The American· HORTICULTURAL Magazine

winter 1969 / volume 48 / number 1 Journal of the American Horticultural Society, Inc.

2401 CALVERT STREET, N.W. / WASHINGTON, O. c. 20008

For United Hortic1l1ture ... The particular objects and b~{szn e ss of the. Am.eric?n Horticultuml So cie~y are to promote and enc01lrage national znterest zn sczentzfic research and educatIOn zn h01·tiC1llture in all of its bTQ17(.h es.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE DIRECTORS MR. VINCENT K. BAILEY DR. FREDERICK G. MEYER, Acting Chairman ...."Vashington , D.C. St. Paul, Minnesota MRS. ERNESTA D. BALLARD DR. ]01-11\ L. CREECII ...... New Carrollton, Maryland Philadelphia, Pennsylvania DR. CO NRAD B. LINK ...... University P ark, ~Iaryland MRS. ]ULIAN VV. HILL W'ilmington, Delawa:re MR. ELVIN McDoNALD ...... New York, New York DR. ] OSEPH E. HOWLAND Columbus, Ohio DR. NEIL W. STUART ...... Silver Spring, M:1ryland MR. EDWARD P. HUME Edwardsville, Illinois DR. FRED B. VVID\IOYER ...... Las Cruces, New ~[exico DR. LOUIS B. MARTIN Denver, Colorado MR. WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN ...... Silver Spring, Maryland DR. FREDERICK G. MEYER Washington, D. C. MR. BRIAN O. MULLIGAN OFFICERS Seattle, ''''ashington MR. R. HENRY NORWEB, JR. President MR. FRED C. GALLE ...... Pine Mountain, Georgia Mentor, Ohio MR. JOHN M. PATEK First Vice President Rochester, New York DR. DAVID G. LEACH ...... Brookville, Pennsylvania MRS. FRANCIS PATTESON·KNIGHT l\fcLean, Virginia Second Vice P1'esidellt and Treasurer DR. LEON C. SNYDER DR. R . C. ALLEN ...... Mansfield, Ohio St. Paul, l\linnesota DR. NEIL ''''. STUART Secretmy Beltsville, Maryland MRS. FRANCIS PA1TESON·KNIGHT ...... ~lcLean , Virginia DR. HAROLD B. TUKEY, SR. Woodland, Michigan Immediate Past President EARL E. VALLOT MR. ]OH N H. WALKER ...... Washington, D. C. Youngsville, Louisiana DR. FRED B. ''''ID\IOYER Assistant Sec1'etary Las Cruces, New Mexico MRS. ELIZABETH G. EASTlIURN, Executive Director MR. NATHANIEL VVHllTIER Washington, D. C. Medfield, Massachusetts DR. DONALD "VYMAN Assistant Treasurer Jamaica Plain, MR. GLENN B. EASTIlliRN, Finance Office ...... "\'ashington, D. C. l\lassachusetts

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is the official publication of The American Horticultural Society and is issued during the Winter, Spring, Summer, and Fall quarters. The magazine is included as a benefit of membership in The American Horticultural Society, individual membership dues being $15.00 a year. THE AMERIC.-\N HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in Ihe science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers which increase knowledge of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are invited. For manuscript specifications, please consult the chairman of the Pub· lications Committee. Second class postage paid at Baltimore, Maryland and at additional mailing offices. Copy· right © 1969 by The American Horticultural Society, Inc. WINTER. 1969

VOLU1\'TE 48 • NUMBER

In This Issue Guest Editorial- The Role of Plants in Curbing Air Pollution, R. J. SEIBERT ______2

Perennials for Mid-'!\Testern Gardens-JoHN PHILIP BAUMGARDT ___ .... ______.. ___ . 4

Systemics, A New Tool for the Home Gardener-VhLBuR H. YOUNGMAN ______12

The International Peace Garden-JOHN A. STORMON ______. ______.__ 20

Useful California Natives for Gardens, Part II-MARJORIE G. SCHMIDT ______25

American Horticultural Film Festival-R. J. SEIBERT ______31

All-Am er ica Selec ti 0 ns-1969 ______. ____ . ______.______34

Excerpts from Peter]. Van Melle ______11, 19, 24, 30

Advances in Horticulture-Neil W. Stuart, Editor Cornell Peat-Lite Mixes for Commercial Plant Growing JAMES '!\T. BOODLEY and RAYMOND SHELDRAKE, .JR. __ _.______37

New African Violets from Colchicine-treated Cuttings TORU ARISUMI and L. C. FRAZIER ______.. ______._ __ .______._.______38

Gardners' Notebook Looking for the Lost Franklinia-MARIE B. MELLINGER ______41

Control of Dodder in Home Gardens-L. L. DANIELSON ______41

C1-yptome?·ia japonica-A Distinctive Coniferous Evergreen ]. T. BALDWIN, JR. __ ._. ______. ______.______43

The Hybrid Cherry-'Hally Jolivette'-GERTRuDE S. WISTER ______44

Book Reviews-CoNRAD B. LINK, Editor ______45

Taxonomist, FREDERICK G. iVIEYER Nla71aging Edit01-, ELIZABETH G. EASTBUR N

COVER ILLUSTRATION Prairie sunflower (Helianthus ann1ws). Thrives in prairie sta tes gar-den . Of the 37 species of this All-American flower native to the tall grass prairies, half a dozen or more have found their way into herbaceous borders around the world a nd are grown for food and ornament. PJ-I OTO ~r ISSOl'RI CON E RVATlO ~ CoMMI JO N Guest Editorial

The Role Of Plants In Curbing Air Pollution

It is said that not since 1950 has it been possible to get a good clear photograph of the New York City skyline from Staten Island. To the three monkeys of "hear no evil," "see no evil," "speak no evil" fame, some cartoonist recently added a fourth. This monkey is surrounded by obnoxious sources of air pollution-and is holding his nose. As early as 1949 air pollution did $500,000 worth of visible crop damage in the Los Angeles valley. By 1956 this fi gure had risen to five million dollars' damage to food crops alone. The pattern contin­ ues outward from an ever-widening basin each year. Currently the visible crop damage caused by air pollution was reported at eight mil­ lion dollars in California, $18 million along the Atlantic seaboard, and $500 million dollars annually on a national basis. For the student who wants a fundamental knowledge about air pollution throughout the world and its effects on human health, on animals, and on plants, I suggest the World Health Organization monograph, Series No. 46, entitled Air Pollution. Geneva, 1961. A basic principle I must emphasize is that plants contribute to nature's means of purifying our air. They reconstitute befouled atmosphere into breathable air by their photosynthetic action, as well as by precipitating and filtering out dust and other pollutants. Therefore, we as conservationists, public officials, gardeners, horti­ culturists, and citizens, ought to press for the preservation of natural areas and the replacement, as far as possible, of every tree that is removed. We should urge the planting of trees and shrubs on every open space which will support them-in the cities, around, and even on top of them as roof gardens, for their air-cleansing value as well as their esthetic value. In the April 1967 issue of Landscape Architecture, Werner Kaufman reports that Stuttgart, Germany cleans its air. How? By protecting the city and suburban plants and the surrounding vi neyards, and by adding more parks and forests. In other words, by

2 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY legally safeguarding and fostering fresh air lanes into the city, and in green belts around the city. Plantings competently designed and capably executed must be legally built into every development and urban renewal project. We as citizens must insist upon it. The protection of our plantings, the maintenance of healthy atmo­ sphere, the care of our so il-which is non-renewable-are basic to the maintenance of our civilization. Dr. O. C. Taylor of the University of California ha6 stated that "if the pollutants in the air go unchecked, it won't be many years before agriculture in certain parts of America ceases to exist." At the same meeting-the American Association for the Advancement of Science, December 19G6-a panel said, "Air pollution in parts of New York, New Jersey, Florida, California, Oregon, and Washington now causes more crop damage than the combined havoc of wind, cold, and ice." One of the best and most understandable statements on the subject is an article, "Air Pollution Damage to Plants," by Malcolm C. Shurtleff, in Grounds A1.aintenance, Vol. 2, No.4, April, 1967. It deals with the pollution damage of plants with which both amateur and professional gardeners are familiar. We are creating a situation in which the federal government will have to clamp down on all offenders because we in our own communi­ ties don't control our own pollution. We must, by every mechanical, chemical, legal, political, and physical means at our disposal, clean up air, land, water, a nd visual pollution. Here is what we can do to make further use of na ture in pollution control: First, bring together lists of plants which demonstrate tolerance to man-made pollutants. This should be done for different climatic zones throughout the temperate-to-tropical world. Ail' pollu­ tion is now an international problem. Second, determine which plants are the most efficient "smog eaters," and which ca n utilize and eliminate the other ingredients of man­ made pollution in the air. Third, at every opportunity plant those plants that not only enhance the setting but also tolerate the most adverse metropolitan conditions. Every tree and plant we can grow will bring us that much closer to keeping the air breathable.

0'111' survival depends on Ollr breathing enviTonm en t. It seems to me that we have every excuse to insist on plantings a nd their maintenance in and around our towns, villages, cities, and industria'! centers. In my o/Jinion, the problem is fundamental and is one which cannot be ove?-,emIJllasized.

R. J. SEIBERT, Director Longwood Gardens Kennelt qum'e, PeJ/nsy lvania 19348

W I N I FR 1969 3 PERENNli\LS For Mid ... Western Gardens

JOHN PHILIP BAUMGARDT

Growing conditions in the middle of a ward, ralsmg tempera tures as high as great land mass are far more stringent 60 ° to 70 ° in mid-winter. than in areas where ocean conditions Every gardener knows the root rend­ modify winds and weather. Summer ing, crown heaving action of winter temperatures are hot, and while humid i­ freezes and thaws; in mid-America it is a ~y usu~lly runs high, raiflfall may be way of life. The worst side of the pic­ msuffiClent. ''''inters are off-again-on­ ture, then, is hot, humid summer again affairs. Though frosts may begin weather, conducive to "instant bloom­ as e~rly as late September in the prairie ing" (and fading) -in days rather than portIOn of Hardiness Zone 5, Indian weeks-and to crown rot; winter brings Summer allows hardy perennials to continuous freezing and thawing with bloom through October, and in some almost no snowcover but with bright years hellebores, autumn-flowerinO" cro- scalding, sunshine. . b cus cu I tlvars, violas, and even roses There is a good side to the story, bloom until Thanksgiving. however. Prairie soils, while heavy and On the other hand, temperatures sud­ not well drained, are deep and fertile. denly (in a .matter of hours) plunge way Frequently the weather behaves favor­ below freezmg, causing crowns to crack ably, or the knowledgeable gardener is as plants are caught in a soft and succu­ able to modify environmental conditions lent condition. To compound the prob­ in his garden enough to do some garden­ lem, temperatures are not at all constant ing most of the year. Houses, trees, and through winter. If a low pressure area fences make windbreaks and offer shade hesitate.s near ~he lower Mississippi Val­ to keep the soil cool and temper the ley whlle a 111gh crosses the Canadian force of the breeze. Mulches help to Rockies, intense cold pours down control freezing and thawing. And since thr~ugh the Missouri-Mississippi River the year has open seasons through win­ dramage area. But if the conditions are ter, and rainy spells to break the heat of reversed, warm gulf air surges north- summer, pralne gardeners can find something to enjoy outdoors much of the time. Now for particulars. Last winter was Landsca pe consultan t fairly typical: moderate through Octo­ and garden writer, au· ber, after subs tan tial September frosts. thor of How to Pnl17 e '''Tarm days prevented the soil from chill­ Almost Anytkin§<.. vice ing, and autumn crocuses, colchicums, president of the Men's GaTden Clubs of Christmas-roses. chrysanthemums, fra­ America, and a Fellow grant violets, and late hardy asters made of the R. H. S. ; 3431 a show almost until Thanksgiving. In the East Sixtieth Street, vegetable garden, late-sown lettuce, spin­ Kansas City, ]\IIo . ach. beets, and chard did well, while 64130. parsnips, leeks, and late cabbage grew satisfactorily.

4 AMERICAN H ORTICULTURAL S0C1 ETY Fig. 1. Shooting star (Dodecatheon meadia). North America's beautiful native cyclamen relative. This mid­ spring blooming perennial is extreme­ ly vat'iable and would provide wonder­ ful breeding material as a garden ornmental. As yet it is quite unex­ ploitcd. Strangely enough, this prairie species usually ends up in a rock gar­ den. PHOTO ~ ll SSOU RI CONSERVATION CO'l\.l :'I 11 ~S I ON Fig. 2. Goldenrod (Solidago speciosa val'. angustata) in a bluestem prairie. It begins to flower in August and con­ tinues until heavy frost. Ranges in h.eight from 1 to 3 feet; the flowers al'e yellow. Other species are gold to white and many are fragt·ant. E!'pe­ cially beloved by German gardeners, (he cultivars 'Goldstrahl' and 'Mond­ strahl' come to us as 'Sunshine' and 'Moonbeam' . PHOTO l\·rlSSOliRI Co(\SERVATION COI\I ,\ Ll SStON Fig. 3. Black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta). The elegant gloriosa daisies belong to this group. Not long lived, although plants are free seeders. Fig. 1. These are among the most important late summer prairie flowers. 11-10.0 M I SSOl Itl CONSI'.I{VATION COi\lMlSS ION

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

WI TER ]969 5 Christmas saw heavy snow and sub­ ually concerned with the weather. It is zero weather, but late J anuary turned not so much a matter of what will grow mild, with a few 60 ° days so that winter­ in the prairie states, but whether the flowering crocuses, witch-hazels and weather conditions will allow it to more hellebores bloomed out, with win­ bloom properly. ter-aconite (Emnthis hyemalis) , snow What perennials can be counted on drops, (Ga lanthus elwesii and nivalis) for mid-America gardens? In broad and hi'S Tetiwlata following in early terms, those originating from prairie ar­ February. Through March the days were eas do well, especially those from ce n tral warm, nights in the 20° to 30° range. By China, the area from Turkey to the late March most springflowering shrubs Afghanistan frontier, and plan ts from and many perennials were blooming central Europe-Poland, south through nicely. In early April with Forsythia and Bulgaria-usually make a show. In con­ daffodils finished, tulips and dogwood trast, plants from temperate-zone rain coming on, the parsnips and leeks were forests, from alpine regions and from far still delicious, lifted from their growing northern Europe are not for the tall rows for kitchen use. grass prairie states. For example, gar­ This lengthy introduction involving dens of our area must do without LVIe­ weather conditions is typical of the prai­ conopsis, PTimula ataicula and certain rie gardener's state of mind. He is perpet- other primroses, English hybrid delph-

Fig. 4. Pink coneflower (Echinacea purpurea). Abundant on the central Missouri bluestem prairie in midsummer with the heavy stems of sunflower shooting up through the grass cover. PHOTO MISSOURI CONSERVATION COMMISSION

6 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY 111lUmS, most kniphofias, and other de­ cantia} and many other valuable orna­ lightful items. But many things thrive if mentals. It's a marvelous sight to drive given good growing conditions. to the edge of the city and find a field To drive this point home, let's resort dappled with Indian paintbrush (Castil­ to a plant list. Almost everybody has leja) and shooting stars (Dodeca­ access to the "'Tayside Gardens catalog theon) . which carries a typical list of perennial Later in the year the same field will plants. Of approximately ll5 her­ probably be a picture, with prairie clov­ baceous perennials listed, excluding er (Petalostemum) , which belongs in bulbs, tubers and corms, in the 1968 list every herbaceous border, plus Echinacea 74 genera are represented by native prai­ and Achillea (Yarrow). Autumn will rie species or species that have "gone bring the marvelous goldenrod (Solida­ native" having escaped from cultiva­ go) -of which there are 54 species and tion. This is not to say that the same varieties in Missouri1-gayfeathers (Li­ species represen ted in the catalog are atris) , and asters galore. The point is, a found growing wild in Kansas, Missouri, sensible prairie gardener leans heavily Nebraska and Iowa, but they may be, or on these natives, or cultivars horticul­ sister species are found in the wild. The turally derived from them, for h is peren­ prairies teem with Achillea} Asclepias} nial border. 0 f course the ironclad Coreopsis} Delphinium} Gaillardia} Hel­ items, such as Anchusa, Astilbe, Ma­ enium} H elianthus, H ypericum} Liatris, cleaya (Bocconia) , Dictamnus, Gypso- Lobelia} Penstemon, Physostegia} Poly­ ISteyermm"h, J. A. 1963, Flora o[ Missouri, Iowa gonu.m, Rudbeckia} Thalictrum} Trades- State University P,"ess, 1963.

Fig. 5. Achillea millefolium 'Corona­ Fig. 6. Solidago 'Cloth of Gold'. A tion Gold'. A garden selection derived number of native American species of from the wild yarrow. The yarrows goldenrod have been improved by gt'ow in grasslands throughout the English and German horticulturists nOl,thern hemisphere. Color forms and returned to American herbaceous and plants with outstanding flowers borders to add a glint of gold in the have been garden favorites in Eut'ope late summer garden. and America for centuries. PHOTO THE WAYSIDE GARDENS CO.fPANY PHOTO M . L . COONAN

WINTER 1969 7 Fig. 7. Fig. 8.

Fig. 7. Black cohosh (Cimicifnga racemosa) is a native species frum the prairies eastward to the north­ central and Atlantic stateE. Used me· dicinally a century ago, this stately plant today adorns partially shaded borders with spikes of shoulder height from late spring to midsummer. PHOTO ~I£. L . COONAN Fig. 8. Echinacea purpurea 'Robert Bloom' is a cultivar dating from the time when pink cone-flowers were included in Rudbeckia. Cultivars abound in these closely related species consisting of white, pink, rose, yellow, and orange shades that blend in the midsummer garden. On the prairies naturally occurring variants appear frequently. PHOTO THE WAYSIDE GARDENS COMPANY Fig. 9. Geranium grandiflorum. A beautiful blue-flowered species from Eastern Asia, with flowers 1 ~.2 in. across. Plants establish quickly to supply much needed color in late May, but need a little noontime shade in the prairie states. Fig. 9. PHOTO THE '·VA YSIDE GARDENS COMPANY

8 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Fig. 10. Hosta 'Royal Standard'. Hos­ tas are all foreign introductions but most thrive in a shady, high humus bed in mid·America. Only the varie­ gated sorts prove somewhat fragile or have a tendency toward all green foli­ age through the heat of midsummer. The vigorous new hybrids are espe­ cially promising. PHOTO THE WAYSIDE GARDENS COMPANY Fig. II. Bleeding-heart (Dicentra spectabilis). Two relatives of wood· lands west of the Mississippi are Dutchman's·breeches (Dicentra cucul· laria) and squirrel.com (D. cana· densis). Bleeding-heart is apt to suffer through prolonged drought and goes from father to son in a well tended garden. The new D. eximia hybrids bloom over a very long season and are reasonably hardy in mid.America, too. PHOTO M . L . COONAN Fig. 10. Fig. 12. Campanula garganica creeps happily through the dry limestone garden walls of prairie rock gardens, blooming profusely in May. Most of the tall-growing perennial bellflowers adapt well to prairie conditions. The alpine sorts usually fail to survive. PHOTO M . L . COONAN

Fig. II. Fig. 12.

WINTER 1969 9 iJh ila, Hosta, Paeonia, Pyrethntm, Slake. prame flora, which is probably one of sia, a nd other exotic perennials known the greatest gene pools for horticultural for their dependability are also lI sed exploitation in the world. Take another freel y. look at that \I\T a yside Gardens lis.t: over To a prairie gardener it is maddening, 70 percent of the species listed have particularly if he is a botanist, to realize counterparts in the prairie flora. An how many of our wonderful native spe­ article on perennial gardening is no cies have been "improved" by foreign soapbox for a harangue 0'n the desirabil­ specialists and sold back to us at exorbi­ ity of creating a preserve of native prai­ tant prices. All too often, in breeding for rie, but it is worth mentioning, since not spectacular blooms, inherent hardiness only mid-America gardens, but all her­ and disease resistance is lost. baceous borders in the temperate zone Today the prairies are being devel­ depend heavily on ornamentals derived oped. Of twenty-three prairie tracts ob­ from prairie species. served for flora from 1936 through 1966, What is so different about managing a only two remain undisturbed, and both perennial border in the prairie states? are scheduled for development as hous­ First, certain species-those demanding a ing sub-divisions. The chain of lakes on cool, moist climate-must be excluded White River in the southern Missouri from the plant list. Second, special atten­ and northern Arkansas Ozarks flooded tion must be given to the blooming out the entire natural habitats of two season. "Where a particular ErigeTOn spe­ desirable species. At this time there is no cies (according to the R.H.S. Dictionary federally protected preserve of native of Gm·dening blooms in England for

Fig. 13. A late autumn view of goldenrod (Solidago), several species of Liatris (L. spicata, L. spicata var. albiflora, L. scabra, and L. pynostachyn), old seed heads of Echinacea purpurea, and, in the distance, fine clumps of hig hluestem grass (Andropogon gerardii var. chrysocomus). PHOTO MISSOURI CONSERVATION COMMISSION

10 A M ERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY five weeks, and can be depended on for a and both summer and winter mulches month's show in the eastern United deserve considerable study. In other States or the Pacific Northwest on its words, a full blooming, long season per­ native prairies it completes its blooming ennial border in mid-America demands cycle in two weeks. And this is the a lot more planning than it would in a typical shortening of flowering due to milder climate. But the compensations bright, hot sunny days that affects many include an extra long season, free access cultivars. to native species, and tremendous pride Third, the total environment must be when a crop of some difficult thing, such manipulated: soils have to be drained as Blackmore & Langdon's 'Bath' Del­ and lightened as well as fortified with phini·um, comes into perfection owing to humus-yielding organics and other fertil­ an inordinate amount of love and cod­ izers; windbreaks become important, dling.

Excerpt From Peter ]. Van Melle*

On Feeding Plants ... in the Rock Garden (1930) Although plants in the garden must be accommodated with the same type of soil as nature provides for them under natural conditions, it would seem to me that, especially in the case of plants with foliage values, the same type of soil should be fur­ nished with a greater content of actual plant food. We demand much more in the flower garden than in the rock garden of this type of plant, in the way of foliage and appearance, than they furnish in their wild state. Nature starves many of her older plants and turns them unsightly. It is only the exceptional wild specimen that would be considered a fine piece for the garden. Therefore, since we demand the utmost of our plants in the garden, we should put a little more in the soil than nature generally does.

*For biographical sketch see Vol. 47, No. 3 (SU1I"1I 11er 1968) .

WI, TER 1969 11 Systemics, A New Tool for The Home Gardener

WILBUR H . YOUNGMAN

The use of modern-day systemics in of time, but in other plants it may be plants is a new development of far­ effective for only a week or two. reaching importance to gardeners. Sys­ • Systemics do not harm many benefi­ temics are chemical compounds that cial predatory insects. This is a most may be absorbed through the leaves, desirable advantage over regular spray bark, or roots, and translocated by the programs which normally kill a great sap stream throughout the plant in many beneficial insects, such as lady­ sufficient quantity to destroy insects and I bird beetles and preying mantids. or disease. Systemics are far more effec­ • Systemics are particularly helpful in tive than contact sprays. The latter con­ controlling leaf miners, borers, and trol diseases and insects but they are related pests difficult to control. With effective only at the point of exterior conventional contact sprays, leaf min­ application. ers in holly (Ilex) and boxwood So far, only a few systemic insecticides (Buxus) are difficult to control effec­ have been formulated to work in some tively because it is difficult to coincide kinds of plants. Also, research is current­ time of spraying with emergence of ly underway to find a systemic fungicide the insect pest. By comparison, a sys­ for control of plant diseases. temic once applied is available at all Importance of systemics for the home stages in the life cycle of the insect. gardener: Those who have had to spray for • For control of pests on trees too large spider mites, lacefiies, and other sucking for the home type of spray equipment. insects on bushy shrubs, such as Systemic control of pests would be boxwood and azaleas, know the difficul­ possible in a large tree at a nominal ties of doing a thorough job with the cost, as compared with the higher cost standard contact sprays, even after sever­ of a commercial operator. al applications. Moreover, most of the • Systemics persist in the plant for an materials used in fighting these pests kill extended period of time and are not only adults and do not aff·ect either the affected by weather; in comparison, nymphs or the eggs. Thus it takes at contact sprays require several applica­ least three sprayings to give a reasonable tions to be effective, because of being degree of control. Normally, a single washed away by summer showers. It application of a systemic should provide should be noted that the chemical full con trol of these insects. nature of the sap may alter or modify From the foregoing, it should be clear the action of systemics. In other words, to the home gardener that there is much the systemic may give protection in to be gained in the rapidly growing field some plants for a considerable length of plant systemics.

Garden Editor, The Washington (D.C.) StaT, History of Systemics former pTesident of The America Horticul­ tural Society; member, Publications Committee, Systemics are not new nor is the desire AHS. to have them of recent origin. It is said Dr. Floyd F. Smith, Investigations Leader, that Leonardo cIa Vinci, who is best Entomologist, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Mary­ known [or his artistic efforts, proposed land, has been consulted on a ll phases of til is the use of arse ni c on plants to control article. much they are no longer effective as a

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::: :_-:',- > Subsequent Ne"'l Growth CUnprotect eJ)

Fig. 1. Application methods for systemics. A. Solutions or granules soaked or cultivated into soil. B. Solution painted on the bark or stem. C. Solution sprayed on foliage. Arrows indicate areas of dispersal and protection. Dotted lines show subsequent new growth (unprotected). D RAWING BY L. N. MEYER

WINTER 1969 13 insect. U nfortuna tel y, arsenic is a systemic. This means that the systemic cumulative poison in humans. In the must be tested extensively for each kind late 1920's arsenic and other chemicals of plant to determine its effectiveness. that were investigated showed systemic For example, the systemic called dimeth­ action but were otherwise too highly oate provides nearly season-long con­ toxic and killed the plants being treated. trol of sucking insects in azaleas, but in It is only in comparatively recent roses, it gives protection for only slightly years that effective work has been done more than a week. in plant systemics. Early investigators Effect on Plant noticed that plants growing in soils con­ taining selenium were free of aphids and The action of systemics in the plant other sucking insects. This inspired the needs to be examined. Does the systemic testing of sodium selenate as a possible chemical remain effective within the systemic. It proved to be very effective in plant for the entire growing season? controlling insect pests, but it was never Does the systemic kill all of the insects permitted for sale to the home gardener initially without further problems until because of its extreme toxicity. Commer­ the plant is re-infested? These problems cially, it still is used for the control of are of no great concern to the gardener, sucking insects by some growers of Afri­ but the researcher is interested in the can violets. amount retained and the effectiveness of The effectiveness of sodium selenate the chemical in the plant throughout opened the door to further research for the growing season. It is only in this way systemic insecticides. A German, Ger­ that he will know just how long the hard Schrader, and associated workers systemic is effective. discovered in 1947, that an organic phos­ It has been noted by some researchers phate, later called schradan) could be ab­ that as the season progresses the new sorbed into some plants to control insect flush growth often is not protected. In pests and not injure the plant. This other words, the systemic often is not discovery stimulated many researchers to redistributed into new growth which study other related compounds. occurs subsequent to the time of spray­ ing. Also, quite often damaged leaves One of the major problems in system­ will not have a sufficient concentration ic research has been to find non­ of the systemic to provide protection. injurious compounds that could be trans­ located in the sap stream reasonably Uptake in Soils quickly and still be retained in sufficient Uptake of systemics directly through concentration to kill insects. This prob­ the roots seems to be much more practi­ lem has been particularly difficult to cal than bark application or spraying of overcome. The solubility of the chemi­ foliage, althougll when applied to the cal particles and their forms influence soil much of the material is lost. Various the distribution in the plant. Also, the estimates indicate that perhaps only 20 normal tendency is for the sap to carry percent of the material applied to the the chemicals up in the sapwood into the soil is taken up by the roots. On the newer rather than the older growth. other hanel, a soil application of very These properties determine the effective toxic materials is probably safer for the useful period of a systemic chemical. gardener. More important, soil or bark However, any new growth that occurs application is essential if systemics are subsequent to the spraying is unpro­ used to control insects or diseases in tected. (Fig. 1.) tall-growi ng trees. The home gardener, It was soon discovered that the sap has with his available spray equipment can­ a marked influence on the systemic ma­ not effectively treat foliage of plants terial. In some G\ses the chemical is more than 20 to 25 feet in height. broken down into n ew Corms (m etabol­ It has been observed that the uptake ites) which are more toxic in the plant. of sys temics in sandy soils is much faster Somelimes sap alters the chemicals so thill1 in clay soils. In fact, it may be so

14 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY rapid that the systemic will be phytotox­ foto17, -r demeto17,t and meta-syslox R.§ ic to tbe plant. In clay soils, or in soils (See guide for use, T able 1.) well supplied with humus, the uptake is Dimelhoale affords excellent co ntrol less rapiel. The humus may act as a of many insect pests on some o[ oLir reservoir or absorbent to retain supplies ornamentals. It is registered for sale to of the systemic until needed by the the home gardener because of its com­ roots; also, humus acts as a buffering paratively low toxicity. Recently, dimeth­ compound. Another interesting observa­ oate was approved for use on several tion relates to a greater uptake of sys­ commercial vegetable crops, also on ap­ temic chemicals by healthy plants than ple and pear trees in the first and second by weak plants. "cover" sprays. Insects vary in their susceptibility to vVh ile dim!f olon, clemeton, and control by systemics. For example, oxyclemetonmclhyl are rated as highly aphids are the most easily killed of all tox ic, form ula tions are available tha t, the insects. Spider mites are next, but while toxic, may be used but must be thrips are more difficult, and whiteflies used wilh g"1"ea t cal·e by the home are particularly hard to reach with a gaTcleneT. systemic. Chewing insects and beetles are Obviously, the home garden er is inter­ harder to control with systemics than ested in insecticides and pesticides that with sprays. It should be noted that the will do a better job without increasing Mexican bean beetle is an exception to the danger to himself and his family. At this rule and can be effectively controlled the present time, manufacturers and at low dosages of anyone of several sys­ those responsible for registration and temics applied to soil. recommending insecticides avoid all in­ Gardeners are most hopeful that a secticides that will be hazardous to our systemic will be found for effective con­ health in handling or will leave a toxic trol of scale insects on trees. Difficulties residue on our food crops. We can no here are associated with the feeding hab­ longer make available highly poisonous its of sca le inserts, and to a rapid translo­ materials with a warning statement and cation of the sap-borne chemical to the expect the untrained person to take the growing areas of the plant. The concen­ necessary precautions. tration of the systemic in the area where the scale insects are feeding is thus too dilute to be effective. Home Use of Systemics To use systemics effectively, the home gardener needs to know the kinds, how Kinds for Home Use to apply them, and methods of control Many systemics have been formulated for the various kinds of plants-trees, in recent years but few are available that shrubs, and flowers. (See guide for home are safe for the home gardener. A num­ use of systemics, Table 1.) People in pesticide regulatory work ber of highly toxic systemics have been and in research are busy trying to find put on the market for use only by the best way to use systemics, the insects trained persons who wear protective they will control, and other safeguards eq ui pment and observe all necessary necessary to comply with state and feder­ safety precautions to prevent skin con­ tact, ingestion on tobacco and food, or al regulations. Since these steps delay the release or approval of some kinds of inhalation. To all others their use is system ic materials, some gardeners are highly restricted. inclined to do a little experimenting on Systemics recommended here as safe their own. Sometimes circumstances [or home use are dimethoate, * disul- force people to seek an answer to practi­ • Cygan is the trade name for dimethoate. cal problems. For example, climethoate t Di·systol1 is the trade name for di ulfoton. will control borers in white Florida dog­ t Syslox is the lrade name for demelon. wood. A band of climethoale painted on i:i ~I ela·syslox R is thc trade namc for oxydc· mClonmelhyl. the bark is effective in controlling

WINTFR 1969 15 TABLE I GUIDE FOR USE OJo' SYSTEM ICS ON ORNAJ\lENTAL PLANTS DimcLhoate (CYGON 2E) A mount per V2 Gal. Water OTnamental Plants Pest ContTOlied Dimethoate Insecticide Azaleas Lace Bugs, Leaf miners, teaspoon (O utdoor grown) Mites, Tea Scale, Whiteflies Camellia Aphids, Camellia Scale, I teaspoon Mites, Tea Scale Foliar Spray: Apply 2 sprays 6 weeks apart the first year fol­ lowed by annual applications soon after first growth begins in the spring. Soil Drench: Apply Cygon 2E Insecticide as a so il drench around the base of plants in early spring at rate of 4 table­ spoons per gallon of water per plant up to 6 ft. tall. Increase this rate proportionately for larger plan ts. Carnations Aphids, Thrips, Mites 1 teaspoon (Dianthus) Soil DTench: Apply as a soi l drench at the rate of 4 fluid ounces per 500 sq. ft. of bed or -bench (5 qts. per V2 acre) in sufficient water for even dis­ tribution_ Water thoroughly after application. Cypress (Cupressus spp.) Bacteria Moth Larvae 1 teaspoon Apply as a drenching spray. Daylilies Aphid, Thrips 2 teaspoons (Hemerocallis) Roses Aphid, Leafhoppers, teaspoon (Outdoor grown) Mites, Thrips Arborvitae (Thuja spp.) Aphids, Bagworms, Mites teaspoon Birch (Betula spp.) Aphids, Leaf miners V2 teaspoon For leaf miners, apply when leaves are expanded (about mid-May) and repeat in early July. Boxwood (Buxus spp.) Leaf miners, Mealybugs, I teaspoon Mites For leaf miners, apply in spring when leaf miner flies first ap­ pear, or in early summer for con trol of larvae in the in­ fested leaves. Cedar (Cedms spp.) Mites 2 teaspoons Euon)'lIlus spp. Aphids, Scale 2 teaspoons Gardenia spp. Tea Scale, 'Whiteflies teaspoon Gerbera spp. Thlips teaspoon Gladiolus spp. Aphids, T hrips teaspoon his spp. Aphids, Iris Borer, 2 teaspoons Thrips For borer conLrol, spray when new leaves are 5-6 inches tall.

Poinsettias Mites, Whiteflies, teaspoon (Outdoor grown) Mealybugs, Aphids Ficus nitida Thrips teaspoon (Outdoor grown)

16 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Amount per Y2 Gal. Water Ornamental Plants Pest ContTolled Dimethoate Insectcide Holly: English Leaf miners, Mites, I teaspoon (!lex aquifolium) Soft Scale For leaf miners, apply in sprinO' American (I. ojJaca) when leaf miner fli es first ap~ Chinese (I. corn uta) pear or 111 early summer for but not Burford con trol of larvae in in fested (I. cornuta 'Burford') leaves. Hemlock (Tsuga spp.) Mites, Scale 2 teaspoons Juniper Aphids, Bagworms, 2 teaspoons Juniperus spp. Midges, Mites Oak (Quercus spp.) Colden Oak Scale 2 teaspoons Pine (Pinus spp.) Aphids, Bagworms, 2 teaspoons European Pine Shoot Moth, Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Zimmerman Pine l'vroth

Yew (Taxus) Fletcher Scale, Mealy Bugs, 2 teaspoons Mites

Recommendations for di-syston, meta-systox R, holly leaf miner, leafhoppers, mites, thrips, and and systox approved for home garden use do not IV hiteflies. carry as much detailed information as for di­ The material approved is a 5 percent granular methoate. However, we do have the approved and should be used at the rate of I tablespoon­ list of insects which they will control as well as fu! per 4 square feet of area. This should be ap­ the recommended dosages. Detailed directions phed as a band over the row or worked into are available on the manufacturers label. the soil about the shrubs. It should be culti­ DI-SYSTON vated into the soi l and watered thoroughly. Di-syston may be used to control the following SYSTOX pests on ornamentals: aphids, birch leaf miner Colorado potato beetle, flea beetle, Hessian fl y, Systox may be used to control the followinO': lace bug, leafhoppers, leaf miners, mealybug, aphids, foliar nematodes, holly scale, lace bugs, Mexican bean beetle, mimosa webwonn, mites. leafhoppers, leaf miners, mealybug'S, mites, rho­ pine tip moth, potato psyllid, root maggot, root dodendron scale, soft brown scale, tea scale, un­ worms, southern potato wireworm, thrips, ancl spotted tentiform leaf miner, and whiteflies. w h i teflies. A \'ailable as a 2 percent granular material. The material approved is a 2 perce nt gran­ Follow label as to dosage and precautions. This ul ar, and it should be used at the rate of I ounce material should not be used less than 5 days be­ per foot of height of treated plant. If neces>"dry, fore hand pick ing, transplanting or other hancl it may be repeated at six week intervals. work which will bring the gardener into contact with the plants. META-SYSTOX R It is important in using these materials that Meta-systox R m ay be used to control the fol­ they be watered in to the soil, that contact is not lowing on ornamentals: aphids, birch leaf miner, made with sprayed foliage until after it is dry.

(Text continued trom page 15) rnethoate before it is completely absorbed aphids on large trees of tulip poplar into the bark. (LiriodendTOn tulipifera) to prevent In another example, a wholesale nur­ the shower of honeydew on objects be­ seryman was confronted with rather low. Yet neither of these uses has been heavy losses of birch trees (Betula spp.) approved by the regulatory agencies. It infested with bronze birch borer. It was is doubtful that dirnethoate will be ap­ too expensive to pull and burn them, proved for tulip poplar, since the manu­ and the annual spread to other trees facturers are not likely to spend the caused serious losses. The nursery man­ money to have this use approved. Con- ager recalled seeing a bulletin published ideration should be given to provide by the Canadian Department of Agricul­ adequate protection to people and pets ture advising the painting of bands of who might come into contact with eli- undiluted dirnethoate on the trunks of

WINTER 1969 17 young birch trees. Since starting this into the bark are toxic, therefore efforts protective program, the birch trees have have been made to provide a protective suffered no further trouble with the cover. This practice only invited exami­ bronze birch borer. nation by the curious, even though held We have other examples of the effec­ in place with a padlock. Consequently, tiveness of systemics for the home gar­ protective banding has been given up. dener and commercial producer. Di­ In 1968 experiments were conducted syston, £orexample, appli ed in the fur­ in Ohio to determine the effectiveness of row before the planting of lily bulbs three systemic materials (jJhorate, distl l­ protects the plants from sucking insects toton, and demeton) , all extremely toxic that spread serious diseases through the to humans, to control the mimosa flowering period. In Ghana where mealy webworm on thornless honeylocusts bugs are a serious pest on cacao trees, (Gleditsia tTiacanthos var. ine?"mis). A capsules of the systemic dimetox buried single application of each was made in in the soil, prove an effective control of the spring or very early summer in a this pest. 2Ll-inch band on both sides of each tree Experiments have been made using row. Protective clothing, including a several kinds of systemic materials to face mask, was used when handling the control insects in trees by use of a band systemics, when treating the nursery of systemic chemical painted on the row, and when cultivating after treat­ bark. (Fig. 2) Systemics, until absorbed ment. Label precautions on use were strictly fo llowed. The applications were most effective in controlling the webworm.

Application As indicated above, systemic chemicals may be absorbed through (1) leaves (2) bark, and (3) roots. Generally speaking, fo liage spray is preferable since there is very little loss of material compared to soil application. However, when spray­ ing there is always danger to the opera­ tor and to others. Extreme caution should prevail to prevent any contact of the chemical with the skin. For this reason, bark and root application is advisable. The home gardener has good reason for an interest in systemic insecticides. Dimethoate has simplified control of iris borer and euonymus scale. Hopefully, other systemics will become available soon for the control of other pests. For example, we would li ke to have a cure Fig. 2. A band of systemic chemical for obscure scale now killing many painted on the bark of a tree for con­ pinoaks (QlIe?-cus palust?'is) , and affect­ trol of aphids that suck sap from the ing the wi llow oak (Q. phellos) and leaves. These chemicals are extremely other trees and shrubs in the \l\Tashing­ toxic, therefore extreJue caution must ton, D.C. area. The Ceroplastes wax scale be used by the person handling these is extremely injuriolls to a great many of systemics and every precaution shoulcl our ornamentals. A sy temic that would be taken to prevent contact with the aid in the battle with these pests would skin and inhalation of fumes. PHOTO J. SILVERMAN, WASHINGTON STAR be most welcome.

18 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The home gardener is rarely qualified ity of dime thoate applied on tree trunks. to do experimental work with systemics. Pmc. Brit. Insecticide and Fungicide Can!. It is doubtful if he is in a position to do 1961. Brighton, Engla nd. 407-438. Don ley, David E. 1964. Mimosa webworm a nd its much if anything in the way of tes ting control on indil'id ua l honeylocusts with sys ­ them. Therefore, it is suggested tha t the tem ic insecticides. A rborist's News 29: 17 -20. home gardener take his problems on Doucette, C. f. 1961. Sys temic insecticides for sys temics to his horticultural agent, a control of aphids on fie ld g rown Easter lily (Lilium longi(lorwn). ] . Ecol1 . Elltollwl. chemical company representative, or 54:595-597. someone at his experime nt station. G iese, R. L., D. M. Benjamin, a nd J. E. Casida. These people are equipped to take the 1958. R esults of trunk implanta tion of system­ necessary precautions and are qualified ic insecti cides in coni fe rs. ] . Econ. Entomol. to accurately evaluate the m aterials for 51:400-40 1. H acksaylo, J., alld D. L. Bull. 1963. Metabolism use with highly toxic systemics. Rather of dimethoate in cottOIl leaves. ]. Agric. Food than try to do experimental work our­ Chern. I l :464-6. selves, we should be very thankful for Hanna, A. D., and W. H eatherington. 1957. the research that has brought to us the Arrest of the swolle n-shoot virus of cacao in present benefits from sys temics. We hope the Gold Coast by controlling the mealybug vectors with the sys te mic insecticide dimefo x. that the various agencies involved will Ann. AjJjJ/. BioI. 45:473-480. continue their research to bring us mate­ J acobs, H. L. 1928. Injections of shade trees (o r rials which will help to solve other prob­ the con trol of insects and diseases. Davey Tree lems. Certainly we are all looking for­ Expert Co., Rev . AjJ1Jl. J",l ycol. 8:473. J eppson, L. R ., M. J. J esser, a nd J. O. Complin. ward to the day when we can control 1954. Seasonal weather influen ce on effici ency scale insects with a systemic. "We even of Systox appli cations for control of mites on hope to control blackspot on our roses. lemons in southern Cali fornia. j. Econ. EnLO­ mol. 47:520-525. Bibliography Lindquist, D. A., D. L. Bull, and R. L. Ridgway. 1965. SystemiC activity of Bidrin in the cotton Benne tt, S. H . and VV. D. E. Thomas. 1954. The p la nt. J. Eco!1. Entolllol. 58:200-03. absorption, translocation and breakdown of Norris, D. M ., ]r. 1964. A molecular structure Schradan applied to leaves using P3 2 labelled requirement for a systemic in secticide to be material. LL. Evapora tion and absorption. e ffective against elm bark beetles in elm twigs. Ann. APtJI. Bioi. 41:484-500. Univ. Wisc. Forest. Res. Note No. 116. 5 pp. Bennett, S. H . 1957. The behavior of systemic Riley, George B. e t al. 1964. A sy mposium of the insecti cides applied to pla nts. A nn. R es. Ento­ En tomol. Soc. of America, Philadelphia, P a. mol. 2:279-296. Entomo/. Soc. of Amer. Bulletin 9-12, 1963-66. Craighead, F. C., a nd R. A. St. George. 1938_ Sept. 1965: 187 -203. Experimental work with the introduction of Tietz, H . 1954. The P 32 marked diethyl thiono­ chemicals into the stream of trees for the phosphoric ester of oxyethyl thioe th yle ther control of insects. ] . Forest. 36:26-34. (active ingredient of the systemic "Systox"), Da uterman, ,,y. C., G. B. Viado, J. E. Casida, and its absorption and translocation in plants. R . D. O 'Brien. 1960. Persistence of dime thoate H 6fch en-Briefe 7:1-55. and metabolites following (oliar a pplication to Treece, R . E., a nd J. G. Matthysse. 1959. Use of plants. ]' Agric. Food Chem.. 8:1107-12. &],stem ic insecticides on woody ornamental DePietri-Tonelli, P ., A. Ba rentini, and G. Biodi. plants. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 1962. Sys temic migra tion a nd insecticidal activ- 945.30 pp.

Excerpt From Peter J. Van Melle

On Anemone nemorosa (in part) 1933 Not until lately have I known how good it is to have a garden. IE in past years, in the joy of giving freely of my affections, I scarcely counted the returns, Lhis spring it is the garden that tear the ta sel of her purse, and I who accept, humbly, her gifts of beauty, of peace and recreation. And not the least of these gift i that of Anemone nemo1"Osa-spirit-breath of the Woods_

\ ITER 1969 J9 The International Peace Garden JOHN A. STORMON

The International Peace Garden was Such a garden was proposed in 1928 created "as a memorial to the peace that by Henry J. Moore, of Ontario, Canada, has existed between the United States of ;lS a place "where the people of the two America and the Dominion of Canada." countries could share the glories found It is situated atop the Turtle Moun­ in a lovely garden and the pleasures tains of Manitoba and North Dakota, on found in warm friendships." In 1929 the border line between the United Mr. Moore, at a meeting in Toronto of States and Canada, midway between the the National Association of Gardeners, Atlanti·c and -the Pacific, and near the agam proposed the ideal of such a gar­ geographical center of the North Ameri­ den. The proposal was accepted, and a can continent. committee appointed to accomplish the Its purpose is to perpetuate and com­ ideal. International Peace Garden, Inc., was memorate the long standing friendship incorporated under the membership cor­ and pleasant rela tionshi p between two poration laws of the State of New York nations, for all time to come, by the on September 17, 1930. A committee establishment, development and mainte­ consisting of Henry J. Moore, Joseph R. nance of a living garden of flowers, Dunlop, and Robert B. Brydon was ap­ shrubs, plants and trees on the longest pointed to select the site of the proposed unfortified border in the world. garden. '!\Then viewing the site from the

Formal Area, International Peace Garden, from Highway Entrance. PHOTO N . D . STAT E SOIL CONSERVATION COMMISSION

20 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY air Mr. Moore declared: "What a sight (Quercus macTOcarpa) . The more plen­ greeted the eye! Those undulating hills tiful native shrubs are: hazelnut (Cory­ rising out of the limitless prairies are ius ame'ricana), chokecherry (Prunus filled with lakes and streams. On the virginiana), _dogwood (Comus spp.) , south of the unrecognized boundary, hawthorn (Cmtaegus spp.),saskatoon or wheat everywhere; and on the north, the serviceberry (Amelanchier alniflora), rose Manitoba Forest Reserve. What a place (Rosa spp.) , and willow (Salix spp.) . for a garden!" Evergreens are not native to this area A cairn of native stone was construct­ and for this reason special emphasis was ed, and on July 14, 1932 dedicated in the placed at first on planting conifers on presence of one of the largest groups of the cleared area, which had been farm people ever to gather in the mid-North land. Several large plantings were made American continent, with representa­ with about two hundred evergreens to tives of Canada, the United States, Man­ an island. The materials used were: blue itoba, and North Dakota. The inscrip­ spruce (Picea pungens), Black Hills tion on the plaque on the cairn. reads: spruce (Picea glauca 'Densata') , Siberian "To God In His Glory we two nations larch (Larix siberica), and ponderosa dedicate this Garden and Pledge our­ pine (Pinus ponderosa). selves that as long as men shall live, we Plantings in the Peace Garden have will not take up arms against one an­ preserved most of the native deciduous other." species, with additions of many exotic The International Peace Garden com­ species for added color and texture. A prises 2,339.3 acres, of which 1,451.3 large proportion of the exotics are na­ acres are in the Province of Manitoba, Canada, and 888 acres are in the Stete of tive to Siberia, Manchuria, Korea, North, North Dakota. A Civilian Conservation and Western China. Among the materials Corps Park Camp was installed at the used in the many and varied locations site in 1934, and commenced to develop are: the Peace Garden. In the 36 years since Acanthopanax (Acanthopanax ses­ the dedication of the cairn, it has been siliflOTUS) developed with funds appropriated by Alpine currant (Ribes alpinum) the U.S. Congress, the Canadian House Amorpha leadplant (Amorpha canes- of Commons, the North Dakota Legisla­ cens) ture, the Manitoba Legislature, and with contributions made by organiza­ Amur maple (AceT ginnala) tions and individuals interested in the Arbor-vitae (Thuya occidentalis) project. Shubert chokecherry (Pmnus virgini- The general design for the construc­ ana var. melanocarjJa 'Shubert') tion of the forma,l area on the border Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster tomentosa) line was presented by Hugh Vincent European cotoneaster (Cotoneaster Feehan, a landscape architect, acting for integenima) the American Society of Landscape Ar­ Ornamental crabapple (Malus hybrids) chitects. Later, a master plan for the development of the Garden in both Siberian dogwood (Comus alba 'Siber- countries was prepared with the cooper­ ica') ation of the National Park Services of American elm (Ulmus americana) both the United States and Canada, the Siberian elm (Ulmus pumila) Manitoba Park Service, and the North Winged euonymous (Euonymus alata) Dakota State Historical Board, cooper­ Euonymus (Euonymus nana) ating with the Peace Garden Board of Directors. Green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Some of the more plentiful native var. subintegerrima) trees in the Peace Garden are white Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera ta­ poplar (Populus tTemuloides), white tarica) birch (Betula papyrifera), and bur oak Korean barberry (Berberis koreana)

WINTER 1969 21 Bulova Floral Clock, International Peace Garden. PHOTO N . D. STATE SOIL CONS ERVATION CO~L\ I1 SS I 0N

Siberian larch (Larix siberica) 'Laxa', '\l\Tasagaming', 'Haidee', 'Prairie Lilac (Syringa vulgaris) in variety) Youth', 'Therese Bugnet', and 'Betty Mockorange (Philadelphus) Bland'. Mongolian cherry (Pnmus fruticosa) Plantings are masses of solid colors planned to give an undulating effect and Mountain ash (Sorbus) additional contrast of texture. In more Sand cherry (Prunus besseyi) prominent locations, tulips for early col­ Oak (QueTcus mongolica) or and geraniums are used extensively. Russian olive (Elaeagnus auguslifolia) Along the streams his, daylilys andLylh­ Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamno- rum are used effectively. ides) Over the years we have had a fine Spiraea (SjJimea chamaeci1"yfolia 'Tran- collection of lilies, notably a donation siens') from the University of Saskatchewan. Sumac (Rhus glabm) Dr. C. F. Petterson, head of the Depart­ U ssurian pear (Pyrus ussuTiensis) ment of Horticulture, had, during his Viburnum (Viburnum dentatum) tenure, developed a great many lilies, and in his memory the University do­ Some of the more colorful shrubs are nated a collection containing all of the used in spot plantings along the seven cultivars Dr. Petterson had named, miles of driveways. These are smaller twenty-one altogether. Other lilies are plantings placed at strategic locations on from famous breeders, including the late curves so that they may be viewed from Dr. F. L. Skinner of Manitoba. either direction. Contrasting as they do A favorite perennial with a long in size, color and texture and against the blooming season is the Morden lythrums backdrop of native material these plant­ from the Canada Department of Agri­ ings are a real feature of the Peace Garden. culture, Experiment Station, Morden, Manitoba, named 'Morden Pink', 'Mor­ Roses are used extensively and for the most part are hardy cultivars developed den Rose', and 'Morden Gleam'. in the Great Plains. The hybrid tea roses In 1968 the Bulova Floral Clock was do not grow well, although 'Peace' rose planted with the following: does quite well. Some of the hardy roses Outside ring: A lternanlhera raised are: 'Dr. Markley', 'H ansa'. (Bronze) .

22 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCHTY LDng pDint triangles: A ltemanthera del' and director. In 1968, in seven week­ (Red) . ly camps, 2,508 boys and girls received .::ihDrt pDint triangles; Santolil1a (Sil­ instruction in band, twirling, piano, or­ ver) Lavender-cottDn. gan, chorus, orchestra, chamber music, In-between sectiDns: LVI esembryanthe­ musical drama, ballet, modern dance mum (Ice Plant) . and art. The facilities at the Music Camp complex are among the best and CIDCk numbers 12-3-6- 9: Semt)er­ most modern on the continent. The Mu­ vivum globularia - Hen-and-chick­ sic Camp Complex has been developed ens Dr hDuseleek. with money appropriated by the North An impDsing arbDretum has been CDn­ Dakota Legislature, and with money tributed and is being maintained by the provided by the corporation and by the ManitDba HDrticultural AssDciatiDn. It Music Camp Corporation. Other majDr has some 90 to' 100 different species Df developments are the mai n entrance, trees and shrubs and provides a gDDd provided by the Sovereign Grand Lodge, example Df the type Df material that can Independent Order of Odd Fellows Df be grown in this area. the "World. The Errick F. Willis Mem­ The aim is to' preserve the natural ori al Cen tennial Pavilion, completed in beauty Df this lD vely SpDt in the center Df 1967 was provided by Canada and the the cDntinent, and to' glDrify it with Province of Manitoba. The Bulova thriving garden plants frDm far as well ,,\Tatch Company provided a large floral as near, making it truly internatiDnai. clock imported from Switzerland, now In presenting the flDra Df the Interna­ located near the entrance. The Knights tiDnal Peace Garden and its area, I have of Columbus, Fourth Degree, of North had the cDDperatiDn Df Dr. W. R. Dakota and Manitoba, have provided an Leslie, IDng time Superintendent of the ou tdoor theater and shell in the am­ Canada Department Df Agriculture Ex­ phitheater area. The General Grand periment StatiDn, at MDrden, ManitDba, Chapter, Order of the Eastern Star have and nDW landscape cDnsultant in vVinni­ peg, and Chairman Df the BDard Df Di­ rectDrs Df InternatiDnal Peace Garden, Inc., and Df Fred C. W. Rice Df vVinni­ peg, Dne Df Dur directDrs, and a lDng time hDrticulturist and fDrmer Executive DirectDr Df InternatiDnal Peace Garden, Inc. The cDrpDratiDn has twenty directDrs, ten residents Df Canada, and ten Df the United States, whO' are elected fDr three year terms. They are elected by the voting members at meetings held in Sep­ tember Df each year. The directDrs meet semi-annuall y, and further administra­ tiDn is by a president, an executive CDm­ mittee Df three directDrs, elected by the BDard, and by a residen t su perintendent. This large area has been substantially develDped Dver the years, and has nDW becDme a tDurist attractiDn in the mid­ continent, drawing intO' the Garden ap­ prDximately 200,000 visitDrs during the summer seaSDn. It is hDme fDr the Inter­ natiDnal Music Camp, which has CDm­ pleted 13 successful years under the di­ Cairn and Flags, International Peace Garden. rectiDn Df Dr. Merton Utgaard, its foun- PIIOTO N. D . STATE SOIL CONSERVATION COMMISSION

WINTER 1969 23 funded for construction of the chapel in American continent, a living garden of the formal area of the Garden. Legisla­ flowers, plants, shrubs, and trees to sym­ tion approved by the Bureau of >he bolize the philosophy of brotherhood Budget is pending in Congress for fur­ among peoples and nations, a major ther development of the Garden in ac­ institution in the development of the cordance with the master plan. young people of the mid-continent, ren­ dering an outstanding service to our The International Peace Garden has American and Canadian way of life, become a mighty monument to the ded­ with its freedoms and its rule of law. ication pledge appearing upon the cairn and to the dreams of its founders. It has The au thor is President, International Peace become a major attraction of the North Garden, Inc., Rolla, North Dakota.

Excerpt From Peter ]. Van Melle

A Talk on Foundation Plantings (1949) Since the turn of the century the old mode of (symmetrical, orderly, and essential-to-the-value) scheme of landscaping has undergone a number of minor changes. A vastly greater number of people have been building and planting smaller houses on smaller plots; and the plant materials employed have varied from time to time, and run, for some thirty years past, largely to conif­ erous evergreens. Essentially, the popular mode is now the same as it was. People still build, buy and plant mainly from all man­ ner of motives other than artistic. They still go for results that are acceptable not only to themselves but to potential buyers as well; and, though houses now hug the ground more closely than did those of long ago, and though continuous foundation group­ ings are needless and wasteful today, people persist in continuous, solid plantings that are as scrupulously symmetrical as they ever were .... If there ever were to be a substantial change, I should expect it to result rather from increased horticultural knowledge and from such influences as relative price trends in plant mate­ rials, than from education in artistry.

24 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Useful California Natives for Gardens - PART n*

IVfAR]ORIE G. SCHMIDT

Fremontia four to ten feet tall, loosely branched There are instances where one or and with short, spur·like branchlets. Dark more species of a genus remain un­ olive-green leaves are scalloped, rough known, even though others of the same with stellate pubescence above and den· genus have become familiar cultivated sel~ tawny-stellate beneath. In early subjects. spnng the fuzzy, ovoid, dark-green In the genus Fremantia, F. mexicana flower buds become balloon-like as they is a popular garden plant used exten­ expand. The two-inch, fully-expanded sively in central and southern Califor­ flowers consist of a 5-lobed petaloid nia, while F. cali/arnica remains rela­ calyx, sub tended by three involucral tively unknown. Both species are noted bractlets. The petal-like calyx lobes are for their felted foliage, thus the common a clear yellow. Five stamens have united filaments for about half their lenoth name of "flannel bush," and for their b ' abundance of bright-yellow, saucer­ and for this reason resemble a mallow shaped flowers. The fremontias are well flower. Blossoms are short-stemmed and distributed in foothills, generally in dry, solitary bu t eye-catching because of their chaparral-type communities. The south­ abundance and glowing color. When un­ ern fremontia, F. mexicana, occurs in opened flower buds are in various staO'es San Diego County and into Lower Cali­ of development along with the bri;ht fornia. Fremantia cali/arnica occurs in yellow blossoms, the entire shrub is a widely separated areas of the Sierra delightful medley of colors and shapes. Nevada and Coast Range hills. The It is interesting that the subglobose seed capsules of the California fremontia ~apa frem?ntia (F. cali/arnica subspe· CIes napenszs has a more restricted dis­ are about the same size and shape as the tribution, being found only in several expanded flower buds. These capsules counties of the Coast Ranges north of are extremely rough to the touch be­ San Francisco. cause of a solid coating of bristly hairs. The individuality of Fremantia cali­ \!\Then ri pe, some time in September, the capsules split into five sections, revealing /anica remains relatively unknown to the average gardener. However, it was the oblong black seeds. Seed vessels are very well described in the March 1968 apt to hang on the shrub intact for the remainder of the season. I have collected issue of Flawer and Garden Magazine, seeds as late as the last week in October. where its author, L. E. Hoffman, called it the Pathfinder's Shrub in honor of Propagation of the California fremon­ tia has not been difficult in my ex peri­ J.ohn C. Fremont. Plant specialists con­ ence, due perhaps to the fact that it is SIder the California fremontia to be more amenable to garden conditions nat.ive in my area. Seeds ge nerally re­ gUlre some pretreatment, such as immer­ than some species, accepting moderate amounts of water as long as the soil is sion in hot water or rubbing between pieces of sandpaper to break the thick well drained. It is a medium sized shrub seed coat. Cold stratification is also rec­ .. See Tile A meTican HorticultuTaI Magazine, ommended and is the method I have Fall 1968 for Part I. followed. I place the seed in moist

WJNTf.:R 1969 2.5 sphagnum moss enclosed in an alumi­ especially R . californica subsp. tornentel­ num foil packet, and keep it on the la with its gray-green, leathery, veined bottom shelf of the refrigerator for foliage and large berries in late summer. about six weeks. Following this stratifi­ The ubiquitous buck brush, Ceanothus cation I plant the seeel in pots contain­ cuneatus, appears here as it does in most ing a mixture of one-half creek sand and such areas along with other kinds of one-half soil from beneath pine and oak California wild lilac (Ceanothus spp.). trees. Seeds begin to sprout within a few Of frequent occurrence is Rhamnus cro­ ·weeks. It is a thrilling day when the cea subsp. ilicifolia, a pleasing shrub round, bright green seed leaf first ap­ noted for thick textured holly-foliage pears, to be followed by the characteris­ and small, bright red berries. Another tic scalloped ones. Seedlings are slow interesting companion is the rare hop growing and apt to make more root than tree, Pte lea crenulata, whose greenish top growth, which is typical of many white flowers have the scent of jasmine. wild plants. By the end of their first year Its drooping clusters of papery, elm-like the young fremontias are barely six in­ seeds are in evidence when I collect the ches high, but sturdy and healthy, a fremontia pods. Poison oak, Rhus diver­ condition more pleasing to me than rap­ siloba, is part of this company and its id growth. Seedlings are subject to dam­ distressing toxicity is generally forgiven ping-off and should be treated with a when its foliage becomes bright flame in fungicide. autumn. An occasional clump of purple The colony of Frern on tia ca lifornica milkweed, Asclepias cordifolia, is apt to which I visit frequently is in the be present among the shrubs, and some­ northern Sierra Nevada foothills of times a colony of a yellow flowered spe­ Shasta County, at an elevation of about cies of Thermopsis. In this select compa­ 1000 feet. It is a chaparrel-like commu­ ny of natives the fremontia provides a nity where many of Cali fornia's distinc­ contrast with its olive-green leaves and tive shrubs and trees mingle, with the open branching. angular digger pine, Pinus sa biniana, Fremontia califor17ica subsp. napensis towering over them. The evergreen inte­ has a restricted distribution, being na­ rior live oa·k, Quercus wisTize17ii, and the ti ve to brushy slopes of the north-central deciduous blue oak, Quercus douglasii, Coast Range foothills. It is a slender abound here, forming a common denom­ shrub, well branched throughout, with inator for the area. Several members fine, rather pliable twigs, all producing of the genus Rhamnus are plentiful, generous quantities of nowers. Small

Fremontia X 'Califor­ nia Glory' (F. cali/or­ nica X F. mexicana) PI-tOTO P. C. EVERETT Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Ga rd en

26 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY dark green leaves are shallowly lobed, flowering period is April and May, but it about one-half inch long, with pale fel­ is known to bloom intermittently at oth­ ting on the reverse. er times. This hybrid roots from cuttings This Napa fremontia grew in my dry so that its vigor a nd superior qualities border for many years, making slow prog­ are ass ured. Tip cuttings are taken from ress, and began its generous flower dis­ late May to ] uly and treated with a play during its fourth year of growth. rooting compound. Planted in a mixture Flowers of clear, lemon-yellow were t"vo of perlite and peat moss and kept under inches wide, larger than is generally intermittent mist, approximately 60 per recorded for this subspecies. Eventually cent rooted. FTemontia X 'California it reached twelve feet and was a glorious Glory' received the Award of Merit from sight during May when in full flower, the California Horticultural Society in appearing from a distance to be solid 1966, and from the Royal Horticultural yellow. After about eight years my plant Society in 1967. formed two more slim trunks a few feet Cultural methods are the same for all from the main one, a trait which some­ fremontias, and include full sun, well times occurs in the species. The Napa clrained soil, with no water once plants fremontia always set a multitude of cap­ become well established. A few problems sules but these seldom contained any may stem from lack of attention to these seed, a habi t of this subspecies, noted requirements. The most serious one is by others, for which there seems to be no caused by watering when soil is washed explanation. Most heartily do I admire against the trunks, so that they are SllS­ this slender fremontia for its free flower­ ing tendencies and pliable growth habit. ceptible to attacks of fungi. This prob­ Of great interest to gardeners is the lem is discussed in Native Plants tOT Cali­ recent appearance of a hybrid between tomia Gardens by Lee '!\T . Lenz, along F1'emonlia mexicana and F. ca lifon~ica, with other excellent cultural directions. called F. X 'California Glory'. It is a 'When used correctly and with compatible product of the Rancho San ta Ana companions, these shrubs with their Botanic Garden of Claremont, Califor­ glowing flowers will give the gardener a nia. The plant grows as a tree with hardy and easily maintained border. large, two to three-inch flowers of bright -With the Napa fremontia I grew woolly­ yellow on each branch. Fast growing blue-curls, Trichostema lana tum, whose and free flowering, it appears to have intense blue flowers were set off by woolly the best traits of both parents. Its main rose-crimson stems and buds; the tall St.

Fremontia calijorni(;ll . Flannel Bush 1'11 0 10 1 RillA \\' ,," \ 1\ ,

WINTER 1969 '!.7 Catherine's lace, Eriogonum giganteum, is encouraging, however, that there is a with spectacular lacy, white compound, trend toward the professional propaga­ flower sprays; and several California li­ tion and selection of native shrubs, and lacs, including the compact Ceanothus these tested cultivars are generally quite impressus which has rich, dark green amenable to garden conditions. Fre­ foliage and spikes of deep cobalt blue quently they have an increased vigor Howers. Fremontias should be more gen­ and adaptability, and an abundance of erally used to enrich and enliven flowers beyond those of the species. Of ·western gardens. these cultivars I have chosen to describe Ceanothus grise us 'Louis Edmunds', not Ceanothus only because it honors the man for It is a never ending source of wonder whom it was named, but also because it to me that certain genera such as Ceano­ has for me been a satisfactory and de­ thus reach a high stage of development lightful garden subject. among native plants within the state of The outstanding cultivar griseus California. One of these is the genus 'Louis Edmunds' was discovered by Mr. Ceanothus comprising some forty-three Edmunds among a colony of seedlings species and many varieties, with a wide which had been planted in Tilden Park, range of size and growth habit, leaf near Oakland, California. He noted the shape and texture, several types of superior qualities of a particular plant inflorescence with flower colors in shades and took cuttings for propagation. Sub­ of blue, purple, and in white. In com­ sequently it was produced in quantity by mon with most native plants of arid, the Saratoga Horticultural Foundation hilly regions, species of Ceanothus are and soon became a popular garden sub­ apt to be touchy about drainage, and ject. In 1956 this ceanothus was officially sometimes resent garden cultivation. It named for Louis Edmunds, and was given the Award of Merit by the Califor- nia Horticultural Society. It is fortunate for gardeners that this variant was dis­ covered as the original plant has since been destroyed. Ceanothus griseus 'Louis Edmunds' is a vigorous, spreading shrub growing to a height of six to eight feet with a spread of ten feet or more. It is densely bran­ ched with green branchlets, and glossy, oval, deep green leaves. In mid-spring it bears large, compound clusters of sea­ blue flowers on the main and side bran­ ches, a spectacular sight when in full bloom. The shrub remains colorful over a long period as side branches continue to bear flower spikes. Against the split­ rail fence in my dry garden its growth was luxuriant, with the dark green foli­ age retaining its richness through the seasons. A fast growing type, its cuttings are reported to flower in pots during the first year. A well-drained soil is essential, with full sun to high shade, and moder­ ate amounts of water. To be well groomed, most kinds of ceanothus will benefit from pinching of tip growth, a Ceanothus griselts 'Louis Edmunds' practice which helps to form a compact

28 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY plant. All forms of C. grise us require carpeting the ground under Monterey li ght pruning throughout their life. pines. Some other ornamental aspects of C. Ceanothus X 'Mills Glory' was prQ­ g1'iseus seldom mentioned are the earl y duced by a planned cross of C. gloriosus flower bud expansion and color of the X C. purpureus. Its originator was the seed capsules. As I have recorded in late Howard E. McMinn of Mills Col­ some detail in "Ceanothus-an Appre­ lege, Oakland, California, a professor of ciation," in the Garden Journal of the botany at that institution. His enthusi­ New York Botanical Garden, (Septem­ asm for native plants is apparent in ber-October 1963), these features pro­ everything he has written, and his lUus­ long the shrub's seasonal attraction. tmled Manual of California Shrubs In C. 'Louis Edmunds', the flower bud meets the needs of both student and scales are triangular and .faintly purple novice. tinted, subtending the tiny, dark blue, In attempting to find a low subshrub spherical £lo wer buds. With close scru­ for garden conditions, and one also at­ tiny and a little imagination, one can tractive in foliage and £lo wers, two spe­ detect a strong resemblance to clusters cies were chosen. The first was Ce­ of miniature grapes. By late summer the anothus gloriosus, the Point Reyes seed vessels become conspicuous, sub­ Creeper, having dark green, toothed globose capsules of jet-black, an unusual leaves and lavender-blue £lowers, but color in Ceanolhus ·where seed vessels having a distressing tendency to die out are more often russet or brown. in watered gardens. It is of restricted Ceanothus grise us is of restricted dis­ distribution, native to bluffs and lightly tribution, being native to coastal areas wooded regions adjacent to the coast both north and south of San Francisco. north of San Francisco. The other par· It is generally called the Carmel ceo ent was Ceanothus pw-pureus) the holly­ anothus, as it is abundant near that leaf ceanothus, also of rare occurrence town on the Monterey Peninsula, often on dry, brushy slopes of Napa County

Ceanothus 'Mills GIOt,y,

WINTER 1969 29 north of San Francisco. This is a distinc­ the juncture of the split-rail fence and a tive upright, rigidly branched shrub, pergola. Some of the long branches four feet or less in height, with many poked lhrough the fence, and these, re­ rounded clusters of light-purple Dowers ceiving full sun, always flo 'wered a week occllrring among the dark green, glossy or more ahead of the main plant. Propa­ foliage. Although several types resulted gation o[ Ceanothus 'Mills Glory' is by from the cross, testing for water cuttings o[ which 75 per cent are report­ tolerance was the important factor, and ed to root. It may also be grown from eventually one seedling was chosen. The seed, although the characteristics of both name 'Mills Glory' was bestowed in hon­ parents as well as those of the hybrid or of l\1ills College, and the parent, may appear in the progeny. Ceanothus gloriosus. After thorough tes­ It is tragic tIla t many of our native ting it proved to be amenable to both California plants are threatened with watered and dry situations. extinction, and [or this reason, horticul­ Ceanothlls 'l\ Iills Glory' is a low, wide­ turists of the coming generation may not ly spreading shrub about two feet in the have at hand all species with which to center, and spreading in all directions produce new ornamentals. Native plants [or eight feet or more. Foliage is holly­ threatened with extinction should be in like, dark green with a waxy texture, arboretums or botanic gardens, and in­ closely resembling C. j)urpureus. Flower­ formation about them recorded and cata­ ing is during March, preceeded by bud logued for easy reference. The recently expansion when the tight, spherical, organized California Native Plant Soci­ grayish buds show bits of intense violet­ ety is dedicated to the preservation of blue as the petals begin to emerge. wild plants, and eventually from their These expand into rounded, short­ activities will come further knowledge of stalked clusters of violet-blue blossoms their distribution, as well as their value freely borne on long, arching, flexible in landscaping. Only through sympa­ branches. Plan ts are in full flower by thetic consideration and thorough inves­ mid-March and may continue to be col­ tigation can these garden-worthy wild orful until late April. Eventually my plants become part of the horticultural plan t filled a space -twelve feet square at scheme.

Excerpt From Peter J. Van Melle

On Gardening with the Seasons in mind (talk 1952) I think in these Northern parts of the country, garden effects are timed too exclusively for the spring-that is, fOT floral effects. If we are to favor anyone season, I suggest that the autumn would be the logical one. But even then charitable provision should be made for the poorer seasons: for comfort and restful­ ness in summer, and for beauty in the winter scene. Spring will take care of itself- let us provide, rather, for summer, autumn, and winter.

30 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY The American Horticultllral Film Festival-

After Five Years R . J. SEIBERT

In 1964 The American Horticultural Congress in 1964, held in New York Film Festiva l was organized by T he City, AI-IS presented the First American American Horticultural Society. The ob­ Horticultural Film Fes tival consisting of jec tive was to select and prese nt for eight films (see page 32) . showing to the horticultural public, the The 20th Congress was held at Cal­ outstanding new horticultural films laway Gardens at Pine Mountain, Geor­ being produced in this country and gia in 1965, during which time three abroad. films were shown. During this Second So as to ass ure that high quality films Film Festival the magnificent film, were submitted for selection, certain "This Garden England," was presen ted minimum standards were required. In as a special feature for the Congress. addition to opening eligibility only to This film was sponsored by Internation­ horticultural films which are education­ al Minerals & Chemicals Corp., Adminis­ al and instructional in scope, it was a-ative Center, Old Orchard Road, Skok­ necessary that the films be 16mm, with ie, Illinois. optical sound track (24 frames per sec­ During 1966 the AHS 21st Congress ond) and in color. The prese nce of any met in conjunction with the XVII Inter­ obvious promotion or advertising o f national Horticultural Congress held at commercial products or services ""as the University of Maryland, College sufficient grounds upon which to bar any Park, Maryland. It was decided on this film from qualifying for an award, or occasion to organize the Third Horticul­ from being chosen to be shown. tural Film Festival as the 1966 Interna­ An entry fee of $25. for each film ($ 15. tional Horticultural Film Fes tivaP and for members of AHS) has further as­ to encourage entrants from other coun­ sured quality entrants, as well as furnish­ tries. A total of eight films was selected ing the necessary funds for producing fo r showing. In addition, the film, "This the AHS Award of Merit Certificates Garden England," was shown to Con­ accorded those film s selec ted for showing bOTess r eO"b istran ts on two occasions by to the registrants of the annual Ameri­ popular request as a "film festival sup- can Horticultural Congress. plement." A deadline date of approxim ately one The Fourth Horticultural Film Fes­ month prior to the Horticultural Film tival was held in Cleveland, Ohio, dur­ Fes tival showings has been mandatory to in o' the 22 nd American Horticultural ass ure time for previewing, selecting, b • Congress and was made up of SIX films and preparing the program of the films for 1967. to be presented. This time has also been req uired to have the certi fi cate San Francisco became the 1968 site of prepared for prese ntation at the Pres­ the Fi (th Horticultural Film Festival ident's Banquet in co njunction with a nd saw six films presen ted during the each America n Horticultural Congress. 23rd American Horticultural Congress. At its 19th American Horticultural Several problems are in evidence, not the least of 'which is knowing where to Director of Lonrrwoocl ,ard ns, Kennctt draw the line on the matter of advert is- qu are, Penn ) I vani~" 193·1 ; hairman of lhc oc iCly'S Annual American Horticullural Film ' Proceedings of the XVlI International Horti­ Fcsti\'al C01l11l1illee, 1964·1968. cullural Congress. Vol. II: lxxIv, 1967.

'WINTER 1969 31 ing of commercial products and services. advertising" and confine their promotion The educational horticultural film done to the title section at the beginning and/ in best taste completely eliminates all or end of the films. evidence of the presence of name brand Our experience thus far has indicated products within the body of the film. that the quality of horticulural films as Needless to say, the credits as a part of an educational tool still has much room the opening and closing of the film for improvement, but that the potential clearly state who sponsors and produces is unlimited, especially for use on color the film, and so they should. The matter TV programs, in the classroom, and for of obvious, repeated inclusion of name the group and organizational audience. brand products and services is one which Those who are interested in arranging frequently provokes considerable objec­ showings of the award-winning films tion on the part of the viewing public. It should write to the films' sponsors re­ is therefore suggested that producers garding their availability, identifying and sponsors of such horticultural films themselves as members of the American eliminate what our viewers term "sneaky Horticultural Society.

THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL FILM FESTIVAL Winners Qf Awards- 1964-1968

1964 "Trees and Their Care" "Budget Flower Arrangement" Sponsor: International Shade Tree Sponsor: Department of Floriculture and Conference Ornamental Horticulture 1827 Neil Avenue New York State College of Agriculture Columbus, Ohio 43210 Cornell University Ithaca, New York "Waterlilies At LongwQod Gardens" Sponsor: Longwood Gardens "The Easier Way" Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348 Sponsor: Elanco Products Company 640 South Alabama 1965 Indianapolis, Indiana "Arranging FIQwers in Your Home" Sponsor: New York State College of "European Spring Garden TQur" Agriculture Sponsor: Jean Berke Travel Service, Inc. Department of Floriculture 40 E. 49th Street Cornell U niversity New York, New York 10017 Ithaca, New York 14850

"The Gardens Qf Winterthur" "CQlonial Naturalist" Sponsor: ·Winterthur Museum Sponsor: Colonial "Williamsburg, Inc. ·Winterthur, Delaware Williamsburg, Virginia 23 185

"Magic Carpet of Tulip Land" "Learning About Gardening" Sponsor: Netherlands Flower-Bulb In:;ti­ Sponso?o: Chicago Horticultural Socie! y tu te, Inc. 116 South Michigan Avenue 29 Broadway, Chicago, Illinois 60603 New York, New York

"Safe Use of Pesticides" 1966 Sponsor: U. S. Department of Agricul­ "And SO' It Grows" ture Sponsor: Mississippi State Uni\'ersily Motion Picture Service Public Information Division Washington, D. C. 2025(' State College, Mississippi 39762

32 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY "Black B.ean Aphid" "Gardens by the Sea" S1)onsor: Ministry of Agricul ture and Sponsor: City of Norfolk Fisheries 248 N. Blake Road Ie Van den BochstraaL 4 Norfolk, Virginia 23505 The H ague, Netherlands "New Guidelines for the Well "Greenbelt-USA" Landscaped Home" Sponsor: Red Cedar Shingle and Sponsor: American Association of Handsplit Shake Bureau N urserymen 5510 White Building 835 Southern Building Seattle, Washington 981 01 Washington, D . C. 20004

"Life in the Balance" "The Seasons of Old Westbury Gardens" Sponsor: Standard Oil Compan y SponsOT: Old vVestbury Gardens (New J ersey) Box 265 Public R elations D epartmen t Old Westbury, L. 1., New York 11 568 Room 1612, 30 Rockefeller Plaza New York, N ew York 10020 1968 "The Living Gardens of Longwood" "And On the Third Day" Sponsor: Longwood Foundation, Inc. Sponsor: N a,tional Council of State Longwood Gardens Garden Clubs Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348 St. Louis, Missouri 63110

"Mechanical Harvesting of Fruits and "The Annual Miracle" Vegetables in California" Sponsor: Pan-American Seed Company Sponsor: University of California and Jiffy-Pot Company of America DepaJ:1tment of Agricultural P. O. Box 438 Engineering ' !\Test Chicago, Illinois 60185 Davis, California 95616 "Community Action for Beauty" "Pruning Practices at the Brooklyn Bo­ Spon-sor: National Council of State tanic Garden" Garden Clubs S1)onsor: 'Nomen's Auxiliary of the 4401 Magnolia Avenue Brooklyn Botanic Garden St. Louis, Missouri 63 11 0 1000 Washington Avenue Brooklyn, New York 11225 "The National Arboretum" Sponsor: U. S. Department of "Water in Biology" Agriculture Sponsor: U nilever, Ltd. Agricultural Research Service Lever Brothers Company Office of Information 390 Park Avenue Washington, D. C. 20250 New York, New York 10022 "The Lawns of America" 1967 S1)OnS01': National Council of State "The Belgian Begonia" Garden Clubs S1)onsor: Belgian Growers As ociation 4401 Magnolia Avenue 101 Park Avenue St. Louis, ~ Ii ssoLll- i 63110 New York, New York 10017 "She Planteth a Vineyard" "Fruits for the North" SponsoT: National Council of State Sponsor: University of Minnesota Garden Clubs Department of Horticultural Science 4401 Magnolia Avenue St. P aul, Minnesota 55101 St. Louis, i\fisso uri 63110

WINTER ]969 33 1969 All,America Selections

Aimed at "inspiring the gospel of better gardening," the All­ America Selections have brought to the gardening public the world's leading new introductions in vegetable and flower seeds annually for some 37 years. All-America Selections result from open trial-grounds competition in Canada, the United States, and Mexico. The AAS program is the only authentic pre-introductory testing and comparative rating of new flower and vegetable seed varieties for North America. Entries come from private, commercial, and public institution plant breed­ ers from around the free worlel. Sponsored by the garden seeel industry, AAS is a non-profit, edu­ cational institution. One hundred judges serve in 54 trial grounds and 46 flower demonstration gardens located throughout North America. It is estimated that some 1,000 people are involved in various phases of the annual selections. AAS is the one generally accepted authority on new garden varieties. Presented here are some of the 1969 All-America Selec­ tions which the editors believe will be of special interest to Society members. For complete information, write to Mr. VV. R ay Hastings, Execu­ tive Secretary, All-America Selections, P.O. Box 1341, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105.

Left-High quality, semi-vining Buttercup-type Winter Squash 'Kindred'. Right-Big heading Hybrid Cabbage 'Harvester Queen'.

34 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL ,SOCIETY (Above): Upper left-Hybrid Turnip 'Tokyo Cross' for fastest growth. Upper right-Gold Medal for the best Hybrid Broccoli 'Green Comet'. Lower left-earliest of an Hybrid Cauliflower 'Snow King'. Lower right­ Early, small Silver Medal Hybrid Cabbage 'Stonehead'. Finest home garden quality vegetables to date.

WIN I ER 1969 35 Top left- Giant Rose Cactus Flowered Hybrid Zimlia 'Rosy Future'. Bot­ tom left- Fiery Orange Giant Hybrid Zinnia 'Torch'. Top right-Dwarf Pure White Double Cornflower 'Snow Ball'. Middle Right- White with hright red eye creeping Periwinkle, Vinca rosea procumbens 'Polka Dot'. Bottom right-Highest Awarded 1969 Flower, I5-inch Bushy Zinnia 'Cherry Buttons' gets the Silver Medal, a beautiful performer.

36 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Advances in Horticulture

Cornell Peat-Lite Mixes for Com- ing to selling. The cost of peat-lite mixes mercial Plant Growing compares favorably with the cost of good top soil. JAMES W. BOODLEY AND RAYMOND "Primarily investigated as a medium SHELDRAKE, JR. for starting flower and vegetable trans­ (From Cornell Extension Bull. 1104. plants, the versatility of the mixes h as 1967. New York State College of Ag­ enabled growers to utilize them in other riculture, Ithaca, New York) areas where controlled plant growth is Artificial soils offer the home gardener desired." a convenient means of starting flower As the name implies, peat-lite mix­ and vegetable seedlings, rooting cut­ tures are composed of medium to fine, tings, forcing bulbs, and gwwing other horticultural type, imported sphagnum flowering plants. Many bedding plant peat moss, and expanded vermiculite or growers and florists are turning to artifi­ perlite. Azaleas and other seeds germi­ cial soils as an aid in mechanizing their nate and grow well in sphagnum alone, production. English workers have pub­ provided suitable nutrients are applied. lished detailed directions for modifying Mixing shredded sphagnum with ex­ and standardizing existing soils for s'pe­ panded vermiculite or perlite makes it cial purposes. In the United States, the somewhat more versatile and also easier UC Mix is widely used by West Coast to handle. growers. Similarly, the peat-lite mixtures Vermiculite is classed as a hydrated developed by Boodley and Sheldrake magnesium aluminum silicate. The ore have general acceptance. as mined is laminated-has many com­ The authors point out: "Good top soil pressed plates-that expand when it is is increasingly difficult to find. Its nutri­ heated so that it weighs only 4 to 10 ent content, drainage characteristics, pounds per cubic foot. Horticultural and disease organism or weed seed con­ grades of expanded vermiculite are tent are often difficult to determine. Unless top soil is sterilized, poor crop growth may result from its use. "Artificial soils, on the other hand, offer the grower several advantages. Two basic artici-ficial soil mixes, referred to as peat-lite mixes, have been evolved from several years of research at Cornell. Basi­ cally composed of sphagnum peat moss and horticultural vermiculite or perlite, peat-lite mixes are readily available, easy to handle, and produce uniform plant growth from one year to another. Sterili­ zation of peat-lite mixes is usually unnec­ essary provided reasonable care is taken during mixing and handling. Nutrients are added according to formulae for controlled nutrition of crops from plant- PHOTO FROM I-I. M. CATHEY Fig. 1. Marigold 'Yellow Nuggets' Departme nLS of FloriculLure a nd Ornamental grown in composted soil (left) and llorticulture and Vegetable Crops. respectively. peat-lite (right). Liquid f eeding was ornelI Univer ity. Ithaca. New York 14850. applied to both plants.

WINTER 1969 37 available at garden supply houses. Avoid 1104, which is free to residents of New the grades recommended for insulation-. York State; additional copies are 10 they may have an additive or be of cents each. Home gardeners should keep unsuitable quality for plants. watch on commercial developments with Perlite is a volcanic rock that is some­ artificial soils. New products and what more stable than vermiculite. Both procedures will make gardening easier products are neutral or slightly alkaline and more rewarding (Fig. 2). in reaction and require addition of lime and phosphorus as well as other nutri­ ents to provide for good growth. (Figure 1) The authors recommend the follow­ New African Violets from Colchicine· ing amounts of ingred,ients for prepara­ treated Cuttings tion of 2 bushels of peat-lite: TORU ARISUMI AND L. C. FRAZIER Shredded sphagnum peat moss-l Adapted from an aTticie on Cytologi­ bushel cal and MOTphological Evidence tor Horticultural vermiculite #2, 3, or the Single-Cell OTigin of Vegetati'uely 4-1 bushel ProjJagated Shoots in ThiTteen Species of Saintpaulia TTeated with Colchicine. Ground limestone-l 0 level table­ From Proceedings of the Amel'ican So­ spoons ciety fOT HOTticultuml Science 93 : I n Superphosphate, 20 % powdered-5 ta­ pTess. 1968 blespoons 5- 10-5 fertilizer-IS tablespoons The familiar African violet, (Saint­ Iron (chela ted, such as NaFe 138 or paulia iOl1anlha and hybrids) growing 330-1 level teaspoon in countless thousands of homes around Nonionic surfactant-l level teaspoon the world, will be improved in years to in 1 gallon of water (wetting come, thanks to treatment with a drug, agent) colchicine. The effect of the medicine T he ingredients need to be thorough­ (colchicine is an old trea tmen t for gou t, ly mixed. The authors advise that for and physicians still prescribe it for some seed sowing only, ammonium nitrate forms of arthritis) is to double the chro­ may be substituted for (not added to) the mosomes in the violet plan t cells. The 5-10-5 fertilizer. Use it at 4 level table­ resulting plants are termed polyploid, in spoonsful per 2 bushels of mix. Make th is instance, tetra ploid. sure that seed flats and transplants are The method of application of the kept adeq ua tel y wa tered a t all times. colchicine is simple. Arisumi and Frazier The mixes can be stored indefinitely immersed V4 inch of the cut ends of the in plastic sacks or cans. Details of use ar~ petioles of leaf cuttings in a water solu­ discussed by the authors in Bulletin tion of 0.2% colchicine for 2 hours. Then they rinsed the cuttings in water and set them in perlite to root. The au thors obtained their best results when the cuttings were allowed to callus in the perli te for 6 clays before treating with colchicine. The cu ttings were rooted and grown in a greenhollse main­ tained at 65 ° to 75 °F. and shaded to al­ low a maximum of 1,000 foot candles of light. Growth of each new plantlet is from a si ngle cell of the petiole of the cutting. PHOIO 1· 1(01\1 HOODI . J- Y A:-.: n S H E LI. R A " I': It is not surprising, therefore, that the Fig. 2. "Jiffy strips," peat.lite mix, and melon plants two weeks after sow· Crops R esearch Division, U.S. Deparlillent of ing. Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

~8 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Fig. 3. Saintpaulia cultivar 'Nature Boy'. Left, normal diploid. Right, tetraploid.

colchicine did not affect all of the plant­ stomaLes of the leaves and the pollen lets that emerged from the treated grains of the flowers were larger in the leaves. The drug causes some "shock," tetraploid plants than in the normal delayed growth, thickened leaves and diploid ones. Chromosome counts of the stems, and changes in leaf shape. They root tips of affected plants further are the indicators of polyploidy. Nor­ confirmed their tetraploid condition. mal, unaffected plantlets must be re­ Horticultural plant breeders have moved to promote the development of produced tetraploid lilies, snapdragons, the affected shoots. marigolds, carnations, poinsettias, and At maturity the affected plants have azaleas. The Saintpaulia) too, belongs in thicker leaves, Hower buds, and petals the lis t of these select plan ts. In time we than the controls. The leaves are often can expect many improved African vio­ broader and the lobes accentuated (Fig. let cultivars, products of breeding and 3). Unfortunately, the leaves tend to selection at the tetraploid level. Many be somewhat brittle. The flowers of the plantsmen who would, like to experi­ colchicine-affected plants are also larger ment on their own are hampered at and have deeper colors than the con­ present by the scarcity of colchicine, said trols. The authors found that the to be another of the war's casualties.

STATEMENT Of OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT rily holders owning or holding 1 percent or more of AND CIRCULATION l ot~d amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities: None. (Act of October 23, 1962; Section 4369, Title 39, United 9. For comple tion by nonprofit orga nizations author­ States Code) ii'ed to mail at special rates (Section 132.122, Postal l. Date of fi ling: March 2 1, 1969 l\ lanual ) 2. Title of publication: AMJ:.llICA N H ORTICULTURAL 'fhe purpose, function, and nonp-rofit statu s of thl,) ~IAcAz I NE . orga nj z~ltion and the exempt status for Federal income 3. Frequency of issue: Quarterly. tax purposes have not changed during preced ing 12 4. Location 01 known office of publication: 2401 months. Calvert St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20008 10. Extent and nature of circu lation; 5. Location of headquarters or general business office.') A . TOlal no. co pies printed of the publishers: 2401 Calvert St., N.W., Washington, (Net Press Run ) 6,440' 5,200" D. C. 20008 B. Paid Circu lati o n 6. Names and addresses of publisher, edito r, a nd 1. Sa les throug h dealers and carriers, managing ed itor: street vendors and CQunter sales O· 0" Publisher: Ame ri ca n Horticultural Soc iely, Inc., 24·01 2. Ma il subscriptions 4,603' 4,735" Calvert St., N.W., Washington, D. C. 20008. 0 C. Total paid circlll ,nion tl ,603· 4,735 ' Editor: Elizabeth G. Eastburn, 240 1 Calvert St., N.W., D. Free distribution ( including samples) Washington, D C. 20008. by m ~lil , c

WINTER J969 39 Gardeners' Notebook

LOOKING FOR THE LOST found striking characteristics abundant­ FRANKLINIA ly sufficient to establish it as the head of In their travels about Georgia, the a new tribe; which we have honored Bartrams, father John and son William, with the name of the illustrious Dr. were both partial to the Altamaha Riv­ Benjamin Franklin: Fmnklinia alata­ er. This is a beautiful black water rising maha. from the old Indian town of Altama Plan ts were taken back and planted in where the Oconee and the Ocmulge~ the Bartram Botanical Garden at Phila­ meet to form the main river. Rising delphia, whence have come the frank­ swiftly between wooded banks, its course linias in cultivation. is slowed between the cypress swamps, William Bartram again saw the until it flows placidly on toward the sea. Fmnklinia in the wild in 1773, and William Bartram wrote, "How gently wrote of it, "it is a flowering tree, of the flow thy peaceful floods, 0 Alatamaha! first order for beauty and fragrance of (sic) . How sublimely rise to new, on thy ?los~oms." He goes on to explain the elevated shores, yon magnolia groves, mtncate structure of blossom and seeds from whose tops the surroundino- ex­ and concludes, "We never saw it grow i~ panse is perfumed by clouds of in~ense, any other place, nor have I ever seen it blended with the exhaling balm of the growing wild, in all my travels, which liquidambar, and odors rising from aro­ must be allowed a very singular and matic groves of Illicium, MY1"ica, Lau­ unaccountable circumstance; at this TUS (Persea), and Bignonia." place there are two or three acres of Both the Bartrams were botanists and ground where it grows plentifully." through their explorations has com~ the In 1790, a cousin of 't\Tillia!ffi Bartram, Altamaha's chief claim to fame, the lost named Moses Marshall, also saw the Fmnklinia that once grew near its Fmnhlinia growing in apparent abun- shores. J olm Bartram first discovered this in 1765 and wrote in his journal, "On drawing near the fort (Barrington), I was greatly delighted at the appear­ ance of two new beautiful shrubs in all their blooming graces. One of them ap­ peared to be a new species of COTdonia, but the flowers are larger, and more fragrant than those of the COl'donia lasianlhus, and are sessile; the seed vessal is also very different." He described the situation: "The soil ,~as very sandy near the surface, and the tImber poor for about a mile from the lowland, which is often overflowed with the river." Later ~ e ~rote, "On first observing the fructIficatIOn and habit of this tree I was inc~ined to believe it a species 'of PHOTO MARIE B. MELLINGER COTdonw, but upon stricter examina­ The Altamaha River at Fort Barrinao tion, and comparing its flowers and fruit ton, Georgia where John Bartram :fir~t with those of the GOTdonia lasianthus, I discovered Franklinia in 1765.

40 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY dance in its limited range; after that \IVilliam Bartram 'went up the Altamaha there is a time lapse until 1929, when G. fifty miles by boat, and he made several S. Schultz·e of the U.S. Department of overland trips from Savannah. Agriculture supposedly again saw the Perhaps finding the lost FmnkZinia Fmnklinia in the wild. isn't really too important, for one needs Many eminent botanists, including J. a goal, and searching for this beauty K. Small, and Dr. Roland Harper, have gives an added impetus and excitement searched in vain for the Fmnklinia. The to field trips. I have been on several such late Walter Harmer had a theory that tri ps, wi th good botanists and natural­ the Fmnklinia was not a true species, ists, and every trip has been an outstand­ but a sport, or clone, but it will produce ing experience. On one, we met a fores­ viable seeds, as evidenced by trees ter who was sure he had found a Fmnh­ growing in botanical gardens. Fmnh­ Zinia seed capsule and dashed home to linia trees, advertise d in nursery cata­ get it, but it proved to be the capsule logs thrive with varying success. It seems from the Georgia fever-bark (Pinckneya to do better in the gardens of \Vashing­ tnlbens) . ton, D.C. or Philadelphia than in its On one trip, following a suggestion native south, for residents of Brunsvvick tha t the FmnhZinia might not grow di­ and Savannah have difficulty getting it rectly in the swamps but on the sloping to blossom. perimeters on the adjoining sand hills, Part of the mystery surrounding the we thoroughly explored the sand ridges Fmnhlinia was its apparently limited near Fort Barrington. We did not find habitat. Why would it be found in only the FmnkZinia, but we did find the sand one isolated locale, when other swamps Selaginella in exactly the same spot and woodlands all through south Geor­ where Dr. Harper had discovered it dur­ gia were very similar? Have the search­ ing his Altamaha grit studies in 1903. ers been looking in the wrong place? There is one place the Fmnklinia Some historians place Bartram's route to certainly is not to be found, and that is Fort Barrington along the little Altama­ where the marker (one of the few to a ha, rather than the main river. One flower) was placed along the highway statement of his travels tells of going up between Jesup and Ludiwici. This mar­ the "northeast side of the Altamaha Riv­ ker was put up by the Long County er and crossing on a (erry near the fort." Garden Club and dedicated in 1941. The area surrounding the marker is now a state park. Who will find the lost Fmnklinia? Has its habitat been destroyed, and the tree along with it? Does it still blossom, hid­ den in some quiet backwater of an Alta­ maha tributary? MARIE B. MELLINGER R 1, Tiger, Georgia 30576

CONTROL OF DODDER IN HOME GARDrENS Dodder (Cuscuta spp. ) is a yellow, stringlike paras itic weed that infests many valuable crops including orna­ mentals. It is appearing with increasing (requency in home garden planting and especially in chrysa nthemum . The e in­ PHOTO B ROOKE ;\ f E..,\ NLEY Franklinia alatamaha, the Franklin fe tation seem to be related to the in­ h 'ee, in cultivation. creased use of animal manures that have

\VI ' I ' R 1969 ·11 PHOTOS U.S. DEPT. AGRICULTURE Fig. 1. Chrysanthemum plant on the left is dodder-free. Center plant was infested by dodder in the mid-vegeta­ tive stage, resulting in stunting of Fig. 2. Size and shape of dodder seed growth and production of misshapen, compared to a grain of wheat. small blooms. Plant on the right was infested by dodder in the early vegeta­ and disappears after attachment to the tive stage resulting in death before host has been achieved. The dodder blooming. plant then lives entirely as a parasite and spreads rapidly from one host plant not been fumigated or heat-sterilized. to another by the growth and continual There are many species of dodder. sweeping motion of its tendrils. The Most are annuals, but there also are branching growth of a single dodder perennial forms. Each species grows well plant can produce 2,400 feet of stems in enough on many nonspecific hosts to 4 months. produce enough seed to insure survival Dodder is spread by inclusion of its in the absence of the principal hosts. seed with crop seed. The seed are also Dodder differs from other higher spread by rain, wind, in top soil, and in plants mainly in that it contains no soil accompanying plants in transplant­ chlorophyll and thus must parasitize ing. As mentioned earlier, the most com­ other plants to complete its life cycle. It mon source of new infestations in home belongs to the morningglory family gardens is animal manures that have not (Convolvulaceae). It reproduces from been heat-treated or fumigated. Hay in­ seed that range in size from clover seed fested with dodder seed is used in cattle downward among the various species. and sheep feedlots in the West; manures The emerging hairlike dodder seedlings from the feedlots contain viable dodder must attach to a host plant in about 8 seed. Large quantities of these manures da ys after emergence, or die from ex­ are used to enrich vegetable and orna­ haustion of food reserves. mental garden soils throughout the The stems of the emerging dodder United States. seedlings perform a circular sweeping Dodder can be controlled by insisting motion that brings them in contact with on high quality, weed-free seed, and by host plants. The dodder tendrils twine purchasing only fumigated or heat­ around the host stems, petioles, and treated animal manures. This will min­ leaves and attach to them by rootlike imize introduction of dodder seed. organs, called haustoria, that penetrate Where dodder seed is present in gar­ the host tissues. These haustoria obtain den soils due to infestation in a previous nourishment from the host for the para­ season, fumigate the soils with methyl site. bromide if there are no perennial plants The root system of dodder withers in the area. Methyl bromide kills exist-

42 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Cryptomeria japonica A Distinctive Coniferous Evergreen In the spring of 1947, I purchased for the College of William and Mary at Williamsburg, Virginia, fOllr specimens of CTyptomeTia japonica, from Green­ brier Farms near Norfolk, Virginia.

PHOTO U.S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE Fig. 3. Dodder in bloom on clover. ing plants. Dodder in planted areas can often be safely controlled by treating the soil in the early spring with herbicides such as dimethyl tetrachlorotereph­ thalate [DCPA] or isopropyl m-chloro­ PHOTOS THOMAS L. WILLIAMS carbanilate [chlorpropham] before dod­ Fig. 1. Cryptomerill. A handsome tree der germinates. Many crops are tolerant from seed of 1950. of these herbicides and are listed on the herbicide labels. Methods and rates of application are also described on the label. These herbicides are applied be­ fore emergence and kill germinating dodder seedlings. Treatment of the soil in late March or early April is usually satisfactory in most areas. In the warm or semitropical areas, the time of treat­ ment must be determined locally by con­ tacting the county extension representa­ tives. All chemical uses described in this report should be applied in accordance with the directions on the manufactur­ er's label as registered under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act. L. L. DANIELSON Plant Physiologist Crops Research Division Agricultural Research Service Fig. 2. Cryptomeria. This tree has an U.S. Department of Agriculture open, distinctive habit, with branches Beltsville, Maryland more or less parallel to the ground.

WINTER 1·969 43 I have grown many seetllings a l l I n~t­ tings from the original trees and !1;1\'c given most of the propagates to indi\'i-I­ uals in Williamsburg. Several seedlings. photographed February, 1967, by Thom­ as L. vVilliams, are illustrated here. Cryptome7'ia is highly variable. My j udgmen t is tha tit will occu py a grea ter and grea ter place in horticultural plant­ ings in this country. And, perhaps, be­ cause of its rapid growth in certain si tua tions, this species will come to have real importance as a timber tree in some areas. J. T. BALDWIN, JR. Professor of Biology College of William and Mary Fig. 3. Cryptomeria. From seed of Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 Japane!!e OrIglll. Th~ plant is so weighted down with cones that it has a weeping aspect.

THE HYBRID CHERRY 'HALLY season. It is three-quarters Hig-an cherry JOLIVETTE' (Pnll7t1s subhirtella) and one quarter An attractive flowering cherry 'Hally Yoshino cherry (Pnmus X yecloensis_) J 01 i vette is notable for a long flowering The semi-double flowers are pale pink, deeper in the cen tef. I n general aspect, the broad-topped trees resemble the Higan cherr.ies. Fortunately, this lovely cherry is avail­ able from a number of nurseiies, so it should not be hard to obtain. It was introduced by the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University where it was de­ veloped by Dr. Karl Sax, geneticist a-nd past director of the Arboretum. He gave it the maiden name of his wife.

GERTRUDE S. WISTER 735 Harvard Avenue SwarthmoTe, Pennsylvania 19081 PHOTO ARNOLD ARBORETUM Prunus X 'Hally Jolivette'

The editors of The American Horticultural Magazine welcome ,imila?' items fTOm the knowledge and experience of AHS mem­ bers for sharing in this section.

44 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Book Reviews

Wild Flowers of North Carolina and Your Own R egion," the reader is made aware of Surrounding Areas correct and proven garden practices. Annuals, biennials and perennials, bulbs, roses, shade "William S. Justice and C. Ritchie Bell. The gardens, vegetables and herbs, small fruits, in­ University of North Carolina Press, Chapel door g'ardening-they' re a ll included. Also, start­ Hill. 1968. 200 pages, 400 color photographs. ing and propagating. pruning, disease and p es ts. $7.75. rock gardens, container gardening, and even a comprehensive piece on " How to Pick, Concli­ "Wild Flowers of North Carolina" is an ex­ tion and Preserve Flowers." The book contains cellent compilation of wild flowers native not a tremendous amoun t of information on all only to North Carolina, but also for the most these subjects. part to -the adjoining southeastern states. Con­ Dr. Robert Schery contributed material on cise, accurate, and informative descriptions ac­ lawns. so il s and plant food; Dr. Cynthia West­ company each of the full-color photographs. cott provided valuable and up-to-date info rma­ Although this book deals primarily with herb­ tion on diseases, pests and their control; and a aceous plant materials, many woody trees, host of ex perts, including Fred C. Galle for the shrubs, and vines are also included_ " Upper South," ga\'e liberall y of their practica l Arranged according to families in phylogenetic knowledge of regional ga rdening. Of particular order, the choice of g'enera and species is a good val \Ie in planning a year-round garden, this representation. For more advanced study it is guide covers nine climatic regions in detail, with coordinated with the technical key, " Guide to charts of what-blooms-when for all-season the Vascular Flora of the Carolina" by A. E _ beauty. Radford, H. E. Ahles, and C. R. Bell. This If a beginning ga rdener were limited to one picture book guide is handy for field study as book, this should be it; a better choice would he well as for general browsing. Since increased difficult to find. interest in native flora coincides with our de­ FRANK E. SOSEBEE creasing natural areas, the authors state that the purpose of this collection is " to make easier the recognition of some of these flowers and thereby to stimulate a greater interest in these beautiful Science for Better Living resources and accent the need for its preserva­ The Yearbook of Agriculture 1968. U nited tion." States Dept. of Agriculture. Published by the Designed primarily for wild flower enthusiasts, U .S. Go\"ernment Printing Office, Washington , this book is also helpful to plantsmen and D. C. 20402. 386 p ages. Illustrated. .$3 .00. naturalists. T his picture guide would be a fine (Library) . supplement to anyone's coll ec tion of books on native flora . This 1968 Yearbook of .\ griculture is the MRS. PATRICIA COLLINS latest in the seri es begun in 1936 to report to. the public in an informative manner the research of the U.S.D.A. and its cooperative work with the Agricll ltllral Experiment Stations of the several McCall's Garden Book states. The emphasis in this yearbook is on the Gretchen Fischer Harshbarger. Published by res ults and rather direct influence of agriClll­ Simon & Schuster, Inc. , 630 Fifth Avenue, New tural research on the general population of the York. N .. Y 10020. 1968.500 pages. Illustrated. countr\' The book is made up of many short $6.95. a rticle; 'o n such topics as a discussion of ways to more e ffi cient and economi cal farm producti on, Planned for beginners rather than for ex peri­ methods of use and consen 'a tion of our natural enced gardeners, this book is intelligently laid resources, the influence of modern methods of OUl and completely filled with practical, easy- to­ marketing agricu ltura l products, and wa y of unclerstand information. The 500 how-to-do-it helping smaller na ti ons and world trade. The drawing's and " idea" photogTaphs convey ntuch innuence of agricultural research on better knowleclge in graphic (arm. supplementing the liv ing is ilillstrated by a nicl s on better pl ants lex t in a most understandable and pleasing and a nima ls, impro\'ed fabric , more nutritious manner. From "Climate, Key to ' '''hat You Can roods, and methods o[ di,ease and in ect control. Crow.-' through landscaping. lawns, groundcov­ ers. vines. trees and shrubs, 10 "Gardening in CO:-lRAD B. LINK

\\lINTER 1969 45 America's Great Private Gardens low moisture conditions with minimum mainte­ nance and expense, the book has been written to Stanley Schuler. The Macmillan Co., 866 Third solve these bas ic problems: soil preparation and Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022. 1967. 219 pages. improvement, selection and care of drought­ Illustrated. $17.50 (Library). resistant plants-from ground covers to trees-­ The author has chosen 36 private gardens and the most effective and efficient use of water from all sections of the United States including by the home gardener. In doing this the a1:lthors Hawaii which illustrate a wide range of types. develop a strong case for dry gardening, not only as a means of coping with water shortage but Although most appear to be relatively large, there are included some smaller gardens, and at also as a satisfying, time-saving methad for least one small, city garden. Good examples of people with busy schedules. Gardening and busy formal and informal design, both traditional and people aren't always compatible, but this book contemporary, may be seen. Each garden is well shows how they can be by solving the problem illustrated with large clear photographs, some in in numerous delightful ways. color, and a brief description. The text em­ This is also an attractive book, full of illustra­ p hasizes soil and climatic factors as they have tions tha t genuinely supplement ·and embellish influenced the design and selection of plant the text. The authors have made use of the materials. latest authoritative knowledge and practice I found the photographs the most valuable throughout the country and have presented it in feature of the book since they illustrate many a cl ear, concise way that is appealing and useful interesting uses of plant materials, water, paving to both amateur and professional. and other elements of landscape design. Perhaps the book's chief value is that for the first time a subject of increasing importance has ROIl ERT L. BAKER been well handled in a single handy volume. Some single pieces of information may seem Gardening from the Ground Up familiar but they take on added, new signifi­ cance in the hands of these au thors. Stanley Schuler. The Macmillan Co., 866 Third Ave, New York, N.Y. 10022. 1968. 308 ROBERT C. RINKER pages. III ustrated. $6 .95 (Library). T ·his book is designed ' to help the beginning gardener, first in the design and layout of the Fruits for the Home Garden landscape around the home, and then with Ken and Pat Kraft. Published by William suggestions and help on general gardening prac­ Morrow and Company, Inc., 425 Park Ave. tices. The text is written in non·technical lan­ South, New York, N. Y. 10016. 1968. 287 pages. guage that is easil y understood. For example, in Illustrated . $6.95. (Library). discussing soils, fertilizers a nd pest control mate· rials the commonly accepted names are used and "And we think fruit trees also have feelings, a brief description of their chemical co ntent, and tempers, and they do better for people who use, and limitations are given. appreciate them." On this keynote two obviously Specialized chapters are devoted to topics such accomplished gardeners h ave written a most as lawns, bulbs, vegetables, fruits, trees and useful book for the back ya rd frui t grower. shrubs, with general practices and culture to be 'Written in an often humoroLls, always refreshing fo ll owed in growing such p lants. Summary lists style this book is a t the same time a reference, a of plants with tabulated cultural information how-to-do-it and a brief but in-depth story of are included where it is appropriate. the fruit world, with special emphasis on the While experienced gardeners might not com­ dwarf fruit tree. It includes a liberal sprinkling pletely agree with certain recommendations, of good sketches showing detail and techniques, there are often several ways of doing gardening, and color photographs of the finest professional so the book will well serve the less experienced q lIality to match the lure of any nursery catalog. gardener as a general reference. The early ch apters of the book introduce the CONRAD B . LINK reader to the dwarf fruit tree, to well written details of planting, culture, and pest control with modern pesticides. Excellent detail on Easy Gardening With pruning is incldded , together with a section on Drought-Resistant Plants espaliers and how to create them. In covering A rno and Irene Nehrling. H earthsid e Press , the range of deciduous fruits, the book provides Inc., 381 Park Avenue South, New York, N. Y. brief information on history, culture, cultivars, 1001 6. 1968. 325 pages. Illustrated. $6.95. (Li. and problems of all important deciduous tree brary) . fruits, berry fruits, grapes and nuts. Citrus and other sub-tropical fruits, such as the fig are not rhis is a very use ful book. The rece nt severe included. droughts in the east coupled with a growing The technical detail on fruit trees is well shortage of water in many localities make it a organized and presented . The focus on the useful addition to any gardener's library. Full of dwarf apple trees falls short in making but a up· to·date information on how to garden under single casual reference to the Mailing-Merton

46 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY rootstocks which in the United States "nd photographs reflect the high level of quality Europe now occupy an ever more dominant characteristic of other vYinterthur publica tions. position in projections of all tree nurseries. Too The gardens at Winterthur, near Wilmington, much emphasis is given to the dwarf interstock Delaware, were developed during a period of technique used by a single nursery. Cultivar over fifty years by H enry Francis duPont. Mr. listing for tree fru its are skewed too much to the duPont, while building up his incomparable offerings of this same nursery. There are many collections of early American decorative arts, other excellent nurseries in the United States also collected rare plants through his association offering culti" ars or strains of merit, often with su ch plantsmen as C. S. Sargent and E. H . exclusively, and the reader would be weI! ad­ Wilson. The history of the gardens is told in a vised to consult local experts for cultivar advice chapter by Gordon Tyrrell , the present director. before buying. In dealing' with problems of the The ma in body of the book describes the pear, the book fai ls to emphasize sufficiently the gardens of W'interthur through the seasons. T he importance of the bacterial disease, fireblight, a text by H arold Bruce includes valuable obse rva­ disease which has imposed se vere limitations on ti on s on the performance of plants at \'Vinter­ pear production east of the Rockies for more thur, notes on their culture, and descriptions of than 150 years. the careful planning which has gone into the An unusual closing section of the book deals creation of the garden. The photographs, many with some interesting stories on sharing fruit in co lor, are remarkable for their clarity and from the home garden. Entitled "Sharing the indicate the d iversity of plant m aterials and Bounty-Beautifully,' this short chapter has the landsca pe effects at \,Yinterthur. It is g'ood to see woman 's touch and a good one. so me of the lesser-known plant materi als illus­ WeI! written and weI! illustrated, this book trated and desc ribed and to see how they may will be a useful addition to the library of home be lI sed success full y in landscape. For example, garden ers throughout the U nited States. plants such as SI)'Tflx obassia, L obelin ca rdina/is, the fothergillas, and fa ll -flow ering crocuses are ARTHUR H . THOMPSON fine garden plants but unfortunately are not readily avail able to the public. Although noted primarily for their spring display, the gardens are also open to the public in the autumn, and Roots: Miracles Below the section on this season should prov ide m any good ideas for development of autumn interest Charles Morrow ''''ilso n. Doubleday and Com­ through foliage, flo wers, and fruit. pany, Garden City, New York. 1968. 234 p ages. R OBERT L. B AKER $5 .95. (Library).

The au thor h as blended the technical facts of root growth and development with the story of Trees for Architecture sc ientific studies on plants, their roots and the and the Landscape environment in which they grow. To this he has added the history and folklore of roots to make Robert L. Zion, R ein hold Book Corporation, a most interes ting book. This story of roots 430 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. 10022. 1968. becomes the story of plant growth. The use of 284 pages. Illustrated. $25.00. roots for food. The role of the root in plant Good references are available on the identifi· growth and the soil conditions under which ca ti on , culture and selection of trees for specifi c roots will grow their best. The in ter-relation of uses and situations. H owever, this may well be the root and the soil microorganisms. These are the first book on trees which h as been written examples of the topics that are covered. This by a landscape architect for the members of his beok is not intended as a text nor as a reference profession , for architects, and fOl' those who are bu t to gi ve the general reader a greater appreci­ primaril y concerned with trees from a design ation of roots. For those wishing additional standpoint. Certa inly this is the most ambitious in (ormation a bibliography is provid ed. and in many ways the most readable production CONRAD B. LINK of its kind. The au thor is a partner of Zion and Breen Associates, and much in this book derives from the design and p lanning experi ences of this firm The Gardens of Winterthur whose interests h ave centered, chiefl y, in site In All Seasons develop men t projects of the northeastern states. Subject matter is divided into four p arts. Part Harold Bruce. T he Viking Press. 625 Madison I is picloria l and consists of full-page, black and Ave., New York, N.Y. 10022. 1968. 196 pages. white habit illustrations of some 36 well known Illu trated. $12.95. (Library). trees. showing the sa me specimen of each with and without summer foliage. There are addi­ This is trul ' an elegant I'olume, devoted to tional page-size portra its of evergreen trees and one of Ameri ca 's great gardens. T he large 12 illu trations in color. The photography format, fin e paper and typograph y, and superb th roughou t is excellcn t. Part II, al 0 well iIlus-

WINTER 1969 47 tra ted, provides a discussion of the tree as a checked with local professionals. This is sound living organism and of the problem of its advice. p urchase, handling, training, and maintenance. The more there is in a book, the more a Part III, Design Data, supplies a variety of Teviewer can find to criticize. In this case, information on height, spread, texture, however, such criticism should not be taken too hardiness, etc., for the specific trees and tree seriously. This book is well done, and it will fill groups of Part I (illustrations of notable charac­ a long-standing need, particularly in the design ters and balled nursery specimens are especially profession. It will find a place in most horticul­ good) , while Part IV (67 pages of fine type) is tural libraries, for it contains much of instruc­ devoted to listings of recommended trees for tive interest for all who are concerned with every state excepting Alaska and Hawaii. The these items which comprise the main structural various genera, species, or forms of this Part are and decorative elements of our gardens and of arranged within some 36 character or use cate­ our landscapes. gories, and may Tepresent the most comprehen­ HENRY T . SKINNER sive assemblage of its kind ever attempted. In a book which contains so much good information it is unfortunate that a few state­ The Folk.Lore of Plants ments were not better checked. In one so well T . F. Thiselton-Dyer. Singing Tree Press, presented, it is also a pity that many typograph­ Detroit, Mich. 1968. 328 pages. $11.00. (Li­ ic errors weTe allowed to creep in. A plant bral")') . physiologist, we are afraid, may experience some difficulty with such statements as: "The leaf This 1968 reprint of a book originally pub­ traps the sunlight and then by means of chloro· lished in London in 1889 is a compilation of the phyll manufactures food from the mineTals folklore and practices involving plants. These absorbed by the roots"; or, again, "Since the have been collected from all parts of the world minerals of the so il can be used by the roots and represent various cultures. The author has only in the form of vapor, it is essential that the divided the book into 23 chapters, with titles moisture be deep in the soil ... so that it will such as Plant ' Vorship, Plants in Witchcraft, be

48 AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY THE L~ZALEA BOOK Second Edition

by FREDERIC P. LEE

This handsome book. tells everything there United States Department of Agriculture. is to know about azaleas, incorporating the Part II thoroughly covers basic horticul­ most recent developments in cultural prac­ tural-plant structure, growth factors, soils tices, the latest methods of treating diseases and nutrition, with step-by-step procedures and pests, and the best of the new imported for hybridizing. and domestic azalea varieties. Part III considers the place of azaleas in Here is botanical and historical informa­ the plant world: relationship to rhododen­ tion of immense interest to the scientific ex­ drons; distribution and classification, with pert as well as complete know-how for en­ detailed descriptions ':>f Ghent, Mollis, Ku­ thusiastic amateurs on selecting, planting, rume, Belgian and Southern Indicas, Gable, fertilizing, and pruning azaleas-whether Glenn Dale, and many other azalea groups, they be evergreen or deciduous, 6-inch dwarf together with their origins and history. or 10-foot giant. There is also a revised classification and de­ The vast knowledge of plant explorers, scription of some of the American and Jap­ government specialists, and foreign collectors anese species and a thorough revision of the is embodied in this authoritative book. Satsuki group. Sponsored by the American Horticultural Part IV offers a complete index of de­ Society and successor to its Azalea Hand­ ciduous and evergreen azaleas, with notes on book, this volume reflects world experience habit, blooming period, flower type, size, with azaleas, and also contains the consider­ and color. The list of azalea breeders and able practical knowledge of Frederic Lee, nurserymen in America, and their contribu­ who himself continually tests some 500 azalea tions to azalea culture has been fully up­ plants in his Maryland' garden. dated. International registration proceedings Part I is a complete garden guide, with are discussed, and the list of trade sources information on planting and care, hardiness, extended. A table cataloging registered companion plants, propagation, indoor cul­ azaleas is also included, as well as several ture, and directions for bonsai plants. In ad­ lists of recommended varieties. dition, plant hardiness has been keyed to 408 pages, 6% x 9%. 65 illustratIons, 5 in the new Plant Hardiness Zone Map of the color. Publisher's price, $12.00 plus postage.

The American Horticultural Society, Inc. 2401 Calvert Street, Northwest Washington, D. C. 20008

Please send me ______. ______. copies of The Azalea Book, 2nd Edition $._...... __ ...... _.. __ .. is enclosed. Price to non-members $12.00, plus 40¢ for postage and handling. Price to Society members $8.50, plus 40¢ for postage and handling.

AME __ .. _._ ._ ...... ___.... _ ... __• ___ . __ • __. __ ._. ___ • ____ .... _._. ___._ ... __ .. _. ___ .... _. _____ .... _...... ___ ._. __ .. ___ .. _. ______.. _ .... ___ . ______

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CITY __ •. _._. ___ ... __ ...__ .. _.. _...... __ . __ ._. __ ._ ...... _... _. __ STATE _.... __ ...... _. __ ... __ .... _..... _____ . __ .. _ ZIP __ • __ . __ ._,,__ • ___• THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC.

UNITED HORTICULTURE

We in horticulture-every individual and every group-share a common purpose: To bring the many benefits of garden­ ing into the daily lives of people, all people; to create a liv­ ing, green environment for man which will nourish his physi­ cal, mental, and emotional health, contribute to his economic well-being, ennoble his spirit and broaden his sense of brotherhood; in short, to enrich through horticulture the quality of life of people everywhere. The American Horticultural Society believes that ugliness does offend, that beauty does inspire, and that beauty does produce a morality that is important to our country. We share this purpose and this belief with each other in AHS, and through AHS with all others in the great and grow­ ing horticultural community.

FOR THE MEMBERS AND BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE SOCIETY

President

We invite into membership al/ who share these views and will work with us toward these goals . For membership information (individuals, students, commercial firms, institutions, organizations) please write to the Society, 2401 Calvert Street N.W., Washington, D. C. 20008.