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Transcriptional Regulation of Ski and Scleraxis in Primary Cardiac Myofibroblasts

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Transcriptional Regulation of Ski and Scleraxis in Primary Cardiac Myofibroblasts Transcriptional Regulation of Ski and Scleraxis in Primary Cardiac Myofibroblasts by Matthew R. Zeglinski A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2016 by Matthew R. Zeglinski Abstract Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) is a mediator of the fibrotic response through activation of quiescent cardiac fibroblasts to hypersynthetic myofibroblasts. Scleraxis (Scx) is a pro-fibrotic transcription factor that is induced by TGFβ1-3 and works synergistically with Smads to promote collagen expression. Ski is a negative regulator of TGFβ/Smad signaling through its interactions with Smad proteins at the promoter region of TGFβ regulated genes. To date, no studies have examined the direct DNA:protein transcriptional mechanisms that regulate Scx expression by TGFβ1-3 or Ski, nor the mechanisms that govern Ski expression by Scx. We hypothesize that Ski and Scx regulate one another, and form a negative feedback loop that represses gene expression and is a central regulator of the fibrotic response in cardiac myofibroblasts. Primary adult rat cardiac myofibroblasts were isolated via retrograde Langendorff perfusion. First passage (P1) cells were infected with adenovirus encoding HA-Ski, HA-Scx, or LacZ at the time of plating. Twenty-four hours later, cells were harvested for Western blot, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), and electrophoretic gel shift assays (EMSA). NIH-3T3 or Cos7 cells were transfected with equal quantities of plasmid DNA for 24 hours prior to harvesting for luciferase, qPCR, and EMSA analysis. Ski overexpression in P1 myofibroblasts resulted in a reduction in both Scx mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of Scx had no effect on Ski expression. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that Scx was induced by TGFβ1 treatment in a concentration dependent manner. However, ectopic Smad2/3 expression was unable to transactivate the Scx promoter in a luciferase reporter assay. Inhibition of p44/42- i MAPK signaling modestly counteracted the effect of TGFβ1 on Scx expression. Scx had no effect on Ski promoter expression, however, both tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and p65 expression repressed the Ski promoter and correlated with reduced Ski mRNA levels. We conclude that Ski is a repressor of Scx and that Scx expression is partially mediated through a Smad-independent, p44/42-MAPK pathway in cardiac myofibroblasts. Furthermore, this study proposes a role for TNFα/p65 NF-κΒ signaling in the regulation of Ski gene expression in the cardiac myofibroblast. ii Acknowledgments I would like to recognize and offer my sincerest gratitude to the many people who contributed to my PhD training and development of my thesis. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisors Dr. Ian Dixon and Dr. Davinder Jassal for their patience and guidance over the past 4 years. Without your dedication and effort towards bettering me as a student, researcher, and person, I could not have accomplished all that I have. To my advisory committee, Dr. Michael Czubryt, Dr. Lorrie Kirshenbaum, and Dr. Jeffrey Wigle, thank you for taking the time to push me outside my comfort zone and forcing me to consider the “big” picture. Finally, I offer my thanks to my external examiner, Dr. Bruce Allen, for taking the time to review my thesis and for contributing to my oral examination. Without continuous funding from the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, Research Manitoba, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the University of Manitoba (including the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, the Faculty of Graduate Studies, and the Graduate Students Association), and the St. Boniface Hospital Foundation for personal and research financial support, this work would not be possible. I thank you for your generosity. To my labmates, past and present, in the Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Sunil Rattan, Dr. Mark Hnatowich, Morvarid Kavosh, Krista Filameno, Natalie Landry, Shivika Gupta, Jared Davies, Steve Jones, and Megan Kynoch, I owe you my deepest gratitude and thanks for your continuous support, kindness, and tolerance for my shenanigans on a daily basis. More specifically, to Sunil Rattan, a huge thank you for your friendship, help, and training in the countless number of rat hearts that we iii hung and keeping the lab running smooth. Furthermore, I am forever in debt to Dr. Mark Hnatowich for teaching me the “ins and outs” of molecular biology, in particular gene cloning, site-directed mutagenesis, and DNA sequencing. Without your ongoing support and aide, I may still be trying to isolate the Ski promoter. Thank you a thousand times over for everything you have done to support my training and career. To the members of R.O. Burrell, Dr. Jassal, Dr. Czubryt, Dr. Pierce, Dr. Wigle, Dr. Singal, and Dr. Kardami’s labs, thank you for sharing equipment, reagents, kindness, and life experiences. It has been an honour and pleasure to work alongside you. I wish you all the best in the future and look forward to working with all of you in the future when we are the ones in charge. Finally, none of what I have accomplished would have been possible without the loving support of my family. To my loving family Cindy, Bob, and Amanda Zeglinski (mom, dad, and sister), thank you for your continued support during my pursuit of my doctorate here in Manitoba even though it meant another 4 years of being far away. To my grandparents Pat and Lou Spado, and Paul and Helen Zeglinski, thank you for your ongoing support and efforts to make my life just a little easier as I completed my degree. Finally, to my fiancée, Jessica Beaton, thank you for your continued love and ongoing patience and support with me working way too many weekends and prolonging our stay in Manitoba. I could not have completed this journey without you and I look forward to all the new and exciting journeys we get to embark on in our life together. iv Dedication To the love of my life and my best friend, Jessica. v Table of Contents Abstract .......................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgments........................................................................................................ iii Dedication ..................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................... vi List of Tables ................................................................................................................ x List of Figures .............................................................................................................. xi List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................. xiv Chapter 1: Literature Review ........................................................................................ 1 Prevalence and Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease ........................................ 1 Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease .................................................................. 2 Cardiac Fibrosis as a Primary Cause of Heart Failure .............................................. 3 Fibrotic Remodelling and Cardiovascular Disease ................................................... 3 Wound Healing Following Myocardial Infarction .................................................... 5 The Extracellular Matrix ........................................................................................... 9 The Cardiac Fibroblast and Myofibroblast ............................................................. 11 Transforming Growth Factor β ............................................................................... 14 Smad-Dependent Signaling ................................................................................. 16 Smad Structure and Regulation ........................................................................... 21 Smad-Dependent Mechanisms and Fibrosis........................................................ 23 Smad-Independent Signaling Initiated by TGFβ1 ............................................... 25 TGFβ1-Mediated p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (p38-MAPK) Signaling .......................................................................................................... 25 TGFβ1-Mediated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)/Akt Signaling ......... 29 TGFβ1-Mediated Rho/ROCK Signaling .......................................................... 33 TGFβ1-Mediated Extracellular Signal-Related Kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) Signaling...........................................................................................................36 Smad-Independent Mechanisms and Fibrosis ..................................................... 39 Tumor Necrosis Factor α ......................................................................................... 43 Nuclear Factor-κΒ Signaling ............................................................................... 44 TNFα, NF-κΒ, and Fibrosis ................................................................................. 44 vi Ski............................................................................................................................ 46 History and Identification ...................................................................................
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