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978-602-70648-2-9 43 Komperatif Osteocranium Tor Tambra

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978-602-70648-2-9 43 Komperatif Osteocranium Tor Tambra Prosiding Seminar Nasional Biotik 2020 ISBN: 978-602-70648-2-9 KOMPERATIF OSTEOCRANIUM TOR TAMBRA (Valenciennes 1842) DAN TOR TAMBROIDES (Bleeker 1854) DI PERAIRAN ACEH M.Radhi1), Ilham Zulfahmi2), Yusrizal Akmal3) 1,2,3)Program Studi Biologi, Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi UIN Ar-Raniry Banda Aceh Email: [email protected] ABSTRAK Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan mendeskripsikan secara utuh perbedaaan anatomi morfologi tulang rangka ikan Keureling, Tor tambroides dan Tor tambra. pengamatan dianalisis secara deskriptif, sampel dikoleksi dari kawasan perairan desa Ie Jeureungeh, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya, Provinsi Aceh. Pembuatan preparat tulang rangka ikan dilakukan secara fisik dan kimiawi. Tahapan fisik diawali Sisik ikan dihilangkan dengan menggunakan pisau atau pinset otot di bedah, pembedahan otot ikan dilakukan sampai tulang-tulang pada ikan nampak baik, Tahapan kimiawi diawali dengan merendam preparat tulang rangka kedalam formalin 10% selama tujuh hari. Selanjutnya dilakukan perendaman dalam larutan etanol 100% selama 24 jam. Kata Kunci: Komperatif, Osteocranium. PENDAHULUAN aat ini keberadaannya ikan genus Tor demikian sepatutnya manusia menjaga (termasuk Tortambroides dan Tor kelestarian dan mencegah kerusakan- kerusakan tambra) terancam punah akibat yang berdampak kepada makhluk lain. tangkap lebih, kerusakan hutan, pencemaran Salah satu upaya menjaga kelestarian perairan, fluktuasi debit air, dan alih fungsi makhluk ciptaannya yaitu dengan memahami lahan (Sikder MT,2012). Berdasarkan daftar secara lebih mengenai anatomi, fisiologi dan merah jenis ikan terancam punah yang lingkungan yang merupakan salah satu upaya diterbitkan oleh IUCN tahun 1990, tercantum 29 untuk menemukan metode yang tepat dalam jenis ikan yang berasal dari Indonesia, rangka menjaga kelestariannya. Kajian diantaranya semua ikan yang berasal dari Genus morfologi anatomi tulang rangkaikan Tor (Kottelat ,1993), Hal ini disebutkan dalam merupakan bagian penting dalam memahami Qur’an Surat Ar- Rum Ayat 41 yang memiliki sistematika, diantaranya untuk mempelajari terjemahan “Telah nampak kerusakan di darat hubungan taksonomi dan filogenetik antar dan di laut disebabkan karena perbuatan tangan spesies (Mafakheri, 2015, Jalili p ,2015). manusia,supaya Allâh merasakan kepada Disamping itu, Deschamps dan Sire mereka sebahagian dari (akibat) perbuatan menyebutkan bahwa pengetahuan mengenai mereka,agar mereka kembali (ke jalan yang deskripsi morfologi tulang rangka terhadap benar)”Kehadiran agama islam merupakan suatu spesies sangat dibutuhkan sebagai langkah suatu rahmat bagi seluruh alam, tidak hanya preventif dalam menganalisis abnormalitas kepada sesama manusia melainkan juga rahmat sistem tulang rangka. (Deschamps, 2010). bagi sesama makhluk ciptaannya, dengan 43 M. Radhi, dkk... Klasifikasi dan Morfologi Ikan Tor tulang-tulang yang berada pada wilayah Masyarakat Ie Jeureungeh, kecamatan oromandibular, apparatus operculare dan arcus Sampoiniet, Aceh Jaya. ikan tor tambroides ini -arcus (Nikmehr N, 1843). dikenal dengan tumpang sarah, tumpang sarah diambil dari 2 kata, tumpang yang berarti METODE PENELITIAN penghuni sedangkan sarah berarti lubuk, hal ini Tahapan penelitian meliputi preparasi dikarenakan ikan jenis tor tambroides ini sering contoh ikan, pembuatan preparat tulang rangka, kali didapati di daerah sarah atau lubuk, analisis gambar dan identifikasi terminologi sedangkan tor tambra sering didapati oleh tulang rangka. Tahapan pembuatan preparat masyarakat ie jeureungeh di anak sungai yang tulang rangka dilakukan di Laboratorium arusnya tidak terlalu deras, (Kiat NC, 2004) Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, menyatakan habitat kedua jenis ikan genus Tor Universitas Almuslim, sedangkan tahapan merupakan penghuni sungai pada hutan tropis analisis gambar dan identifikasi terminologi terutama pada kawasan pegunungan. Habitat tulang rangka dilakukan di Laboratorium asli ikan ini umumnya pada bagian hulu sungai Terpadu Biologi, Program Studi Biologi, di daerah perbukitan dengan air yang jernih dan Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, Universitas Islam berarus kuat. Pada umunya ikan genus Tor Negeri Ar-Raniry. bersifat pemakan segala atau omnivora Preparasi Contoh Ikan, Ikan Keureling (tor (Sulastri,1985). Di habitat aslinya, ikan ini tambra dan tor tambroides) yang digunakan memakan tumbuhan dan hewan yang terdapat pada penelitian ini diperoleh melalui tangkap disubstrat/kerikil (Kiat NC, 2004), sedangkan langsung maupun dari pengumpul ikan. Contoh pada kondisi ex-situ, ikan ini memakan cacing ikan diusahakan memiliki bobot minimal empat dan pellet dengan baik (Haryono, 2007). kg dengan kisaran panjang total 30-50 cm. Adapun klasifikasi genus Tor menurut Jumlah tiap jenis ikan yang dikoleksi minimal (Kottelat, 1993) adalah sebagai berikut: sebanyak tiga ekor dalam keadaan mati segar Filum : Chordata untuk selanjutnya diawetkan dan Kelas : Actinopterygii ditransportasikan ke laboratorium. Tor tambra Ordo : Cypriniformes dikoleksi dari kawasan perairan desa Ie Famili : Cyprinidae Jeureungeh, Kabupaten Aceh Jaya, Provinsi Genus : Tor Aceh. Pengukuran karakter morfometrik untuk Spesies :Tor tambroides (Bleeker 1854) setiap contoh ikan yang dikoleksi mengacu pada Tor tambra (Valenciennes 1842) Domínguez-Domínguez (Domínguez- Tulang rangka pada ikan terdiri dari Domínguez O,2009). Perbandingan ikan skeleton axial terbagi atas tulang tengkorak keureuleng tor tambra dengan tor tambrodes (ossa cranium), tulang belakang(ossa vertebrae) berdasarkan penelitian (Akmal et al, 2018). dan sirip medial (pinnamedial). Ossa cranium Pembuatan preparat tulang rangka ikan tersusun dari tulang – tulang berpasangan pada dilakukan secara fisik dan kimiawi. Tahapan bagian lateral dan tulang – tulang tunggal pada fisik diawali dengan meletakkan ikan keureling bagian medial. Secara terminologi, ossa dengan posisi kepala di kiri dan ekor di kanan. cranium terbagi menjadi dua bagian utama yaitu Sisik ikan dihilangkan dengan menggunakan tulang-tulang tengkorak (ossaneurocranii) dan pisau atau pinset. Otot di bedah pada 2 sisi tulang-tulang wajah (ossa branchiocranii). Ossa badan ikan, otot yang di bedah tidak boleh neurocranii meliputi tulang – tulang yang mengenai tulang apalagi mematahkan tulang berada pada bagian tempurung dan atap kepala ikan, pembedahan otot ikan dilakukan sampai yang memiliki fungsi melindungi otak, tulang-tulang. sedangkan ossa branchiocranii merupakan 44 Komperatif Osteocranium Tor Tambra (Valenciennes 1842)... HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN (9,85cm), AE (10,92 cm), OO (4,92 cm), Parameter yang diukur pada tor tambra B1(9,95), B2 (4,17). dan tor tambroides: (AF) Panjang dorsal Berdasarkan hasil rasio dari osteocranium neurocranium, (F1) panjang fontanel anterior, tor tambra didapati hasil bahwa: AF (13,17 cm), (F2) panjang fontanel posterior, (AB) panjang F1 (0,2104), F2 (0,3747), AB (0,1466), AC sayap ethmoid ke lateral ethmoid, (AC) panjang (0,4468), AD (0,7494), AE (0,9019), OO sayap ethmoid ke sphenotik, (AD) panjang (0,3286). B1(0,7896), B2(0,2943) sayap ethmoid ke pterotik, (AE) panjang sayap Berdasarkan hasil rasio dari osteocranium ethmoid ke epioccipital, (OO) panjang tumbuh tor tambroides didapati hasil bahwa: AF (13,17 occipital.ke lateral ethmoid, (AC) panjang sayap cm), F1 (0,2104), F2 (0,3747), AB (0,1466), AC ethmoid ke sphenotik, (AD) panjang sayap (0,4468), AD (0,7494), AE (0,9019), OO ethmoid ke pterotik, (AE) panjang sayap (0,3286). B1(0,7896), B2(0,2943) ethmoid ke epioccipital, (OO) panjang tumbuh occipital. KESIMPULAN Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran parameter Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini dapat osteocranium pada tor tambra didadapati hasil disimpulkan bahwa rasio dari pada F1, F2, dan bahwa: AF (8,46 cm), F1 (1,78 cm), F2 (3,17 AB. Pada tor tambroides lebih dominan dari tor cm), AB (1,24 cm), AC (3,78 cm), AD (6,34 tambra. Sedangkan tor tambra lebih dominan cm), AE (7,63 cm), OO (2,78 cm) B1(6,68), B2 pada rasio AE dari tor tambroides, dengan (2,49). demikian luas osteocranium sangat Sedangkan hasil pengukuran parameter mempengaruhi terhadap habitat hidup dari ikan, osteocranium pada tor tambroides didadapati semakin tebal dari cranium spesies ikan maka hasil bahwa: AF (13,17 cm), F1 (14,02 cm), F2 semakin kebal terhadap tekanan air di (5,85 cm), AB (3,78cm), AC (6,02 cm), AD habitatnya, dan semakin dalam habitat perairan yang ditoleransikan kepada spesies tersebut. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Akmal, Yusrizal, dkk. 2018. Karakteristik Cyprinidae) from the Lerma River Basin Morfometrik dan SkeletonIkan Keureling in CentralMexico. Hidrobiológica, (Tor tambroides Bleeker 1854). Jurnal 19(2):159-172. Ilmiah Samudra Akuatika, 2(1): 35-44. Haryono dan J. Subagja. 2007. Pertumbuhan Deschamps MH, Sire JY. 2010. ikan tambra (Tor tambroides) dan kancera Histomorphometrical studies of vertebral (Tor soro) pada proses domestikasi dengan bone condition in farmed rainbow trout, jenis pakan yang berbeda. Jurnal Biologi Oncorhynchus mykiss. Journal Of Indonesia 4 (3): 167-175. AppliedIchthyology, 26 (2): 377–380. Howes GJ. 1982. Anatomy and evolution of the Diogo R, Bills R. 2006. Osteology and myology jaws in the semiplotine carps with a of the cephalic region and pectoral girdle review of the genus Cyprinion Heckel, of the South African cat fish Austroglanis 1843 (Teleostei: Cyprinidae). Bulletin of gilli, with comments on the British Museum (Natural History), theautapomorphies and phylogenetic Zoology, 42(4): 299 – 335. relationships of the Jalili P, Eagderi S, Azimi H, Mousavi-Sabet H. Austroglanididae(Teleostei: Siluriformes). 2015. Osteological description of Animal
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