 198, Supilo, Frano, 21, 176 200, 220, 223, 227, 326, 336 Susnjak, Juraj, 276-7 and Allied recognition of Yugoslavs, 325, Sustersic, Ivan, 21, 265, 267 327,332,379,423,431 Svacic, Petar, 293 and Corfu Declaration, 177 Svetec, Franjo, 293, 294-5 efforts to create Yugoslav Legion, 114, Switzerland, 3, 5, 42, 81, 117, 119, 123, 237,335,379,380 175,201,204-5,260,262,367 makes informal agreement with Italy, Szuber, Antoni (Polish delegate to PC), xii, 178-81,226 9,206,207,236,334,358,360-1,430 role in Italian prop. campaign, 202-3, 207-8,209,211,212,223,240, Tagliamento, river, 74, 81 265-7, 327, 342, 348-9, 380-1, Tarnopol, 54, 207 423,441 Tavcar, Ivan, 21, 267, 310 Tugurio camp, 144, 148, 193, 234, 238, Taylor, Philip M., xii, 3, 7 239, 240, 403 Telve, 137, 138, 140 Turin, 76, 208 Terlecki, Captain, 46 Turkey, 1, 41,129,201,211,215,422 Tertii (Polish MP), 360 Turold, Dr, 138 Teschen, 30-1 Tyrell, William, 182 Tezze, 304 Tyrol, 20, 75, 82, 123-6, 187 Thaon di Revel, Admiral Paolo, 209, 227,372 Dbersberger, Hans, 275 Thimme, Hans, xii, 11 U-boat war, 80, 90, 108, 154, 434 484 Index

Udine, 122 Vittorio, 150 Ukraine, 55, 90, 149, 151, 215, 257, Vittorio Veneto, battle of (1918), 10, 419, 279-80,345,360-1,369,406 421,426 Ukrainians in AH, see Ruthenes Volja Naroda, 351 Ukrainians in Russia, 51 Vojvodina, 25, 115 L'Unita, 113, 117, 328 Vondracek, ]aromir, 126 United States of America, 7, 118, 128, 179, Vopcilensky, Vaclav, 386 182, 195, 220-1, 258, 260, 275, 324, Voska, Emanuel, 404 335-6,340,418 Vozniak, Franz, 377 theme in PC prop., 210, 221, 324, 344, Vuia, Traian, 217 388,419,423,424 Vuletic, Delimir, 377 Urban, 138 Vycital, Rudolf, 377, 383 Urmanczy, Nandor, 363 Uskub [Skoplje], 64 Waldstatten, Colonel Alfred von, 49, 307 Waldstatten, Egan Freiherr von, 273-5, Vacha, Bohumil, 375, 384 277,278,283,409,412,414,426 Val Bella, Monte di, 101, 234, 293-4, 316, Wallachia, 53-4 353,375-6 Wanderscheck, Hermann, 10 Valcamonica, 165 war aims of belligerents, 4, 114, 116, Valiani, Leo, 12, 120 117, 131, 154, 177, 179, 182, Varazdin, 351 214-15,221,223,224,322,324, Vecchiarelli, Major, 155, 232, 377 360,423,434 Venetia,82,90,93, 101 Weber, Max, 275 life in occupied Venetia, 150, 169, Weiskirchner, Richard, 16, 345 280-1,307 Weil, Lt Franz, 95 target of prop. by AH and Italy, 92, 103, Wekerle, Sandor, 366 108,150-1,361,386-7 Wellington House, 28-9, 175 Venice, 102, 111, 161, 190, 208 Wells, H.G., 201 Venkov, 286 Werkmann, Karl, 275 Vemcesi, Emesto, 205 Western Front, 5, 48, 55, 86, 89, 101, 103, Verona, 123, 125, 140, 141, 143, 167, 128,129,182,187,193,195,202,320, 231-2,239 406, 411, 421 Versailles, 99, 199 British (and French) propaganda against Versailles Declaration (1918), 214-15, Germany, 5, 8, 11, 40, 187, 201, 220,223,224-5,228,305,322,323-4, 209,321 328,359 German propaganda against Allies, 4, Veselko-Sedlecky, Ludvik, 142, 316 40, 175 Vesely, Karel, 116-17, 120, 127 as theme in ltalian/PC prop., 193, 210, Vicenza, 75, 135 343,350,393,422-3 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, 88, White Mountain, battle (1620), 214 188,376 Whittal, Hugh, 175 Vidale, GM Julius, 283 Wicht!, Friedrich, 350-1, 373 Vidmar, Stane, 143, 144, 193, 232, 237, Wiegele, Zdravko, 256 238,240,241,377,380,381,382 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 46, 50, 128, 217, 222, Vienna, 2, 16, 18, 27, 29, 257, 259, 273, 259,343,345,349,351,363 350, 413 Wilson, Woodrow, 4, 116, 128, 152, 158, prop. raid over, 267, 321, 369-71, 414 174,179,180,210,221,258,344,411, Vigevano, Colonel Attilio, 123, 145, 155, 412,418-19,426 156,229,239,377 Windischgratz, Prince Ludwig, 279 vuag, 314, 363, 365 Witold, 215 Villari, Luigi, 10 women,85, 150,194,275,297 Visconti Venosta, 99 Wurm, GO Wenzel, 82 Index 485

Yugoslavs, Yugoslavia, 30, 129, 131, 176, Zagreb,27, 211,290,349-50,424,426 212,224,293,323-4,426 prop. raid over, 209, 265-6, 321, myth of common wartime sacrifice, 9 369,442 potential for front prop. amongst, 177, Zahradnik, Isidor, 153 225, 289, 295-6, 305, 320 Zak, Artur, 304 presence in AH army of, 290-2, 293-5, Zamorski, Jan (Polish delegate to PC), 305, 329-30; see also Pivko 206,207,215-16,224,228, Yugoslav agitation in AH, 21, 30, 193, 236,334,358-9,360 212-13,218,227,265,285-6, Zanon, Mansueto, 124, 187, 302 290-1,296,315,351-2 Zanotti-Bianco, Umberto, 117, 208, Yugoslav 'ideal' discussed, 136, 194, 211, 420,430 238-9,241-2,341-2,383,441 Zborov, battle of (1917), 52, Yugoslav Committee, 324-5 112, 120 discussed in Italy's manifestos, 203, 209, Zbruch, river, 55 211-12,223,265,327,341,346,348 Zebio, Monte, 142 founded (1915), 114 Zeidler, Franz, 276 relations with Italy, 113-14, 119-20, Zeller, 64 141,178-81,196-7,202-3,211-12, Zeman, Antonin, 377 223-4,226-8,327,390,441 Zendron, Ludwig, 315 relations with Serbian government, 114, Zeni, Luisa, 124 118, 136, 177, 179 Zernetz, 124 and Yugoslav volunteer troops, 237-8, Zincone, Brigadier Attilio, 137, 240-1, 335, 379-81, 382 139-40 see also Trumbic Zita, Empress-Queen, 263, 351 Yugoslav propaganda, Zivin, 42-3, 67 issued by Italian Intelligence, 154-5, Zoglauer, Lt-Colonel Arthur von, 193,194,203 271,273 issued by PC, 207-8, 209, 210, 211-13, Zopff, Colonel, 187 217,225,265,324,342,345-52, Zrinjski, Nikola, 211, 289, 372,423,442 293,351 patrols on Italian Front, 112, 140-1, 144, Zurich, 124, 175 237-41,290,375,380-3 Zvonarevic, Bozidar, 290, 293, 294 Ypres, 55 Zweig, Stefan, 28