Index abundance, 148, 155 Bank Nationalisation Case, 189 Aeschines, 33, 35, 36 Bannister, Saxe, 184 Aeschylus, 5 Barak, Aharon, 37, 38 Alexander, Larry, 28 barristers, 165–216 alliteration, 259 advocacy skills, 211–14 ambiguity, 128, 130, 139 Australian, 184–93, 197, 204–9 amplification, 102 “barrister class”, 203, 204, 208, analogy, 25–31 209, 215 anaphora, 259 cartels, 192–3 anti-, 14, 34 celebrity, 172–84, 189–90, 197, 207 antistrophe, 150 competition, 191–2, 208–9 antithesis, 261 connection between judiciary Antonius, Marcus, 46, 49–56, 59, 61, and, 203 66-73 decline of the bar, 190–3, 197, 203, Apollodorus, 41–2 209, 216 appropriateness, 56, 58, 106 education, 171 Archer-Shee case, 181–2 egalitarianism, 204 Archibald Will case, 189 18th century, 170–2 Aristides, Aelius, 129 English traditions, 198–204 Aristophanes, 119, 121 exercise of rhetoric, 211–14 , 17–25, 52, 268 female, first in NSW, 186–7 Art of Rhetoric, 19, 112, 268 future in Australia, 189–216 background, 17 history in Australia, 184–93 force of language, 17–19 history in England, 165–84 Oxford and Cambridge, innovation, 214–15 teaching at, 161 Inns of , 165, 166, 167, 168 Plato’s Academy, 17 media coverage, 172–3, 188, 190, 207 Plato compared, 16 new values, 205–6 proof by argument, 79 19th to 20th century, 170–84 Quintilian influenced by, 103, 110 NSW Roll of Barristers, 184 rhetoric, view of, 19–22 Old Bailey practitioners, 170–2 silence as rhetoric, 42 politicians, 169, 186 arrangement, 77–7, 100, 121 Prisoners Counsel Act 1836, 170 artificial speech, 222–3 16th to 19th centuries, 167–70 Ascham, Roger, 161 specialised knowledge, 244 asperity, 146–7 Barrow, Eliza, 176, 178 Asquith, Henry, 272, 274 Barwick, Sir Garfield, 188–9, 197, 199, assimilation, 128, 130, 137, 138, 140 200, 206, 230–1, 241, 242, 279 assonance, 149, 259 beauty, 132, 149–50, 152 attenuation, 102 Beazley, Kim Snr, 279 audience Beecher Stowe, Harriet, 254 character of, 37–9 Beiger, Shirley, 188 winning favour of, 52 Beyer, Associate Justice, 40 Austin, JL, 18 Beyfus, Gilbert QC, 183, 184 Australian barristers, 184–93, 189–216 Birkett, Norman, 183 Australian Constitution, 201, 204, 209, Birney, James, 254 216, 279 Blackett, Wilfred KC, 185, 186 Baccarat trial, 174–5 Blackmun, Associate Justice, 38–9, 40 Bacon, Francis, 161, 216 Brennan, Chief Justice, 212, 240 Baldwin, Stanley, 276 brilliance, 147 Balfour, AJ, 238, 271 Burke, Edmund, 280

288 INDEX

Bush, George W, 278 forensic speech, 51, 59–66 Byers, Sir Maurice, QC, 212, 220 ideal orator, 46–50 Byzantine period, 114, 156–60 influence of, 73–86, 112, 114 cadence, 150, 152 lack of legal education, 118 Caesar, 66, 67, 70, 71, 72 modern advocate, relevance to, 73–86 Callicles, 9, 14 Oxford and Cambridge, Calwell, Arthur, 271, 279 teaching at, 161 Campbell, JL, 185 Partitiones Oratoriae, 24 Carman, George, 184 Phillippic, first, 66–8, 74, 78 Carson, Sir Edward, 174, 179–82, 197, Phillippic, second, 68–73, 74 205, 206 Pro Milone, 59–66, 74, 78 case citation, 245–6 proof by argument, 78–80 Casement, Sir Roger, 168, 182–3, 206 Quintilian compared, 88 Cassidy, Sir Jack, QC, 188 Quintilian influenced by, 102, 103, 110 Cato, 103 stasis theory, 122–3 Catullus, 52 style, 56–9 celebrity barristers, 172–84, 189–90, theory of rhetoric, 46–59, 73–86 197, 207 wit in advocacy, 54–5 Chamberlain, Arthur, 178 clarity, 132, 144–5, 219, 229, 249 Chamberlain, Neville, 274 Clarke, Sir Edward, 174–5, 197 character, 23, 32–42 Classical Greece accusations against opponent, court procedures, 5–6, 120 34–7, 69–73 handbooks on oratory, 121, 156 accused, 41–2 as entertainment, 120 advocate, 34–7, 80, 227–8 legal system, 4–6, 45 anti-rhetoric, 14, 34 rhetorical tradition, 3–44, 120–4 audience, 37–9 Clodius, 60–5, 69 , 53, 80–1 Coleridge, Lord Chief Justice, 174 Hermogenes, 151–3, 155 Communist Party Dissolution Act Case, intra-judicial rhetoric, 39–40 189, 212 judge, 37–9 confirmatio, 69, 116 judicial rhetoric, 39–41, 53 conflict of law, 128, 130, 137, 141–2 jury, 37 conjecture, 127, 128, 130, 134–6 logographic speeches, 32–7 counterplea, 127, 130, 134, 135 non-legal argumentation, 32 demand for evidence, 135 persuasion by, 23 exception, 134–5 “sledging”, 36–7, 68 motive and capacity, 135 witnesses, 80–1 objection, 135 Chifley, Ben, 279 persuasive defence, 136 Christianity and rhetoric, 156, 157, 254 sequence of events, 135–6 chronologies, 239–41 transposition of cause, 135–6 Churchill, Winston, 270–7, 281 counterposition, 127, 130, 137, 138–9 Cicero, 45–86, 88, 114, 121–3, 159 Crassus, 13, 46–9, 56–9, 61, 86 arrangement of address, 77–7 cross-examination, 226, 230, 237 character, use of, 53, 80–1 Cullen, WP, 185 De Inventione, 112, 114, 121–3, 125, Daly, Fred, 279 134, 156 De Oratore, 13, 45, 46–59, 112, 114, 158 De Officiis, 66 death penalty, 207 De Oratore, 13, 45, 46–59, 112, 114, 158 declamatio, 117 death, 73 decorum, 132, 155, 160 deliberative speech, 66–8 definition, 127, 128, 130, 136–8, 140, 145 dilemma, use of, 61 deinotēs, 132, 155, 160 emotion in advocacy, 53–4, 81 deliberative rhetoric, 22, 23, 66–8, 115 epideictic speech, 68–73 Cicero, 66–8

289 REDISCOVERING RHETORIC delivery, 122 Evatt, Herbert Vere, 187, 197 appropriateness, 56, 58, 106 Everett, Edward, 256, 258, 259–62 Aristotle on, 24 evidence and proof Cicero, 58–9 adduction of evidence, 230 Quintilian, 105–7 Aristotle, 79 Demitrius of Phalerum, 45 Cicero, 78–80 Demosthenes, 33–7, 41, 43, 68, 103, 156 proof by argument, 78–80 dialectic, 15, 16, 19 Quintilian, 95–7 Aristotle’s view, 19 written submissions, 231–49 Cicero’s view, 52, 57 ex tempore speaking, 92, 104 pursuit of truth, 9 exception, 134–5 rhetoric and, 15–16, 19 exēgētai, 6 Socrates’ view, 9, 15 exordium (opening), 229 dilemma, 61 Aristotle, 25 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 159 Cicero, 60, 66, 69, 74–7, 79 distinctiveness, 144–5 Quintilian, 94 Dixon, Chief Justice, 212, 229, 242 federation, 209 Douglass, Frederick, 254 Ferguson, DG, 185 Dovey, WR, QC, 188, 189, 197 Fitzgerald AJA, 76 Duke of Devonshire, 238 florescence, 132, 148 education forensic rhetoric see judicial rhetoric legal see legal education Fraser, Allan, 279 rhetorical see rhetorical education freedom of speech, 18 Einstein, Albert, 30 Gaius, 129 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 254 Gandhi, Mahatma, 275 emotion in advocacy Garrison, William Lloyd, 254 Cicero, 53–4, 81 Gee, Christopher QC, 59 Quintilian, 98–100 genetic gifts, maximising, 195 England George of Trebizond, 115, 158–60 Australian barristers called to Gettysburg Address, 253, 256–63 Bar in, 184, 185 Gibbs, Sir Harry, 199, 232 barristers, history of, 165–84 Ginsburg, Associate Justice, 39 common lawyers, 168 Glass, Harold, QC, 206, 214 democracy of legal system, 202 Golden Age of Oratory in America, Inns of Court, 165, 166, 167, 168 254–63 legal doctrine, 201 Gordon-Cumming, Sir William, 174, legal traditions, 198–204 175 social conventions, 214 Gore, Al, 281 source of judges, 201 Gorgias, 8–11, 13, 14, 15, 24 transparency of legal system, 202–3 Gorgias and the sophists, 8–11, 26 ennoia, 143 Gower’s Plain Words movement, 101 epanastrophe, 149 grandeur, 132, 145–8 epideictic rhetoric, 22, 68–73, 116 gravity, 132, 155 Cicero, 68–73 Griffith, Sir Samuel, 186, 242 panegyric, 45 Gzell QC, 76–7 Erskine, Thomas, 173, 179, 197 Hart and Sacks, 29 ethos (ethics), 4, 82–4 Harvey, JM, 185 Cicero, 57, 82–4 Hastings, Sir Patrick, 183 ethical appeal of advocate, 227–8 Hely, Peter QC, 59 Hermogenes, 132, 151–3 Hermagoras of Temnos, 121, 127 Quintilian, 98–100 Hermann, Marie, 175, 176 Euripedes, 3 Hermogenes, 114–15, 121–62 Evans, Ada, 186–7, 205 George influenced by, 115, 159 Evatt, Clive, QC, 188, 189, 279 issues, 125–9, 134–43

290 INDEX

Milton’s opinion of, 161 mitigation, 128, 130 On Invention, 124 objection, 127, 128, 130, 134, 137, On Issues, 124, 125–9, 134–43, 158, 161 142–3 On the Method of Forcefulness, 124 practical, 127, 130, 137 On Types of Style, 124, 125, 129, 132–4, quality, 127, 128, 130, 137–42 143–55, 158, 160–1 transference, 128, 130 Oxford and Cambridge, Jerome, 90, 114 teaching at, 161 judge Progymnasmata, 124 character of, 37–9 Renaissance, influence on, 156–61 intra-judicial rhetoric, 39–40 stasis theory, 122–4, 125, 158, 162 winning goodwill of, 50 Sturm preaching value of, 160, 161 judicial rhetoric, 22, 23, 39, 115–16, style, 129, 132–4, 143–55, 162 217–49 translations of works, 159–61 adduction of evidence, 230 Herodotus, 103 analogy, 25–31 Hesiod, 5 arrangement, 77–7, 100 High Court of Australia, 211–13, 232 artificial or ostentatious speech, 222–3 Hitler, Adolf, 275 barristers, 211–14 see also barristers Holman, WA, 186 case citation, 245–6 Holmes, Olive Wendell Jnr, 196 centrality, 246–7 Holt, Harold, 279 character, 39–41, 53, 80–1, 227–8 Homer, 3, 5, 26, 103 Cicero, 51, 59–66 Horace, 103 classical Greek courts, 4–6, 45 Hortensius, Quintus, 109 confirmatio, 69 Hughes, Tom, QC, 75–6, 184, 186, 241 cross-examination, 226, 230, 237 humour, 54–5, 228 customary norms, 225 Humphreys, Justice, 179 declamatio, 117 indignation, 132, 154 delivery see delivery innovation, 214–15 eloquent persuasion, 194–7 internal vs external proofs, 79 emotion, 53–4, 81, 98–100 interruption, 230–1, 241–3 ethics, 82–4, 98–100, 227–8 intra-judicial rhetoric, 39–40 evidence and proofs, 95–7, 230 invective, 223–4 exordium, 25, 60, 66, 69, 74–7, 79, inventio (invention), 121, 123–4, 125 94, 229 Cicero, 121, 122, 123, 125 force of language, 18, 98 Hermogenes, 125–9 forensic advocacy, 59–66, 217–49 Issacs, Rufus (Lord Reading), 174, humour, 54–5, 228 176–9, 197, 206 interruption, 230–1, 241–3 issues, 125–9, 130, 134–43 intra-judicial, 39–40 ambiguity, 128, 130, 139 invective, 223–4 assimilation, 128, 130, 137, 138, 140 issues see issues conflict of law, 128, 130, 137, 141–2 literature, 118 conjecture, 127, 128, 130, 134–6 narratio (facts), 61, 66, 77, 94–5 counteraccusation, 127, 130, 138 “noise”, avoiding, 225–6 counterplea, 127, 130, 134, 135, 137–8 oral argument, 241 counterposition, 127, 130, 137, 138–9 oral reply to submissions, 243–4 counterstatement, 127, 130, 138 peroratio, 67, 73, 77, 78, 97–8 definition, 127, 128, 130, 136–8, personality, power of, 229 140, 145 procedural requirements, 224 Hermogenes, 125–9, 130, 134–43 proof by argument, 78–80 juridical, 127, 130, 138 Quintilian, 92–107 legal, 127, 128, 130 solicitor-advocates, 218–19 letter and intent, 128, 130, 140–1, 143 “space”, creating, 225–6 logical, 127, 130 special leave applications, 247–8

291 REDISCOVERING RHETORIC judicial rhetoric (cont) legal education special talent, 210–11 Australian law schools, 215 specialised knowledge, 244 early Australian barristers, 185 statement of facts, 94–5 18th century barristers, 171 structural requirements, 224 Quintilian’s view, 108–9 style see style Roman Empire, 118–20 techniques not useful, 222–4 legalism, 209 unadorned style, 226–7 legislative intention, 137, 139, 140 useful techniques, 224–6 letter and intent, 128, 130, 140–1, 143 vocal requirements, 224 Levi, EH, 28 written submissions, 231–41 lexis, 143 judicial system Lincoln, Abraham, 253–69 Australian, 204–9, 217–22 Gettysburg Address, 256–63 change in atmosphere of Obama compared, 266–9 litigation, 220 Obama’s homage to, 263–5 change in character of judiciary, 218 Lindley, Lord, 167 English, 198–204 litigants presenting arguments, 6 entrenched courts, 209 Livy, 103, 159 federation, 209 Lloyd George, David, 273, 274 growth of judiciary, 217–18 logographers, 4, 6, 33–7 independent decision-makers, 210 accusations of excessive jury trial, decline of, 217 cleverness, 35, 39 trial length, 219–20 accusations of excessive jury trial preparation, 34 character of jury, 37 accusations of sophistry, 34–5 classical Greek system, 6 Aeschines, 33, 35, 36 decline of, 217 character, use of, 32–42 Justinian, 118–20 Demosthenes, 33–7, 41, 43, 68, The Digest, 118, 119, 120 103, 156 The Institutes, 118, 119, 120, 129, 131 dishonesty, 36 Kennedy, Associate Justice, 40 “sledging”, 36–7 Kennedy, John F, 253 logos, 98 Killen, Jim, 279 Long Innes, R, 185 Knox, Sir Adrian, 185, 197 Longinus, 161 language, power of, 17–18, 98 Lysias, 12 Larkin, Antony, QC, 191 MacCormick, Sir Neil, 82–4 Latham, Chief Justice, 212 McEwen, Jack, 279 law McHugh, Michael, 196–201, 212, 213 English traditions, 198–204 Manutius, Aldus, 160 force of language, 18, 98 Marques of Queensberry, 174, 179, 180 Gaius’ Institutes, 129 Marshall Hall, Sir Edward, 175–9, 197 Justinian’s Digest and Institutes, 118, Mason, Chief Justice, 76, 235 119, 120, 129 Meagher JA, 76 legal education, 108–9, 118–20 media coverage, 172–3, 188, 190 property, 129, 131 Meletus, 7 rhetoric in, 194–216 see also judicial memory, 122 rhetoric Cicero, 56 legal advocacy Quintilian, 99, 104 barristers, 211–14 Menzies, Robert, 270–2, 275–81 Cicero, 59–86, 118 metaphor, 24, 25–7, 58, 101 logographers, 4, 6, 33–7 methodos, 143 Quintilian, 92–107 mêtis, 3, 4 rhetoric of see judicial rhetoric Middle Ages, 156, 157 special talent, 211 Miller, Eric, QC, 188, 197

292 INDEX

Milo, 59–65 poetry and philosophy, 26, 30–1 Milton, 19, 161 Quintilian referring to, 103, 104 modesty, 132, 152–3, 155 Republic, 26, 42 Moran, Lord, 273, 277 rhetoric, view of, 13–16, 20 More, Francis, 167 silence as rhetoric, 42 Morrison, Mrs Carlisle, 187 Socrates, dialogues conducted Murphy, Lionel, 210 by, 6–13 Mylius, Edward, 178 Theaetetus, 109 narratio (statement of facts) poetry and philosophy, 26, 30–1 Cicero, 61, 66, 77 political rhetoric, 253–81 exercises in rhetoric, 116 Churchill, 270–7, 281 Quintilian, 94–5 decline of public discourse in Obama, Barack, 263–9 Australia, 280–1 objection, 127, 128, 130, 134, 137, 142–3 Lincoln, 253–63 O’Connor, RE, 185, 186 Menzies, 270–2, 275–81 orator see rhêtôr (orator) Obama, 263–9 Order of St Michael and St George, 199 speechwriting, 278, 280 ostentatious speech, 222–3 US presidents 253–4 Ovid, 103 Whitlam, 270–2, 279–81 Owen, Langer, 185 politicians, barristers as, 169, 186 panegyric, 45, 56 Polus, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15 Parnell, Sir Charles, 175 Posner, RA 25, 28, 29, 43 pathos (emotion) presidential rhetoric, 253–4 Cicero, 53–4, 81 Lincoln, 253–63 Quintilian, 98–100, 102 Obama, 263–9 Pericles, 103 Pring, RD, 185 peroratio (closing) Pro Milone, 59–66, 74, 78 Cicero, 67, 73, 77, 78 probatio, 62, 66, 77, 78 Quintilian, 97–8 progymnasmata, 116, 124 persuasion property character, 23–4 corporeal, 129, 131 classical Greek rhetoric, 3–44 incorporeal, 129, 131 eloquent, 194–7 law of, 129, 131 etymology of, 3–4 rights in personam, 129, 131 means of, 20–2 rights in rem, 129, 131 pistis, 3, 4 Protagoras, 24 stance, 23–4 public oratory Petrov Royal Commission, 189 decline in Australia, 280–1 Phaedrus, 11–13, 42 political rhetoric see political rhetoric Phalereus, 161 Socratic dialogue compared, 15 Phillips, Charles, 172 purity, 132, 144 Philo Judaeus of Alexandria, 43 Pythagoras, 27 Philostratus, 114 quality, 127, 128, 130, 137–42 pistis, 3, 4 Quintilian, 87–113, 121, 156, 253, Plato, 6–16 255, 269 Academy at Athens, 6, 17 Aristotle, influenced by, 103, 110 Aristotle compared, 16 background, 90 background, 6 Cicero compared, 88 George’s comparison of Aristotle Cicero, influenced by, 102, 103, 110 and, 159 George compared with, 160 Gorgias and the sophists, 8–11, 26 ideal orator, 92, 107–8, 253, 255, 269 influence on Western thinking, 7 influence, 109–11 Milton’s opinion of, 161 Institutio Oratoria, 88, 90, 91–111, 254 Phaedrus, 11–13, 42

293 REDISCOVERING RHETORIC

Quintilian (cont) Milton’s view, 161 intellectual preparation for Oxford and Cambridge, 161 orator, 103–7 private law schools, 119–20 lack of awareness about, 88–9 Roman Empire, 115–20 legal advocacy, 92–107 rhyme, 259 legal education, 108–9 Rich, GE, 185 Oxford and Cambridge, Roberts, Chief Justice John, 242 teaching at, 161 Roman rhetorical education, 115–20 stasis theory, 123, 124 Romantic Transcendentalism, 258, 261 style, 100–3 Roosevelt, Franklin D, 253 surviving works, 88–9 Rule of Law, 82 rapidity, 132, 150 Russell, Sir Charles QC, 175, 197 Reading, Lord, 176–9 Saffron, Abe, 189 refutatio, 61, 69, 77, 78, 116 Salomons, Sir Julian, 186, 197 Reid, George, 185, 186 Samuels, Gordon, 206, 221 Renaissance, 114, 156–61 Scalia, Associate Justice, 40 rhêtôr (orator), 3, 4, 15, 16 Schauer, Frederick, 28 Cicero’s ideal, 46–50 serjeants at law, 167–8, 190 education see rhetorical education Shakespeare, 216 instrumental/procedural role, 19 Shand, JW, QC, 188, 189, 197 intellectual preparation, 103–7 Sherwin, Emily, 29 legal education, 108–9 silence, 42–4 philosopher, 16 Simon, John, 174, 183, 197 Quintilian’s ideal, 92, 107–8, 253, simplicity, 132, 151, 155, 226–7 255, 269 sincerity, 132, 153–4 role of, 19, 46–50 Smith, FE, 174, 182–3, 197, 206 rhetoric Smyth, JW, QC, 188, 197, 221 Aristotle’s view, 19–25 Socrates, 3, 7–15 art and elegance, 216 Apology, 15 Cicero’s theory of, 46–59, 73–86 background, 7 classical Greek tradition, 3–44, 120–4 death, 8 definition, 216 flattering rhetoric, 10, 15 deliberative, 22, 23, 66–8, 115 Gorgias and the sophists, 8–11, 26 dialectic compared, 15–16, 19 messianic appeal, 7 epideictic, 22, 116 Oracle of Delphi, 7 judicial see judicial rhetoric Phaedrus, 11–13, 42 learning see rhetorical education philosophy and poetry, 26 means of persuasion, 20–2 Plato’s dialogues conducted by, 6–13 pejorative concept, 196 rhetorical tricks, 13–14 Plato’s view, 13–16, 20 trial for heresy, 7–8 Quintilian’s view, 91–111 Sofronoff, Walter, QC, 212 shifting forms, 254 solemnity, 132, 146, 150 Rhetorica ad Herennium, 114, 121, solicitor-advocates, 218–19 122, 156 Sophocles, 3 rhetorical education special leave applications, 247–8 Bacon’s view, 161, 216 speechwriting, 278, 280 Beyrout School, 120 Spender, Sir Percy KC, 187, 197 Byzantine period, 156–8 Stanton, Edwin, 266 Constantinople School, 120 Starke, Sir Hayden, 229 exercises in rhetoric, 116–17 stasis theory, 122–7 handbooks on classical rhetoric, Byzantine period, 156–8 121, 156 Cicero, 123 legal education, 108–9, 118–20 disputes lacking statis, 126–7

294 INDEX

Hermogenes, 124, 125–8, 158, 162 types of rhetoric, 22, 115–16 issues, 127–9, 130 United States Quintilian, 123, 124 Gettysburg Address, 253, 256–63 Street, Sir Phillip, 185 Golden Age of Oratory, 254–63 Stuart, Rupert Max, 188 political rhetoric, 253–69 Sturm, Johannes, 160, 161 presidential rhetoric, 253–4 style, 121 universalisation, 83 abundance, 148, 155 vehemence, 147 appropriateness, 56, 58, 106 Virgil, 103, 159 Aristotle, 24–5 Wade, CG, 185, 186 asperity, 146–7 Wallace, Gordon, 206 beauty, 132, 149–50, 152 Want, John Henry, KC, 186, 197 brilliance, 147 Ward, Eddie, 279 character, 132, 151–3, 155 Wentworth, William Charles, 184 Cicero, 56–9 Whitlam, Gough, 270–2, 279–81 clarity, 56, 132, 144–5, 219, 229, 249 Wik case, 211–12 decorum, 132, 155, 160 Wilcox, Sir Herbert, 178 distinctiveness, 56, 144–5 Wilde, Oscar, 174, 179–81, 205, 206 florescence, 148 Wilson, Havelock, 179 grandeur, 132, 145–8 Windeyer, WC, 184 gravity, 132, 155 Wise, BR, 185 Hermogenes, 129, 132–4, 143–55, 160–1 wit, 54–5, 228 indignation, 154 World War I, 186, 187, 271 magnificence, 132, 160 World War II, 186 modesty, 152–3, 155 Wran, Neville, 278 purity, 144, 152 Wright, Whitaker, 178 Quintilian, 100–3 written submissions, 231–49 rapidity, 132, 150 advantages, 233–5 simplicity, 151, 152, 155, 226–7 answering questions out of order, 236 sincerity, 132, 153–4 case citation, 245–6 solemnity, 146, 150 chronologies, 239–41 subtlety, 152 cross-examination of maker, 237 sweetness 151–2 foreseeable questions, 236–7 unadorned, 226–7 going beyond, 235 vehemence, 147 High Court, 232–4 subtlety, 152 oral reply, 243–4 Sullivan, Serjeant, 168, 197 oral tradition and, 231 Sunstein, Cass 27, 29 other courts, 248–9 sweetness 151–2 relationship with oral evidence, 235–6 Tacitus, 73–4, 248 special leave applications, 247–8 thesis, 117 specialised knowledge, 244 Thoreau, Henry David, 255 unpleasantness, dealing with, 237–8 topoi (topics), 24, 55 US Supreme Court, 233 transitio, 69 Xenophon, 103 types of argument, 24 Zeno the Stoic, 16, 19

295