John Fryer, the Translator's Vade-Mecum E La Formazione Del Moderno Lessico Tecnico-Scientifico in Cinese

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John Fryer, the Translator's Vade-Mecum E La Formazione Del Moderno Lessico Tecnico-Scientifico in Cinese UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI ROMA "LA SAPIENZA" DIPARTIMENTO ISTITUTO ITALIANO STUDI ORIENTALI – ISO Dottorato di ricerca in Civiltà, culture e società dell'Asia e dell'Africa Curriculum Asia Orientale XXVIII ciclo John Fryer, The Translator's Vade-mecum e la formazione del moderno lessico tecnico-scientifico in cinese Tutor: Prof. Federico Masini Candidato: Gabriele Tola 1 Indice Elenco delle abbreviazioni....................................................................................................................4 1. Fonti primarie e stato dell'arte della letteratura secondaria su Fryer e il The Translator's Vade- mecum....................................................................................................................................................5 1.1 Metodologia e prospettive future di ricerca..............................................................................14 1.2 John Fryer.................................................................................................................................18 2. Record of the General Conference of the Protestant Missionaries of China..................................23 3. The Translator's Vade-mecum.........................................................................................................40 3.1 Ideazione e nascita del The Translator's Vade-mecum.............................................................46 3.2 Glossari pubblicati nel The Translator's Vade-mecum.............................................................55 3.2.1 Vocabulary of Mineralogical terms..................................................................................55 3.2.2 Vocabulary of names of Chemical Substances..................................................................59 3.2.3 Vocabulary of names of Materia Medica..........................................................................68 3.2.4 Vocabulary of terms relating to the steam engine.............................................................80 3.2.5 Vocabulary of proper names.............................................................................................89 3.3 Manoscritti non pubblicati nel The Translator's Vade-mecum.................................................92 3.3.1 “Vocabulary of terms in Naval Architecture”...................................................................92 3.3.2 “List of botanical terms”...................................................................................................98 3.3.3 “Vocabulary of geological terms”...................................................................................111 3.3.4 “Botanical terms from William's Syllabic dictionary of the Chinese language”............114 3.3.5 “List of geographical names”, “Syllabary for the transfer of foreign names into Chinese”, “Vocabulary of proper names”................................................................................120 2 3.4 Caratteristiche lessicologiche e scelte traduttive dei glossari................................................127 3.5 Innovazione linguistica e contributo lessicale e morfologico all'evoluzione del cinese........136 3.6 Ruolo, diffusione e influenza del The Translator's Vade-mecum...........................................184 4. Appendici......................................................................................................................................212 5. Bibliografia...................................................................................................................................289 3 Elenco delle abbreviazioni ECD: English-Chinese Dictionary of the Standard Chinese Spoken Language (Hemeling) ECSD: An English and Chinese Standard Dictionary (Yan Huiqing) HXCL: Huaxue cailiao zhong xi mingmu biao 化學材料中西名目表 (Vocabulary of names of Chemical Substances) JS: Jinshi zhong xi mingmu biao 金石中西名目表 (Vocabulary of Mineralogical terms) PBXDC: Putong baike xin da cidian 普通百科新大詞典 (Huang Moxi) QJ: Qiji zhong xi mingmu biao 汽機中西名目表 (Vocabulary of terms relating to the steam engine) RMDM: Renming diming liang biao 人名地名兩表 (Vocabulary of proper names) TT: Technical Terms, English and Chinese (Mateer) TVM: The Translator's Vade-mecum UCB: University of California, Berkeley XYDCYP: Xiyao dacheng yaopin zhong xi mingmu biao 西藥大成藥品中西名目表 (Vocabulary of names of Materia Medica) 4 1. Fonti primarie e stato dell'arte della letteratura secondaria su Fryer e il The Translator's Vade-mecum 1 Prima di analizzare l'approccio metodologico del presente lavoro e analizzare lo stato della letteratura secondaria sulla attività traduttiva di John Fryer (1839-1928) 2, nel presente capitolo viene effettuato un excursus sulle fonti primarie per la ricerca sul personaggio. Il corpus principale di informazioni sulla sua vita e la sua attività lavorativa è costituito dai Fryer Papers 3; come indicato nella guida della Online Archive of California, il materiale fu trasferito dagli archivi alla sezione manoscritti della UCB nel 1965. I Fryer Papers rappresentano un'inesauribile fonte di informazioni sul personaggio e comprendono materiali didattici da lui stesi per l'insegnamento del cinese, articoli sulla situazione economica, politica e culturale della Cina di fine XIX secolo, traduzioni di testi, note sull'attività traduttiva e molto altro ancora: sono costituiti da documenti manoscritti, lettere, appunti e materiale miscellaneo. Oltre ai sei cartoni complessivamente conservati presso la Bancroft Library della UCB, è presente anche una scatola di lettere scritte e ricevute da Fryer, alcune delle quali consultabili solamente in formato microfilm, data la fragilità del materiale. Dei sei cartoni, solamente i primi tre sono stati riordinati e resi disponibili al pubblico; quelli dal numero quattro al numero sei non sono disponibili per la consultazione. All'interno 4 di questi tre cartoni non ordinati sono contenuti migliaia di ritagli di giornale con informazioni su arrivi e partenze di navi mercantili verso e dai porti della costa occidentale degli Stati Uniti, senza alcuna indicazione della fonte da cui sono tratti 5. I Fryer Papers non costituiscono l'obiettivo principale del presente lavoro, nel quale sono stati utilizzati solamente laddove fornivano informazioni necessarie alla sua stesura. Come evidente però dal loro contenuto, meriterebbero uno studio più approfondito 6: rappresentano infatti una visione 1 D'ora in avanti abbreviato in “TVM”. Per tutte le abbreviazioni all'interno del presente paragrafo e dei successivi capitoli e sottoparagrafi, si faccia sempre riferimento all'“Elenco delle abbreviazioni” riportato a pagina 4. 2 Per una sintetica biografia si consulti il paragrafo 1.2. 3 Si consulti l'appendice per una lista dei contenuti. 4 Informazioni fornitami da Ferdinand Dagenais, al quale vanno i miei più sentiti ringraziamenti. 5 Come suggerito da Dagenais, tra i compiti di Fryer in qualità di Agassiz Professor, rientrava probabilmente quello di analizzare e promuovere le attività commerciali tra San Francisco e l'Asia Orientale: il traffico delle spedizioni rappresentava forse la stima migliore di tali attività. Sempre secondo le indicazioni di Dagenais, è plausibile che Fryer abbia ritagliato di persona gli estratti del giornale, dato che un servizio professionale avrebbe riportato il nome della fonte e la data. 6 Non sono numerosissimi, ma degni di essere menzionati, gli esempi di come tale fonte primaria possa essere impiegata proficuamente nella ricerca accademica. Il primo a utilizzarli in maniera estensiva è stato Adrian Arthur Bennet, John Fryer: The Introduction of Western Science and Technology into Nineteenth-century China, East Asian Research Center, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1967, soprattutto per quanto riguarda la vita di Fryer, la sua attività traduttiva e la corrispondenza privata. I Fryer Papers sono in seguito stati ampiamente utilizzati da James Reardon-Anderson, The Study of Change. Chemistry in China, 1840-1949, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, David Wright, Translating Science. The Transmission of Western Chemistry into Late Imperial China, 1840-1890, Leiden, Boston, Köln, Brill, 2000, Wang Yangzong 王扬宗, Fu Lanya yu jindai Zhongguo de kexue qimeng 傅兰雅与近代中国的科学启蒙, Beijing, Kexue chubanshe 科学出版 5 della situazione economica, politica, culturale cinese che, sebbene parziale e oggettiva, in quanto personale, proviene tuttavia dall'ottica privilegiata di un personaggio che ha vissuto nella Cina di fine epoca Qing per oltre trentacinque anni. Per quanto riguarda nello specifico l'attività traduttiva di Fryer, la maggior parte delle fonti primarie è costituita dai manoscritti dei glossari bilingui da lui editi, conservati presso la East Asian Library della UCB, che saranno analizzati più avanti nel corso del presente lavoro 7. Passando alle traduzioni di Fryer, molte delle opere da lui e dai suoi collaboratori rese in cinese sono consultabili presso la summenzionata East Asian Library 8, la Biblioteca Nazionale di Pechino, la Biblioteca di Nanchino e presso la biblioteca di libri antichi della Fudan University: oltre a pubblicazioni monografiche, sono abbondanti i lavori antologici, soprattutto in lingua cinese, nei quali sono state ripubblicate 9. Per quanto concerne la letteratura secondaria su Fryer 10, la prima tra le opere a portare l'attenzione sul personaggio è quella stilata da Richard Gregg Irwin, John Fryer's Legacy of Chinese Writings. Il testo è stato in seguito edito e fornito di materiali supplementari da Ferdinand Dagenais e
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