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Current Basic and Pathological Approaches to the Function of Muscle Cells and Tissues – from Molecules to Humans CURRENT BASIC AND PATHOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE FUNCTION OF MUSCLE CELLS AND TISSUES – FROM MOLECULES TO HUMANS Edited by Haruo Sugi Current Basic and Pathological Approaches to the Function of Muscle Cells and Tissues – From Molecules to Humans http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3003 Edited by Haruo Sugi Contributors Haruo Sugi, Hiroki Minoda, Takuya Miyakawa, Suguru Tanokura, Shigeru Chaen, Takakazu Kobayashi, Larissa Lipskaia, Isabelle Limon, Regis Bobe, Roger Hajjar, Ricardo Espinosa-Tanguma, Paola Algara-Suárez, Rebeca Mejía-Elizondo, Víctor Saavedra-Alanís, Paul Fransen, Cor E. Van Hove, Johanna van Langen, Hidde Bult, Maoxian Deng, Lixia Deng, Yarong Xue, Marcelo J. Alfonzo, Fabiola Placeres-Uray, Walid Hassan-Soto, Adolfo Borges, Ramona González de Alfonzo, Itala Lippo de Becemberg, Saima Salim, Sharique A. Ali, Shintaro Nakano, Toshihiro Muramatsu, Shigeyuki Nishimura, Takaaki Senbonmatsu, Valérie Metzinger-Le Meuth, Eléonore M'Baya- Moutoula, Fatiha Taibi, Ziad Massy, Laurent Metzinger, Ho-Chang Kuo, Wei-Chiao Chang, Hafidh I. Al-Sadi, J.M. Ramírez, J.J. Salazar, R. de Hoz, B. Rojas, B.I. Gallego, A.I. Ramírez, A. Triviño, Carla Máximo Prado, Edna Aparecida Leick, Fernanda Degobbi Tenório Quirino dos Santos Lopes, Milton A. Martins, Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério, Sho Shinohara, Satoko Shinohara, Takanori Kihara, Jun Miyake, Angel Vodenicharov, Canan G. Nebigil, Shiro Mizuno, Hirohisa Toga and Takeshi Ishizaki Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Sandra Bakic Typesetting InTech Prepress, Novi Sad Cover InTech Design Team First published July, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Current Basic and Pathological Approaches to the Function of Muscle Cells and Tissues – From Molecules to Humans, Edited by Haruo Sugi p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0679-1 Contents Preface IX Section 1 Contractile and Regulatory Mechanisms of Contraction in Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Cells 1 Chapter 1 The Gas Environmental Chamber as a Powerful Tool to Study Structural Changes of Living Muscle Thick Filaments Coupled with ATP Hydrolysis 3 Haruo Sugi, Hiroki Minoda, Takuya Miyakawa, Suguru Tanokura, Shigeru Chaen and Takakazu Kobayashi Chapter 2 Calcium Cycling in Synthetic and Contractile Phasic or Tonic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 27 Larissa Lipskaia, Isabelle Limon, Regis Bobe and Roger Hajjar Chapter 3 The Role of Sodium-Calcium Exchanger in the Calcium Homeostasis of Airway Smooth Muscle 45 Ricardo Espinosa-Tanguma, Paola Algara-Suárez, Rebeca Mejía-Elizondo and Víctor Saavedra-Alanís Chapter 4 Contraction by Ca2+ Influx via the L-Type Ca2+ Channel Voltage Window in Mouse Aortic Segments is Modulated by Nitric Oxide 69 Paul Fransen, Cor E. Van Hove, Johanna van Langen and Hidde Bult Chapter 5 MAP Kinase-Mediated and MLCK-Independent Phosphorylation of MLC20 in Smooth Muscle Cells 93 Maoxian Deng, Lixia Deng and Yarong Xue Chapter 6 Two Guanylylcyclases Regulate the Muscarinic Activation of Airway Smooth Muscle 113 Marcelo J. Alfonzo, Fabiola Placeres-Uray, Walid Hassan-Soto, Adolfo Borges, Ramona González de Alfonzo and Itala Lippo de Becemberg Chapter 7 Melanophores: Smooth Muscle Cells in Disguise 133 Saima Salim and Sharique A. Ali VI Contents Section 2 Pathological Aspects of Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Cells 159 Chapter 8 Cardiomyocyte and Heart Failure 161 Shintaro Nakano, Toshihiro Muramatsu, Shigeyuki Nishimura and Takaaki Senbonmatsu Chapter 9 Implication of MicroRNAs in the Pathophysiology of Cardiac and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 183 Valérie Metzinger-Le Meuth, Eléonore M'Baya-Moutoula, Fatiha Taibi, Ziad Massy and Laurent Metzinger Chapter 10 Cardiovascular Lesions of Kawasaki Disease: From Genetic Study to Clinical Management 207 Ho-Chang Kuo and Wei-Chiao Chang Chapter 11 Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and the Comparative Pathology of Atherosclerosis 233 Hafidh I. Al-Sadi Chapter 12 Choroidal Vessel Wall: Hypercholesterolaemia-Induced Dysfunction and Potential Role of Statins 255 J.M. Ramírez, J.J. Salazar, R. de Hoz, B. Rojas, B.I. Gallego, A.I. Ramírez and A. Triviño Section 3 Factors Influencing Structure and Function of Smooth Muscle Cells and Tissues 299 Chapter 13 Different Modulators of Airways and Distal Lung Parenchyma Contractile Responses in the Physiopathology of Asthma 301 Carla Máximo Prado, Edna Aparecida Leick, Fernanda Degobbi Tenório Quirino dos Santos Lopes, Milton A. Martins and Iolanda de Fátima Lopes Calvo Tibério Chapter 14 Regulation of Differentiated Phenotypes of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells 331 Sho Shinohara, Satoko Shinohara, Takanori Kihara and Jun Miyake Chapter 15 Structure and Function of Smooth Muscle with Special Reference to Mast Cells 345 Angel Vodenicharov Chapter 16 Role of Prokineticin in Epicardial Progenitor Cell Differentiation to Regenerate Heart 363 Canan G. Nebigil Chapter 17 Hypoxic Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation 379 Shiro Mizuno, Hirohisa Toga and Takeshi Ishizaki Preface This volume consists of 17 short review articles, originally submitted to the Editor under the theme of “Muscle Cell”. Muscles are classified into three types, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles, according to their structure and function. In vertebrate animals including humans, skeletal muscle produces body movement, cardiac muscle is responsible for the heart function as a pump, and smooth muscle is distributed among various visceral organs and blood vessels to keep the animals alive. In all kinds of muscle, mechanical activity results from relative sliding of actin and myosin filaments coupled with ATP hydrolysis, though the mechanism of the myofilament sliding still remains to be a matter for debate and speculation. On the other hand, the mechanical activity of muscle is controlled by changes in the intracellular concentration of free Ca2+ ions. In skeletal muscle, contraction is initiated by the release of Ca2+ ions from the intracellular membranous structure, sarcoplasmic reticulum, while in cardiac muscle contraction is mainly coupled with influx of Ca2+ ions from the extracellular space. In smooth muscles, the origin of Ca2+ ions activating contraction, i.e. activator Ca2+, is variable and is not yet fully understood, reflecting the complex structure of smooth muscle tissues. Fifty years ago, smooth muscles were sometimes called “headache muscle” because of extreme technical difficulties in studying their function. As the readers will become aware, considerable progress has now been achieved on the research field of smooth muscle cells and tissues, and smooth muscles are no longer “headache muscle”. For the sake of convenience for general readers, the book is divided into three parts according to the subjects of articles. Part I includes articles dealing with basic aspects of function of skeletal and smooth muscle cells, and also melanocytes which have many properties common to those of smooth muscles. Part II contains articles dealing with pathological aspects of cardiac and smooth muscle cell functions, while Part III consists of articles concerning factors influencing structure and function of cardiac and smooth muscle cells and tissues. The Editor believes that these articles are extremely stimulating and informative for the readers who are interested not only in the basic mechanisms of muscle cell function, but also in the pathological and clinical aspects of muscle cells and tissues. Dr. Haruo Sugi Emeritus Professor, Teikyo University, Japan Section 1 Contractile and Regulatory Mechanisms of Contraction in Skeletal, Cardiac and Smooth Muscle Cells Chapter 1 The Gas Environmental Chamber as a Powerful Tool to Study Structural Changes of Living Muscle Thick Filaments Coupled with ATP Hydrolysis Haruo Sugi, Hiroki Minoda, Takuya Miyakawa, Suguru Tanokura, Shigeru Chaen and Takakazu Kobayashi Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/39199 1. Introduction The gas environmental chamber (or the hydration chamber) has been developed to observe chemical reactions in water solutions under high magnifications with an electron micro- scope (for an extensive review, see Buttler & Hale, 1981). The gas environmental chamber (EC) has been widely used for in situ observation of inorganic substances in the field of materials science. Fig.1 shows two different types of the EC. One is film-sealed EC,
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