Remaking HAZELWOOD

Remaking Pittsburgh Urban design recommendations for Pittsburgh’s next big urban project

Remaking Cities Institute

Remaking HAZELWOOD

Remaking Pittsburgh Urban design recommendations for Pittsburgh’s next big urban project

Elise Gatti

With contributions from Jonathan Kline Renee Roy Murtuza Bhopalwala Karen Mesko Luis Rico-Gutierrez

Remaking Cities Institute Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA

Preface 2 Acknowledgements 3

BACKGROUND RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION FOUNDATIONS Scope 6 Vision 40 Purpose, Objectives & Benefits 8 Themes 42 An Urban Design Approach 10 Opportunities & Challenges 44 Assumptions 46 CARNEGIE MELLON Green Urbanism 48 Urban Laboratory 12 Remaking Cities Institute 14 COMPONENTS Carnegie Mellon Contributions 16 Overview 54 Urban Form 56 HAZELWOOD Frameworks 60 Focus Area 20 • Green-Blue 60 Existing Conditions & History 24 • Transportation 72 Access 28 Places 84 Community Profile 30 • Junction Hollow 86 Planning & Community Development 32 • Four Mile Run Neighborhood 90 Real Estate Market 34 • Robot City 96 • Hazelwood Town Center 104 • Riverside Neighborhood 110 • Hazelwood Greenway 118 • Hazelwood Riverfront Park 122 Legibility 128 Possible Development Scenario 134

IMPLEMENTATION Phasing 138 Development Constraints 142 Project Partners 144 Funding 146

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 1 Preface How can the urban design-driven redevelopment of a large riverfront brownfield in the City of Pittsburgh have a local and regional transformational impact, and what is the role of Carnegie Mellon University in the process? These questions drive the content of this document.

We understand urban design as a multi-disciplinary activity of designing and arranging all the physical elements that make up cities to create harmonious, vibrant and successful places for people. It is not simply about making places look good. Equally important is ensuring that places work and function better for the people who use and inhabit them. Fundamentally, good urban design is the glue that holds a successful city environment together. Most importantly, high-quality urban design is a key to creating sustainable cities and is proven to lead to economic, social, cultural and environmental well-being.

The well-being of the Pittsburgh region motivated a group of four philanthropic organizations (The Heinz Endow- ments, Mellon Foundation, Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation and the McCune Foundation) to partner with the Regional Industrial Development Corporation (RIDC) to form the ALMONO, LP and purchase the former LTV coke works site in Hazelwood. These organizations envision the redevelopment of this site not as a commercial venture but as a way to create a context for a transformational intervention in the social, cultural, economic and ecologic fabric of the greater Pittsburgh region.

It was also the desire of contributing to the advancement of a regional agenda that motivated the creation of the Urban Laboratory and the Remaking Cities Institute. Since 1963, the Urban Laboratory: Community and Urban Design Studio at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Architecture has pursued the core principles of participatory urban design through its studio course offerings. With the Pittsburgh region as its focus of study, the Urban Laboratory enriches the training of architects and creates a new generation of urban designers and policymakers positioned to become leaders in the planned growth and sustainable development of our cities. In 2006, the Remaking Cities Institute was established to expand the regional and global impact of the Urban Laboratory by creating new processes that foster collaboration between faculty, researchers, and professionals in the public and private sectors. By enhancing the work created through the Urban Laboratory, the Remaking Cities Institute enables Carnegie Mellon to contribute more effectively and efficiently to efforts that strive to enhance the quality of life in our region.

The recommendations in this report live in between the generalities of academic research and the specificity of a development blueprint. They also live in between the unbounded creativity of our talented students and the pre- conceptions that sometimes go unchallenged in a standard real estate venture. Our work is not intended to replace but rather to augment the work of professionals in the field. Grounded in reality yet ambitious, our recommendations aim to challenge notions of what is possible and ultimately foster positive interaction between different stakeholders in the public and private sectors that we hope will result in a high quality contribution to the future of our region.

Luis Rico-Gutierrez David Lewis Director of Urban Design and Regional Engagement Remaking Cities Institute Carnegie Mellon University

2 Acknowledgements Remaking Hazelwood, Remaking Pittsburgh: Urban Design Recommendations for Pittsburgh’s Next Big Urban Project was researched, written and produced by Elise Gatti, RCI Research Associate, with contributions from Jonathan Kline, RCI Research Fellow; Renee Roy, RCI Research Associate; Murtuza Bhopalwala, RCI Intern and Masters Candidate, Architectural Engineering Construction Management, School of Architecture; and Karen Mesko, RCI Intern and Masters Candidate, Public Policy and Management, Heinz College. The Principal Investigator was Luis Rico-Gutierrez, RCI David Lewis Director of Urban Design and Regional Engagement.

Remaking Hazelwood, Remaking Pittsburgh: Urban Design Recommendations for Pittsburgh’s Next Big Urban Project was funded by the Heinz Endowments. The Remaking Cities Institute would particularly like to thank Christina Gabriel, Program Director, Innovation Economy, and Caren Glotfelty, Program Director, Environment.

The Remaking Cities Institute is also grateful to the following people for content contributions and comments: Hongxi Yin, Research Associate, Center for Building Performance and Diagnostics; David Archer, Adjunct Professor of Engineering, Center For Building Performance and Diagnostics; Yang Hu, Doctoral Candidate, School of Architec- ture; William L. “Red” Whittaker, Fredkin Professor of Robotics and Director, Field Robotics Center, Robotics Institute; Ben Grocholsky, Project Scientist, Field Robotics Center, Robotics Institute; Jessica Thurston, Masters Candidate, Public Policy and Management, Heinz College; Bob Gradeck, University Center for Social and Urban Research, Uni- versity of Pittsburgh; Mike Blackhurst, Doctoral Candidate, Engineering and Public Policy, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University; and Erin Copeland, Restoration Ecologist, Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy.

And finally, we would like to thank the students and faculty from Carnegie Mellon University School of Architec- ture’s Urban Laboratory who, year after year, have creatively engaged the multitude of urban questions challenging both Hazelwood and the Pittsburgh region.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 3 BACKGROUND

4 “THE RUINS OF THE UNSUSTAINABLE ARE THE 21ST CENTURY’S FRONTIER.” Bruce Sterling

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 5 Introduction • Scope Introduction • Purpose, Objectives & Benefits Scope • An Urban Design Approach Remaking Hazelwood, Remaking Pittsburgh: Urban Design Recommendations for Pittsburgh’s Next Big Urban Project is a guiding document whose aim is to promote a comprehensive, innovative and sustainable urban design-based approach to the redevelopment of the ALMONO site, a 178-acre former steel mill property located along the Carnegie Mellon Monongahela River in Hazelwood, Pittsburgh.

Hazelwood The urban design recommendations are the product of deliberation and consultation with stakeholders as well as familiarity with existing plans and initiatives. They build on the work of students in Carnegie Mellon’s Urban Laboratory: Community and Urban Design Studio and the Remaking Cities Institute’s past and current research on Hazelwood.

The recommendations capitalize on the development potential of Hazelwood’s central waterfront location and proximity to Oakland, its extraordinary landscape and rich heritage, the unique motivations of the site owners and the interest of regional institutions like Carnegie Mellon University in expanding onto the ALMONO site. Although the ALMONO site redevelopment is the impetus for this document, the geographic scope of the recommendations extend beyond it to Greater Hazelwood and Junction Hollow. The foreseeable economic and cultural impacts extend to the region and beyond.

Riverview Park Highland Park Allegheny Cemetery

Schenley Park Frick Park

Calvary Cemetery

Hays Woods

6 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 7 Introduction • Scope • Purpose, Objectives & Benefits Purpose, Objectives & Benefits • An Urban Design Approach After languishing for many years in the wake of the devastating restructuring of the steel industry, the Pittsburgh region is slowly but steadily emerging as a place of innovation and promise for a prosperous and sustainable future. The tenacity and vigor with which long-time residents and an ever-growing number of newcomers are tackling Carnegie Mellon the issues and proposing change is inspirational. Foundations, universities, community organizations and neighborhood groups are forging links and finding common ground amid their respective interests. As a result of the Hazelwood mobilization of region’s human capital, commercial and cultural districts, neighborhoods and riverfronts are being redesigned, and their meanings renegotiated.

The premise of this document is the belief that a 178-acre riverfront brownfield site could be Pittsburgh’s “next big urban project”, the decisive intervention that will propel the Pittsburgh region’s economy over the threshold on which it has been sitting precariously for the past decade. In particularly, we wonder how the redevelopment of a riverfront brownfield in Pittsburgh’s south end can contribute concretely to the transformation of the region’s economy and what is the role of Carnegie Mellon University and urban design in this process.

Purpose Benefits • Offer a singular vision for the redevelopment of We believe that “remaking Hazelwood” through the Hazelwood and Junction Hollow that integrates the thoughtful redevelopment of the ALMONO site can interests of the community, site owners and institu- help “remake Pittsburgh”. We anticipate many local and tional investors regional benefits following the successful redevelopment of the ALMONO site, including: • Assist the site owners in the development process by offering a clear physical and programmatic direction • Creation of both short and long term local employ- for development ment in construction, development, retail and institutional sectors • Promote high standards of sustainable urban design and process in Pittsburgh • Leveraging of private sector investment in the form of new buildings and businesses on the ALMONO site • Increase investor and community confidence in and in the existing sections of Hazelwood Hazelwood’s future • New high-tech jobs, a variety of housing types, rapid • Set the basis for constructive dialogue between transit and quality public amenities that will draw new stakeholders and partners residents to Hazelwood and Pittsburgh

Objectives • Improvement of water quality and riparian wildlife • Reinforce positive existing cultural and economic habitat through proposed landscape restoration development trends, as well as compatible planning interventions initiatives of the City of Pittsburgh and the many civic groups operating in the region • Revitalization and enhancement of quality of life for Hazelwood residents through a redeveloped ALMONO site • Demonstrate quality sustainable urban design and process • New water-based recreational and cultural opportunities for Pittsburgh residents • Emphasize the importance of providing rapid and efficient transportation options for movement between • Raising of the Pittsburgh region’s profile as a result of Hazelwood, Oakland and downtown innovative sustainable urban design and partnerships between university, non-profit, business, and commu- • Promote conservation of our region’s unique natural nity actors and visual assets and industrial heritage

• Endorse the reuse of existing urban fabric as a strategy for regional fiscal recovery and long-term sustainability

8 Negotiating new meaning: From Time Magazine, photo by Walter Sanders of a smokeless Jones & Laughlin steel works on the present-day ALMONO site during the 1959 labor strike. Students’ vision for the ALMONO site: Kozar + Couch, Urban Labora- tory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 9 Introduction • Scope • Purpose, Objectives & Benefits An Urban Design Approach • An Urban Design Approach Urban design is increasingly being called upon in efforts to renew ailing post-industrial cities of North America and Europe. As a comprehensive and creative practice, urban design combines the social, cultural, ecological and economic dimensions of the built environment with issues of form, connectivity and aesthetics to create functional, Carnegie Mellon equitable and attractive public spaces, landscapes, streets, neighborhoods, districts and cities.

Hazelwood Urban design is highly contextual and inherently Pittsburgh was once described by a visiting journal- multi-disciplinary, engaging professionals from various ist as “Hell with the lid off”, a comparison that spoke fields, most typically urban planning, civil engineering, directly to the city’s thriving heavy industrial economy architecture, landscape architecture and real estate as well as its less desirable impact on the city’s environ- development, and drawing knowledge from domains ment and public health. While this image of Pittsburgh as varied as economics, engineering, ecology, history, is no longer real nor reflective of the economy, the policy, sociology and aesthetics. physical and cultural legacy of the industrial era present city builders with both challenges and opportunity Contemporary strategies for urban redevelopment for its continued evolution. include: • focusing on a theme, such as culture, art, architecture Urban design takes these into account by applying and design creativity and innovation to the region’s problems. Our • hosting large one-time public events and attractions recommendations use urban design strategies and to leverage large sums of investment methods in Hazelwood to encourage connectivity, • encouraging heritage preservation diversity, resiliency and sustainability. • building large sports or cultural institutions, typically on high profile waterfront locations Specifically, an urban design approach to the redevel- • enticing new technology businesses through digital opment of the ALMONO site can do the following: infrastructure and cultural amenities Support innovative, high-value added Urban design can be used as a framework for these economic initiatives strategies, organizing a physical context that is both Hazelwood can play a pivotal role as a catalyst for the functional and aesthetic. Urban design is particularly City of Pittsburgh and the region’s economic growth by useful for addressing those uses and infrastructures, providing a desirable physical environment and urban such as industrial uses and transportation structures, amenities within which companies and their employees that have traditionally acted as barriers to both people in robotics engineering, media arts and digital technol- and markets or become urban “voids”, by finding cre- ogy and other high value-added industries can thrive. ative and appealing design solutions.

10 Facilitate stronger economic and cultural Restore and sustain local ecological processes ties between Hazelwood and Oakland Ecological processes, particularly the hydrological Ties to Oakland’s institutions can be supported by new cycle, can be restored and sustained through large and physical linkages via Light Rail Transit and an enhanced small landscape interventions, and overall sustainable multi-use trail through Junction Hollow, by promoting development can be promoted through the adoption complete streets that effectively accommodate car, bike of green building and design practices, and sustainable and pedestrian movement, and by embedding ubiqui- energy and transportation infrastructure. tous digital infrastructure into Hazelwood. Celebrate and link Hazelwood and Pitts- Renew and re-imagine connections burgh’s natural, cultural and built heritage within Hazelwood Hazelwood’s “three heritages” can be embraced and Connections between the former LTV site, the Monon- connected by retaining and adaptively reusing the gahela River and Hazelwood’s established commercial remaining vestiges of industrial use on the ALMONO and residential districts can be renewed through a site and referencing past landscape forms through network of public open green spaces, and by creat- landscape design and public art. ing a cohesive urban neighborhood made of distinct districts, nodes and pathways.

Create a new identity and sense of place for Hazelwood Visually tying form to function, designing legible districts, activity nodes, gateways and landmarks, and focusing on unique physical and cultural assets can help create a new identity for Hazelwood.

Support inclusiveness and participation New and diverse outdoor public spaces, recreational amenities, and cultural and civic institutions both within Hazelwood and along the Monongahela River can be merged with existing local and regional initiatives to create opportunities for various types of engagement.

A case study in modern urbanism: Known for its bridges and historic towers, Zaragoza, Spain added a new layer of culture with the Digi- tal Mile redevelopment. The urban- design driven project attracted businesses and residents working in the information technology and media sectors. The project was spurred by Zaragoza’s role as host of Expo 2008, whose theme was “Water and Sustainable Develop- ment”. Images courtesy of MIT.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 11 Introduction Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon Urban Laboratory • Urban Laboratory Founded in 1963 by distinguished urban designer and scholar, David Lewis, FAIA, the Urban Laboratory: Commu- • Remaking Cities Institute nity and Urban Design Studio began as a graduate course in the Master in Urban Design program and later became • Carnegie Mellon the capstone course for fifth-year architecture students. Over the past two decades, Urban Laboratory studios have Contributions taken place in over twenty neighborhoods in the Pittsburgh region and have engaged hundreds of students, government officials, design professionals, community groups and concerned citizens in collective visioning processes. Hazelwood The Urban Laboratory studio approaches the city as an integrated design problem that is best solved using participatory design methods. Studios are designed to host a shared conception of a design problem, where urban design and place-making become a collaborative task between students and a wide range of community stakeholders and other participants.

Typically, the fifteen-week studio course is administered in three phases structured around three major community design workshops:

Phase 1: Analysis Phase 3: Place Making/Visionary Projects Students begin by completing a study of the eco- The final phase centers on the students’ detailed nomic, social and physical attributes of the community development of a single area of focus, essentially through diagrams, photographs, maps and models. through three-dimensional place-making. Projects are The analysis is presented at an initial community work- presented at a final community meeting or reception. shop to both verify facts with participants and initiate Despite being the final products within the pedagogi- dialogue on key issues through hands-on collaborative cal framework, these results are intended to serve as exercises using neighborhood maps and models. a base for future discussions that may help to orient actual practices. Phase 2: Urban Design Frameworks This phase involves students extrapolating key insights from community members and integrating them into several urban design master plans. Scenarios are presented at a second community meeting and may be refined collectively using methods such as design charrettes.

Cover and pages from The Big Pic- ture: Urbanism at Carnegie Mellon exhibition catalogue, curated by Rami el Samahy with assistant cu- rators Kelly Hutzell and Emily Rice.

12 Since its inception in 1990, the Ur- ban Laboratory: Community and Urban Design Studio has visited more than 20 communities in the Pittsburgh region. A community presentation in Braddock, PA. Photo courtesy Jona- than Kline and Christine Brill.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 13 Introduction Carnegie Mellon Remaking Cities Institute • Urban Laboratory Despite the influence of the Urban Laboratory, faculty and partner communities alike have recognized that the • Remaking Cities Institute potential of such outreach urban design studios to influence ongoing initiatives can be significantly expanded if • Carnegie Mellon properly aligned with urban design practice. In 2006, the Remaking Cities Institute was formed in recognition of Contributions this need and in response to the demand for a greater link between academic student work and ongoing neighborhood initiatives undertaken by firms, government agencies and community groups. Hazelwood The Urban Laboratory process helps to create a space where students and participants explore ideas. The Remak- ing Cities Institute takes the results of that process, identifies key ideas and refines them through more focused research, analysis and dialogues with key community stakeholders. Ultimately, the products of this process are reports containing design frameworks and recommendations for implementation aimed at enriching urban design practices with academic research. The outcome of this process is a shared creative space for the exploration of urban design strategies with the goal of improving the built environment in the Pittsburgh region.

THE URBAN LABORATORY PROCESS

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14 Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio presentation, 2007. Photo courtesy Carnegie Mellon’s School of Architecture. Students building models, Urban Laboratory, 2008. Photo courtesy Carnegie Mellon’s School of Architecture.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 15 Introduction Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon Contributions • Urban Laboratory It has been nearly a decade since students from Carnegie Mellon’s School of Architecture began to set their sights • Remaking Cities Institute on Hazelwood. Overall, more than seventy students from three Urban Laboratory studios, one Master in Urban • Carnegie Mellon Design Studio, a fourth-year Systems Integration Studio and a Summer Internship for Diversity Studio have explored Contributions the issues and proposed urban design solutions for Hazelwood. In addition to these contributions, the Remaking Cities Institute prepared a 127-page background study of Hazelwood in 2007. Following is a summary of Carnegie Hazelwood Mellon’s involvement in Hazelwood since 2001.

Urban Laboratory, 2001 action on the ALMONO site. The decision-making pro- In 2001, the Urban Laboratory was invited to Hazel- cess for such a site is rendered complex by the large wood by the Hazelwood Initiative, Inc., a local commu- number of groups with direct or indirect stakes in the nity development corporation created by local citizens future of the site, including the property owners, po- with an alternative vision to the proposed Mon Fayette tential large-scale occupants, such as universities and Express toll road. Nine student teams spent a semester health-related organizations in nearby Oakland that exploring urban design proposals for Hazelwood’s require additional space in order to maintain success in future according to two scenarios: one that included the region, and the diverse surrounding communities, the Mon Fayette Express and one that did not. who are characterized by various degrees of attach- ments and interests. Although the students showed that through design there was indeed potential for the community under Rather than provide a single master plan, MUD both schemes, it was evident that the construction of students created a system that maps the hundreds of the expressway seriously compromised the redevelop- various potential decisions, both to understand their ment of Hazelwood according to the community’s causality and to identify the various spatial implications vision of a vibrant, mixed-use neighborhood that takes of each decision. Using the logic of operational sys- advantage of its strategic location in the region. The tems research, they affixed surface area values to each studio was led by Professor Luis Rico-Gutierrez. possible outcome, allowing decision-makers to arrive at more informed choices with regards to site capacity. Master in Urban Design Studio, 2007 The large size and riverfront position of the former LTV Remaking Hazelwood, steel mill site presents its owners, ALMONO, LP, with Remaking Pittsburgh, 2007 numerous possibilities for redevelopment. Under the At the request of the Heinz Endowments, a partner in supervision of Assistant Professor Rami el Samahy, the ALMONO, LP, the Remaking Cities Institute crafted two students from the Master in Urban Design (MUD) an extensive background study examining the potential program chose to model the complexity of the process role of the ALMONO site and Hazelwood in the future to evaluate and ultimately pursue any space-related of the Pittsburgh region’s economy. After reviewing the

Decision-making diagram mapping the potential decisions, causality and implications of UPMC’s presence on the ALMONO site. Huang + Day, MUD Studio, 2007.

16 existing conditions in Hazelwood and the economic run by Adjunct Assistant Professor Jonathan Kline, forecast of the regional economy, the study looked at sought to reinterpret the default scenario of the ‘R & D ways in which potential institutional investors, such as office park’, already in place in the nearby Pittsburgh Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh, Technology Center, by integrating and layering these could sustainably alter and enhance the physical, cul- building and landscape programs into a mixed-use tural and economic landscape of Hazelwood. Using lo- district with an urban public realm. cal and international case studies, the report suggested possible avenues for sustainable energy and develop- Assistant Professor and Lucian and Rita Caste Chair Kelly ment on the riverfront brownfield site. Hutzell’s Urban Housing Studio focused on a range of housing types and densities looking for connections to The result is a document that brings stakeholders and both the Hazelwood neighborhood and the universi- Urban Laboratory students closer to understanding ties. Solutions were meant to be both innovative and the complex dynamics at play in the redevelopment of realistic in terms of regulatory codes and the logic of Hazelwood. The report was researched and written by the local real estate market, while emphasizing mixed- Research Associates Elise Gatti and Kim Kinder under use development, Smart Growth strategies and Transit the supervision of Director Luis Rico-Gutierrez. Oriented Development.

Urban Laboratory, 2007 In the Possible Publics Studio, Assistant Professor Rami el Focusing on the ALMONO site, three studios totalling Samahy instructed students to consider the public de- forty students explored the challenges and opportuni- sign of buildings, space and infrastructure for its central ties embedded in the reclaiming and reprogramming role in creating character of place and function for the of this post-industrial urban terrain by reconnecting it new neighborhood, as well as its capacity to establish to surrounding human and natural ecologies, explor- links to the larger Hazelwood community. ing programmatic scenarios, and designing a piece of sustainable contemporary urbanism. Each studio ap- Summer Internship for Diversity, 2008 proached the site with a different programmatic focus During the Summer of 2008, three students from in relation to the public realm: Howard University participated in the School of Ar- chitecture’s summer urban design program. Students The Robot City Studio explored how the spatial and spent six weeks immersed in Hazelwood learning economic context of the site, in particular its proximity about the people, the heritage, and the architecture to Carnegie Mellon and the University of Pittsburgh, of- and urban design issues that are of concern to the fered unique opportunities for a cluster of robotics and community, including the liabilities and opportunities. related research and development facilities with local, After interviewing residents and community leaders national and global economic implications. The studio, and making visual observations, students formulated

Models of proposals by Cozzolongo + Eskenazi, and Debolski + Lynch, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007. Photographs courtesy Carnegie Mellon’s School of Archi- tecture.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 17 Introduction Carnegie Mellon • Urban Laboratory design proposals that potentially could help reinvigo- Fourth Year Systems Integration • Remaking Cities Institute rate the community. Studio, 2009 • Carnegie Mellon The built environment is central to addressing climate Contributions The interventions were organized into four themes, change, and is a major career opportunity for both which formed the title of their analysis: “To Create, blue and white collar workers in the U.S. The School of Hazelwood Enhance, Provide and Encounter”. The interventions Architecture’s fourth-year Systems Integration Studio included the creation of a green park and mixed use focused on the portion of Second Avenue lying at the development on the LTV site; the enhancement of foot of Junction Hollow. The studio asked students to quality of life by providing markets and other neces- design the first 100,000 square feet of a state-of-the- sary amenities; the provision of a major community art campus to serve as an epicenter for education and space by reestablishing the historic Carnegie Library as training for careers in sustainability. Students were a major public amenity; and encouraging encounters challenged to apply the highest level sustainability through the creation of two major axes linking impor- principles and incorporate innovative environmental tant nodes within the site. Adjunct Assistant Professor technologies, leveraging the intellectual, financial, la- Brock Onque’, PhD, led the studio. bor and community resources of the region with goals to develop a trained green collar workforce, educate Urban Laboratory, 2008 and engage the community, create K-12 learning Thirteen students returned to Hazelwood to propose experiences, promote and showcase new technolo- interventions that were inspired by the neighbor- gies, and incubate new environmental businesses. hood’s residential and commercial fabric. The studio, Students worked collaboratively with diverse client led by Adjunct Associate Professors Ken Doyno and groups, including the International Union of Operating Dan Rothschild, created a common framework for the Engineers. The studio was taught by University Profes- entire neighborhood into which projects were slotted. sor Vivian Loftness, FAIA. Interventions included a dense, mixed-use waterfront district at the foot of Junction Hollow; an expanded greenway with recreational amenities; a new residential island along the ALMONO site, the adaptive reuse of Gladstone Middle School, and the reuse of the Glad- stone Elementary School into a mixed-use building.

Project by Azoulai + Gardner, Sys- tems Integration Studio, 2009.

18 Proposals for Hazelwood by Con- nell + Werner, Hartle + Lopez, and McKinney + Knapp, Urban Labora- tory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 19 Introduction Hazelwood Carnegie Mellon Focus Area Although the redevelopment of the ALMONO lands is at the heart of the urban design recommendations, the site owners are motivated by the potential catalytic power of its redevelopment to revitalize Hazelwood and the prom- Hazelwood ising dynamic between the revamped site and institutions in Oakland. For this reason, the urban design recommen- • Focus Area dations focus not only on the ALMONO site but on Greater Hazelwood and Junction Hollow. • Existing Conditions & History Greater Hazelwood ALMONO Site • Access Greater Hazelwood, usually referred to simply as The former LTV steel mill site, now owned by the • Community Profile Hazelwood, is situated along a deep and hilly bend ALMONO, LP partnership sits mostly empty with the • Planning & Community on the northern shore of the Monongahela River, ap- exception of Building 19, the B&O Roundhouse, a Development proximately four miles from downtown Pittsburgh. It historic stone wall along Second Avenue and a brick • Real Estate Market encompasses two of Pittsburgh’s ninety-three officially riverfront pumphouse of unknown vintage. Two rail

recognized neighborhoods, Hazelwood proper and lines owned by the CSX Corporation run through Glenwood, as well as three small distinct communities, the site, one along the riverfront and the other along The Run, Riverside and Glen Hazel. Up the steep slope Second Avenue. Although the inland line is still actively is Greenfield and Squirrel Hill. used, the riverfront spur is used infrequently. Three loading docks, a floating wharf and some ice breakers Hazelwood also includes the sizeable 178-acre river- are located along the Monongahela’s banks and, unlike front ALMONO property, formerly the LTV Corporation the rest of the remaining infrastructure, appear to be in steel mill site. The site is now named after its current decent condition. owners, ALMONO, LP, a partnership between four local philanthropic foundations and a regional non-profit Carnegie Mellon’s Field Robotics Center is the site’s only developer. current occupant. The Field Robotics Center have partially renovated the B&O roundhouse to suit their needs Hazelwood is located one mile to the southwest of and, along with a recent Carnegie Mellon spin-off Oakland, Pittsburgh’s second-busiest commercial dis- company, GTECH Strategies Inc., is using portions of the trict, a major employment center and home to many of heavily contaminated lands (“Area B”) in front of the Bar the region’s largest medical institutions and places of Mill building as a testing site for robotic soil remediation higher learning. It is easily accessible by bike and foot research and automated vehicular navigation. via Junction Hollow, the buried Four Mile Run’s valley running between South Oakland and Schenley Park. At 178 acres, the ALMONO site is one of Pittsburgh’s last large remaining riverfront parcels. The largely The 49-acre Pittsburgh Technology Center (PTC) abuts flat property includes 1.5 miles of riverfront land. The the ALMONO site to the north and is home to high- Monongahela River, which means “falling banks” in a tech industrial and research facilities, including satellite Native American language (probably from the Dela- facilities operated by Carnegie Mellon and the Uni- ware Tribe), was made entirely navigable in the 1840s versity of Pittsburgh. Across the Monongahela is Hays through the installation of locks and dams to counter Woods, the South Side neighborhood, and SouthSide variable water levels. The 128-mile Monongahela River Works, an urban, mixed-use brownfield redevelop- is one of the few navigable rivers in the world that ment. To the south of the site is the Glenwood Rail Yard flows north. From its origins in West Virginia, it winds and a recycling facility. through Pittsburgh, where it converges with the Al- legheny River to create the 981-mile long Ohio River, itself the Mississippi River’s largest tributary by volume.

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Parks & Greenspaces Focus Area Neighborhood and Districts 1 Hazelwood Greenway 13 B&O Roundhouse 26 Riverside 2 Junction Hollow 14 Building 19 27 Glen Hazel 3 Schenley Park 15 Area B 28 Glenwood 4 Schenley Plaza 16 Pumphouse 29 The Run 17 Glenwood Rail Yard 30 Pittsburgh Technology Center (PTC) Institutions 31 Metal Tech, Inc. 5 Carnegie Mellon University Local Amenities & Services 32 Oakland 6 University of Pittsburgh 18 Car Barn Seniors Center 33 Uptown 7 UPMC 19 Hazelwood YMCA 34 Downtown 20 Historic Carnegie Library 35 South Side Access 21 Current Carnegie Library 36 SouthSide Works 8 I-379 Penn-Lincoln Parkway 22 Public Garden & Hazelwood Initiative 37 Hays Woods 9 Hot Metal Bridge 23 Gladstone Middle School (closed) 38 Greenfield 10 Glenwood Bridge 24 Burgwin Elementary School (closed) 39 The Waterfront 11 Birmingham Bridge 25 Bellefield Plant 5 Miles From Downtown 12 Homestead Bridge

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 21 8 5

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Base satellite image of Oakland, Greenfield, South Side and Hazel- wood. 38 14 Base satellite image of Junction Hollow, Greenfield, Riverside and 1 northern portion of the ALMONO site. Images courtesy of Google Earth. (Full legend on previous 4 page.) 13 Panoramic photographs of Hazel- wood’s 1.5 miles of riverfront edge. Photographs by Elise Gatti.

5 Miles From Downtown 8 Open Tributary Piped Tributary

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HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 23 Introduction

Carnegie Mellon Existing Conditions & History As a part of the extensive Appalachian Range and the Allegheny Plateau, Pittsburgh’s iconic undulating topography is the sculptural product of the action of wind and rain over millennia on the plateau’s sedimentary rock. Hazelwood Hazelwood covers roughly 1,300 acres from the Monongahela River’s edge to the Greenfield hilltop neighborhood • Focus Area above. Nearly half of Hazelwood is draped across the northern flatlands of the Monongahela River. The rest climbs • Existing Conditions & up the adjacent hillside; the impressive 300 foot rise is one of Pittsburgh’s steepest. One hundred and fifteen acres, History roughly 10 percent of Hazelwood, has a slope greater than 25 percent. From the Hot Metal Bridge to the Glenwood • Access Bridge, Hazelwood is hemmed by roughly 2.5 miles of riverfront land, much of which is bermed and covered in slag, • Community Profile or buttressed by high concrete walls and infrastructure. • Planning & Community Development Hazelwood’s landscape has been altered in the past two centuries at a rate that far exceeds previous natural • Real Estate Market morphological transformations. The changes to the neighborhood’s physique have been driven by the complex interplay between site, economy, technology and culture. The most notable change has been the burial of the Four Mile Run.

Hazelwood’s development can be characterized by four distinct periods: Pre-Colonial Times (<1758) with larger single-detached homes on the lower hillside. The region’s original native inhabitants did little to change Immigrants came largely from Ireland, Italy, Hungary, Hazelwood’s landscape. Early nomadic Paleo-Indians reg- Poland and the Slovakian countries. ularly passed through the area, as did their descendents, the Seneca, Delaware, Shawnee and Mingo. There are As a major route, Second Avenue flourished as a com- no records of Native American structures in Hazelwood mercial district. During this time, the Four Mile Run in with the exception of burial mounds where Mansion Junction Hollow and all but two of its streams, Panther Street now stands. Early settlers demolished them, using Hollow Run and Phipps Run, were piped into the the stones to pave the old “Indian” trail that would later combined sewer system to both hide the sewage-filled become Second Avenue. The most lasting vestige of pre- waterways and make available for development the colonial people and culture are etymological: Mononga- alluvial flatlands. Although sewer improvements im- hela, Ohio and Allegheny are all Native American words. proved Pittsburgh’s high typhoid fever rates, the combined sewer overflow system, along with the dumping Bucolic Estate Period (1758 - 1820) of slag and other industrial products put great stress It was the signing of the 1758 Treaty of Fort Stanwix that onto the Monongahela River ecosystem. brought surveyors and then Scottish immigrants, who settled on the rich alluvial lowlands near the river in During the height of industrial production, Hazelwood the late 18th century to farm the then called “Scotch was a microcosm of the region, a bustling, diverse Bottom”. By the mid-1800s, bankers, businessmen and “city within a city”, where two-thirds of residents lived riverboat captains had established large leisure home within a two-mile radius of their workplace. As many estates on the lower hillsides, surrounded by orchards as 40 percent of workers were employed locally by and views of the Monongahela River and the south the Jones and Laughlin Steel Company (later the LTV hills, and both the river and Second Avenue were Corporation) and the B&O Railroad Company. Within well-established transportation corridors between one hundred years, Hazelwood had been transformed Pittsburgh and sites along the Monongahela river val- from a tree-covered terrain with small creeks and rivers ley and beyond. pouring into the Monongahela River into a bustling urban and industrial landscape made of steel, brick and Industrial Era (1820 - 1960) wood. The combination of the coal and timber-rich hillsides of the Allegheny Plateau, long navigable rivers and strategic Post-Industrial/Economic Decline (>1960) location between the Northeast and Midwest fuelled the Since the decline and then termination of major in- Pittsburgh region’s industrial economy during the latter half dustrial activity in the late 1990s, few physical changes of the 19th century and much of the following century. By have taken place. Hazelwood’s existing conditions are the late 1800s, industrialists had cleared the riverfront land the result of cumulative years of disinvestment that has and buried the streams and rivers in order to erect massive affected every sector. Many commercial and residential steel and coke refining mills. The surrounding areas, includ- buildings have been left vacant or demolished, leaving ing the large estates, were carved up into smaller parcels gaping holes in the urban fabric. As of 2003, only 52 and workers’ row homes were built on the lower flatlands percent of the buildings located in the core commer-

24 cial area along Second Avenue were occupied. Nearly library. Second Avenue maintains its main street char- 20 percent of houses are vacant and in 2008, the acter in spite of the loss of many older buildings. Pittsburgh administration ordered the demolition of 57 abandoned housing units in an effort to remove blight. With the larger Pittsburgh economy growing and diversifying, and the continued strength of the nearby As a testament to the regenerative tendency of the Oakland institutional district, Hazelwood now stands natural environment, Hazelwood’s hillsides have re- on the threshold of yet another prosperous period. covered and are today resplendent in their lush green vegetal covering, providing a colorful changing visual backdrop and recreational environment. The Monon- gahela River has also made a comeback, although urban runoff from the city’s aged combined sewer overflow infrastructure continues to be a persistent source of contamination preventing the full recreational use of Pittsburgh’s three rivers. To this effect, the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy is studying the possibility of daylighting the Four Mile Run in an attempt to divert rain water from the city’s overcharged CSO system.

Although Hazelwood possesses one of Pittsburgh’s oldest standing houses, the John Woods House (built in 1792), there are no built vestiges from the area’s suburban estate period, which lasted from 1750 to 1820, and relatively few standing examples of the area’s industrial heritage. Those structures that persist have for the most part been abandoned and neglected, with the exception of the B&O Roundhouse (built circa Pittsburgh is not the only post- 1885) that, although not fully renovated, is occupied by industrial city to have experienced Carnegie Mellon’s Field Robotics Center. Many fine reli- dramatic population losses: The epic Shrinking Cities project, gious buildings and public school buildings remain in funded by the German Federal Hazelwood, most notably St. Stephen’s Roman Catholic Cultural Foundation, investigated Church, the Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd the “shrinking” processes of Detroit, Ivanovo, Manchester/Liverpool and (1891), and Burgwin Elementary School (1937), as well Halle/Leipzig through the lens of as a century old Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh branch culture. The project then proposed innovative interventions. Pittsburgh as interpreted by painter Otto Krebs in 1874.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 25 Introduction

Carnegie Mellon Hazelwood • Focus Area • Existing Conditions & History • Access • Community Profile • Planning & Community Development • Real Estate Market

Clockwise: Hazelwood Avenue, 1933; Hazelwood School (torn down), 1915; Gould transfer station near Minden Street, 1928; Jones & Laughlin works from Greenfield Av- enue, 1959; mill and houses from Greenfield Avenue, circa 1910; baby clinic, 1920. Courtesy University of Pittsburgh, Pitt Digital Library and Life Magazine. Opposite: Photos of present-day Hazelwood by Elise Gatti. Woods House photo courtesy University of Pittsburgh, Pitt Digital Library. Photo of Schenley Park courtesy Life Magazine.

26 Pittsburgh Historic and Landmarks Foundation Plaque National Register Eligible National Register Listed National Historic Landmark City of Pittsburgh Designated Landmark

Hazelwood Historic District Burgwin Elementary School Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Hazelwood D.L. Thomas Dry Goods E. Elizabeth St. Apartments Episcopal Church of the Good Shepherd First Hungarian Reformed Church Gladstone Middle School Hazelwood Brewing and Derby Brewing Co. Pittsburgh Railways Building (Car Barn) St. Stephen’s Church

Jones and Laughlin Steel Works B&O Roundhouse Building 19 Pumphouse Brick rail supporting wall

Barker Property Greenfield Elementary School John Woods House Monongahela Connecting Railroad Company Schenley Park

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 27 Introduction

Carnegie Mellon Access Hazelwood’s location and topography lends it a naturally isolated character. As a result, there are few access points into the neighborhood. The lack of access is exacerbated by limited transportation options and dangerous condi- Hazelwood tions for cyclists along Second Avenue. • Focus Area • Existing Conditions & Vehicular Access intervals during weekdays, depending on the time of History As a result of its hilly backdrop and riverside location, day. Paratransit also operates door-to-door, shared-ride • Access Hazelwood has only five primary vehicular access service for disabled residents in accordance with the • Community Profile points: the Glenwood Bridge from the south, the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). • Planning & Community refurbished Hot Metal Bridge from the west, Second Development Avenue from the north, Greenfield Avenue from the Cycling and Pedestrian Access • Real Estate Market east and Hazelwood Avenue from the east. Cyclists can reach Oakland via the Panther Hollow bike trail, which connects to the Eliza Furnace Trail (“Jail Trail” The elevated I-376 Penn Lincoln Parkway runs along in local parlance) and leads to downtown Pittsburgh. the northern edge of Hazelwood and Greenfield. It is Additionally, as part of the Three Rivers Heritage Trail, easy to access the Penn Lincoln Parkway in the east- the steel truss Hot Metal Bridge’s second span was bound direction from Hazelwood via Bates Street but recently redesigned for pedestrian/cyclist use, allowing not possible for the westbound direction. users easy access to the busy South Side neighborhood, the SouthSide Works mixed-use development, Second Avenue/Irvine Street is the only north-south and suburban communities in the South Hills. thoroughfare running the entire length of Hazelwood and, as a major commuting artery, serves 40,000 daily Within Hazelwood, the grid street and alleyway system commuters traveling between downtown, Oakland, allows for easy pedestrian circulation in the flat por- and suburban communities in the Monongahela River tions of the neighborhood. There are two overpass Valley. The smaller Johnston Avenue/Browns Hill Road footbridges over Second Avenue and a number of sub-artery also connects Hazelwood to the south- public steps scattered throughout the hillside. How- eastern suburbs via Pittsburgh’s Blue Belt. ever, these are not regularly maintained by the City.

Public Transit Service River Access Hazelwood is served by two Port Authority of Allegh- There are three barge docking stations for goods eny County bus lines. The principal lines along Second movement. There are currently no official recreational Avenue are the 56B, running between downtown and or commercial (taxi) water access points. East Pittsburgh via Homestead, and the 56C to McK- eesport, and the 56U to Oakland and Greenfield via Ha- zelwood Avenue. These buses run on 20 to 70 minute

Alternatives to streets: Cycling through Junction Hollow; public stairs in The Run section of Hazelwood provide additional connectivity to pedestrians. Photos by Elise Gatti.

28 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 29 Introduction

Carnegie Mellon Community Profile Hazelwood’s changing demographic profile reflects the general pattern of out-migration of residents to suburban communities and economic disinvestment that led to Pittsburgh’s population shrinking by more than half since the Hazelwood mid-twentieth century. Hazelwood, once a vibrant, dense “city within the city” is today a community characterized • Focus Area by disinvestment, disproportionately large senior and youth cohorts, female earnings that are slightly higher than • Existing Conditions & male earnings and high poverty rates. Its low-income residents will be vulnerable to increases in rent and property History values should the ALMONO site be redeveloped. • Access • Community Profile Demographics • Planning & Community Development HAZELWOOD PITTSBURGH • Real Estate Market • 1960s, Hazelwood experienced its peak population of 13,000 • 1950s, Pittsburgh experienced its peak population of 677,000

• 1960 to 2000, Hazelwood’s population shrank nearly 60% • 1960 to 2000, Pittsburgh’s population shrank by more than 45%

• 1990 to 2000, Hazelwood’s population decreased 17.4% to • 1990 to 2000, Pittsburgh’s population decreased by 10.6% 5,334 individuals living in 2,289 occupied housing units to 334,563

• 2000, median age in Hazelwood was 43 years • 2000, median age in Pittsburgh was 35.5

• 2000, more than 20% of Hazelwood residents were aged • 2000, 16% of Pittsburgh residents were aged 65 and over 65 and over

• 2000, more than 20% of Hazelwood residents were aged • 2000, 19% of Pittsburgh residents were aged 5 to 19 5 to 19

• 2000, fewer than half of Hazelwood residents aged 25 and • 2000, more than three-quarters of Pittsburgh residents aged older had obtained a high school diploma 25 and older had obtained a high school diploma

• 2000, less than 1% of Hazelwood residents had obtained a • 2000, 25% of Pittsburgh residents had obtained a bachelor’s bachelor’s degree degree

• 2000, 25% of Hazelwood’s 1,475 households were living • 2000, 20% of Pittsburgh’s households were living under the under the poverty level poverty level

• 2000, median household income in Hazelwood was $19,513 • 2000, median household income in Pittsburgh was $28,588 (state median of $43,714 in 2004) U.S. Census data A building at the corner of Elizabeth and Second Avenue bears a striking mosaic mural. Rowhouses on Langhorn Street in Riverside present a solid front to the adjacent industrial lands. Photos by Elise Gatti.

30 While Hazelwood was an ethnically diverse neighbor- Services hood during the industrial era, with immigrants from In addition to having a high poverty rate, Hazelwood’s all of over Europe, particularly Eastern Europe, today remaining resident base must contend with few surviv- there are very few immigrants in Hazelwood -- or ing amenities and services, particularly in the areas Pittsburgh. In the latter half of the twentieth century, of education, recreation and neighborhood-based however, there has been significant internal migration retail. Residents are served by fourteen community of African Americans. The first significant migration of service organizations, and sixteen religious organiza- African Americans to Hazelwood occurred when Hill tions maintain churches and educational facilities District residents were displaced by the Pittsburgh in Hazelwood and nearby Greenfield, providing or Civic Arena urban renewal project in the 1960s. Hazel- sponsoring community services. There are also several wood’s minority proportion of the population, the ma- health service providers located along Second Avenue. jority self-identifying as African American, grew from 28 The City maintains a firehouse and social services office percent in 1990 to 37 percent in 2000 (28 percent and in Hazelwood. The neighborhood’s only supermarket 32 percent respectively in Pittsburgh). recently closed.

Given these numbers, ALMONO site developers should The last public school to close was Burgwin Elemen- consider that according to the 2007 Pittsburgh’s Racial tary School in 2006, five years after Gladstone Middle Demographics: Differences and Disparities, a study by School shut its doors. Two small, private religious the University of Pittsburgh’s Center on Race and Social schools remain open and enroll young and disabled Problems, African Americans in the Pittsburgh region children. Most of Hazelwood’s children are currently remain at the bottom of every measure of the quality bused to schools in other neighborhoods, including of life, including indicators of economic status, educa- two of the city’s highest performing schools, Minadeo tional achievement, family stability and violence. Even Elementary School and Allderdice High School. While the most recent immigrants to Pittsburgh were found there is a Carnegie Library branch on Second Avenue to be faring better. Hazelwood’s poor residents will be and a small YMCA near Hazelwood Avenue, local lead- at risk of displacement yet again should inclusionary ers point out that there are no community centers or housing and support services not be included in the large indoor recreational spaces, forcing residents to redevelopment plan. travel outside of Hazelwood to participate in indoor sports like basketball. The neighborhood’s outdoor community pool is no longer in operation.

Population projection of four city neighborhoods and the City of Pittsburgh mapped with major development events. Analysis by Han, Lukacsy and West, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood, 2007.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 31 Introduction

Carnegie Mellon Planning & Community Development In spite of a lack of financial resources and in the face of formidable challenges, including the specter of the Mon Fayette toll expressway, Hazelwood residents have proven themselves to be engaged citizens. In addition to Hazelwood Hazelwood-specific planning, there are several city and regional initiatives that bear on Hazelwood’s future directly. • Focus Area • Existing Conditions & Hazelwood Planning The Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy (PPC) manages History Hazelwood has undergone a number of community the City’s four large urban parks, and in line with its • Access participatory planning processes, beginning in 2001 Pittsburgh’s Regional Parks Master Plan (2001) is perform- • Community Profile with the process that led to the document Master ing ecological restoration work in Panther Hollow and • Planning & Community Development Planning in Hazelwood and Junction plans to upgrade recreational amenities in Junction Development Hollow, commissioned by the City of Pittsburgh and Hollow. The PPC is currently studying the possibility • Real Estate Market led by Saratoga Associates. Residents called for a of daylighting a portion of Four Mile Run in order to mixed-use redevelopment of the former LTV site and reduce the stormwater burden on the Monongahela stronger connections to Oakland, Junction Hollow and River and is considering building a pedestrian bridge Hazelwood. In 2003, the Urban Design Associates com- between Panther Hollow Lake and South Oakland. pleted Conceptual Master Plan for LTV Site, followed by Carnegie Mellon University and local partners Oakland Hazelwood Redevelopment: Reconnecting to the River, by Catholic High School, Central Catholic High School, Calthorpe Associates and Burt, Hill in 2007. Both plans and Winchester Thurston School have proposed build- focused on the ALMONO site and created plans based ing three artificial surfaced athletic fields in Junction on the community’s vision. Two additional noteworthy Hollow which, outside of their programming, would be studies are the Hazelwood Second Avenue Design Strat- open to the public. egy (2005) by Loysen + Kreuthmeier, and Connecting the Assets of the Greater Hazelwood Community (2003) Transportation Planning by Rothschild Doyno Architects and Pashek Associates. On the transportation front, the Pennsylvania Turn- pike Commission has a long-standing proposal to Other community revitalization efforts have centered develop the four-lane Mon Fayette Expressway toll on crime reduction and prevention, economic devel- road through Hazelwood. The project has been stalled opment, employment initiatives, youth programs and numerous times and does not enjoy full support within modest beautification projects. Hazelwood has been the Pittsburgh community. The Port Authority of Al- the recipient of several major community develop- legheny County released its Vision 20/20 regional plan ment grants, including the U.S. Department of Justice’s for public transportation in Southwestern Pennsylvania Weed and Seed Program, a Main Street economic in which it recommends developing a light-rail or bus- development grant, and HUD’s Community Develop- way rapid transit connection through Hazelwood to ment Block Grant. The area’s community development Oakland and the Monongahela Valley. Pittsburgh City corporation, Hazelwood Initiative, Inc., formed in 1994 Council recently hired a consultant to study a cross- by local activists, has been the main vehicle for revital- town LRT line from Hazelwood to Lawrenceville. ization efforts. Recreational Planning Adjacent Planning The Friends of the Riverfront, Bike-PGH, Riverlife While there has been no significant development within Taskforce and Allegheny Trail Alliance are all work- Greater Hazelwood in the past four decades, a 48-acre ing to complete and maintain 37 miles of commuter former mill site to the north of the Hot Metal Bridge was and recreational bike and hiking trails along all edges redeveloped into an office park. The Pittsburgh Technol- of Pittsburgh’s rivers. The Three Rivers Heritage Trail ogy Center (PTC) site was developed by the Urban connects to the regional Great Allegheny Passage, Redevelopment Authority of Pittsburgh (URA), the city’s a 150-mile biking and hiking trail system that links economic development agency, beginning in the early Pittsburgh to Washington, D.C. The portion of the Pas- 1990s until 2002. More than 1,000 employees work on sage that runs from McKeesport to Pittsburgh along the PTC’s grounds, whose tenants include the Carnegie the Monongahela River is stewarded by the Steel Valley Mellon Research Institute, the University of Pittsburgh Trail Council as the Steel Valley Trail, a celebration of the Center for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, and a region’s industrial heritage. Friends of the Riverfront are number of private high-tech companies. The PTC also additionally working to promote boating facilities, such has space across the river on the South Side Works site. as ramps, tie-ups and marinas, along the three rivers. A new master plan was approved in 2006 which will add up to 1 million square feet of new high-tech office space and supporting retail services.

32 A short-term strategy for temporary filling in vacant commercial lots along Second Avenue. Proposal by Loysen + Kreuthmeier in the Hazelwood Second Avenue Design Strategy (2005). The 150-mile Great Allegheny Passage from Pittsburgh to Cum- berland, MD, with missing link in Hazelwood. Map by Bill Metzger. Expansion plan for the Pittsburgh Technology Center, 2008. Graphic courtesy of the URA.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 33 Introduction

Carnegie Mellon Real Estate Market Until the 1970s, Hazelwood maintained a stable residential base and successful business district. However Hazel- wood’s changing economic fortunes and subsequent loss of population, increase in poverty and aging population Hazelwood have left a visible mark on the community’s buildings and landscape. Recent market studies show that new hous- • Focus Area ing is a viable option under certain redevelopment scenarios and would increase demand for retail services. Pitts- • Existing Conditions & burgh’s real estate values are appreciating quickly. With better connections to Oakland and downtown Pittsburgh, History and the thoughtful redevelopment of the ALMONO site into a mixed-use urban waterfront district, Hazelwood is • Access poised to partake in Pittsburgh’s resurgence. • Community Profile • Planning & Community Housing Hazelwood Avenue from Bigelow Boulevard to Irvine Development Hazelwood’s current status as a weak property market Street, where in 2000, 84 percent of homes were owner- • Real Estate Market is best exemplified by the growing number of vacant occupied, and east of Glenwood and south of Kilbourne, housing units and vacant lots, particularly along where 77 percent were owner-occupied. Recently, Second Avenue, decreasing single-family home prices however, more than half of sales have been to non- and increasing number of parcels with tax liens. Of the occupying owners and one-third of homeowners are nearly 4,000 property parcels in Hazelwood, roughly 60 over the age of 65, suggesting that Hazelwood’s home percent are residential, and owner-occupied housing ownership rate has likely changed since the last Census. vacancy rates range from 14 to 24 percent. Vacancy rates have been on an upward trend, particularly in Some of the challenges to reviving Hazelwood’s prop- the southern end of the neighborhood. Overall, rates erty market include the decreasing and aging resident increased by 7 percent from 1990 to 2000, compared population, an older housing stock, the trend to non- to 2 percent for the City of Pittsburgh. owner occupancy, particularly in the central core of the neighborhood, and the concentration of ownership of The median single-family home price ranges from residential properties by a few large property own- $22,000 west of Second Avenue to $53,000 in the ers. Connectivity is also a major drawback now that upper hillsides. The average owner-occupied home residents rarely work within walking distance to their price in 2000 was $39,492; Pittsburgh’s mean price employment. Hazelwood’s topographical isolation is was $59,700. After comparatively slow growth for exacerbated by the lack of reliably rapid transportation decades, the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area’s options despite its relative proximity to Oakland and (MSA) housing values appreciated at a higher rate (4.6 downtown, and the spectre of the Mon Fayette tollway percent) than the national average (0.2 percent) in the has likely also had a negative effect on investment. third quarter of 2007. In the City of Pittsburgh, average house values rose 31 percent from 1990 to 2000. A Zimmerman/Volk Associates (ZVA) report in 2003 indicated that Hazelwood’s market has the potential Hazelwood has traditionally had high rates of owner- to absorb 1,150 new units of housing on 50 acres occupied housing and still does in the areas north of of the former LTV site over a seven-year period. The The block group closest to Oakland has the highest median house values and lowest vacancies.

MEDIAN HOUSE VALUE HOUSING VACANCIES 2000 Census block group 1990 - 2000 % increase $22,300 2000 Census block group $27,300 - $30,900 0 - 50% $36,600 - $41,000 51 - 100% $47,900 - $53,200 101 - 150%

34 The most common housing types in Hazelwood are brick rowhouses and single-family homes. Less common are apartment buildings and apartments above commercial storefronts on Second Avenue. Photos by Elise Gatti.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 35 Introduction

Carnegie Mellon major assets of the site include its riverfront location, suggests that students living in downtown Pittsburgh potential of downtown views, size of the parcel, and buy approximately 10 percent of their retail goods from Hazelwood dearth of new housing products available in the City of downtown establishments. This spending translates to • Focus Area Pittsburgh. Challenges of the site noted in the report 3.1 square feet of Gross Leasable Area (GLA) per student • Existing Conditions & include the presence of the CSX rail line separating resident. Applying this figure and the 10 percent local History the site from the surrounding area and river, lack of spending assumption to Hazelwood, this would trans- • Access adequate transportation options to Oakland and late to a total of 3,089 square feet of retail space for the • Community Profile downtown, and Hazelwood’s higher than average pov- 1,000 students that could reside on the ALMONO site. • Planning & Community erty and crime rates. Development The retail demand calculator developed by the Center • Real Estate Market According to the ZVA study, the market for new for Community and Economic Development at the Uni- construction in Hazelwood includes empty nest and versity of Wisconsin Extension can be used to determine retiree households (40 percent), traditional and non- the retail impacts of the new residents of Hazelwood’s traditional families (31 percent), and younger singles market-rate housing. This tool uses data from the and couples (29 percent). The mix of housing that Economic Census and Urban Land Institute to calcu- could be supported on the site includes 504 rental late the amount of retail space that new residents can units (44 percent of total units) and 646 for-sale units be expected to support. Assuming competition from (56 percent of total units). The size of the units varies, nearby retail clusters in the South Side, Squirrel Hill, and and includes six different housing types. The Waterfront (but not the PTC) limits the neighborhood’s capture of new residents’ spending to 10 percent, In addition to the private market, Carnegie Mellon is leaving 5,642 square feet of retail space that can be interested in developing new housing for 500 under- supported by the addition of new market-rate residents graduate and 500 graduate students. The university to the neighborhood. currently leases undergraduate space in a number of hotels and apartment buildings off-campus to accom- If the ALMONO site is developed to include the 1,150 modate excess demand and does not provide housing private sector units the ZVA study suggests are sup- to graduate students or students with families. If trans- portable, as well as the 1,000-units of student housing, portation can be provided to the main campus, the the impact on Hazelwood’s retail climate will be ben- ALMONO site could prove a viable site for university- eficial. Even if Hazelwood-based businesses captured affiliated housing. only a small proportion of the total spending by these new residents, the total retail space supported by Commercial these new residents could translate to nearly 10,000 A 2007 market study conducted for Point Park Univer- square feet of leasable commercial space. sity by an Urban Land Institute (ULI) advisory panel

Second Avenue: Traditional commercial building on the left. On the right, Plaza Sophia, built in 2002 and location of the new Hazelwood Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh branch. Photos by Elise Gatti.

36 Summary of Planning Documents Summary of Investment Programs

Remaking Hazelwood, Remaking Pittsburgh: A Back- Main Street Program, Hazelwood Mainstreet Taskforce ground Study Year: 2007 BluePrint Communities, specific to the LTV site Consultant: Remaking Cities Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Keystone Opportunity Zone (KOZ), specific to Second Client: The Heinz Endowments Avenue business district (until 2010)

Hazelwood Redevelopment: Reconnecting to the River Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Year: 2007 Consultant: Calthorpe Associates; Burt Hill Greater Hazelwood Weed and Seed program (1996 – Client: ALMONO, LP 2002)

Hazelwood Second Avenue Design Strategy Home Improvement Loan Program (HILP), Pittsburgh Year: 2005 Home Rehabilitation Program (PHRP), Urban Redevel- Consultant: Loysen + Kreuthmeier Architects opment Authority of Pittsburgh Client: Department of City Planning City of Pittsburgh occupancy map. Analysis by students in the Urban Governor’s Economic Development Grant, specific to Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, Hazelwood Community Asset Map: Assessing the Services, the LTV site (2004) 2007. Needs and Strengths of Hazelwood’s Community Service Providers Year: 2005 Author: Corrie Ulrich, Tracy M. Soska and James Richter Publisher: University of Pittsburgh Community Out- reach Partnership Center

Connecting the Assets of the Greater Hazelwood Com- munity Year: 2003 Consultants: Rothschild Doyno Architects and Pashek Associates Client: Hazelwood Initiative, Inc.

Hazelwood Housing Study Supplement Year: 2003 Author: Andrew Aurand Client: Hazelwood Initiative, Inc. and Community Out- reach Partnership Center, University of Pittsburgh

Conceptual Master Plan for LTV Site Year: 2003 Consultant: Urban Design Associates (UDA) Client: ALMONO

Master Development Planning in Hazelwood and Junc- tion Hollow Year: 2001 Consultant: Saratoga Associates Client: Department of City Planning

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 37 RECOMMENDATIONS

38 “THE CITY OF THE FUTURE IS A PLACE WHERE THE FRAGMENTS OF SOMETHING ONCE BROKEN ARE RECOMPOSED.” Aldo Rossi

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 39 Vision Vision Themes Remaking Hazelwood, Remaking Pittsburgh: Urban Design Recommendations for Pittsburgh’s Next Big Urban Project is a guiding document whose aim is to promote a comprehensive and sustainable urban design-based approach to Opportunities the revitalization of the ALMONO site and Hazelwood.

& Challenges The recommendations capitalize on the development potential of Hazelwood’s central waterfront location and proximity to Oakland, its extraordinary landscape and rich heritage, the unique motivations of the ALMONO site Assumptions owners and the interest from institutions like Carnegie Mellon University. They build on the premise that the academic, research and redevelopment activities performed by these institutions are critical to the success of our region, and that Hazelwood possesses the array of urban conditions necessary to nurture their growth. Green Urbanism Remaking Cities Institute The community has also voiced an urgent need for The Remaking Cities Institute’s vision for the ALMONO greater connectivity between Hazelwood, downtown site and Hazelwood is one that combines a diversity Pittsburgh, Oakland and the Monongahela River, as of housing types, places of employment and com- well as expanded choices for mobility, such as light rail merce, outstanding public spaces and both land- and public transit, cycling and walking. While the physi- river-based recreational amenities to create a vibrant, cal scale of the redevelopment should be human, contemporary urban riverfront district that can ac- the economic scale can and should extend beyond commodate a variety of lifestyles. The vision is of a Hazelwood. Conservation and restoration of the envi- neighborhood that is easily accessible from Oakland ronment, so thoroughly altered by urbanization and and downtown via public transit, car and bicycle, one industrialization, is also part of the community vision. that features exemplary sustainable design and takes full advantage of its central riverfront location and ALMONO, LP spectacular views. The ALMONO, LP vision for the redevelopment of its property, as recorded by the Urban Design Associates Hazelwood Community (UDA) during their design process in 2003, compli- Our vision builds on previously elaborated visions for ments that of the community. The ALMONO partners Hazelwood’s future in order to propose a sustainable propose that new development be woven into exist- physical framework within which the activities and ing residential and commercial districts in Hazelwood. characteristics envisioned by the community and They wish to celebrate the cultural and industrial the site owners take place successfully and sustain- heritage of Hazelwood and Pittsburgh while nurturing ably. Past visioning processes have been organized by a new identity for the region as a thriving, economi- design firms such as Saratoga Associates (2000), Urban cally-viable and sustainable place. ALMONO’s vision is Design Associates (2003) and Calthorpe Associates also centered on connectivity, creating links between (2007), as well as the Carnegie Mellon School of Ar- Hazelwood and the region physically through public chitecture’s Urban Laboratory: Community and Urban transportation, economically and institutionally via Design Studio (2001, 2007 and 2008). institutions and businesses that are located in Oakland and the region, and culturally, with a particular focus The community vision is for the full integration of on public access and interaction with the Mononga- Hazelwood, Oakland and Junction Hollow into the hela River. mixed-used redevelopment of the ALMONO site. The community has stated repeatedly that it wishes to see The Remaking Cities Institute’s urban design recom- a diversity of uses that would expand existing training mendations for Hazelwood respect and fully embrace and employment opportunities for residents and cre- these visions. It proposes a development framework ate stronger physical and economic connections to and a programmatic insert that will promote and surrounding communities. New and diverse housing facilitate the goals of both the community and the site options are desired as are new recreational and educa- owners, while meeting high standards of sustainable tional opportunities that support a better quality of life urban design. for residents.

40 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 41 Vision Themes Themes A series of themes have been pulled from the vision for Hazelwood. These broad themes underlie the urban design recommendations. Opportunities Place-Making Water and Land & Challenges Our vision for Hazelwood rests upon a set of space-de- The Monongahela River was critical to the develop- fining sustainable infrastructure networks within which ment of Hazelwood, first in the 18th century as a are embedded a series of distinctive and identifiable visual backdrop to residential estates, and later as a Assumptions places. These environments -- a business district, transportation corridor, source of drinking water and residential neighborhoods, park spaces, a robotics pollution sink during the region’s industrial phase. The Green research zone -- are designed to be memorable and recommendations once again reimagine the Monon- unique places that are also integrated into the larger gahela River, this time through a lens of sustainability. Urbanism urban context. We strive to balance its various uses, including source of drinking water, recreational amenity, transporta- Accessibility and Connectivity tion corridor, wildlife habitat and visual asset. Natural One of Hazelwood’s most significant development hydrological processes, such as seasonal flooding, are challenges is its poor connectivity to other districts, embraced and integrated into the landscape design to particularly nearby Oakland. The recommendations ad- create new water-based environments. dress this issue through a multi-modal transportation framework, by extending the existing grid street pat- University-Community-Industry Collaboration tern onto the ALMONO site, by following the Complete One of the Pittsburgh region’s biggest assets is Streets approach which designs streets to accommo- undoubtedly its human capital. The area’s universities, date pedestrians, cyclists, motorists and public transit foundations and civic groups have been very active in users, and by using universal design principles to the transition from industrial center to research, arts increase access for all. Digital technology is also recom- and technology hub. The recommendations for the mended to augment access and enjoyment of public ALMONO site redevelopment embrace this multi-sec- spaces, transportation and retail options. torial collaborative approach to city building by incorporating existing proposals for expanded greenspace, Conservation, Restoration, Sustainability ecological restoration and the Robot City concept. The recommendations suggest measures to conserve resources, restore physical and cultural assets, and Diversity and Inclusivity build long-term environmental, social and economic Diversity and inclusivity are present in every aspect of stability. These include restoring landscapes, managing the recommendations. This theme informs the variety rainwater, adding biodiversity corridors, conserving of activities and services, options for housing, multi- energy, reusing materials and creating locational ef- modal transportation, accessible public spaces, univer- ficiency through strategically-placed urban density and sal design, biodiversity and emphasis on connections transit-oriented development. between different stakeholder groups’ initiatives.

Culture, Built Environment, Nature Together, these themes represent Hazelwood’s three heritages: Its economy and social life, its built form and its natural environment. These elements have evolved in tandem over the past 150 years, and the ALMONO redevelopment is an opportunity to embrace Hazel- wood’s rich heritages through adaptive reuse while creating new, exemplary forms that represent contemporary cultural values and building practices.

42 Human and institutional capital: Oakland (middle ground) is home to many of the region’s top educational institutions. Downtown Pittsburgh’s skyline looms in the distance while Carnegie Mellon University’s campus is shown in the foreground. Artistic interventions in urban spaces: A writer and an artist helped save a defunct elevated railway in New York City that once carried cattle and convert it into the High Line, an urban parkway similar to Paris’ Coulée Verte. Photo by Iwan Baan, courtesy of Friends of the High Line.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 43 Vision Opportunities & Challenges Themes There are many leading factors that are converging to suggest that Hazelwood may be Pittsburgh’s “next big urban project”. Hazelwood’s redevelopment can potentially set a new standard in sustainable, urban design-driven eco- Opportunities nomic and community development with regional impacts and global implications. Understanding the contextual & Challenges opportunities and challenges is critical to delivering a successful redevelopment vision. From an urban design perspective, the most significant challenges to Hazelwood’s redevelopment are the lingering Assumptions issues of connectivity and linkages, and the effects of longterm landscape degradation of the ALMONO site and Monongahela River riparian environment, including the impacts on the public’s perceptions. The biggest opportunities are the location, commitment and vision of the site owners, the community capacity, regional institutions and Green industry, and Hazelwood’s assets. Urbanism + ALMONO, LP Site Assets First and foremost, the unique ownership structure of Hazelwood is in many ways a microcosm of the best of the 178-acre ALMONO site offers unprecedented flex- what Pittsburgh has to offer, with more than two miles ibility and possibility for innovation. As philanthropic of winding river frontage, a steep forested hillside back- foundations, the ALMONO, LP partners operate within drop, established walkable neighborhoods and prox- a different accountability paradigm than municipal imity to a major urban park. Its location on a dramatic governments, for-profit and non-profit developers. bend of the Monongahela River offers impressive views They come with what has been called “patient money”, of Hays Woods, landmark buildings in Oakland and allowing for a long-term development vision, and downtown Pittsburgh’s skyline. These assets should be compatible program missions in the areas of economic emphasized in any redevelopment scheme. and community development, sustainability and public education. Committed Community De-industrialization has had a destabilizing impact on Institutional Interest Hazelwood’s resident and economic base. Confronting The redevelopment of Hazelwood is also supported these challenges are a collection of committed and by the enthusiasm and interest of potentially impor- active community organizations, including the Com- tant research and pedagogic, industry and cultural munity Development Corporation (CDC) Hazelwood investors, such as Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Institute. Initiative, Inc., the faith-based, community empow- These institutions are actively interested in becoming erment organization Center for Life, and the urban a permanent installation in Hazelwood, providing the farming-focused Hazelwood Harvest. Local residents critical programmatic axis on which the ALMONO site and business owners have participated in several com- urban design recommendations rest. munity visioning and planning processes, including the Carnegie Mellon School of Architecture’s Urban Strategic Location Laboratory: Community and Urban Design Studio. Hazelwood is located four miles from downtown Pittsburgh and one mile from Oakland, Pennsylvania’s second and third largest commercial districts respectively. It is also in proximity to the research-focused Pittsburgh Technology Center (PTC) and the successful Southside Works retail district.

44 - Lack of Connectivity & Transportation Choices natural functions through landscape restoration work, With one of Pittsburgh’s steepest hillsides and a long, particularly in Junction Hollow, where the buried Four winding shoreline, Hazelwood’s site conditions are Mile Run meets the Monongahela River, and along the unusually dramatic and full of potential. Currently, river’s edge. Resolving these ecological dilemmas will however, the fragmented path and street network, and yield benefits that extend beyond the site. Addressing limited variety of transportation options creates isola- the hydrological system will not only help ecologi- tion and negates the advantages of the area’s proxim- cal functions and create aesthetic and recreational ity to major employment and service districts. The landscapes but also return what has become a serious redevelopment of the ALMONO site will require early and costly liability, as well as image problem, into an investment in public transportation infrastructure in asset by alleviating combined sewage and stormwater order to create speedy access and stoke the synergies overflow contamination. between Hazelwood, Oakland and downtown. Privately-Held Land The importance of providing a permanent, rapid link The urban design recommendations proposed in between Hazelwood, Oakland and downtown cannot be this document extend beyond the boundary of the overstated. It is the singular most important ALMONO site. The end of the Four Mile Run valley, the gesture that will ensure the success of the ALMONO hillside and Second Avenue are all critical to the overall site’s redevelopment. In the long term, a second major framework. Some of these areas are publicly-held; proposed transportation intervention is a bridge con- others are privately-owned. A map is in the section necting Hazelwood to the south side of the Monon- Development Constraints. The support of the City of gahela River. This will improve traffic flow and increase Pittsburgh and the Urban Redevelopment Authority regional connectivity. (URA) will be critical to the success of our vision. The ALMONO, LP could try to purchase these sites. Failing Degraded Landscape Functions that, the URA can support the project by purchas- Pittsburgh’s hydrological system has been seriously ing those properties that are within the scope of the altered due to the transformation of the landscape’s recommendations and making them available for rede- surface over the past two hundred years. There are few velopment in accordance with the proposed strategy. surviving open streams. Most have been piped underground and covered, some with earth, others with slag, Harnessing the opportunities and finding solutions to in order to create flat surface areas for development. the challenges will require the participation of important stakeholders and regional actors, including the City The Monongahela River riparian corridor has been of Pittsburgh, its development arm, the URA, and its severely degraded. In many places, its edges are raised public transit agency, the Port Authority of Allegheny with railway berms, covered in slag or draped in high County. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania may also concrete walls. In Hazelwood, there are several oppor- be called upon as a funding and leveraging partner. A tunities to atone for past grievances against important discussion on additional stakeholders and partners is included at the end of the recommendations.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 45 Vision Assumptions Themes Incorporated into the urban design recommendations are several important assumptions about existing and proposed uses and infrastructure. These assumptions concern major infrastructure affecting the site’s redevelopment Opportunities potential. & Challenges End of Mon-Fayette Toll Expressway Light Rail Transit It is assumed that the final leg of the Mon-Fayette toll We propose that the current CSX rail line running Assumptions expressway, proposed to be routed through Braddock parallel to Second Ave and through Junction Hollow and Hazelwood, is abandonned. It is the RCI’s position into Oakland be paired with a commuter rail line and a that a regional highway of the magnitude proposed by commuter bikeway, creating an effective and aestheti- Green the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission is not consis- cally pleasing multi-modal people and goods move- tent with a community-based, sustainable redevelopment corridor between Oakland and Hazelwood. Urbanism ment vision of Hazelwood. Bellefield Steam Plant We support the cause of regional connectivity and as Under our recommendations, the Bellefield coal-fired such propose a multi-faceted and integrated approach steam generating plant, scenically located on the slope to transportation along the lines of what is proposed of Junction Hollow adjacent to the Carnegie Library of in the Citizens’ Plan: An Alternative to the Pennsylvania Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, would be Turnpike Commission’s Plan to Complete the Mon-Fayette closed and replaced with a district co-generation en- Toll Road (2002), a study published by Penn Future and ergy plant on the ALMONO site. The Bellefield building informed by a broad coalition of regional and local would be adaptively reused by area institutions, such organizations. In this optic, transportation infra- as the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh or the Carnegie structure is viewed as both an opportunistic design Museums. feature, defining and delineating space and acting as a landmark, while maintaining a positive and interac- Land Assembly tive relationship with other uses, such as commercial, The complexity of the urban design recommendations office, industrial, residential and recreational uses. This require a geographic scope that extends beyond the approach to urban transportation infrastructure creates ALMONO site. The interventions in the larger project value beyond the actual transportation intervention. area maximize the potential of the dynamic between the ALMONO site, Oakland institutions and Hazelwood. Relocation of Metaltech, Inc. There are two zones of privately-held and publicy-held Metaltech, Inc. is a manufacturer of coated steel coils land that are critical to the overal vision of the ALMONO currently located at the northern end of the Pittsburgh site redevelopment: The area between Junction Hol- Technology Center (PTC), south of the Birmingham low and the ALMONO site includes land that is critical Bridge. We propose that the facility be relocated or to the implementation of the LRT line and Transit serviced by river barge instead of rail. This will allow for Oriented Development proposal. The completion of the removal of the riverfront CSX rail spur and its raised the Riverside neighborhood at the southern end of the berm that is used infrequently by Metaltech. This move ALMONO parcel requires the acquisition of part of the is critical to the successful implementation of a vibrant lands currently used for the Glenwood Rail Yard. new urban riverfront district that fully embraces the Monongahela River.

46 A value-added approach to transportation infrastructure: Page 9 from The Citizens Plan, produced in 2002 by Citizens for Pennsylvania’s Future (PennFuture). The Plan, completed by a team of multidisciplinary national and local experts, proposes an alternative to the Mon-Fayette toll road that focuses on sound urban design and place-making.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 47 Vision Green Urbanism Themes Values of environmental stewardship and public health are at the base of our urban design recommendations. This approach to the design of the ALMONO site differs from conventional decision-making approaches to urban Opportunities development focused largely on the “highest-best use” principle of maximizing the economic value of land. The & Challenges approach advocated here is best described as Green Urbanism.

Green Urbanism uses sustainable planning and design I Leadership in Energy and Environmental Assumptions to retrofit existing urbanized areas and create new Design (LEED) developments that are more compact, healthy, low Green energy and less wasteful. It considers ecosystems and II Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems ecological processes, proposes design that is based on Urbanism full lifecycle analysis and measures performance according to social, ecological and economic indicators. III Active Living

Our recommendations link key traditional urban design IV Sustainable Energy and planning elements, such as buildings, site layout, transportation infrastructure, public spaces and materials, with the contemporary environmental concerns of I Leadership in Energy and Environmental energy production, rainwater management and food Design (LEED) production, while also considering changing cultural The redevelopment of the ALMONO site represents practices. Ranking seventh nationally in the number of the last large-scale, riverside opportunity for Pittsburgh buildings with Leadership in Energy and Environmental to implement sustainable development and present Design (LEED) certification, and with growing world-re- a new image for Pittsburgh. We propose that the site nowned institutional expertise in the area of sustainable developer pursue certification in Leadership in Energy architecture and building systems, Pittsburgh is striving and Environmental Design for Buildings (LEED) and for to be a center of the green building industry. Green Neighborhood Development (LEED ND). Urbanism is consistent with these motivations. The U.S. Green Building Council’s (USGBC) LEED is a Our approach to Green Urbansim integrates four mu- third party certification program and currently the tually supportive planning frameworks and concepts, nationally accepted benchmark for the design, con- several of which can be applied to Hazelwood and struction and operation of high performance green Pittsburgh retroactively: buildings. In addition to certifying homes, commercial interiors, new construction, schools, healthcare and retail buildings, the USGBC has developed criteria for sustainable neighborhood development. The David L. Lawrence Convention Center is the first and largest Gold LEED certified convention center in the world and was the site of the 2009 G-20 Summit. Its distinctive roof, covered with a large solar array, slopes toward the Allegheny River. Photo courtesy of the David L. Lawrence Convention Center.

48 The LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED ND) rating system was approved in October 2009 a consen- sus body. LEED ND was developed by the USGBC, the Congress for the New Urbanism (CNU) and the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC). It incorporates the Smart Growth Network’s ten principles of smart growth and the charter of the CNU.

LEED ND provides the most comprehensive and integrated system of criteria for sustainable urban design available. The highest number of points possible under the pilot rating system is 110. The minimum required Offering new aesthetic, recreational and wildlife habitat points for basic LEED ND certification is 40. The rating opportunities: With the goal of system is currently divided into three categories, each making Chicago the greenest city in America, Mayor Richard Daly having prerequisite conditions that must be met in is instituting a number of Green order to qualify for additional credits: Urbanism measures, including re- • Smart Location and Linkage placing asphalt in alleyways with a permeable surface. Photo courtesy • Neighborhood Pattern and Design of the City of Chicago. • Green Infrastructure and Building Swales integrated into public gardens in Portland’s South Wa- Due to its urban location and brownfield status, the AL- terfront. Photo courtesy of Nevue MONO site redevelopment easily meets the locational Ngan Associates. prerequisites. Our recommendations for urban design Unused right-of way space is are in line with the LEED ND criteria, so should the converted into a retention strip in redevelopment of the ALMONO follow our strategies, it the SW 12th Avenue Green Street Project in Seattle. Photo courtesy of could easily obtain Gold and likely Platinum certifica- the SW 12th Avenue Green Street tion. The critical challenge will be improving inter-ur- Project. ban connections via a fixed public transportation line.

Achieving LEED ND certification for the ALMONO site redevelopment would help bolster Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania’s emerging status as a national leader in LEED certified construction, and increase the market- ability of the project.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 49 Vision

Themes II Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS) are Our recommendations explicitly link development an economically viable alternative to conventional Opportunities patterns to the future health and recreational potential underground rainwater piping systems. SUDS employ & Challenges of Pittsburgh’s three rivers, whose main source of pollu- a variety of techniques to trap and hold rainwater, tion is urban runoff and bacterial contamination due to releasing it slowly back into the ground through a combined sewer overflow (CSO). As little as one-tenth pervious surface and often cleansing it through a filtra- Assumptions of an inch of rain or melting snow can cause sewage to tion process. The traditional approach diverts rainwater overflow into Pittsburgh’s rivers and streams. directly into area streams and rivers, leading to floods and contamination from surface pollutants. Green Currently, when stormwater pipes fill, extra stormwater Urbanism flows into the nearly 4,000 miles of pipes that make up In addition to reducing runoff, keeping pollution at its the sewage collection system through direct connec- source, and aiding in the replenishment of local aqui- tions and cracked pipes, causing rainwater and sewage fers, SUDS offer new aesthetic, recreational and wildlife to mix. Untreated sewage ends up in waterways, man- habitat opportunities. Common SUDS techniques hole overflows and basements, while stormwater is include minimizing impervious surfaces and installing directed to be treated at the County’s ALCOSAN water infiltration devices and landscapes, such as filter strips, treatment plant. During dry weather, about 40 percent swales and raingardens, or detaining and retaining of all flow that reaches the ALCOSAN treatment plant water using floodplains and retention ponds. These is due to inflow and infiltration of stormwater and landscape features often double as wildlife habitat groundwater into underground pipes. and movement corridors, add visual interest along recreational trails and can be designed creatively to Combined sewer overflows violate the federal Clean produce visually striking vegetal features. In the case of Water Act and as a result, the majority of municipalities brownfields, the use of SUDS should take into consid- in Allegheny County have been issued a consent order eration contaminated soil. by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to make critical repairs and develop a long-term control III Active Living program, among other actions, or face fines. Estimates The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the cost of rehabilitating the sewage collection and reports that there has been a dramatic increase in treatment system in Allegheny County total up to $3 obesity in the past twenty years with serious implica- billion. Limiting the source of overflow is generally tions for health, quality of life and the economy. Nearly regarded as the cheapest way to ensure quality of 20 percent of youths aged 6 to 19 years are obese drinking water with the added benefit of enhancing and nearly another 20 percent are overweight. It is no the rivers’ potential as recreational amenities. surprise that policy makers and individual Americans are increasingly interested in healthy living.

Planners and designers can encourage Active Living by incorporating recreational spaces, such as this dog park in Manhat- tan, and encouraging utilitarian cycling with a network of safe urban bike lanes and advocacy institutions like the Maison du Vélo in Montreal. Photos by Elise Gatti.

50 Active Living is promoted as a way of life that inte- design for accessibility are all design decisions that give grates at least 30 minutes of physical activity into people choices. Architects can furthermore incorporate a daily routine, mainly through transportation and bike-friendly facilities in residences and work buildings, recreation choices. Designing for an active lifestyle such as safe and sheltered bike storage and showers. means creating environments that offer people the option to easily engage in physical exercise on a daily Connecting residents to recreational amenities, such as basis, whether taking public transit or riding a bicycle parks, trails and greenways, is also important, as is maintain- to school, work or other engagements, walking a dog ing a perception of safety and security in public spaces. to a dog park or visiting a neighborhood playground. Visual stimulation, pleasant scenery, engaging streetscapes and a culture that respects non-motorists are additional Promoting Active Living requires a multidisciplinary variables that encourage Active Living. partnership between designers and planners, transportation engineers, public health officials, educators, IV Sustainable Energy recreational advocates and public safety officials. The ALMONO redevelopment offers a unique op- Urban planners and designers have a particular impact portunity to design a contemporary urban district that on people’s abilities to live an active lifestyle. Current is powered using sustainable energy strategies at the barriers to an active lifestyle that are directly linked to outset. This can be achieved through energy efficient planning and design include dispersed land use pat- building and site design as prescribed by LEED ND terns, large urban blocks, infrastructure that cannot be standards, Connected Urban Development methods, traversed, poor connections between streets, streets and renewable energy generation through a district that are unfriendly to cyclists and pedestrians, and car- co-generation system. oriented development, such as strip malls and cul-de- sac residential neighborhoods. Other factors include Integrating multi-scalar sustainable energy strategies real and perceived crime, and social norms. could help reduce the energy load of the ALMONO Amenities for active people: Que- bec City’s new Promenade Samuel- redevelopment by a factor of at least two compared to De-Champlain, a redesign of a Urban designers and planners can facilitate the active conventional development, provide energy security to former expressway, includes bike lifestyle by using zoning, road design protocols and parking, a smooth multi-purpose Hazelwood and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This pathway, a pedestrian pathway other policy tools to ensure compact development would help the City of Pittsburgh meet its commit- and drinking fountains. Photo by and mixity of uses. Encouraging walking, cycling and ments to its Climate Action Plan, the Pittsburgh Solar Elise Gatti. public transportation is key to Active Living design. Initiative and the U.S. Conference of Mayors Climate Ottawa’s 5-mile long Rideau Canal Convenient access to public transportation, Complete Protection agreement. becomes a “skateway” during Streets that accommodate pedestrians, cyclists and the winter, allowing residents to commute or skate recreationally transit users, as well as drivers, networks of bike lanes The building codes laid out in the LEED program between Canada’s Parliament and paths, traffic calming measures, and universal reduce energy use by incorporating passive solar de- building and Carlton University. Photo from Ottawa Tourism.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 51 Vision

Themes sign, thermal mass construction to moderate internal A study by David Archer, Hongxi Yin and Yang Hu at temperatures, super insulation to reduce heat loss and Carnegie Mellon’s Center for Building Performance and Opportunities heat gain, natural ventilation, high performance glaz- Diagnostics (2008) looked at alternative systems for the ing on windows, green rooftops, solar water heaters, ALMONO redevelopment, including CCHP, a closed-loop & Challenges active solar power, and by selecting efficient appli- geothermal ground source and dispersed renewable ances and fixtures. energy sources, and concluded that a CCHP co-genera- Assumptions tion plant using regionally-available natural gas, waste or Cities produce 80 percent of the world’s greenhouse renewable fuel would be the best option. They estimate gas (GHG) emissions. Connected Urban Development that a CCHP plant would reduce the energy consumed Green (CUD) employs Information and Communication on the ALMONO site by a factor of two as compared to Urbanism Technology (ICT) to improve the efficiency of urban conventional electrical energy production. infrastructure and encourage telecommuting, thereby reducing GHG emissions. A growing number of cities, The authors suggest that a new Hazelwood district including San Francisco, Amsterdam, Seoul and Ma- co-generation plant would further gain efficiency by drid, are implementing CUD strategies. These should being located beside a data center. The data center be explored in the context of both Hazelwood and would benefit from the cooling provided by the CCHP Pittsburgh. plant’s absorption chillers and, given the weaknesses inherent in large-scale electric grid systems, the data The centerpiece of the ALMONO site sustainable center would also benefit from a decentralized, reliable energy plan is a district co-generation energy plant, source of energy. The co-generation plant could use located near the proposed renaturalized mouth of the waste heat delivered by the data center’s servers. the Four Mile Run. A district energy plant captures the Such arrangements are already in practice in California, waste heat from the energy generation process, either where energy production is more volatile. to heat air, steam or water, or alternately, through the use of absorption chillers, to produce chilled water Investment in data centers is an emerging niche sector or cool air, all of which is distributed within a 2-mile of the information technology industry and is increas- radius. In doing so, a Combined Cooling, Heating and ingly being targeted by community economic develop- Power (CCHP) system can reach efficiency rates of up ment specialists. Data centers are buildings specially to 85 percent compared to 60 percent for the best designed to house computer equipment. Their specific conventional gas-fired power plants, and 33 percent functions vary from data storage and server farms to for coal-fired and nuclear plants that typically transmit hosting networking equipment and software applica- energy over long distances through electrical wires. tions for large companies. Data centers have become Since less fuel is consumed, pollution and emissions necessary infrastructure for any community wishing are proportionately reduced. to attract high-tech sector companies, offering the potential for the clustering of information technol- “Cloud Factory”: The historic ogy services. Nearly all Fortune 1000 companies use Bellefield Steam Plant, located data centers as well as health care providers, financial on the slope of Junction Hollow, behind the Carnegie Library of services companies, banks, telecommunications firms Pittsburgh, is a landmark building and Internet-based companies. with rich potential for reuse as an arts facility. Photo courtesy of TheZachMorrisExperience. Data centers provide many benefits to a community. At the outset, they require large capital expenditures, stimulating construction jobs. In the long-term, they provide high-paying service jobs for information technologists, software developers and electrical and mechanical engineers. Data centers have very specific site requirements, which include electricity, labor availability and costs, land, utility availability and taxes, disaster risk, and site constraints.

Based on these requirements, the ALMONO site in particular is very well suited to the inclusion of a data center. It has been reported that the construction of data centers has been limited in some parts of the U.S.

52 because power companies could not guarantee supply. The Mysteries of Pittsburgh. The Bellefield Boiler Plant’s Typical electrical energy loads for data centers vary from central location, Romanesque Revival architectural 0.5 MW to as high as 10 MW, with the biggest energy style and interesting site context, in combination with draws being used to power and cool equipment. A its non-compliance with EPA emissions standards, lack constant load of about 2 MW is the equivalent of about of use during the summer and possible co-generation 2,000 homes. As electricity costs and power consump- plant at the northern end of the ALMONO site, beg an tion from data centers continue to rise, many data cen- inquiry into alternative, university or culture related ter owners and operators are looking to provide more uses for the building that take advantage of its iconic environmentally friendly options for their customers. image and central location in Oakland. Recently developed “green” data centers use green- building standards and are often partially powered by renewable electricity.

A new co-generation plant in Hazelwood would free up the existing coal-fired Bellefield Boiler Plant, located behind the Carnegie Library at the top of Junction Hollow. Built in 1907, the system comprises 2.5 miles of underground steel pipes that deliver steam heat to nine different institutions, including Carnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Phipps Conservatory and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. The plant is run on low- sulphur Kentucky coal and natural gas, relying on rail delivery almost every day during the winter to produce steam heat. The plant is not longer used in the summer. The largest users, University of Pittsburgh and UPMC, recently pulled out of the Bellefield Boiler Plant partnership and have built a modern district energy plant in North Oakland. The new riverfront district co- generation plant in Saint Paul, At 150 feet and 200 plus feet tall, the twin smokestacks Minnesota, creates electricity and are landmarks viewable from the bike trail in Junction district heating hot water from urban waste wood. The building’s Hollow and Schenley Park. The Bellefield Boiler Plant design was improved by com- was referred to by Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Mi- munity input. Photo courtesy of the chael Chabon as “the Cloud Factory” in his 1998 book Saint Paul Riverfront Corporation. Designers of the sustainable Vauban Quartier development in Freiburg-im-Breisgau took advantage of a parking garage’s rooftop to install solar-panels as part of a sustainable energy plan. Photo courtesy of Forum Vauban.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 53 Overview Overview Urban Form The following section sets out the main elements of our urban design recommendations. They are organized around the basic components of urban design: Form, infrastructure, places, uses and legibility. We also provide an Frameworks example of a possible development scenario based on the recommendations.

Places Urban Form Legibility The urban design recommendations begin with a A final layer addresses urban legibility. Related to way- strategy regarding open space and built space (or finding, legibility asks how people perceive their envi- Legibility voids and solids) in Hazelwood. The strategy targets ronment, and particularly how they decipher meaning, intensity of use, concentrating residential development such as cultural and use information, from patterns and near service clusters and transportation infrastructure, forms in the built environment. The recommendations Possible opening up new recreational spaces in the process. focus on the role of gateways, landmarks and views in Suggestions for block massing and building heights creating legible places and wayfinding. Development are also included. Scenario Possible Development Scenario Frameworks A possible development scenario illustrates how our Within this overall spatial organization strategy, a set recommendations might look as a final master plan. of permeable land and water landscapes and trans- The plans are suggestive rather than prescriptive, and portation infrastructure frameworks are proposed to are not meant to replace the work of the final site delineate space and provide services, extending from designers. the river’s edge and the ALMONO site to beyond the parameters of Hazelwood.

Places These frameworks are interconnected, structural layers within which are embedded seven distinct but interconnected places: • Junction Hollow • Four Mile Run Neighborhood • Robot City • Hazelwood Riverfront Park • Hazelwood Town Center • Hazelwood Greenway • Riverside Neighborhood

54 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 55 Overview Urban Form Urban Form Density and Intensity • Density and Intensity Underlying the urban design recommendations is a critical proposal to strategically consolidate activities and build- • Massing and Height ings by intensifying and de-densifying parts of Hazelwood over time. Pittsburgh’s dramatic decrease in population in the last 50 years has left many neighborhoods, including Hazelwood, with vacant homes and empty lots, creating derelict streetscapes which further hinder investment by decreasing property values. Hazelwood in particular Frameworks has some of Pittsburgh’s lowest housing values in spite of a sturdy stock of brick homes and a central, riverfront location. The overall strategy to redistribute density and open space will reinforce nodes of activity, raise density to support public transit, expand the network of multi-functional green spaces and raise property values. Places Spatial Redistribution Intensification of buildings occurs along a gradient, In a Brookings Institute study, Pittsburgh was rated one Legibility with higher concentrations of buildings at suggested of the nation’s top walkable cities, after such notable activity and transportation nodes, such as Second cities as Boston, San Francisco, Denver and Portland. Avenue and Hazelwood Avenue, and where the Four The study looked at three urban neighborhoods: Oak- Possible Mile Run meets the Monongahela River. The hilliest land, downtown Pittsburgh and Southside. It notes the Development and more remote sections of Hazelwood are subjected presence of Light Rail Transit in walkable areas in each case study and suggests there is a strong potential for Scenario to degrees of de-densification to the benefit of an expanded greenway park system that spans the entire fixed-rail public transit to play a role in catalyzing walk- neighborhood and connects to adjacent Schenley Park able urban development in other parts of Pittsburgh. and Frick Park. In addition to a reliable and modern transit system, recreational amenities should also be part of the strategy The strategic intensification and de-densification of to attract new residents to Pittsburgh and Hazelwood. Hazelwood should be a primary focus of the next The trend toward active urban living is being led by twenty years. Hillside streets located at the periphery of young professionals, retirees and near-retirees enticed Hazelwood’s urban fabric should be decommissioned by the convenience of proximity, public transit, and the over time through the acquisition of vacant properties. social interactions provided by dynamic, lively streets This will allow for the greenway to be expanded, turning and mix of uses in cities. what is currently a liability -- nearly vacant streets that are expensive to service -- into an asset. Development We recommend varying density profiles according should be encouraged to happen near services and to desired levels of activity, building up mass around public transit, concentrating people and activities. the business district, LRT stops and public amenities. A minimum density of units is required in order Landscape is a determining feature of Pittsburgh and to economically justify greater investment in public Hazelwood. The steep hillsides and rivers provide a transit. In order to meet the current LEED ND prereq- multitude of development opportunities. Sometimes, uisites, any residential development must be built at however, not building is the best “development” an average density of 7 or more dwelling units per choice. In some cases, landscape restoration and natu- acre of buildable land available for residential uses. In ralization is recommended to take full advantage of the addition, if the project is serviced by a transit agency topographic potential, including the mouth of the Four which has specified minimum service densities that are Mile Run, Hazelwood’s hillsides and the Monongahela greater than the densities required by this prerequisite, River riparian edge. the project must meet the transit agency’s minimum service densities instead. Hazelwood once functioned as a “city within a city”. Residents could walk to shops, schools, work, places At gross population density levels of between 2,000 and of worship and community buildings. A streetcar line 8,000 persons per square mile, the average person makes existed along Second Avenue, transporting passen- about a quarter of their trips daily on foot and bicycle. At gers to downtown. Although Hazelwood has lost the gross population densities of over 50,000, non-motorized density of population and services it once had, its travel increases sharply, reaching about 1 trips a day, well-connected street grid and main streets remain. more than by car. A minimum of 7 dwelling units per The recommendations for the ALMONO site build on net acre (the current LEED ND minimum) are needed to the street pattern and scale of the existing urban fabric run a bus line and 15 to 20 dwelling units per net acre and infuse it with new uses and activities that will both for trolley and streetcar. However higher densities near depend on and draw people to live, work and spend the LRT line would be preferable in order to maximize their leisure time in Hazelwood. the investment and support the local business district. We recommend a minimum of 30 dwelling units per net acre within 400 feet of a LRT station in Hazelwood.

56 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 57 Overview

Urban Form Height and Massing • Density and Intensity The recommendations for height and massing at the block level are the result of complex urban design and real • Massing and Height estate market considerations, including: • the relationship between buildings and the surrounding landscape features, including the Four Mile Run, hillside and Monongahela River Frameworks • reinforcement of the existing and desired character of each district • respect for the modestly-scaled historic building, block and street patterns of the existing Hazelwood community, including setbacks Places • transitioning heights between districts • consideration of views of the sky, landmarks and landscape features • sunlight penetration to the street and building Legibility • comfort of the pedestrian experience at street level

The recommendations propose general categories of development envelopes at the scale of the block for which Possible more specific urban design guidelines may be developed. These development envelopes incorporate massing, Development heights and setbacks at the block level. Scenario Low-Rise Development Envelope (up to 40’) These are suggested for the residential development adjacent to the existing Riverside community. New townhouses and semi-detached houses of up to 3.5 stories should follow existing setbacks of between 5 and 15 feet. The height-to-width enclosure ratios for streets with low-rise development should be between 1:1 and 1:3, ensuring that there is adequate daylight.

Mid-Rise Development Envelope (60’ to 80’) Mid-rise development is suggested for the Hazelwood Town Center perimeter of the Hazelwood Riverfront Park and around the reconstructed estuary basin of the Four Mile Run. Here, buildings stand 5 to 8 storeys high and the height-to-width ratio is 1:1.5 to 1:3. The fourth to eighth storeys could be stepped back from the street so as to avoid a “looming effect” while allowing for apartment terraces.

High-Rise Development Envelope (80’ +) We recommend that high-rise buildings of 8 stories or more be incorporated into the Four Mile Run Transit Oriented Development (TOD). As with mid-rise buildings, emphasizing the first four floors from the ground up and keeping the ground floor animated with public uses will help anchor the building to the street and create more ground-level appeal.

Additional considerations when designing blocks include shaping blocks so that they frame public spaces in interesting and legible ways, keeping blocks smaller allowing for better pedestrian mobility, orient- ing building entrances to face the public realm, placing buildings along the perimeter of the block, and keeping parking and garages located behind buildings and in alleyways.

58 The award-winning 3-storey Archer Courts townhouses were built surrounding a rehabilitated public housing complex in Chicago’s Chinatown neighborhood. All 43 units are fully accessible and one quarter were designated for low- income and public housing. Photo by Payton Chung. Low-rise development proposal by Levine + Russell, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007. The 14-storey Terrazzo mixed-use condominium tower in Nashville, TN makes a strong corner state- ment and is LEED-certified (silver). Photo courtesy Crosland LLC. The 6-storey Greenbelt infill home in Brooklyn, NY uses 40 percent less energy and 30 percent less water than a comparable building. This type can easily be converted into a multi-unit building. Photo courtesy of Brownstoner.com.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 59 Overview Frameworks Urban Form Green-Blue Framework The Green-Blue Framework is a multi-purpose network of open, permeable ground and water features that includes water management landscapes, transportation infrastructure, food and other natural product generating Frameworks landscapes, cultural and recreational spaces, and wildlife habitat and biodiversity corridors. It takes into account • Green-Blue Pittsburgh’s unique natural assets, particularly its outstanding topography, and through specific interventions turns • Transportation these into cultural and economic activators for Hazelwood’s redevelopment.

The framework is made up of three “meta” land- I Green Infrastructure Places scapes, each which in turn contains a wide variety of Green infrastructure is the interconnected network smaller landscapes, some of which overlap and can of landscapes and systems that sustain human life by Legibility be expanded to city and region wide networks. These supporting natural ecosystem values and functions landscapes are interconnected, allowing water, wildlife that have traditionally been disrupted and displaced by and people to circulate throughout the neighborhood urban development, with negative results for human Possible and potentially into surrounding neighborhoods. health and sustainability. Development The four landscapes are: Green infrastructure landscapes vary in size and form, Scenario from waterways, forests, wilderness areas, fringe green I Green Infrastructure spaces and recreational fields, to highly engineered forms, such as streets with biofiltration systems, II Parks and Recreational Spaces pervious parking lots and green rooftops. Together, they form overlapping networks or systems that span III Productive Landscapes all spectra of development, hydrological scales and ecosystems. Overlooking Hazelwood, the Hazelwood Greenway provides a continuous swath of open space and, Green infrastructure integrates a number of design ultimately, a hiking, mountain biking and biodiversity strategies and techniques to manage water and flood- corridor between Schenley Park and Frick park. ing, and to accommodate biodiversity and energy flows, including power supply, food supply, and waste Four open green wedges connect the Hazelwood disposal. It also provides corridors for movement, can Greenway to the Hazelwood Riverfront Park and the be integrated into public space and offers an opportu- Monongahela River riparian corridor: nity to create unique aesthetic markers. • Junction Hollow and Four Mile Run linear park • Robot City B&O Roundhouse park Green infrastructure complements “grey” infrastruc- • Hazelwood Avenue green promenade ture -- the modern pipes, pavement and mechanical • Melancthon Street edge and community gardens systems that help move water, sewage and energy, and serve as a surface for transportation. It does so The Ethel M. Botanical Cactus primarily by diverting rain water that would otherwise Garden in Las Vegas recycles 100 percent of the its wastewater flow into already overloaded municipal combined without the use of any chemicals overflow sewer systems (CSOs), helping to alleviate using Living Machines. The water costly flooding and improve water quality. However is recycled for use in providing water for the gardens. Photo by green infrastructure can also be used to treat sewage Stan Shebs. safely using beneficial microorganisms through the recreation of wetland ecologies as demonstrated by Living Machines.

Several urban design approaches to natural stormwater management have been developed and are in practice, including Low Impact Development (LID), Best Management Practices (BMPs) and Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems (SUDS). These include techniques for the collection, retention, dispersal, filtering and reuse of rainwater across different scales, from the parcel to the neighborhood.

60 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 61 Overview

Urban Form It typically costs less to install and maintain landscape- campuses, parking lots and individual building sites. based stormwater management systems than hard Buildings can accommodate green infrastructure land- Frameworks infrastructure, and the benefits extend beyond costs scapes on their rooftops, in their courtyards and gar- • Green-Blue savings. Green infrastructure provides ”free” services, dens, and even on their walls, or within their buildings • Transportation such as flood control, filtration of air- and water-borne depending on the climate. Marginal type spaces such pollutants, and support of biodiversity, while having as vacant lots, alleys, roadside and rail right-of-ways can the additional benefits of being available for other also become part of the green infrastructure network. Places uses, such as recreation and transportation. In some cases, green infrastructure can be used to partially or At the neighborhood level, gardens, plazas, rooftops, entirely replace grey infrastructure. and even parking lots can become amenities and Legibility provide visual interest while performing stormwater Types of urban green infrastructure landscapes and quality functions and reinforcing urban design goals elements that can be incorporated into Hazelwood for the neighborhood and community. There are many Possible include: examples of multi-use projects that are designed Development • greenways around stormwater management landform features. • raingardens These water cleansing projects render the hydrological Scenario • wetlands (restored) process visible to the public and serve an educational • forests and woodlands purpose as well as meeting ecological and fiscal goals. • trees • green roofs and walls There have been no deliberate attempts to create • swales green infrastructure in Hazelwood. There are, however, • porous pavement several existing landscapes that perform green infra- • native landscapes structure functions, particularly in Junction Hollow and the hillside. The ALMONO site, mostly vacant, provides These can be integrated to varying degrees into any a blank canvass onto which green infrastructure can be type of land use or development type, including parks, drawn in conjunction with the transportation frame- commercial streets, industrial zones, infrastructure, work and other programmatic goals. Wetlands and river estuaries provide many “free” services, such as water cleansing, flood protection and wildlife habitat. This image from Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates’ (MVVA) winning renaturalization proposal for Toronto’s Don River estuary.

62 Unique aesthetic markers: Elevated Wetlands, by artist Noel Harding, is a functional ecological art installation along the Don River in Toronto. Water polluted from urban runoff is pumped through the large sculptures using solar energy and cleansed naturally by bacteria in a mini-wetland environment before being returned back to the Don River. Photo courtesy of City of Toronto Archives. The grass-covered T3 tram line in Paris acts as “connective tissue”, structuring space and connecting points while allowing rainwater to permeate into the soil. Photo by Michael Stavy. A central courtyard stormwater garden with sinewy swale in Rus- sellville Commons, a multi-family assisted living facility for Alzheimer patients in Portland, OR. Photo courtesy GreenWorks design firm.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 63 Overview

Urban Form Green infrastructure has a dual role to play in the urban ization project is the most ambitious and visually design process, first as a space-structuring agent and, striking landscape gesture in the recommendations. If Frameworks second, as connective tissue. Rather than work in op- achieved, it will be the first stream reclamation project • Green-Blue position to development, green infrastructure is an op- within the city limits that extends all the way to one of • Transportation portunity to incorporate open land conservation and Pittsburgh’s three rivers and includes significant public other ecological values into a development concept. In access. Hazelwood, green infrastructure can be used to drive Places the overall design and character of the development. • Expanded Greenway As the main space-structuring element of the urban The existing hillside greenway could be expanded and design recommendations, this network of open green enriched with new programmatic features, includ- Legibility landscapes fundamentally shapes the redevelopment ing additional trails, recreational amenities, viewing and frames the different districts, acting as a both a platforms, as well as measures to support wildlife buffer and a connector between areas while providing biodiversity through habitat creation and protection, Possible additional venues for public spaces. and planting of appropriate non-invasive, indigenous Development edible plants. Traditional grey infrastructure must be considered at Scenario the different scales of urban development: Region, • Urban Stormwater Capture & Cleansing System district, neighborhood, street and building site. Green The proposed urban stormwater capture and cleans- infrastructure relies mostly on landscape forms to han- ing system directs surface rainwater from Hazel- dle rainwater and provide wildlife habitat, so it must wood’s streets and hard surfaces into collection areas, additionally be conceived of at different hydrological boulevard swales, perched wetlands and treatment scales -- region, river basin, watershed and drainage wetlands. area -- as well as units of ecology. • Site-Specific Gestures All of the green infrastructure interventions proposed Green infrastructure includes highly engineered and for the ALMONO site and Hazelwood contribute to the designed site-specific gestures, such as green rooftops stabilization of local hydrology while providing wildlife and walls, rain barrels and rain gardens, permeable habitat, biodiversity corridors, recreational environ- asphalt and urban street trees. These can be integrated ments and passages for walking and cycling. into the ALMONO site development and adapted into BioHaven Floating Islands can the existing Hazelwood community. be planted ornamentally or to The main green infrastructure interventions are: simulate natural wildlife habitat • Functional Urban Ecological Art for waterfowl. The root system creates fish habitat while filtering • Four Mile Run Daylighting and Renaturalization Pittsburgh artists and arts programs should be invited the water. Photos courtesy Floating The Four Mile Run daylighting and estuary natural- to participate in creating art that serves an ecological Island International.

64 function, such as filtering water, remediating soil or II Parks and Recreational Spaces providing wildlife habitat, even if only in a token way. Parks and recreational spaces are the most diverse landscape in the Green Framework. These public spac- In order to successfully design green infrastructure into es provide a multitude of recreational opportunities to the ALMONO site redevelopment, it is important to residents while providing a contrast from Hazelwood’s include a civil engineer, landscape architect, ecologist built environment. and urban designer with experience in LID, BMPs and SUDS and issues of biodiversity in the design team at Green recreational spaces not only contribute the envi- the outset of the site design process. These profes- ronmental values of green infrastructure but have also sionals will be able to discern between ecologically been shown to increase property values. Many studies significant and developable lands, and best determine have concluded that urban parks, greenways and even the green infrastructure strategies and techniques street trees have a positive effect on property values, most effective in each context. particularly residential values.

Embracing the seasons: Images from Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates’ (MVVA) winning renaturalization proposal for Toronto’s Don River.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 65 Overview

Urban Form A 2004 survey of studies measuring the economic im- The proposed parks and recreational interventions will pact of green space by Michigan State University found create two new major greenspaces, the Hazelwood Frameworks that proximity, typically a half mile or less, to an urban Greenway and Hazelwood Riverfront Park, and improve • Green-Blue park or greenway can increase housing values by up to connections to Schenley Park via a direct transporta- • Transportation 20 percent. The International Society of Arboriculture tion link through Junction Hollow. estimates that curb appeal due to street trees increases real estate values by 5 to 20 percent. City-wide, the The recommendations for parks and recreational Places neighborhoods located between Pittsburgh’s largest spaces focus on five major types of greenspaces: urban forests, Schenley Park and Frick Park (Squirrel Hill, Point Breeze, Shadyside, Regent Square) have the • Hazelwood Greenway Legibility highest property values as well as an abundance of The expanded, forested Hazelwood Greenway will mature trees. Hazelwood’s property values are among provide a four-season recreational zone for residents the lowest in Pittsburgh. However the highest values and visitors. Once fully expanded, it will provide ample Possible within the neighborhood are found near the forested space for hiking and mountain biking trails, legible Development hillside. access points, viewing platforms and opportunities for observing wildlife in a forest environment. Scenario Types of parks and recreational spaces that can be integrated into Hazelwood include: • Hazelwood Riverfront Park • community parks The 90-acre linear Hazelwood Riverfront Park extends • conservancy lands from one end of Hazelwood to the other, creating a • playfields public space that allows direct contact between resi- • neighborhood park or playgrounds dents and the Monongahela River. It is programmed • school grounds for a variety of recreational activities, from sports to • parklet or pocket parks nature appreciation, cycling, walking, boating and • linear parks swimming. • dog parks • themed parks (meditative, commemorative, etc.) • Junction Hollow The recommendations support existing plans to add Possible active and passive recreational amenities and recreational amenities to Junction Hollow by the Pitts- infrastructure can include: burgh Parks Conservancy (PPC) and Carnegie Mellon • year-round items like play structures and a dog park University. The PPC plans to return Panther Hollow Lake • seasonal areas like sports fields and courts (soccer, to public use with the addition of a boat house while basketball, tennis, etc.), rock climbing wall, fishing Carnegie Mellon hopes to add new soccer fields, avail- docks, gardens and kayak/canoe launch able to the public when not in use by the university • multi-use infrastructure, like a wading pool that and its local partners. Night-lighting the bike trail will becomes an ice rink make it safer for use during the shorter winter days by • linear paths that can be used for walking, cycling or both winter cyclists, pedestrians and cross-country ski- cross-country skiing, depending on the season ers while the proposed LRT line will create more access to these amenities and to Schenley Park. Hazelwood residents have access to ten nearby parks and recreational facilities. These are mainly small play- • Green Wedges grounds, in various states of repair, and are distributed The Green Framework’s wedges are open, structured throughout Hazelwood. There is also a community and semi-structured park spaces that connect the sitting garden and gazebo on Second Avenue, baseball Hazelwood Riverfront Park to Junction Hollow and the fields in Riverside and the Carnegie Library of Pitts- Hazelwood Greenway at four deliberate intervals. These burgh and YMCA. The latter both have small indoor green spaces contain recreational amenities as well meeting spaces but since the closure of Gladstone as important elements of the site’s urban stormwater Middle School in 2001 and Burgwin Elementary School capture and cleansing system. in 2005, Hazelwood residents have not had access to a large indoor recreational facility. Schenley Park and sev- • Urban Parks and Gardens eral soccer fields in Junction Hollow are within a mile Edible and ornamental gardens, playgrounds and of Hazelwood, as are a park with outdoor basketball pocket parks should be distributed throughout the courts and a playground in The Run but these cannot ALMONO site and in Hazelwood on a block by block be safely accessed by children on foot or bike. basis.

66 III Productive Landscapes Productive landscapes are green spaces that produce goods and services associated with a set of social, economic and ecological functions. These environments support the practice of urban agriculture, market and non-market based production of food, fuel and timber products in urban areas. Productive landscapes include private gardens, community gardens, energy gardens, small farms, orchards/agro-forests, forests/tree farms, greenhouses, roof gardens and green roofs.

In cities around the world, productive landscapes are prevalent as recreational or entrepreneurial pursuits. They are often ad hoc, taking place on marginalized land in cities. Efforts to integrate productive landscapes into neighborhoods have begun to be explored by landscape architects, architects, planners and urban designers. The ALMONO site provides a prime opportunity to use productive landscapes to enhance the social, economic and environmental sustainability of Hazelwood and the Pittsburgh region.

Gardens, farms and ecological landscapes have always existed in some form in cities. Recently, scholars have focused on how these spaces address critical issues affecting society today -- namely the broad impacts of the global food system, the global energy market and the conditions of cities. Shifting consumption patterns and localizing production of food, fuel and timber are ways to address these issues while creating new opportunities for community engagement, economic development and ecological restoration.

Framework proposal for productive landscapes on the ALMONO site by Horton + Wu, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007. Evergreen Brickworks Greenhouse Complex in Toronto is an adaptive re-use of the old Don Valley Brick Works. Courtesy Evergreen Brickworks.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 67 Overview

Urban Form A wide range of possible productive landscape typolo- sold at local markets. Over 500 hundred poplars have gies exist, including: also been planted on the ALMONO site, as a tool for Frameworks • private gardens both soil remediation and a source of biofuel. The FRC • Green-Blue • community gardens has additionally been using the ALMONO site to test • Transportation • small farms agricultural robots. • energy gardens/energy crops • orchards/agro-forests Hazelwood Harvest is a community-based organization Places • forests/tree farms pursuing urban agriculture and promoting compost- • greenhouses ing in Hazelwood. It is cross-generational, linking • green roofs and walls youth to the land. After settlers arrived to Hazelwood Legibility • roof gardens and vertical gardens in the late 1750s, fruit orchards were planted. Today, Hazelwood Harvest has planted vegetable gardens and These spaces and the overall practices of food, fuel and recently added honeybee hives. They are also taking Possible forest production have grown widely in cities. Design- advantage of a city ordinance that permits a small Development ers are exploring how these productive landscapes number of chickens to be kept on private residential inform the use and character of the public realm. property. Scenario While there is no existing comprehensive productive Given the space needs of the programmatic rec- landscape plan for Hazelwood, several initiatives are ommendations, large-scale land-based productive currently underway. Carnegie Mellon’s Field Robotics landscapes will not be feasible on this site. Smaller pro- Center (FRC) and Growth Through Energy and Com- ductive landscapes can, however, be integrated into munity Health (GTECH) Strategies, a social enterprise, the Green Framework and Robot City. Productive land- have planted energy gardens on construction fill near scapes that are not land-based, such as green rooftops Building 19. GTECH mobilizes vacant lands for biofuel and vertical gardens, can be included throughout the crops while hiring and training local youth. ALMONO site and in the existing parts of Hazelwood, through retrofitting projects. Using the ALMONO site for research and development, GTECH piloted a strategy in 2007 and planted Students in the Fall 2007 Urban Laboratory’s Hazel- an energy field in 2008. These plots, containing six wood Studio explored ways that selected productive acres of switch grass and two acres of sunflowers, landscapes can be paired with building and public performed soil remediation, drawing contaminants up space programming for the ALMONO site. Proposals into the plant bodies through their roots. The biofuel included: feedstock was subsequently cultivated and tested for • research facilities with tree farming spaces biofuel yield. The sunflower seeds were packaged and • aquaculture production facilities with new housing

Productive landscapes for AL- MONO site are a possible interim use. Rendering by Horton + Wu, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007.

68 developments and public space • expansive areas of container gardens with designated public plazas • continuous farm landscapes with community businesses and a research center • phytoremediation strategies and their associated social and economic functions (namely the planting of energy gardens) were proposed as productive interim uses of the site

We recommend the following classes of productive landscapes for Hazelwood:

• Energy Gardens As a pre-development site remediation and economic development strategy, energy gardens provide productive use of property prior to development. They can be used as opportunities for community development through planting of energy gardens and can create additional sources for local bio-fuel production.

In the interim, GTECH feels that there is a good time horizon for research and development as a placeholder for future development on the ALMONO site. However the uncertainty over the future of the site is hindering Container gardening: A resident research at the moment. Hazelwood’s community- tends to his garden at Curran based agriculture group, Hazelwood Harvest, as well House in San Francisco. Photo by Marion Brenner. as experts in local agriculture from the region, such as Grow Pittsburgh, should be included in these efforts. Rooftop garden at the University of North Carolina. Photo courtesy the UNC Gazette. Portions of the site remain heavily contaminated with VOC, sulfur dioxide, oils, ammonium sulfide, naphtha- Vertical gardens have many applications, from building to lene, oils, and ammonium sulfide. Productive land- infrastructure. Max Juvénal Bridge scape typologies such as energy gardens and willow in Aix-en-Provence, France. Photo tree plantings alone may not be sufficient in remediat- courtesy the designer, Patrick Blanc. ing these areas. Site analysis should be conducted prior to development to determine feasible areas for planting, particularly for food crops. If food production is a goal, greenhouses and container planting can be used on sites that are too contaminated.

• Green Roofs, Roof Gardens and Green Walls As an integral building design component, green roofs and green walls have many benefits, including providing a landscape solution adaptable to any building type or infrastructure, creating opportunities to earn up to fifteen LEED New Construction Credits, saving energy costs, lessening the need for thermal insulation, reducing stormwater/wastewater charges, providing wildlife habitat and minimizing the heat island effect.

Roof gardens and vertical gardens can additionally be a source of local produce, offer an accessible means of gardening for any building type, provide an extra

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 69 Overview

Urban Form function to fencing and infrastructure, and provide op- within residential complexes and among areas with portunities to integrate food-producing gardens with orchards or woody trees. Successful projects require Frameworks green roofs or as container gardens and planters. stewards to maintain gardens on a seasonal basis • Green-Blue and these should be identified during the planning • Transportation Key considerations for green roofs and walls include phase. Certain projects, such as orchards, may require limitations on public access for some types of green increased maintenance and start-up costs. Local re- roofs (intensive) and increased maintenance require- sources for technical assistance, such as the aforemen- Places ments for intensive green roofs (extensive green roofs tioned non-profit urban agricultural organization Grow are fairly self-maintaining). Key considerations for Pittsburgh should be included in the planning process. roof gardens and vertical gardens include identifying Legibility stewards to manage and maintain gardens, locating • Orchards and Forests gardens to be accessible to stewards, once they are Pittsburgh has several urban forest parks. We recom- identified. mend that orchards and forests be integrated into Possible new park developments, such as in the Hazelwood Development • Private Gardens, Community Gardens, Small Greenway. Orchards and forests are valuable on several Farms and Orchards levels. They can be sustainable sources of fruits, nuts, Scenario Private gardens, community gardens, small farms and timber, permanent productive landscapes on and orchards can be key components of residential marginalized urban lands, and can create opportunities development. The benefits of these types of produc- for social programming that engages residents and tive landscapes include the creation of diverse fresh visitors. food outlets in Hazelwood, the enhancement of social and economic value of residential areas through new Key considerations in the planning of orchards and spaces for individual and communal food production, forests include finding spaces that are less prone to de- the reinforcement of sustainable lifestyles and creation velopment pressures, and the consideration of greater of opportunities for self-subsistence and commu- costs, maintenance requirements and externalities, for nity engagement, and the generation of revenue for example bees, associated with some types of fruit trees entrepreneurs or community organizations (in the case and woody plants. of farms). • • Research-Driven Productive Landscapes Planning small farms, community gardens and The presence of Robot City signifies an opportunity to orchards requires determining whether sites may be incorporate a research orchard and other agricultural subject to future development pressure prior to imple- landscapes. This unique situation creates opportunities mentation. Gardens can, however, be designed and to enhance the social and physical connections be- planned as permanent landscapes by locating them tween the Robotics Institute and Hazelwood residents

New cultural practices: Urban farming is booming in the Pitts- burgh region. Young Hazelwood residents learn the art of urban beekeeping courtesy of Burgh Bees. First Lady Michelle Obama shops at a new FRESHFARM Market by the White House in Washington, DC. The U.S. Food and Nutrition Service recently changed its rules to allow Food Stamp (SNAP) and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC Program) users to spend their subsidy at farmers’ markets. Photo by AP photographer Manuel Balce Ceneta.

70 while providing potential for university-community- land for comprehensive farm business development industry partnerships and the local distribution and in Hazelwood. It can become a community center sale of fruits. Research-driven productive landscapes in that may support farming, gardening and educational Hazelwood can help further innovation in robotics as needs of local residents and community organizations well as public space design. through on-site commercial farms, classrooms, and meeting spaces. It will be important to determine testing methods and post-research uses of orchard products prior to The Gladstone Middle School building, with its adja- implementation. Orchards should be located so as to cent land, could possibly be converted into a com- maximize accessibility and exposure to surrounding munity urban farm complex. Key considerations are areas while considering the privacy and security needs determining the appropriate properties to develop of Robot City. as a food-based community complex and identifying tenants and managing organizations. • Fruit Trees and Shrubs Streets and public plazas can be enhanced with fruit A Remaking Cities Institute white paper detailing these trees and shrubs. The benefits of this include providing aspects of productive landscapes along with case stud- a means for smaller interventions of productive land- ies is available (Renee Roy, 2008). scapes throughout Hazelwood, enhancing social and economic value of the public realm by planting fruit and nut bearing plants and shrubs along streets, public plazas and greenway, and opportunities for social programming through managing and distributing the Fallen Fruit, an activist art project, products of fruit trees and shrubs. maps public fruit -- fruit that is on or overhanging public spaces like Key considerations in integrating fruit trees and shrubs parks, sidewalks, streets or parking lots -- found in cities around the into Hazelwood include locating appropriate sites world. Graphic courtesy of Fallen through site analysis and determining the manage- Fruit. ment structure and participating organizations for associated programs.

• Urban Farming as a Business and Community Institution With its abundance of abandoned land, Pittsburgh and nearby Braddock have become a locus of urban agricultural activity, linking entrepreneurship with community rebuilding.

Farming as a business has several additional benefits, including the provision of a consistent source of fresh local food while creating new business opportunities for residents and community organizations. This aspect is important since many dis-invested communities do not have a grocery store or a reliable source of fresh and healthy food choices. Farming also reclaims underuti- lized property while creating green job development.

Urban farming for profit requires extensive business planning, market analysis and site analysis, as well as effective business and crop management in order to generate consistent revenue. The design of farms should consider methods to minimize vandalism and theft.

The urban farm as part of a new community institution can provide opportunities to reuse buildings and

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 71 Overview

Urban Form Transportation Framework Transportation is a basic enabler of economic and cultural activities. Hazelwood’s redevelopment presents the City of Pittsburgh with an opportunity to add value to the significant investments being made by foundations and the Frameworks private sector by skillfully investing public dollars in strategic transportation infrastructure early on in the process. • Green-Blue • Transportation The goal of the Transportation Framework is to move The framework’s main elements are: people and goods, not simply to move cars. We recommend adopting a comprehensive transportation I Light Rail Transit Places planning approach, also called multi-modal transportation planning, which considers various modes of II Multi-Modal Infrastructure Legibility transportation, including walking, wheelchairs, cycling, automobiles and trucks, and public transit. Importantly, III Hazelwood Street Grid Expansion this approach emphasizes the connections between and Complete Streets Possible these modes so that each can reach its potential in the overall mobility system. IV Parking Management Strategy Development and Car-Sharing Scenario The post-war American transportation paradigm that has privileged the car above other modes of transpor- V Bicycling Infrastructure tation and likely contributed to the nation’s obesity epidemic and dependence on foreign oil is gradually VI Water-based Transportation for People being replaced by a more balanced approach that and Goods prioritizes mass transportation, cycling and walking. A comprehensive transportation framework will encourage multi-modality and emphasize the links between transportation, land use and development. I Light Rail Transit The infrastructure associated with transportation has Transportation choice is intrinsically linked to urban repercussions on the health of the environment, public design, and Americans are rediscovering the benefits funds, public health and social justice, not to mention of living in compact cities and towns. The advantages impacts on the landscape. In a given urbanized region, include shorter commuting times, lower transportation not only do people get around in cars, trains, buses costs, easy access to services and amenities, a more and on bikes and foot, but goods are moved in and active lifestyle, connection to history through older out via networks of rail, highways, rivers and roads. In buildings, institutions and public spaces, and increased between these networks are the places where people sociability. live, work, consume and play. Studies show that middle and upper-middle class Our recommendations consider the question of empty nesters, young adults and immigrants prefer mobility at all scales, from regional connections to the urban housing, and all three groups are growing residential street. The main recommendations center rapidly and are the key demographic cohorts that Pitts- on a fixed-rail transit line, from Hazelwood to Oakland burgh currently has difficulty attracting and retaining. via Junction Hollow, and on Complete Streets, defined Businesses are also looking for opportunities in cities, as streets which are safe and inclusive for all users. choosing their location based on connectivity, access However these proposals are part of a series of nested to mass transit and proximity to clients. Downtowns networks of mobility and connection points to larger are being reinvested in while inner-ring suburbs are systems, for both people and goods movement, that being rediscovered and retrofitted. are tied to the neighborhood’s districts and land uses. Public transit is a basic service that has been neglected The proposed Transportation Framework for Ha- in most American cities, including Pittsburgh, since the zelwood enhances access to and circulation within diffusion of the private automobile and the large-scale Hazelwood, and along with the Green-Blue Framework, dismantling of urban streetcar systems. Municipalities helps to structure the entire redevelopment’s program. and regions are coming to terms with the critical place that mass transit -- subways, buses, streetcars and light rail -- plays in urban redevelopment, management of public funds, environmental health and quality of life.

72 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 73 Overview

Urban Form A bus can transport as many people as 20 to 50 auto- Given that more than half of all trips are three miles or mobiles yet only takes up as much space as 2.3 cars. A less and 28 percent are one mile or less, walking, taking Frameworks five-car LRT train can displace 600 cars. Each of these public transit or biking seems within reach. The typical • Green-Blue mass transit options also consumes less energy than cyclist can cover one mile in less than 10 minutes and • Transportation the number of cars needed to transport its capacity. a pedestrian can walk a mile in roughly 20 minutes. And with sufficient passenger loads, the overall cost of Yet 65 percent of trips under one mile are taken by public transit is less than new investments in roads. automobile. In addition to cultural factors, the missing Places ingredient in creating a more active population is There is growing demand for housing that is close to pedestrian and cyclist-friendly urban design. public transit. An Urban Land Institute (ULI) study es- Legibility timated that up to one quarter of all new households It is also important to consider that one third of Ameri- in the U.S. will be looking for housing within one-half cans do not drive and are de facto pedestrians and mile of public transportation. One reason for this might public transit users, including children, many seniors, Possible be the rising cost of owning and operating a car. The people with disabilities and low-income Americans. Development average American household spends $7,800 annu- Providing options for transportation allows non-drivers ally on transportation, second only to housing and access to work, services and a social life that is taken for Scenario roughly the cost of a child. The Center for Neighbor- granted by those who drive. In this sense, urban design hood Technology in Chicago found that the cost of can be an act of social justice (or injustice). transportation can vary from 14 percent of the average household’s budget in compact transit-rich communi- Improving connections between Hazelwood and ties, to 28 percent or more in less dense areas far from Oakland is critical to the success of the ALMONO site employment and other amenities. For some working redevelopment vision as proposed in this report. This families, transportation costs may approach 50 percent stance is backed by the results of the numerous com- of their household income. munity and professional planning processes that have focused on Hazelwood and surrounding area in the Another reason for the increased interest in living near past decade. It is also consistent with recent propos- public transit is the growing interest in personal health als for a circulating system connecting downtown to through Active Living. Active Living suggests that at Oakland, the South Side and the rest of the East End. least 30 minutes of physical activity be integrated into one’s daily routine, typically through transportation Pittsburgh’s single biggest deficit is its lack of a com- and recreation. A recent poll showed that more than prehensive and updated mass transit system. Although half of Americans want to bike more and 55 percent it is home to several national sports teams, world-class want to drive less and walk more. learning and cultural institutions, it has only two subway lines, both servicing the South Hills, and is build-

Student conceptualization of a multi-modal network. Cozzolongo + Eskenazi, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007.

74 ing another to serve a new casino on the North Side. There is no fixed link to the Pittsburgh International Airport, although there is a bus line.

Regional and city leaders are cognizant of this deficit and several transportation studies looking at potential routes for a transit system for the region’s densest employment corridor, between Oakland and downtown, have been completed, including the 1993 Spine Line Study by the Port Authority of Allegheny Country (PAAC), the Oakland Transit Whitepaper (2004), the PAAC & Allegheny County’s Eastern Corridor Transit Study (2005) and Allegheny County Chief Executive Dan Onorato’s Transportation Action Team Recommen- dations (2007). Furthermore, a 54-mile, 35-minute high- speed MagLev route from the airport to downtown Pittsburgh and the Eastern suburbs of Monroeville and Greensburg has been proposed by the PAAC, the Penn- sylvania Department of Transportation (PennDOT) and MAGLEV, Inc., in cooperation with the Federal Railroad Administration. Pittsburgh City Council also recently commissioned a study to investigate a cross-town Light Rail Transit (LRT) line between Hazelwood and Lawrenceville. Transportation network as a multi-scalar concept. Diagram by Cozzolongo + Eskenazi, Urban To put matters into perspective, downtown Pittsburgh Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, is the region’s center of business, employment and 2007. Some cities have never stopped using streetcars: The red, white and black TTC streetcar has become a beloved and iconic fixture of urban living in Toronto. Rendering by Michael Van Valkenburgh Associ- ates (MVVA).

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 75 Overview

Urban Form governmental services, as well as home to most of the Avenue to Craig Street. From that point, it would region’s professional sports and cultural venues. The access the CSX railroad right-of-way and operate Frameworks weekday population in downtown Pittsburgh exceeds at-grade through Junction Hollow, the valley between • Green-Blue 150,000 commuters, visitors, and students. More than the dense South Oakland neighborhood and one of • Transportation 3,000 people live downtown and new residential tow- Pittsburgh’s large urban forests, Schenley Park. It would ers and loft retrofits are planned. continue along the existing rail lines beside Second Avenue in Hazelwood, cross the Monongahela River Places Oakland has the second largest concentration of day- and terminate in Homestead. time population in the region, with over 38,000 workers, 40,000 students, 24,000 residents and 12,000 daily • Alternate Option Legibility visitors. Currently, over 50 percent of all trips between The alternate option is a surface LRT line travelling downtown and Oakland are taken by bus. Over 60,000 along Centre Avenue via Fifth Avenue reaching to the bus riders pass through Oakland on a given weekday CSX Railroad right-of-way near Neville Street. Similar Possible with 23,000 stopping off in Oakland. to the preferred option, it would then dip south on Development the CSX Railroad right-of-way through Oakland and At least forty U.S. cities are investigating reinstalling or Hazelwood to Homestead. The alignment running Scenario expanding streetcar systems as a means of spurring from downtown to Craig Street would have a spur that economic development and reducing traffic conges- extends to Wilkinsburg, while the Mon Valley and Etna tion. Portland began building a modern streetcar Line would run from the Convention Center through system in 2001 and since then, more than 10,000 the Strip to the Martin Luther King East busway in residential units have been built and $3.5 billion of Skunk Hollow and over to Oakland and the Junction private funds have been invested in property within Hollow alignment, passing through Hazelwood on its two blocks of the line. way to McKeesport.

Following a lenghthy public process, the Eastern Cor- In keeping with the momentum of the Transporta- ridor Transit Study (2003) identified two options for an tion Action Partnership’s proposals, we recommend LRT “Spine Line” from downtown to Homestead via that an LRT line connect Hazelwood to Oakland and Oakland and Hazelwood. Both options begin down- downtown at a minimum. A new Transit Oriented town at the Steel Plaza Subway Station. Development (TOD) with high-rise apartments atop a multi-modal station at the base of Junction Hollow • Preferred Option near Greenfield Avenue and the Pittsburgh Technolgy The 10-mile Spine Line option proposes a subway Center would provide an additional source of riders, alignment between Steel Plaza and Craig Street, run- revenue for developers and add a new building ning through the Hill District and then under Forbes typology to Pittsburgh’s portfolio.

Proposed LRT “Spine Line” from downtown to Homestead via Oakland and Hazelwood. From the Eastern Corridor Transit Study Transitional Analysis to Locally Preferred Alternatives (2003).

76 The placement of the LRT stops proposed in our community arranged around the recreated estuary recommendations ensures that the great majority of of the Four Mile Run, as well as the nearby Pittsburgh residents in Hazelwood are within a quarter-mile or Technology Center (PTC) and The Run neighborhood. five-minute walking radius. The LRT line is conceived of as beginning in downtown and arriving in Oak- • Second and Robot City Stop land along Forbes Avenue, with the following stops A second Hazelwood stop would serve the redevelop- between Oakland and Hazelwood: ment’s flagship economic development project, the Robot City research campus. • Forbes and Atwood Station A stop at Forbes Avenue and Atwood Street would • Second and Hazelwood Station service the University of Pittsburgh and hospitals. Hazelwood Avenue and Second Avenue, the epicenter of Hazelwood’s reinvigorated Town Center, would be • Forbes and Craig Station the site of the third stop, outfitted to be a multi-modal A station at Forbes Avenue and Craig Street, perhaps as station with a multi-level parking facility nearby. part of the redevelopment of the existing parking lot on the southeast corner of the intersection, would serve • Second and Elizabeth Stop Carnegie Mellon University, the Carnegie Museums and A fourth stop at Elizabeth Street would serve as a the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. The line would then bookend to the Second Avenue commercial corridor, descend through Junction Hollow along the existing situated at the heart of the residential sector. The line CSX rail line toward Hazelwood. could then continue past Hazelwood and onto Home- stead and the Waterworks big box retail, office and • Panther Lake Stop (contingent) residential complex. A stop in Junction Hollow would be contingent on the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy’s (PPC) plans to build a boathouse beside Panther Lake and improve connec- II Multi-Modal Infrastructure tions between Schenley and South Oakland with a pe- Designing the interface between different modes of destrian bridge, as well as Carnegie Mellon’s proposal transportation is important if they are each to achieve to add three new soccer fields to Junction Hollow. their optimal function within the overall transportation system. We recommend that LRT trains and buses • Four Mile Run Multi-Modal Station be equipped to accommodate bicycles, wheelchairs, The Four Mile Run multi-modal station at Second carts and push strollers. Allowing cyclists to mix modes Avenue and Greenfield Avenue would act as a transfer helps them negotiate topographical barriers such as point for car and bicycle commuters. Part of a TOD, the bridges, tunnels and hills, as well as inclement weather. multi-modal station would serve a new high-density Creating a flush threshold onto the train and designat-

Freiburg-im-Breisgau’s Mobile houses bicycle storage for commuters, bike rental and repair shop, café, offices for car-sharing and bike touring organizations, and a mobility center, where travellers can get maps and buy tickets for various modes of transportation. The Mobile is located beside the city’s main train station, bike and LRT systems. Photos courtesy Mobil Ggmbh.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 77 Overview

Urban Form ing space will ease access and comfort for wheelchair field Avenue and Mobile Street (currently named Irvine users, strollers and grocery carts. Street) be closed and the space incorporated into the Frameworks Hazelwood Greenway, perhaps to be used for produc- • Green-Blue A multi-modal station is incorporated into the TOD tive landscapes, sustainable water capturing land- • Transportation at the base of the Four Mile Run. This multi-storey, scapes or recreational fields. A new extension running multi-modal complex would integrate the LRT stop, closer to Robot City becomes the main artery for that several storeys of parking, including parking spaces section. Also in the long term view, the street grid is Places designated for car sharing and hybrid vehicles, and extended across the Monongahela River with a bridge offer services for cyclists, such as safe storage and a extending from Hazelwood Avenue to Beck’s Run Road repair shop. Pittsburgh’s own outdoor recreation orga- and connecting to Carson Street. Legibility nization, Venture Outdoors, might be a tenant, as well as other bike-centered organizations, like Bike-PGH. In addition to a hierarchical street grid, we recom- In-line skates, ice skates, bikes and cross-country skis mend that the spirit of connectivity and permeability Possible might also be considered for rent for use in Junction be augmented with the Complete Streets approach. Development Hollow, the Hazelwood Riverfront Park and the Hazel- Complete Streets are designed and operated to allow wood Greenway. safe access along and across streets for all users, from Scenario cyclists, pedestrians and wheelchair users, to motorists III Hazelwood Street Grid Expansion and public transit users. and Complete Streets Cities and states across the U.S. are instituting Hazelwood’s traditional street grid is hierarchical and Complete Streets policies. Effective Complete Streets permeable, allowing for good pedestrian access and policies should include restructured procedures and legible streetscapes. Arterial or main streets accom- standards, re-written design manuals, re-trained plan- modate city-scale traffic while secondary residential ners and engineers, and re-tooled measures to track streets are used by local traffic. Back alleys allow cars to outcomes. The City of Pittsburgh recently created a be parked in garages and for businesses to be serviced Bicyclist and Pedestrian Coordinator position in its from the rear. They also serve as alternative paths for administration, the first in the Commonwealth of cyclists and pedestrians. Pennsylvania. This traditional arrangement remains functional today The Complete Streets approach is further complimented and should be pursued in the ALMONO site redevelop- by Context Sensitive Solutions (CSS), a roadway design ment. We recommend that Second Avenue remain philosophy that resists the tendency to apply uniform the main arterial but we reimagine it as a multi-modal traffic solutions regardless of the needs of non-drivers urban boulevard. In twenty years or so, we propose and the aesthetic, historic and environmental setting. that the portion of Second Avenue between Green-

78 Under the Complete Streets approach, existing streets tighter turning radii, all of which slow right turns and can be retroffitted to be more inclusive but the main provide greater visibility for pedestrians and cyclists goal is to change design standards so that all users’ • improve transit accommodations, such as bus needs are considered when building new streets. There shelters and bus stops by adding benches, lighting are a number of design techniques that are used to and other amenities “complete a street”, depending on the nature of the road. These techniques and others can also be applied to As an example, the following techniques can be used residential streets. to render urban arterials, such as Second Avenue, safer for all users: In addition to ensuring streets that are safer for pedes- • reduce speeds trians, we recommend upgrading the area’s staircases • reduce lane width (from 12 feet to 11 or even 10 feet) and two footbridges, one crossing Second Avenue • reduce number of lanes from four to three, near Robot City and the other extending down from improving safety for left turns (sometimes called a South Oakland to the northern end of the ALMONO site. “road diet”) • install sidewalks if missing IV Parking Management Strategy • consolidate curb cuts and access/egress points to and Car-Sharing minimize vehicles crossing sidewalks Parking is one of the chief complaints to local officials • install raised medians for pedestrians and businesses, yet experts in parking management • add Universal Design features, including audible point out that conventional approaches to parking signals, curb ramps, and a four-foot wide clear path typically provide an oversupply of parking spaces. The of travel on the sidewalk, in accordance with the real problem is the management of parking rather Americans with Disabilities Act than supply. • enhance pedestrian crossings with ladder-stye or zebra-style crosswalk markings, signal modifications Establishing an integrated parking management strat- such as a leading pedestrian interval or countdown egy will be important from the start in order to reduce timer, and other measures the overall amount of space, particularly surface area, • maintain or install street parking to slow down speed that is devoted to parking while still meeting demands. • modify highway interchanges to eliminate high- In order to attain the LEED ND rating for parking, speed, free right turns by “squaring up” the no more than 20 percent of the total development interchange to resemble a 90-degree, signal- footprint area can be used for surface parking and no controlled intersection individual parking lot can be larger than 2 acres. Many • install corner treatments, such as curb extensions, of the parking management strategies below, such as right-turn slip lanes, Advanced Stop Lines (ASL) or providing bicycle facilities and carpooling spaces, are

Complete Streets: Rendering depicting the difference between an “incomplete” and “complete” street in Portsmouth, VA, by Steve Price. Courtesy of GOOD Magazine.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 79 Overview

Urban Form also indicated by LEED ND. Shared parking between and parking brokerages businesses that operate at different times -- such as an • establish overflow-parking plans Frameworks office and a bar -- can especially reduce the need for • address spillover problems • Green-Blue dedicated parking. • improve parking facility design and operation • Transportation The factors affecting parking demand and require- Another approach to freeing up parking spaces is to ments include: encourage car-sharing services. Zipcar, a car-sharing Places • parking facility location, type, and design service with 180,000 members and a fleet of 5,000 cars • geography in the U.S., Canada and U.K., has been operating 34 ve- • demographics hicles in downtown and East End neighborhoods since Legibility • pricing and regulation 2007. By Zipcar’s own estimates, each shared car takes • parking and mobility management programs the place of fifteen to twenty privately owned cars. • time period Possible • evaluation of multiple factors Zipcar parking spaces should be integrated through- Development out Hazelwood but especially in the multi-modal In addition to adopting Smart Growth urban planning station, the Transit Oriented Development at the foot Scenario policies and improving walking and cycling conditions, of Four Mile Run, Second Avenue commercial corridor there are many parking management strategies that and the Robot City research district. Giving the most can be employed around the site to reduce the overall convenient parking spaces to car-sharing services will space dedicated to parking cars, including: make them more attractive and raise their profile. • regulate parking • establish more accurate and flexible standards V Bicycling Infrastructure • establish parking maximums Bicycling as a mode of transportation has been on the • provide remote parking with shuttle services rise in Pittsburgh in the past few years, no doubt in part • increase capacity of existing parking facilities due to the work of the bike advocacy group, Bike-PGH. • implement mobility management They have worked closely with Pittsburgh’s administra- • price parking tion to plan and add bike lanes and bike racks to city • improve pricing methods streets. Additionally, as previously mentioned, the City • provide financial incentives of Pittsburgh recently hired a Bicycle and Pedestrian • unbundle parking from new developments Coordinator. • reform parking taxes • improve user information and marketing The political and cultural climate in Pittsburgh is ripe • improve enforcement and control for a project that heavily promotes cycling. As the • establish transportation management associations region’s second largest employment center, Oakland has many cyclists commuting from across the city and The typical car sits idle for 22 hours even outlying suburbs. Many students use bicycles as a a day. igo car sharing parking cheap, healthy and convenient everyday form of trans- spaces in Bucktown, Chicago. Photo courtesy of PlannersWeb. portation. We recommend that cycling infrastructure be included from the very beginning in the redesign of the ALMONO site and Hazelwood.

In order to accommodate regional commuters, utility cyclists, recreational cyclists and mountain bikers, we envision several interconnected networks of bike trails and paths, both on street and off, as well as optimum connections with public transit, and end of trip amenities. A system of easy-to-understand wayfinding should also be incorporated.

The following are specific suggested interventions:

• Second Avenue Bikeway Commuters -- drivers and cyclists alike -- appreciate a safe and quick direct route with few stops. The rail

80 right-of-way along Second Avenue could be shared to of cyclists. For example, Advanced Stop Lines (ASL) and accommodate a bikeway from the Glenwood Bridge bike boxes allow drivers to easily see cyclists who are to Junction Hollow, connecting to the Junction Hollow stopped ahead of them at an intersection. Traffic light Trail to Oakland or the Eliza Furnace Trail to downtown. preemption can also be used at busy intersections where segregated bike lanes are treated as a separate • Riverfront Trail roadway with their own traffic light. Colored pavement A riverfront trail through Hazelwood would complete or “sharrows” may be used to remind motorists to cede the connection between two existing cycling and space to cyclists. hiking trails: The Eliza Furnace Trail, popular with both leisure riders and commuters cycling between the • Hazelwood Greenway Mountain Bike Trails South Hills and downtown and Oakland, and Duck The Pittsburgh region, with its hilly topography, is Hollow Trail, which begins past the Glenwood Bridge. known nationally for its superb mountain biking These are part of two larger trail systems: Eliza Furnace opportunities. Dirt Rag, the preeminent mountain Trail is part of the Three Rivers Park system while the biking magazine, is based in Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh Duck Hollow Trail marks the beginning of the Steel Val- Trails Advocacy Group (PTAG) has been working with ley Trail. Both are also part of the larger Great Allegheny regional land managers to design, maintain and build Passage (also called the Montour Trail), a 150-mile trail sustainable mountain biking trails in fifteen area parks system that connects Pittsburgh to Washington, DC, since 2001. In 2008, PTAG volunteers contributed over mostly via converted defunct rail roads. 2,500 hours of labor to trail maintenance.

• On-street Bike Lanes and Sharrows PTAG has partnered with the Pittsburgh Parks Con- It is important to distinguish between the needs of servancy (PPC) to maintain a network of mountain leisure or sport cyclists, and commuter or utility cyclists. biking trails in Frick Park. In 2006, PTAG worked with Utility cyclists use their bicycles, often equipped with the Student Conservation Association (SCA) to develop baskets, paniers and child carriers, as many do a car or a section of multi-use trails in Hazelwood’s current public transit: To go to work, drop children off at school, greenway. These trails currently do not form a loop but run errands and make social stops. In order to reach the PTAG trail crew reports that there is potential to their destinations in a timely manner, they ride on the increase the trail length and complexity, and to either most direct routes possible, typically busy streets. connect it with an endpoint or develop a loop. Further- In spite of experiencing long winters, Montreal, QC has installed more, this expanded trail network within the improved extensive cycling infrastructure Bike lanes, sharrows and other space-sharing measures Hazelwood Greenway could be connected to Frick and changed traffic rules in the should be used on all streets where traffic flows reach Park’s system via a trail through the Glenwood/Glen past decade to encourage cycling. Here, on-road bike parking in lieu 20 mph (30 km/hr) or more. Additional design mea- Hazel hillside and Nine Mile Run to provide recreational of car parking, and permission for sures can be used to increase the safety and visibility and commuter options. counter-directional cycling. Photos by Elise Gatti.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 81 Overview

Urban Form • End of Trip Amenities Public marinas near the mouth of the Four Mile Run In addition to safe and practical paths, cyclists need a and near the Hazelwood Bridge would provide access Frameworks place to safely park their bikes. This is especially true for points for boaters and water taxis. Small, non-motor- • Green-Blue commuters who may have made heavy investments ized watercraft lauching docks are also suggested for • Transportation in their bikes and accessories. Workplaces and larger these locations. Groups like the Three Rivers Rowing businesses can provide indoor, restricted access bike Association (TRRA) would like to see more boating parking for their staff and customers. Similarly, parking infrastructure in order to facilitate commuting by boat. Places garages could provide covered and supervised bike parking. Legibility Employers can additionally provide shower and locker facilities to their employees. Free bicycle tire pumps, water fountains and other amenities also improve the Possible cycling commuter’s experience. Development VI Water-Based Transportation for People Scenario and Goods The Transportation Framework includes several water- based transportation infrastructures for both goods and people movement. Currently, there are three barge docks situated along the ALMONO site’s edge, however it is not clear how often they are used. We recommend investigating the needs for barge docking facilities and if necessary, keeping one in place for water-based goods movement.

Kayaking in Pittsburgh is a growing recreational trend with potential to become a mode of transportation for commuting. Photo courtesy Kayak Pittsburgh. Bike trail overpass by Eastridge + Waldron, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007.

82 Adopting a comprehensive, multi-modal transportation planning approach to Hazelwood will further establish it as a leading project in sustainability and quality of living. The recycling of the existing railroad tracks and their right-of-ways is a monumental task worth fighting for. This is key to the development of the Transportation options, including ALMONO site and the region. It will require passionate light rail, bus and water taxi, in Caranante + Lukacsy‘s proposal leadership and commitment from all stakeholders. for the mouth of the Four Mile Run. Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2008.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 83 Overview Places Urban Form Within the structuring transportation and open space frameworks are seven special environments, each with a unique program of uses and urban design character. The Places were inspired by the existing context and uses, as Frameworks well as the vision for the ALMONO site. While they each stand alone, they are also interdependent and connected to each other by the frameworks. Taken together, they form a revitalized, multi-dimentional Hazelwood. Places • Junction Hollow, between Carnegie Mellon Univer- • Junction Hollow sity and The Run, is enhanced with new recreational • Four Mile Run amenities and ecological restoration work. The major Neighborhood move is the daylighting of the buried Four Mile Run. • Robot City • Hazelwood Town Center • Junction Hollow flows into the new Four Mile Run • Riverside Neighborhood Neighborhood, a mixed-use transit-oriented develop- • Hazelwood Greenway ment that is centered around a high-rise residential • Hazelwood Riverfront tower atop a multi-modal transportation station and Park the Four Mile Run’s renaturalized estuary.

• Carnegie Mellon’s Field Robotics Center (FRC) finds a Legibility permanent home at Robot City, a university-industry collaborative environment where research is com- mercialized. A 40-acre flexible open space with access Possible to the Monongahela River allows for field research to Development continue in proximity to the university. Scenario • The Hazelwood Town Center is made up of the historic Second Avenue main street and the proposed Hazelwood Avenue extension to the Monongahela River. It features a wide new boulevard with green promenade and a main public square at the nexus of Second Avenue and Hazelwood Avenue.

• The Riverside Neighborhood doubles the existing residential base of Hazelwood and brings the neighborhood close to the Monongahela River. New housing types are introduced, including the Riverside house boat community.

• The Hazelwood Greenway is a four-season hillside recreational space and wildlife habitat offering spectacular views, established with a vision of creating an arcing forested urban park system that includes Schen- ley Park, Junction Hollow, the Hazelwood Greenway and Frick Park.

• The Hazelwood Riverfront Park is a 94-acre regional park amenity where users can interact with the Monongahela River in unprecedented ways. The park is infused with recreational amenities, productive landscapes and sustainable urban drainage features, and is connected to the Hazelwood Greenway via four green wedges.

84 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 85 Overview

Urban Form Junction Hollow The recommendations for Junction Hollow focus on connectivity, ecological restoration and recreation. It builds on existing plans, such as the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy’s (PPC) renaturalization work around Panther Hollow Lake, Frameworks and makes links between Junction Hollow and adjacent uses in Schenley Park, South Oakland and the proposed new transit-oriented Four Mile Run Neighborhood.

Places Junction Hollow is a one-mile long valley that begins I Daylighting Four Mile Run • Junction Hollow at Fifth Avenue, runs along the edge of Carnegie Mel- The most dramatic measure proposed for Junction • Four Mile Run lon University’s campus, between Schenley Park and Hollow is the partial daylighting of the Four Mile Run. Neighborhood South Oakland, and ends at The Run neighborhood While the LRT and multi-use trail would connect • Robot City under the Penn Lincoln Parkway. disparate areas physically, including South Oakland, • Hazelwood Town Center Carnegie Mellon University, Schenley Park, The Run and • Riverside Neighborhood The valley has several distinct sequences, with condi- the new Four Mile Run Neighborhood development, • Hazelwood Greenway tions ranging from paved and urbanized under North the Four Mile Run would connect these places visually • Hazelwood Riverfront Neville Street and then Boundary Street between Fifth and thematically while creating a unique recreational Park Avenue and S. Bouquet Street, to partially wooded, and ecological environment for Pittsburghers to enjoy. open grass and playing fields from then onward to The Run. Most of Pittsburgh’s streams have been covered and Legibility piped. Culverting streams was a means of covering The Four Mile Run stream, now buried in a trunk sewer the waste-filled water and smoothing flat land over pipe under the valley’s floor, once collected waters for development, flat land being at a premium due Possible from the hillsides, is the hydrological equivalent to an to Pittsburgh’s hilly topography. The Four Mile Run’s Development arterial road, collecting and carrying water into the watershed includes Schenley Park, Greenfield, South Monongahela River. A CSX rail line runs the length of Oakland, Bellefield, Squirrel Hill and Shadyside. Scenario Junction Hollow, entering a tunnel just north of the Forbes Avenue Bridge. In the section of Junction Hol- The Four Mile Run’s current incarnation is as a Pitts- low that is managed by the Pittsburgh Parks Conser- burgh Water and Sewer Authority trunk line running vancy (PPC), there is one playing field. under Junction Hollow down to the Monongahela River. All but two of the watershed’s streams, Panther We recommend that Junction Hollow retain its park Hollow Run and Phipps Run are currently piped into status but improve its ecological profile by incorpo- the combined sewer overflow (CSO) system. These rating the daylighting of the Four Mile Run wherever two streams now flow into Panther Hollow Lake, a possible, expanding recreational amenities, improving man-made water body where Panther Hollow meets connections to Schenley Park and South Oakland, and Junction Hollow. However both the lake and a diver- accommodating an LRT line running between Oakland sion ditch overflow into the Four Mile Run trunk line, and Hazelwood. Much of the infrastructure in the eventually pouring into the Monongahela River. Hollow is in fair to poor condition and will need to be replaced in coming decades. There will be an opportu- The idea to daylight the Four Mile Run was explored in nity to rebuild bridges, roads and underground utilities the report Stream Restoration and Daylighting: Oppor- in ways that accommodate daylighting sections of the tunities in the Pittsburgh region (2002), commissioned by Four Mile Run. Carnegie Mellon’s STUDIO for Creative Inquiry project, 3 Rivers, 2nd Nature (3R2N). The Pittsburgh Parks Conser- The recommended urban design interventions for vancy (PPC), which manages Schenley Park, published Junction Hollow are: the Pittsburgh Regional Parks Master Plan, which was prepared by LaQuatra Bonci Associates. According to I Daylighting Four Mile Run the 3R2N study, several of the PPC’s planned actions for Schenley Park and Junction Hollow would be mutually II LRT and Bikeway synergistic with daylighting the Four Mile Run. These include: III Sports Fields • restoring the Panther Hollow watershed • naturalizing the edge of Panther Hollow Lake IV Schenley Park Improvements • creating a landscape plan for Junction Hollow in order to create a destination within the park • establishing better connections between the lake, V Innovative Research Grounds Junction Hollow and down to the Monongahela River

86 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 87 Overview

Urban Form The 3R2N study concluded that stream water from Such a project would add an important visual and eco- Schenley Park could be kept on the surface, in a logical amenity to Junction Hollow while also helping Frameworks variety of possible stream channel configurations, on to attenuate wet weather flows, delaying their delivery city-owned land through much of Junction Hollow. to the combined sewer lines and the ALCOSAN water Given the proposed land uses (railroad, trail, sports treatment system, especially if wetlands and other Places fields, vacant land), a daylight stream could be created stormwater management measures were incorporated. • Junction Hollow from Panther Hollow Lake down Junction Hollow for • Four Mile Run roughly 1,900 feet to the upper end of the existing soc- Daylighting the Four Mile Run from Panther Hollow Neighborhood cer fields. The stream would replicate a natural stream Lake to the Monongahela River, even if only intermit- • Robot City landscape, with a meandering path and water vegeta- tently, would increase the visual, psychological, and • Hazelwood Town Center tion. The technical challenges for daylighting increase ecological connectivity between Oakland, Schenley • Riverside Neighborhood from this point on. The study outlines the appropriate Park, The Run and the new Four Mile Run Neighbor- • Hazelwood Greenway stategies, which include a combintation of daylighting hood. This linking potential is particularly important • Hazelwood Riverfront using architectural channels and piping the Four Mile given the isolated nature of each area. Park Run all the way to the Monongahela River. II LRT and Multi-Purpose Trail The various community planning processes in Hazel- Legibility wood have highlighted the wish of the affected communities that any transportation system developed through Junction Hollow be sensitive to the natural Possible quiet and green character of the valley. As a mode of Development transit that does not produce local emissions, Light Rail Scenario Transit is compatible with this vision. The LRT line would use existing CSX rail lines. A stop in Junction Hollow would be contingent on the renovation of Panther Hollow Lake by the PPC, the construction of a new pedestrian and bike overpass between Schenley Park and South Oakland, and the addition of the proposed semi-public sports fields by Carnegie Mellon University and its educational partners.

A multipurpose trail already exists through Junction Hollow and connects to the Eliza Furnace Trail to downtown and the Hot Metal Pedestrian and Cyclist Restoring hydrological function in Bridge to the South Side. We propose upgrading the a highly intense urban context: In existing trail by paving smooth the entire way to allow the mid-20th century, the 6-mile Cheong Gye Cheong (River) in for the comfortable use of roller blades, wheelchairs Seoul, Korea, was buried under and strollers. Junction Hollow and the Eliza Furnace concrete and raised transportation infrastructure. Its restoration began Trail is used by bike commuters to the South Side and in 2003 and today it is highly South Hill suburbs. appreciated by its residents, with a mix of soft and hard edges. Photos courtesy of L.A. Creek Freaks. Night lighting should be added to help with evening use. In order to minimize harm to area wildlife and to reduce energy use, lighting should conform to Interna- tional Dark Sky Association standards and be activated by movement.

III Sports Fields In response to a lack of athletic facilities, Carnegie Mellon University and several local private schools have been studying possible locations in Pittsburgh’s East End for new athletics fields. They are interested in finding a location that has a synergy with development

88 and transit initiatives. Junction Hollow has been sin- gled out as a preferred candidate for three new sports fields. The proposed regulation soccer and general purpose sports fields would be accessible to the public when not in use by Carnegie Mellon and its partners. They would likely be made of artificial turf, reducing the need for pesticides, herbicides and watering.

IV Schenley Park Improvements We support the Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy’s (PPC) Pittsburgh Regional Parks Master Plan, which includes several proposals for Junction Hollow and Panther Hol- low Lake that we incorporate into our recommendations. Among these are: • renaturalizing Panther Hollow Lake • landscaping Junction Hollow, removing invasive species • creating a link between Panther Hollow Lake and the Junction Hollow Trail • rebuilding the Panther Hollow Lake boat house • building a pedestrian bridge across Junction Hollow, connecting South Oakland to Schenley Park

V Innovative Research Grounds In addition to these added amenities, we suggest that Junction Hollow be a testing ground for innovative ecological projects by local university-affiliated researchers that can be comfortably integrated into urban park environments, such as experimental wildlife habitat structures, water and air purification systems and urban heat island dissipators. These projects would Any development in Junction Hollow should minimize impacts blend design and technology with a restorative intent, on wildlife. Proposal for night-time and could be tested in Junction Hollow for possible motion-sensored lighting along deployment in other cities. the Junction Hollow Trail rendered by Elise Gatti, RCI. Air Tree pavilion in Pau de Val- lecas, Madrid, as proposed and under construction. Made from recycled material, filled with air- cleansing plants, and topped with photovoltaic cells, the Air Tree will produce energy to be sold to local electric companies, with the profits being used for maintenance of the structure. Image from Urban Ecosystems.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 89 Overview

Urban Form Four Mile Run Neighborhood Our recommendation for the northernmost portion of the ALMONO site and the intersection between Second Avenue and Greenfield Avenue is to completely transform the area from low-density transit node into a full-fledged Frameworks Transit Oriented Development (TOD). We call this new mixed-use, highly connected neighborhood the Four Mile Run Neighborhood in honor of the stream that currently runs beneath it.

Places The area surrounding Second Avenue and Greenfield juxtaposes two contrasting focal points, a high-density • Junction Hollow Avenue is an important nexus of several transportation multi-modal station platform with connected high-rise • Four Mile Run corridors, including: residential tower and surrounding development, and Neighborhood • Second Avenue, a busy commuter corridor (40,000 the Four Mile Run estuary, a large, open water space. • Robot City daily commuters) leading to downtown, Oakland and • Hazelwood Town Center South Side The neighborhood would continue to be a hub of • Riverside Neighborhood • Greenfield Avenue, leading to Oakland, Squirrel Hill mobility, threaded with several transportation cor- • Hazelwood Greenway and Greenfield ridors, including the LRT line and bikeway to Oakland, • Hazelwood Riverfront • CSX freight rail line Second Avenue, a riverfront trail and the Monongahela Park • Eliza Furnace Trail River. Land-based corridors intersect at the Hazelwood • nearby Hot Metal Bridge, which connects vehicles, multi-modal station while water-based networks meet

cyclists and pedestrians to the South Side at a new, ecologically-sound marina. Legibility • nearby Bates Street and on-ramp to I-376 Penn Lin- coln Parkway The major interventions in the Four Mile Run Neigh- • Monongahela River barge and recreational transport borhood are: Possible Development The northern end of the ALMONO site constitutes I Transit Oriented Development what used to be the floodplain of the Four Mile Run. and Multi-Modal Transit Station Scenario The river’s mouth was filled in to create flatland for development and is currently roughly 25 feet above II Renaturalized Four Mile Run Estuary the normal shoreline level of the Monongahela River. and Public Marina A railroad overpass allows the CSX line to cross the intersection of Second Avenue and Greenfield Avenue III District Co-Generation Plant and Data to Junction Hollow. It is also the entrance to The Run neighborhood, a quiet residential district tucked be- Center neath the raised Penn Lincoln Parkway.

The Four Mile Run Neighborhood proposal intro- duces a new neighborhood typology to Pittsburgh. It

Caranante + Lukacsy’s proposal for a high-density mixed-use development at the top of the ALMONO site includes the daylighting of the Four Mile Run and a floating, retractable outdoor performance stage. Urban Laboratory - Hazel- wood Studio, 2008.

90 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 91 Overview

Urban Form I Transit Oriented Development The key design components of a TOD are: and Multi-Modal Transit Station • walkable design and Complete Streets • development centered around a transit station Frameworks As a nexus for several local and regional transporta- • high density and high quality development within tion modes, Junction Hollow is the perfect candidate half mile of transit station (10 minute walk) for a Transit Oriented Development (TOD). TODs are • a regional employment node or commercial Places designed to be compact, walkable areas centered • Junction Hollow destination with mixed-use clusters around a mass transit system and with connections to • Four Mile Run • parking plan blended into neighborhood other modes of transportation, such as driving, biking, Neighborhood walking and even boating. While still relatively new, the • Robot City Density is a key component of TOD. While there ap- TOD concept is quickly spreading and initiatives are • Hazelwood Town Center pears to be no national standard for TOD density as of taking hold in cities across the country. • Riverside Neighborhood yet, the minimum density to support basic bus service • Hazelwood Greenway is 7 Dwelling Units per Acre (DUA). Fifteen to 20 DUA The proximity of this area to Oakland via Junction • Hazelwood Riverfront are needed to support streetcar or trolley service. By Hollow, to the South Side from the Hot Metal Bridge, Park comparison, new greenfield development averages to the expanding Pittsburgh Technology Center (PTC), less than 2 DUA. Seven DUA -- or the equivalent com- and a potential doubling of Hazelwood’s population mercial density -- is the minimum to meet LEED ND’s through the redevelopment of the ALMONO site prerequisites. A recent TOD conference in Pittsburgh Legibility makes it an ideal site for a TOD. suggested that 8 to 10 DUA is appropriate for the City of Pittsburgh given the local population and built The benefits of a TOD include: Possible environment. • reduction of traffic congestion and energy Development consumption Local governments can encourage TODs in various • preservation of open space Scenario ways, including through zoning codes, mixed-use • capitalization on investments made in transit and zoning districts, development and design standards, public space bonus zoning, transit overlay districts and planned resi- • improvement to air quality dential development. Pennsylvania was one of the first • increase in the attractiveness of the region for states to pass legislation specifically promoting TOD citizens, tourists, and businesses with the 2004 Transit Revitalization Investment District • revitalization of neighborhoods by making them (TRID) Act which enables public transit agencies to more livable, lively and connected partner with local municipalities to create TRIDs in an • increases in property values and access to jobs area around transit stations. The legislation provides a 25 percent funding match for TRIDs, defined as zones within half a mile of transit hubs. The goals of the Act

Massing study and detail of Caranante + Lukacsy’s proposal for a high-density mixed-use development at the top of the ALMONO site. Urban Laboratory - Hazel- wood Studio, 2008.

92 are to encourage TOD and improve communities, and mound of fill that blocks the end of the Four Mile Run also establish value capture areas in which to fund valley from the river and brought up to the surface on transit, site improvements and maintenance. the west (river) side of Second Avenue.

The Pittsburgh Department of City Planning is actively An estuary could be excavated down to the river level, working on TOD sand TRIDs. While there is currently creating an ecologically valuable environment where no official TOD policy, there are plans to include them water from the stream would flow into slack backwater in the city’s first ever Comprehensive Plan. The city now from the Monongahela River. This would be one of offers development bonuses in certain districts when only a handful of embayments remaining along the a development is within 1,500 feet of a major transit Monongahela River. The Robotics Institute’s terraform- facility, such as a platform or waiting area adjacent to ing robots could be used to help reshape the land. a public mass transit system which has a dedicated right-of-way in the code (for example, a busway or the The proposed reconstructed Four Mile Run estuary “T” LRT lines). The bonus provides an extra 20 percent would occupy a central space in the neighborhood. It density allowance for the developer beyond the zon- would be ringed by public space, housing, retail and ing limit. Though only available in the Urban Neigh- entertainment venues, creating a 24-hour environ- borhood Commercial Districts (UNC), there are plans to ment that celebrates a waterfront location. A pleasure expand the bonus to other districts. craft marina, water taxis and kayak/canoe docking and rental facilities are also included. II Renaturalized Four Mile Run Estuary and Public Marina While the perimeter of the main Four Mile Run basin Renaturalizing the mouth of the Four Mile Run would should be kept publicly accessible, adding a small- require substantial alterations to the topography from scale system of canals or “pocket” water spaces with The Run neighborhood to the Monongahela River. Ac- footbridges can allow for buildings to be placed cording to the daylighting study commissioned by the directly on the water, introducing an exciting new type 3R2N project, the stream could be piped through the of housing and urban space to Pittsburgh, albeit one not uncommon in water-logged cities around the world. Juxtaposing urban density and open space through the re- introduction of water spaces into a proposed TOD at the foot of Junc- tion Hollow. Caranante + Lukacsy, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2008.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 93 Overview

Urban Form III District Co-Generation Plant and Data Center Frameworks As mentioned in the section on Green Urbanism - Sustainable Energy, a co-generation plant and data center is proposed for Hazelwood. These mutually Places synergistic uses would be located in the Four Mile Run • Junction Hollow Neighborhood, providing locally-produced energy to • Four Mile Run Hazelwood and nearby Oakland institutions. Neighborhood • Robot City The district co-generation plant would potentially • Hazelwood Town Center reach efficiency rates of up to 85 percent compared to • Riverside Neighborhood between 33 and 60 percent for the best conventional • Hazelwood Greenway coal-fired and nuclear plants. A co-generation plant • Hazelwood Riverfront would reduce the energy consumed on the ALMONO Park site by a factor of two compared to conventional electrical energy production. Placing a data center next to the co-generation plant would allow for the excess Legibility heat generated by the center’s servers to be used.

The buildings should be integrated into the develop- Possible ment rather than be hidden. As an example, the Whit- Development ney Water Purification Facility and Park in New Haven, CT, provides water to south central Connecticut by way Scenario of water purification facilities buried beneath a public park. This integrative approach provides a diverse habitat and sanctuary for migrating species of birds. The

Infrastructure as defining design element: The Whitney Water Pu- rification Facility and Park in New Haven, CT. Photo by Paul Warchol. Waterfront living: Residents on Scheepstimmermanstraat (Ship- wright Street) on the Borneo penin- sula in Amsterdam have a watery front yard. However the project includes rear courtyards and roof garden. Photo by JayjayP.

94 infrascture project features a 30,000 square foot green rooftop, zero off-site storm water discharge, expanded wetlands for biodiversity and is heated and cooled by 88 geothermal wells. A 360-foot-long stainless steel tubular structure symbolizes the water purification work of the plant below surface and creates a reflective horizon line in the landscape.

The district co-generation plant and data center are an essential part of the vision of the Four Mile Run Neigh- borhood. Designers should take advantage of their unique functions to create a memorable landmark and sustainable building and adjacent space for Hazelwood.

Proposal for the renaturalization of the Don River estuary and redevelopment of the portlands in Toronto, with integration of the raised Gardiner Expressway. Depic- tions of urban and natural water edges. Courtesy of Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 95 Overview

Urban Form Robot City Dramatic changes have taken place in the Pittsburgh region’s economy in the past 30 years. The region is reposi- tioning itself in the national and global economies as a center for technological advancement in the areas of health Frameworks care, green building technologies and robotics. These efforts are supported by an extensive pool of expertise in research and educational institutions, such as the University of Pittsburgh, Carnegie Mellon University, Duquesne University and Chatham University, as well as a growing number of small start-up technology-based enterprises. Places The sustainable technology and robotics industries are particularly well-served by the area’s expertise in industry • Junction Hollow and manufacturing, the presence of high-ranking computer science, engineering and business programs, and the • Four Mile Run abundance of vacant buildings and brownfields. Neighborhood • Robot City The global market for industrial robots in 2007 was The symbolic value of the redevelopment of a defunct • Hazelwood Town Center $15 billion, with growth projected to reach $60 billion and contaminated steel mill site and its surrounding • Riverside Neighborhood by 2014. Robotics already has a promising presence neighborhood into a sustainably-designed commu- • Hazelwood Greenway in Pittsburgh. Dubbed by The Wall Street Journal as nity at the center of which is a world-class productive • Hazelwood Riverfront “Roboburgh,” Pittsburgh is a recognized global leader robotics research, development and commercialization Park in robotics research. That position is largely bolstered cluster cannot be overstated. by the Robotics Institute at Carnegie Mellon Univer- sity, whose strengths in engineering and computer Hazelwood’s vacant ALMONO site offers an ideal and Legibility science are world-renowned. Established in 1979, the unparalleled context for Robot City. Centrally-located Robotics Institute conducts basic and applied research in Pittsburgh, one mile from the Robotics Institute in robotics technologies relevant to industrial and on the Carnegie Mellon campus in Oakland, the site Possible societal tasks, and has developed the world’s leading features a large open tract of land that can accom- Development educational and research programs in autonomous modate an outdoor research laboratory, commercial robotics. Beyond Carnegie Mellon, there are roughly 90 facilities, a large existing building structure suitable Scenario organizations with 2,500 employees focusing on robot- for reuse into a multi-functional Field Robotics Center ics and automation in the Pittsburgh region. (FRC) facility and access to the Monongahela River. The urban environment and surrounding neighborhood In order to fulfill its economic and cultural potential, development offers the possibility of housing, services robotics research must be amplified by entrepreneur- and recreational amenities, as well as potential for ial, technological and community initiatives. Robot community interaction. City has been conceived as a Hazelwood-specific installation where this potential can be realized. The Situating Robot City in Hazelwood is consistent with Robot City concept was originated by the Robotics the recommendations of two important regional Institute to represent their vision for a pioneering economic development studies. The 2004 Mon Valley initiative on the ALMONO site that assembles univer- Economic Development Strategy (MVEDS) proposed sity, industry and community partners in a field setting adopting five strategies to maximize returns on with adjacent research and office facilities. The mission private, county, state and federal economic invest- of Robot City is to commercialize existing research, ment throughout the region. The report recommends bringing robots from the laboratory to the market. spatially concentrating development in primary and Robot City will nurture the technical commercialization secondary hubs and strategically supporting these that is emerging in the region. Numerous corporations strategies through transportation and infrastructure. have developed partnerships with Carnegie Mellon The ALMONO site in Hazelwood is identified as the in order to bring the technologies developed at the optimal location for an “innovation zone” with strong Robotics Institute into the global marketplace. As these economic ties to Oakland. Another study, Advancing partnerships have deepened, many of these firms, such Southwestern Pennsylvania’s Economic Future: The R&D as Caterpillar, Intel, Google, Disney, and General Motors, Space Puzzle (2004), argues that Southwestern Pennsyl- have opened research offices in the Pittsburgh region. vania has an R&D competitive edge in biomedical drug Startup firms have also been created by university- discovery, bioengineering, multimedia technology, affiliated researchers to capitalize on the commercial cyber security, robotics and multidisciplinary research. potential of university technologies, several of whom The study conservatively estimates that the city needs have been acquired and kept in the region by larger at least 1 million square feet of additional space for firms. As such, this proposal represents the maturation research and development, a number that could rise of the Pittsburgh region from leading center of robot- should the region continue to increase its share of ics engineering research to a leading producer of real federal research grants. The recommended strategies world robotics applications. for accommodating this growth is to either cluster

96 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 97 Overview

Urban Form research and industry in multiple sites in and around The promise of Robot City’s vision is emerging. Even Oakland or to concentrate a riverfront and technology with minimal capital investment, the ALMONO site has Frameworks park on the ALMONO site. Since the report was pro- become a productive environment for robot develop- duced, the Pittsburgh Technology Center (PTC), which ment. For several of the FRC’s recent projects, some abuts the ALMONO property to the north, has begun vital portion of the research was conducted on the Places construction on its plans to double its total square ALMONO site. In addition to these externally funded • Junction Hollow footage by nearly 1 million square feet. For robotics projects, the ALMONO site has provided a place to ex- • Four Mile Run testing, outdoor land is as important as building space, plore novel research concepts before their introduction Neighborhood making the empty ALMONO site with Building 19 an to the market. The site has proved to be an indispens- • Robot City ideal location. able test site for field robots. • Hazelwood Town Center • Riverside Neighborhood Carnegie Mellon’s Robotics Institute’s operations are The Robot City vision, with its unique indoor and • Hazelwood Greenway currently dispersed over a number of sites in Pitts- outdoor laboratory spaces, institutional and commer- • Hazelwood Riverfront burgh. Its main site is the Carnegie Mellon campus in cial facilities, and urban context conveniently located Park Oakland. Additional research is being conducted at the close to Carnegie Mellon and Oakland, provides a National Robotics Engineering Center (NREC), located place in which faculty and students can engage with

on a 5.5-acre satellite facility in Lawrenceville which commercial interests ranging from industry giants, Legibility features both indoor and outdoor space. The Robotics such as Caterpillar and General Motors, to local Robot- Institute’s Field Robotics Center (FRC) has been using ics Institute-based enterprises, such as RedZone and the 178-acre ALMONO site for a variety of government Sensible Machines. Robot City is a place where diverse Possible and industrial research projects since 2000, with offices creative and entrepreneurial minds can meet to dream Development and workshop space in the historic B&O Roundhouse. up, build and test the robots of the future. The ALMONO site offers the combination of land, Scenario space of institutional and private facilities, proximity to According to interviews with the FRC, the optimum Oakland and urban neighborhood context that is not space and amenities for Robot City would include: available elsewhere.

98 Reusing Building 19: Excerpts from Eastridge + Waldron, Urban Labo- ratory - Hazelwood, 2007.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 99 Overview

Urban Form • Outdoor Field Space • Colocation of Robotics Companies Projections of growth over the next twenty years sug- A critical component of the Robot City concept is the Frameworks gest that Robot City would need 50 acres of contigu- inclusion of companies related to robotics. Office and ous land. The land could be divided internally into a laboratory space is required so that both industry giants variety of reconfigurable parcels ranging in size and and start-up companies can be involved in the devel- Places used for a variety of testing scenarios, such as off-road opment and commercialization efforts at Robot City. • Junction Hollow vehicle testing, agricultural applications and percep- • Four Mile Run tion systems in vehicles. Mobile command trucks, • Visibility and Interaction with the Public Neighborhood containing equipment and facilities for monitoring the The FRC has several public engagement programs in • Robot City research, can be moved around the site. place in the Pittsburgh region and wishes to incorporate • Hazelwood Town Center similar programs in relation to Robot City. Being located • Riverside Neighborhood • Indoor Space in an urban context is very desirable for the possible • Hazelwood Greenway With innovative renovation work, the existing Building synergies that may be created between Robot City and • Hazelwood Riverfront 19 rolling mill shed, an immense 156,975 square foot the neighboring community. The ALMONO site and Park (4-acre) structure could easily accommodate the FRC’s Building 19 are highly visible from the Second Avenue indoor space requirements. These include: classrooms, of- transportation corridor and the Hot Metal Bridge.

fices, meeting rooms and dining facilities; indoor testing Legibility facilities and lab spaces requiring configurable high-bay • Housing space with large doors; manufacturing and fabrication The work conducted by Robot City staff often means stations; and storage facilities for earth moving equip- long hours and unconventional schedules. Temporary Possible ment, tools, materials, physical barriers and lighting. sleeping environments, such as cubicles or studios could Development be used by staff, visiting researchers and students. Lon- • Transportation Between Oakland ger-term off-site housing for FRC-related students, visitors Scenario Accessing the ALMONO site by private vehicle from and researchers should also be included in Hazelwood. Oakland is circuitous and subject to the vagaries of local traffic surges. A permanent, speedy connection • Access to the Monongahela River to Carnegie Mellon and Oakland via Junction Hollow is Researchers are enthusiastic about being able to test considered a requirement for Robot City’s success, per- submersible robots in the Monongahela River. A dock mitting an unobstructed flow of researchers, students should be incorporated for the use of the FRC. and faculty. A fixed link between downtown and Robot City would facilitate access to city government, hotels The contribution of the Robotics Institute’s FRC to and businesses. A proposal for an LRT line from down- the redevelopment of the ALMONO site has already town to Hazelwood and Lawrenceville via Oakland is begun with some levelling of land and phytoremedia- currently being studied by the City of Pittsburgh. tion work, undertaken with the help of robots and the

100 social enterprise GTECH Strategies. The FRC’s robots preference, the Hazelwood Avenue end. These would can continue to be used in the future to shape, remedi- be within easy reach of local LRT stations and be a ate and seed the site in preparation for reuse. Robots potential customer base for the nearby retail corridor. could further be engaged in agricultural work, possibly In addition to new buildings on the ALMONO site, the in conjunction with local job creation and training FRC has suggested that landmark buildings, such as programs and productive landscape initiatives. There the former Carnegie Library of Hazelwood, might be are also possible applications for public transportation, sought out by robotics-related companies for their both in the short and long term, in partnership with unique character and hillside location. regionally-based transportation engineering firms like Boeing. These efforts are multi-purpose, helping pre- The site incorporates the existing rolling mill shed struc- pare the ALMONO site while advancing research and ture, called Building 19, an immense 156,975 square design into robotics engineering and strengthening foot (4 acres) structure that is well suited to Robot City’s multi-sector relationships and community programs. need for a high-bay and storage space. This highly visible building is a landmark, not only as a wayfinding fea- Our recommendations for Robot City are as follows: ture but also as a relic of Hazelwood’s past, an optimistic symbol for the community’s revitalization and its future, Location and as an icon for Carnegie Mellon’s Field Robotics Cen- From an overall district development perspective, the ter and the region’s growing robotics industry. Building ideal location for Robot City is its current location in 19 could be readapted, modified, partially dismantled the narrowest section of the ALMONO site. In our Possi- or added to in order to accommodate an indoor labora- ble Development Scenario, it is wedged between two tory, flexible storage space, classrooms, offices, meeting mixed-use urban nodes with LRT stops and buffered rooms, lounges, dining space and short-term sleeping by landscape features that would assist in mitigating facilities. A large conference room and observation any noise or dust created on the site. space could overlook the field site, the Monongahela River and Hay’s Woods, taking advantage of the build- Layout ing’s height and high vantage point on the site. Robot City is flanked by Second Avenue and the steep Hazelwood Greenway to the east, and a major linear Arranging Robot City in a linear shape creates a long public park and the Monongahela River to the west. interface with Hazelwood’s planned riverfront park. To the north, the historic B&O Roundhouse could be This location also brings Robot City close to the river, incorporated into the scheme as a public welcoming where a docking facility could be located to enable area, a museum featuring old robots and a viewing water-based research programs. In Phase I of the platform onto the site. Robotics-related firms and Possible Development Scenario, Robot City occupies start-ups are clustered at either end of the site or, with a large portion of the ALMONO site. In subsequent phases, as development fills in, Robot City’s size is Remediating soil around Build- ing 19: GTECH Strategies, a Pittsburgh-based social enterprise, has partnered with the Robotics Institute to plant pollution-soaking sunflowers and other species in the most contaminated section of the ALMONO site, “Area B”. The energy garden was planted with the help of RI robots.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 101 Overview

Urban Form reduced to 40 acres, including the 4-acre Building 19. depending on the security levels needed by Robot City This size is subject to the FRC’s requirements and final researchers. These gestures will help deter perceptions Frameworks layout for Robot City. that Robot City is meant to be a fortress in the middle of Hazelwood. The FRC is additionally interested in a Community Interaction public program of guided tours, lectures and youth Places Locating the FRC in an urban settings allows for robotics camps and programs. • Junction Hollow interesting opportunities for public engagement and • Four Mile Run contribution to Pittsburgh’s riverfront park. While there Sustainable Design Neighborhood are inherent safety and security protocols that have to In keeping with the sustainable development mission • Robot City be followed -- projects with defense and security ap- of the ALMONO partners, Robot City should fol- • Hazelwood Town Center plications cannot be viewed by the public, for example low LEED building guidelines as well as Low Impact • Riverside Neighborhood -- some level of visual permeability could be allowed. Development (LID) site design. A rooftop rain water • Hazelwood Greenway Robot enthusiasts and passersby could view non- collection system could provide non-potable water • Hazelwood Riverfront military testing occurring on the site through viewing for the FRC’s testing operations. Robot City’s energy Park platforms. Perimeter fencing could be punctuated by needs could be met through the Hazelwood district viewing areas. The riverfront park could be graded co-generation energy plant and supplemented by higher as well in order to provide a view into the site. on-site solar and wind generation. Other measures Legibility There is an interesting opportunity to have a temporar- include green walls or rooftop and using regionally- ily transparent edge along the public riverfront park, sourced and recycled building products. Shipping perhaps using digital technology and Light Emit- containers could be reused to create mobile units or Possible ting Diodes (LED) to create panels that turn on or off field barracks. Development Scenario

Washabaugh + Gleiche, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2007.

102 This living green wall on Herzog & de Meuron’s CaixaForum in Madrid provides inspiration for an interesting and unconventional facade along Robot City’s Building 19 or its long perimeter wall. Photo courtesy Patrick Blanc. The proposed adjacent B&O Roundhouse park could have a rotating programme of landscape artwork, such as seasonal flower picking fields, where the public is invited to pick fresh-cut flowers. This photo of a poppy field at the Showa Memorial Park in Japan, courtesy of Getty Images.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 103 Overview

Urban Form Hazelwood Town Center Hazelwood Town Center is conceived of as a vibrant, commercial mixed-use district with multi-modal connections in the heart of Hazelwood’s residential community. The ambition of the recommendations is to reinforce a sense of Frameworks place and identity along Hazelwood’s core thoroughfares, Hazelwood Avenue and Second Avenue, and to create a destination that will draw Hazelwood residents, Pittsburgh residents and out-of-town visitors. Places Currently, commercial activities are concentrated along between Minden Avenue and Flowers Avenue. This 10- • Junction Hollow the six blocks of Second Avenue between Hazelwood year designation, which began in 2000, allows for 100 • Four Mile Run Avenue and Johnson Avenue. This once-thriving percent local and state tax abatement for all property Neighborhood business district has suffered since the decline of local types. Since then, the Urban Redevelopment Authority • Robot City industries and many of the storefronts sit empty. A (URA), the city’s redevelopment agency, has acquired • Hazelwood Town Center considerable number of buildings have been torn more than a dozen parcels. The Strategy’s recommen- • Riverside Neighborhood down in the northern section near Minden Avenue, dations, which include a series of gateways, remain • Hazelwood Greenway giving the street a “gap-toothed” appearance. A 2003 valid within the vision proposed by the Remaking • Hazelwood Riverfront inventory found that less than half of Second Avenue’s Cities Institute. Park buildings are in “excellent” or “sound” condition and only half were occupied. The proposed Hazelwood Town Center is concentrated along two corridors, the historic main street, Legibility There are several notable historic and cultural build- Second Avenue, between Mobile Street and Johnston ings along Second Avenue, including the Episcopal Avenue, and Hazelwood Avenue, from the Gladstone Church of the Good Shephard, the Pittsburgh Railways School building down to the Monongahela River. A Possible Building (now the “Car Barn” seniors’ center), and the possible third mixed-use corridor, with an emphasis Keystone Grocery Building. The Hazelwood Historic on live-work spaces and neighborhood-retail, would Development District, a 222-acre area surrounding Second Avenue, be located along Elizabeth Street. The Second Avenue Scenario was designated in 1997 as eligible to be listed by the “Parkway” concept would provide a contrast to the National Register of Historic Places. Hazelwood Town Center, acting as a linear entrance to the Town Center’s main node at Hazelwood Avenue In 2005, the local firm Loysen + Kreuthmeier Architects and Second Avenue. was commissioned to produce the Hazelwood Second Avenue Design Strategy. The strategy highlighted the In total, there are four core zones to the proposed Ha- parcels in the Keystone Opportunity Zone (KOZ), zelwood Town Center and two complementary zones.

Linking Hazelwood to its riverfront The core zones are: and its past through design: Archi- tect Adam Kalkin’s Quick House, created from standard shipping I Second Avenue, between Mobile Street containers, can be adapted to different uses, from disaster-relief and Johnston Avenue housing to luxury dwellings or café. Photo courtesy Illy Caffe. II Upper Hazelwood Avenue, above Second Avenue

III Lower Hazelwood Avenue, below Second Avenue

IV Intersection of Hazelwood Avenue and Second Avenue

The complementary zones are:

V Elizabeth Street, below Second Avenue

VI Second Avenue “Parkway”, between Greenfield Avenue and Hazelwood Avenue

104 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 105 Overview

Urban Form I Second Avenue, between Mobile Street In addition to the Hazelwood LRT station and the Four and Johnston Avenue Mile Run Neighborhood multi-modal station, we recommend a stop near Robot City and at the end of the Frameworks This section of Second Avenue is the heart of Hazel- Town Center, at Elizabeth Street. As explained in the wood’s historic main street. Second Avenue currently Transportation Framework section, the recommenda- accommodates 15,000 commuters during weekdays. tions are for two LRT stops along the business district: a Places With its narrow right-of-way, it is a challenge to ac- • Junction Hollow station at the nexus of Hazelwood Avenue and Second commodate vehicular traffic, cyclists and pedestrians. • Four Mile Run Avenue and a sheltered stop at Elizabeth Street. A redesigned Second Avenue should strive to create a Neighborhood sense of intimacy along the sidewalk using landscap- • Robot City Together, these two stops englobe 90 percent of the ing, a bike lane and on-street parking. Adding details • Hazelwood Town Center residential streets within a quarter-mile or five-minute to the buildings and sidewalk realm, such as signage, • Riverside Neighborhood walking distance. Sheltered bike parking, interactive window treatments and vegetation, and clearly mark- • Hazelwood Greenway transportation information kiosks and a parking garage ing pedestrian crossings at intersections will help calm • Hazelwood Riverfront near Hazelwood Avenue and Second Avenue would traffic and restore a “mainstreet” atmosphere. Park provide multi-modal synergies. Gateways are discussed in the Legibility section. Running parallel to Second Avenue, on the riverside, is the proposed LRT line to Oakland. The LRT infrastruc- Legibility ture can be made to be “felt” from Second Avenue, II Upper Hazelwood Avenue, above both literally through intermittent holes in the fabric Second Avenue Possible that allow views and nighttime lighting, and creatively, There is an opportunity to revive Upper Hazelwood Av- with interactive digital kiosks or screens along Second enue, the portion rising uphill from Second Avenue, by Development Avenue on which are displayed train times, live views enhancing and creating physical connections between Scenario and multi-modal transfer information. important existing community buildings, including the

106 Church of Life’s home base, the nearby YMCA build- The sidewalk should be treated as a linear public space ing, the former Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh branch, leading to public squares and LRT access points. the Woods House and the now-closed Gladstone Elementary School. Empty lots should be filled in to Techniques for creating legible and functional urban create more density or integrated into the public space form and quality public space in the core zones include: network. • infilling along Second Avenue and Upper Hazelwood Avenue III Lower Hazelwood Avenue, below • encouraging continuous and active frontages Second Avenue through articulated facades, transparency, narrower storefront widths and spillout zones We recommend that Hazelwood Avenue be ex- • emphasizing gateways tended beyond Second Avenue to the Monongahela • making strong statements at street corners, Riverfront. In the long term, a new bridge to the South particularly at gateways Side would create a necessary major regional access • improvements to the streetscape point to the city. Lower Hazelwood Avenue is con- • connecting public spaces to special uses and ceived of as a wide boulevard, bordered on the north buildings, such as transit infrastructure and cultural side by commercial uses fronted by wide sidewalks venues and outdoor patios, and on the south side by a large • emphasizing landmarks through lighting green promenade with stormwater capturing features, • preserving and highlighting views and landmarks extending down to the Hazelwood Riverfront Park. • traffic calming measures and Complete Streets • parking garages instead of surface lots Buildings on the commercial side should be four to six LRT station at the redesigned intersection of Hazelwood Avenue storeys tall with residential apartments on upper floors Emphasis should be made on connections to buildings and Second Avenue by Whang + taking advantage of the views. The green promenade Kim, Urban Laboratory - Hazel- and uses that are embedded in the residential fabric, is one of the four wedges of the Green-Blue Frame- wood, 2008. work, acting as a visual connector to the Hazelwood Reacting to the fact that one billion gallons of fresh water is Riverfront Park. It also contains Sustainable Urban extracted from Lake Michigan by Drainage Systems, designed to divert and retain urban Chicagoans each day and then runoff using attractive landscape features, such as moved into the Mississippi River system after treatment, Chicago’s boulevard swales, perched wetlands and treatment UrbanLab firm has partnered with wetlands. The green promenade should be bordered the City of Chicago to research, by higher-density residential buildings on the Riverside design and develop the eco- boulevard project, a system of 50 Neighborhood side. strips of public land converted into green infrastructure that recycles and retains water used by the City. IV Intersection of Hazelwood Avenue Courtesy of UrbanLab. and Second Avenue The intersection of Hazelwood Avenue and Second Avenue is conceived of as a major node in Hazelwood. An LRT station and adjacent public space should mark the intersection. This public space should be part of a larger coordinated network of varied and hierarchical public spaces designed to accommodate all users.

Within the Hazelwood Town Center, Hazelwood Av- enue and Second Avenue should maintain continuous active frontages in order to create a sense of movement, vibrancy and safety for pedestrians. Occasional voids, such as small squares and recessed setbacks, can invite the pedestrian to explore shops or sit. Spill-out spaces, such as patios, should be encouraged, particularly on the wide, north commercial side of Lower Hazelwood Avenue. Given Second Avenue’s narrower right-of-way, spill out spaces can be located between buildings, in front of new buildings that are set further back or on upper-floor patios.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 107 Overview

Urban Form such as the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, the Woods Greenway. A new avenue would feature the Hazel- House, Hazelwood Greenway and community gardens. wood Greenway edge on one side and Robot City on Frameworks Enhancing pedestrian connections to nearby residential the other. As the ALMONO site is developed, Mobile streets can be achieved through safe and pleasant pas- Street should become a through street crossing Sec- sageways. ond Avenue into the southern edge of Robot City. Places • Junction Hollow V Elizabeth Street, below Second Avenue • Four Mile Run In the long term, Elizabeth Street could function as a Neighborhood live-work zone with limited neighborhood services, • Robot City such as cafés, restaurants and convenience stores. • Hazelwood Town Center Buildings should be no higher than four storeys. Work- • Riverside Neighborhood shops, offices and studios with large windows fronting • Hazelwood Greenway the street should be encouraged. • Hazelwood Riverfront Park VI Second Avenue “Parkway”, between Greenfield and Hazelwood Avenues Currently, Second Avenue becomes Irvine Street at Legibility Hazelwood Avenue and continues toward Greenfield Avenue. As it passes Hazelwood Avenue, its character changes: The hillside becomes steeper and there are Possible fewer and fewer buildings. With the redevelopment of Development the ALMONO site, there is an opportunity to create a Scenario distinct urban parkway effect between Mobile Street, just past Hazelwood Avenue, and Greenfield Avenue. In the proposed 20 year vision, Irvine Street would be closed and its right-of-way folded into the Hazelwood

Proposal for a public square in front of St. Stephen’s Church at Sec- ond Avenue and Elizabeth Street. Whang + Kim, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood, 2008

108 Framework plan depicting a new commercial axis extending diago- nally from Second Avenue and Elizabeth Street to a new riverfront park and bridge. Feldman + Rakus + Watten, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood, 2007. Renewing Second Avenue by infilling and creating dynamic and connected public spaces. Whang + Kim, Urban Laboratory - Hazel- wood, 2008.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 109 Overview

Urban Form Riverside Neighborhood The ALMONO site is an opportunity to create a sustainable urban neighborhood, one that embraces the best of the city’s past, such as its walkable streets and built heritage, with the promise of the region’s growing multi-sectorial Frameworks competency in sustainable building construction and design.

Reusing existing urban environments allows for conti- maintained more than 414 local governments and Places nuity between generations through the preservation developers urbanized more than 200,000 acres of land, • Junction Hollow of older buildings and urban forms, as well as through a 39 percent increase in urbanized area. During the • Four Mile Run contributions to existing social and cultural communi- same period, the number of persons per urbanized Neighborhood ties. Importantly, revitalizing cities can help lessen the acre dropped from 4.8 to 3.3 and vehicle miles traveled • Robot City appeal of new construction in greenfield sites. This is doubled between 1970 and 1990. • Hazelwood Town Center particularly important in the context of the Pittsburgh • Riverside Neighborhood region. Riverside, known colloquially as “below the tracks”, is • Hazelwood Greenway made up of six blocks located on the flatlands between • Hazelwood Riverfront Like many formerly industrial cities, Pittsburgh has the Monongahela River and Second Avenue. It directly Park simultaneously faced population decline and rising borders the ALMONO site to the south. The community sprawl. A recent comparative study of American cities was reduced in 1952 when the URA agreed to allow published in the Quarterly Journal of Economics identi- J&L to expand its Hazelwood cokeworks operations. Legibility fied the Pittsburgh, PA Metropolitan Statistical Area Today, it has a somewhat isolated “enclave” character, (MSA) as the most sprawling city in America. Within the being bordered by Second Avenue, the ALMONO MSA, only one in ten residents lives within Pittsburgh’s site, the Glenwood rail yards and light manufacturing Possible city limits. This unplanned spatial growth can be at- operations. While statistically the poorest section of Development tributed in part to the fragmented nature of govern- Hazelwood, Riverside is a lively and tight-knit com- ment in the region. The Brookings Institute has called munity. The area is primarily residential, with a mix of Scenario Pittsburgh “a curiosity among the 50 largest metropoli- single-unit dwellings, apartments and row houses. tan areas”, because although the region’s population Hazelwood Harvest has been active in planting com- declined 6.6 percent from 1982 to 1997, local officials munity gardens on vacant land in Riverside.

This proposal sought to match the existing block density and acreage of Riverside in a new extension, focusing on introducing more variety of housing types and amenities. The density and building heights at the periphery of the new development increase, creating a “pinnacle moment and corridor” at the entrance of a new riverfront park. Work by Miller, Urban Labora- tory - Hazelwood, 2008.

110 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 111 Overview

Urban Form Under our recommendations, the Riverside Neighbor- I Peripheral Density hood would double in size. This mostly residential Riverside’s edges -- Second Avenue, Hazelwood Frameworks neighborhood would mirror the residential portion Avenue and the Hazelwood Riverfront Park -- should of Hazelwood that rises above Second Avenue into feature higher-density housing on the order of four to the hillside, providing a solid local market for the six storey apartment blocks in order to take advantage Places Hazelwood Town Center. Residents would be within a of retail, transit and park amenities. Rowhouses and • Junction Hollow five-minute walk of the Town Center’s two LRT stations duplexes similar to existing typologies should fill in the • Four Mile Run and the Hazelwood Riverfront Park. center. The design of Riverside’s development edges Neighborhood should explicitly address the park spaces, the Monon- • Robot City The Riverside section of Hazelwood can attract new gahela River and surrounding views. • Hazelwood Town Center residents by offering a vibrant and livable environment • Riverside Neighborhood and responding to the need for new housing typolo- II Diversity of Housing • Hazelwood Greenway gies and tenureship. Options like cohousing, coop- An early action should be to repair existing housing • Hazelwood Riverfront erative housing, low-rise apartments with views and and help homeowners stay in their homes while pro- Park houseboats can all help increase Hazelwood’s draw. viding affordable options for existing renters. Encour- aging housing cooperatives for existing tenants is one Our recommendations for Riverside focus on: way to ensure that lower-income residents will not be Legibility displaced as property values rise and rents increase. I Peripheral Density The following special housing types are recommended: Possible II Diversity of Housing Development • Affordable For-Sale and Rental Housing III Houseboat Community Hazelwood should strive to be an integrated com- Scenario munity in which a range of people from different IV Neighborhood Amenities socio-economic and age backgrounds live together. Following the LEED ND guidelines, at least 15 percent V Live-Work along Elizabeth Street of all rental units should be priced for households up to 50 percent of Pittsburgh’s median income and an additional 15 percent of rental units priced for households at up to 80 percent of Pittsburgh’s median income. These should be maintained at affordable levels for a minimum of 15 years. There are numerous examples of successful and attractive affordable rental housing models, including cooperatives and other non-profit structures. Left: Options for Homes’ Mill Street Co-op, a 95-unit apartment condominium in the historic A certain amount of for-sale housing should also be Gooderham & Worts Distillery priced to be affordable. At least 10 percent of for-sale District in downtown Toronto, sold housing should be priced for households up to 80 per- two- and three-bedroom suites at $50,000 below other new construc- cent of Pittsburgh’s median income and an additional tion condominiums in the same 10 percent of for-sale housing priced for households area. Resale values have since at up to 120 percent of the median income. Affordable increased by over 19 percent. Photo by UrbanDB. housing should be offered in a variety of housing types, from rowhomes to apartments. One model to investi- Miller’s proposal demonstrates density along Elizabeth Street and gate is Options for Homes, a Toronto-based non-profit at the park edge. Urban Laboratory developer of for-sale housing of all types. This award- - Hazelwood, 2008. winning company eliminates unnecessary extras, such as marketing, in order to offer initial housing to purchasers with incomes as low as $40,000 (Canadian dollars), with mortgage payments often less than the average rent levels in Toronto. They also provide unique financing for first-time homebuyers with low-moderate incomes. This successful model is being adopted in cities like Montreal, Vancouver and Ottawa.

112 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 113 Overview

Urban Form • Student Housing can be located adjacent to Robot City, within walk- Carnegie Mellon University’s current needs for student ing distance to the Hazelwood Town Center and LRT Frameworks housing include 500 units of undergraduate housing station. and 200 units of student family housing. Should the Field Robotics Center continue to be located in Hazel- • Senior Housing Places wood, they may also need housing for their student Over the next 25 years, it is estimated that the number • Junction Hollow and visiting researchers. of Americans aged 65 and older will double to 20 • Four Mile Run percent of the population. The post-war generation, Neighborhood A redeveloped Hazelwood with fixed link to Oakland known as the Baby Boomer generation, is better edu- • Robot City would be an ideal location for additional student hous- cated, more affluent, healthier and more engaged than • Hazelwood Town Center ing. Faculty and researchers may opt to buy an existing previous senior cohorts. • Riverside Neighborhood refurbished home in The Run or Hazelwood, or to buy • Hazelwood Greenway a new home or apartment in Riverside or Four Mile A study of adults aged 55 to 64 showed that these • Hazelwood Riverfront Run Neighborhood. Temporary housing, such as that early boomers want to continue learning after retire- Park needed by graduate students and visiting researchers, ment (81 percent), try new things (70 percent), travel

Legibility

Possible Development Scenario

Modular student housing in Utrecht. “Spacebox” units are designed to be quickly produced in a factory in any color using the safest materials available, and as- sembled on site to form complete buildings. In Copenhagen, the wood-clad Tietgenkollegiet student dormi- tory building’s circular form is meant as a symbol of equality and community while the 360 articulated individual units express each student’s individuality. Photos courtesy of Lundgaard & Tranberg Architects.

114 Riverside as imagined by Carnegie Mellon University architecture students. Top, A spectacular view of downtown Pittsburgh and the Monongahela River, by Kozar + Couch. Bottom, housing that meets the river. Debolski + Lynch. Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood, 2007.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 115 Overview

Urban Form (65 percent) and pursue a new hobby or interest (63 • Cohousing is made up of privately-owned units, pos- percent). Their consumer and lifestyle preferences and sibly in a row of townhouses or an apartment building Frameworks expectations, which include lifelong learning opportu- that is clustered around common indoor and outdoor nities and access to culture and entertainment, can be amenities, such as meeting rooms, workshops, studios, incorporated into the ALMONO redevelopment. a pool and gardens. This is not a gated community but Places an intentional community, where residents democrati- • Junction Hollow There are several housing types that may attract cally organize the services and amenities that they • Four Mile Run seniors to Hazelwood: wish to share with people of similar interests. Neighborhood • Urban village-style environment, in which services • Robot City and commodities are within easy walking distance. Cohousing originated in Denmark but has been popu- • Hazelwood Town Center The ALMONO site is nearly flat and has the potential to lar in California for decades. Cohousing used to be • Riverside Neighborhood be an accessible neighborhood. Service-rich locations initiated by families with children but senior-oriented • Hazelwood Greenway include the Four Mile Run Neighborhood and the area cohousing developments are on the rise. Silver Sage • Hazelwood Riverfront surrounding the Hazelwood Town Center. Village in Boulder, CO, is a sustainably built cohousing Park development formed by seniors for seniors. It occupies • University-affiliated housing is housing geared to one acre and has 16 semi-detached and detached

seniors interested in partaking in university cultural units organized around a community center and com- Legibility and learning activities while living in proximity to a mon green space. campus. These are typically in smaller college towns or rural settings. However an urban precedent is under • Houseboat community, located at the edge of the Possible development: MIT President Emeritus and colleagues Four Mile Run Neighborhood and the Riverside Neigh- Development from MIT and Harvard have created the University borhood. Retirees may enjoy living in Pittsburgh for the Residential Communities (URC) at 303 Third Street in summer and then moving to a warmer locale for the Scenario Cambridge, MA, a multi-generational cooperative com- winter. munity aimed at allowing residents to “age gracefully and prosper professionally”. • Many seniors in Pittsburgh are low-income and cannot afford to leave their homes. The site developer The building features 168 units of varying floorplans as should include non-profit affordable senior housing in well as common areas such as a private dining club, a apartment style and look for service programs that can library/lounge room, a media/screening room, a fitness help seniors stay in their homes for as long as they can facility, a swimming pool, open garden courtyard and safely. An example is Fairmont Apartments on Penn wellness facility. The context is urban, and within walk- Avenue in Garfield-Friendship, a 60-unit, mid-rise rental ing distance to Kendall Square, MIT, Harvard, a major housing development available to seniors aged 62 and hospital, a new urban park, a large media center and older. shops. Senior housing precedents: URC at 303 Third Street, university- affiliated housing for seniors in the heart of Cambridge, MA. Photo courtesy of URC. Silver Sage Co-housing Village conceived by and designed for seniors in Boulder, CO. Photo by Dana Romanoff.

116 III Houseboat Community Long-time residents of Pittsburgh can still remember when houseboats use to line the shores of Pittsburgh’s three rivers. While living on the river is no longer a common cultural practice, it hasn’t entirely disap- peared. Artist Carolyn Lambert from Carnegie Mellon’s Studio for Creative Inquiry documented life on the water and at its edge in the Ohio River Lifeboat Project. She spent three months on a pontoon boat recording what she calls “the perfect linear narrative”, the stories of the Ohio River and the people who depend on it and even live on it. Local architect and preservationist Rob Pfaffman proposed converting barges into “River Lofts” in a 2000 entry to the Pittsburgh Chapter of the American Institute of Architect’s annual Design Awards competition.

We propose a continuation of this “river narrative” by including a permanent houseboat community on the northern shore of the Monongahela River. Compa- rable precedents exist in Seattle, WA, Victoria, BC, and Sausalito, CA, as well as in cities throughout Europe. The houseboat community would be an extension of Hazelwood’s residential fabric, not a private or gated community. Docks would be considered part of the pedestrian path system, analogous to a public sidewalk.

The community could be operated by the City or as a non-profit cooperative, with residents sharing communal services, such as a ZipCars and club house. Non-permanent houseboats could accommodate short-term visitors and seasonal residents who might travel south along the Ohio River and Mississippi during the winter months. Urban boathouses: Top three photos depict modern designs while IV Neighborhood Amenities lower photos show a Fisherman’s With more than double the current population, the Wharf dock with boathouses in Riverside Neighborhood will require additional neigh- Victoria, Canada, and a colorful collage of boathouses in Seattle’s borhood amenities, including parklets and pocket Puget Sound. parks, and perhaps a new school or community center.

V Live-Work along Elizabeth Street As mentioned in the Hazelwood Town Center section, a live-work district could be created along Elizabeth Street in the expanded Riverside Neighborhood. Neighborhood businesses, such as a convenience store or restaurant, could be also be included.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 117 Overview

Urban Form Hazelwood Greenway A greenway is a linear piece of land that connects people to different places. These corridors of open green space are typically located along natural areas, such as river and stream valleys, or man-made landscapes, such as abandoned railroad Frameworks beds and utility corridors. Greenways provide many benefits to communities and The city’s hillsides provide an unusual hiking environ- Places the environment. As vegetated, permeable landscapes, ment in an urban context, offering a cool green forest • Junction Hollow they offer natural habitat, improve water quality by climate in the summer, a multicolored tapestry in the • Four Mile Run reducing the impacts of surface flooding, and cool fall, and outstanding panoramic views in the winter. Neighborhood the urban environment. They provide transportation Hillsides also provide habitat and critical corridors of • Robot City connections via trails, enabling residents to live a more movement for wildlife, providing hikers with opportu- • Hazelwood Town Center active lifestyle. They also enhance cultural awareness nities to see deer, turkeys and birds of prey, as well as • Riverside Neighborhood of the environment and promote community identity countless species of native plants. The report Opportuni- • Hazelwood Greenway through place-making. Like parks in general, green- ties for Hillside Protection (2005) offers recommendations • Hazelwood Riverfront ways create value for surrounding real estate, support for conserving Pittsburgh hillsides. Park the goal of public health and active living, filter air pollution and generate economic activity by promoting Hazelwood’s hillside rises 300 feet, one of the steep- outdoor recreation. These benefits are amplified when est in the city. It is currently underused due to a lack Legibility greenways are combined into a regional network of of recreational infrastructure and clear access points. green transportation, recreational trails and wildlife There is an existing trail but it is not well-maintained corridors, with connections to waterways. and is difficult to access. Hazelwood is particularly well Possible positioned to become a neighborhood that fully takes The scenic and touristic value of Pittsburgh’s forested advantage of its magnificent slopes by consciously Development hillsides and rivers are well documented but their eco- adopting a greenway strategy in conjunction with the Scenario logical and recreational value have yet to be fully em- consolidation of the urban fabric. braced. In his book about Pittsburgh and its topography, The Spectator and the Topographical City (2006), Carnegie Our recommendations for a Hazelwood Greenway: Mellon University Architecture Librarian Archivist Martin Aurand writes: I Definable Edge and Entrances

“Despite the despoilments of industry, the density and II Greenway Amenities reach of urban development, and the dominating stance of contemporary skyscrapers, the land remains, and III Connection to Existing City Parks arguably has the upper hand. While Pittsburgh was, for a time, the quintessential industrial city, it was always and is today the quintessential topographical city” (ix). Polish Hill, Pittsburgh. Photo courtesy City-Data.com

118 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 119 Overview

Urban Form I Definable Edge and Entrances • staircases and pedestrian overpasses The expanded Hazelwood Greenway should have a de- • compostable rest room Frameworks finable edge as much as possible, and clearly marked • an enclosed dog run entrances. Removing ambiguity over property owner- • pocket parks and playgrounds where the greenway ship leads to better maintenance. Given the terrain, it meets the street Places may be that the Greenway backs onto private property • bike parking at entrances • Junction Hollow in some areas. Privately-owned forested land that is • a sledding hill • Four Mile Run contiguous to the Greenway can be incorporated Neighborhood through conservation easements and other measures. • Robot City • Hazelwood Town Center Access points should be located throughout the • Riverside Neighborhood neighborhood, and at least two or three entrances • Hazelwood Greenway should be placed within walking distance to a public • Hazelwood Riverfront transit stop. A wayfinding system should be developed Park both to help with finding greenway entrances and also to navigate the interior. Access points should be made whenever possible from public-use buildings, such as Legibility schools, community centers and libraries, or in connection to a public space, such as a park or public square.

Possible II Greenway Amenities Development The greenway should include a diversity of amenities that have a low-impact on natural processes and Scenario wildlife. These could be used by individuals and small groups as well as larger groups, such as university track teams and Girl Guides/Boy Scouts. Amenities could include: • trails • viewing platforms • climbing/bouldering infrastructure • ropes and ladders • interpretive cultural signage and maps • resting areas and picnic tables • shelters

While amenities in the greenway should be low-impact, more intensive uses, such as playgrounds, garden and dog parks, can occur at its edges. Han + Liu, Urban Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, 2008. Going vertical: A member of the Pittsburgh-based Explorers Club practices ice climbing technique and fitness by climbing a dead tree in Schenley Park. Photo by Bob Coblentz.

120 Measures to increase wildlife habitat and food sources can also be included. Birdhouses, raptor roosts and bat houses can easily and unobstructively be incorporated. Indigenous fruit-bearing shrubs and trees can be planted and invasive species removed. Aurland Fjord viewing platform, Norway. Productive landscapes for human consumption, such Proposal for Hazelwood Greenway as pear and apple trees and small orchards, can also be with trails connecting to existing parks and trails. Han + Liu, Urban integrated into the greenway. The produce can be col- Laboratory - Hazelwood Studio, lected by the public at will or harvested for local food 2008. banks and school lunch programs. Public garden plots Rock climbing an adapted ore can be located at park edges along residential streets. bunker in the Duisburg-Nord Land- scape Park International Building Exhibition (IBA), Emscher Park, III Connections to Existing City Parks Duisburg, Germany. Photo by Harf In its final expanded state, the Hazelwood Greenway Zimmermann. could both complement and rival Pittsburgh’s existing Pittsburgh’s Mount Washington’s urban parks. hillside Grand View Scenic Byway Park provides wildlife habitat and biodiversity corridor as well as a Ultimately, efforts should be made to join the Hazel- pleasant environment for hikers. wood Greenway to Schenley Park via Junction Hollow, and Frick Park via the Nine Mile Run, helping to form a network of pan-urban forests, wildlife habitats and recreational green spaces in Pittsburgh’s East End. This system could eventually be tied into a regional greenspace network.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 121 Overview

Urban Form Hazelwood Riverfront Park Throughout the last 250 years, Pittsburgh’s three rivers -- the Allegheny, the Ohio and the Monongahela -- have duly served as the region’s main transportation artery, connecting the region to the Mississippi River and international Frameworks waters. In addition to traditionally being a dumping ground for industrial pollution and urban runoff, these waterways continue to be the area’s main source of drinking water, providing water to 90 percent of Allegheny County residents. The Port of Pittsburgh remains one of the busiest inland river ports in the United States, directly reaching Places markets in 24 states. Riverlife has begun to recover, with the return of a diversity of fish and aquatic species, and • Junction Hollow recreational use, from fishing to kayaking, is on the rise. • Four Mile Run Neighborhood Urban rivers are being rediscovered as mulit-use In addition to being a generator of cultural, recreation- • Robot City environments, with environmental stewardship, water al, ecological and economic activity, the Hazelwood • Hazelwood Town Center recreation, economic development and public health Riverfront Park would help protect the surrounding • Riverside Neighborhood in mind. The Living River Principles have been devel- neighborhoods from flooding by acting as a sponge • Hazelwood Greenway oped to help guide policy-makers in the development during heavy rain. • Hazelwood Riverfront of uses affecting waterways. The Living River perspec- Park tive views rivers and water bodies as a public good The major proposed interventions for the Hazelwood with multiple benefits. In order to take full advantage Riverfront Park focus on: Legibility of their rivers, they suggest that cities focus on improving water quality, natural riverbanks, public access and I Flood Protection recreational uses. Communities should be actively Possible engaged in monitoring and caring for the water quality II Edge Conditions of their rivers and streams and should fully explore the Development economic value of rivers. Public rights to waterways III Connections and Access Scenario and wetlands should not be compromised by private interests. IV Park Amenities An ambitious goal that may not be attainable in the short term is to restore the Monongahela River to swimmable status. The City of Pittsburgh can strive to attain Blue Flag certification, a highly respected and I Flood Protection recognized international eco-label awarded to beaches The area near the mouth of the Four Mile Run is cur- and marinas that meet strict criteria covering every- rently part of the 100-year flood plain. The Hazelwood thing from water quality to environmental programs. Riverfront Park would be an integral part of the Greater To date, 2,633 beaches and 620 marinas in 36 countries Hazelwood area’s hydrological system, both as a around the world are allowed to fly the Blue Flag. None receiving ground for surface water collected from local of these are currently in the United States. Return- streets and as an absorption zone for rainwater and ing the region’s three rivers to swimmable condition occasional flood waters. may be an outcome of efforts to reduce stormwater flooding through a Stormwater Capture and Cleansing The proposed Stormwater Capture and Cleansing Sys- System featuring Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems tem diverts stormwater that is not collected by green as proposed in this report. rooftops, rainbarrels and permeable surfaces throughout Hazelwood to a series of treatment wetlands and Our urban design recommendations for Hazelwood’s perched wetlands located throughout the Green-Blue portion of the Monongahela River edge are based Framework. These environments would swell with on the premise that Pittsburgh’s rivers are one of our rainwater, preventing flooding into urbanized areas. greatest public goods and collectively represent a tremendous ecological, economic and cultural asset. Collection areas in the Hazelwood Riverfront Park cor- respond to the four green wedges elaborated in the The recommendations call for a 90-acre linear public Green-Blue Frameworks section: park running the entire length of Hazelwood. The new • the new Four Mile Run estuary 1.5-mile long Hazelwood Riverfront Park would be en- • the Roundhouse wetlands riched with public amenities both inland and off-shore. • the base of the Hazelwood Avenue green promenade More than a park near a river, it would be a park that • the southern edge of the park, at the foot of integrates the river into its very identity. It would create a Melancthon Street new standard for riverfront development and become a regional and tourist destination.

122 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 123 Overview

Urban Form II Edge Conditions The Hazelwood Riverfront Park has two very different Frameworks edge conditions, each with its own concerns and opportunities: The urban edge, where the park is adjacent to neighborhoods and other uses, and the water edge, Places where the park interfaces with the Monongahela River. • Junction Hollow • Four Mile Run • Urban Edge Neighborhood The urban edge of the Hazelwood Riverfront Park is the • Robot City interface between the urban environment and the park • Hazelwood Town Center space. In total, under our Possible Development Sce- • Riverside Neighborhood nario, there are 2.6 miles of park frontage. These areas • Hazelwood Greenway are ripe with possibilities for contrasting environments, • Hazelwood Riverfront with buildings facing open or vegetated spaces, and Park the buildings that line the park with views of the park, downtown Pittsburgh, hillsides and the river.

Legibility It is imperative that the edge of the park retain a sense of public access. Access can include well-indicated entrances and trail heads, adjacent public facilities, ac- Possible tive pedestrian-oriented edges, as well as distant views Development and scenic corridors. The edge of the park should be well-delineated and bordered by a public right-of-way, Scenario such as a street or pathway, rather than abutting back-back- yards or parking lots. Buildings that line a park edge street should front onto the park and street, allowing for views from the buildings onto the park and greater security for park users.

Proposals for integration of industrial relics into a riverfront park in Hazelwood. Above: McKin- ney + Knapp. Below, Eastridge + Waldron. Urban Laboratory, Hazelwood Studio, 2007.

124 The interface between Robot City and the park will Small access points create a more require special treatment in order to avoid creating a intimate experience, like these stairs monolithic wall effect. Robot City’s security perimeter descending to the St. Lawrence Seaway along the Promenade wall can be creatively treated with materials, vegeta- Samuel de Champlain, Quebec tion, artwork, lighting and interactive digital technol- City. Photo by Elise Gatti. ogy as proposed in the section Robot City. A temporary waterfall under the Brooklyn Bridge in New York Har- • Water Edge bor. Rendering courtesy the artist, Olafur Eliasson. Hazelwood’s shoreline has been severely altered since industry arrived in the second half of the 19th century. Urban-edged riverfront in Chatta- The Monongahela River’s banks have been raised at nooga, TN. Photo by David Adams. least 25 feet with a railroad berm and slag in order to Marshlands and boardwalk create raise the land out of the floodplain. Currently, much of a peaceful winter scene in this proposal for the renaturalization of the Hazelwood’s riverfront is covered in slag or buttressed Don River in Toronto by Michael with concrete and steel walls. A portion also has barge Van Valkenburgh Associates. docking infrastructure.

We recommend that the current river edge conditions be diversified to include both “hard” and “soft” urban edges, such as concrete or wooden edges, platforms, staircases, wetlands, rocks and soil edges.

The types of river edge conditions can further be diversified by being linear and continuous in some areas, hemmed in by walls and infrastructure, or perforated, modulated and extruding in others. Extrusions can include wharves, jettys, lookout points and floating docks. Water can be brought onto the ALMONO site by way of canals or wetlands. Wildlife islands can also be added for the benefit of nesting birds and other riparian life.

There are many opportunities for integrating remaining industrial relics into the new riverfront park. Doing

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 125 Overview

Urban Form so will help ensure that Hazelwood’s rich history is not land-based and water-based. Cyclists, roller-bladers, forgotten and also contribute to a sense of place-mak- wheelchair users and pedestrians can access the Hazel- Frameworks ing. Possibilities include: wood Trail via the Eliza Furnace Trail, Junction Hollow • waterfalls that tumble over existing riverside walls Trail and Duck’s Hollow Trail. Watercraft can be docked • reusing the pumphouse as a public gathering place, at two marinas, at the Four Mile Run Neighborhood Places outdoor café or museum and next to the Hazelwood Bridge. • Junction Hollow • adding a climbing wall onto existing infrastructure • Four Mile Run • using existing retaining walls as a base for riverside Because the Hazelwood Riverfront Park flows out of Neighborhood boat docking facilities and into the green wedges, there are few obvious • Robot City • creating artwork from salvaged materials gateway moments. Gateways should be emphasized at • Hazelwood Town Center • using light to change shapes at night the tops of both the Four Mile Run Neighborhood and • Riverside Neighborhood • converting river barges into floating swimming pools the Hazelwood Avenue promenade, as well as at the • Hazelwood Greenway B&O Roundhouse entrance and the northernmost and • Hazelwood Riverfront III Connections and Access southermost ends of the park, where the trail enters the Park The Green-Blue Framework includes four major green park. Each marina also acts as a gateway from the river. wedges that provide continuity between the river and Hazelwood Riverfront Park, Junction Hollow and In addition to these main access points, there should Legibility the Hazelwood Greenway. These four links are major be as many opportunities to enter and exit the park conduits, allowing people, wildlife and water collected along the entire urban interface. Along the river edge, inland to reach the Monongahela River via: smaller staircases, piers and modest kayak and canoe Possible • Four Mile Run Neighborhood docks will increase access and quiet spots. Development • B&O Roundhouse Park • Hazelwood Avenue IV Park Amenities Scenario • Melancthon Street Hazelwood Riverfront Park is large enough to accommodate a variety of amenities addressing the broad Connections to the Hazelwood Riverfront Park are spectrum of active and passive uses. The park should at

The Quai des Cageux along Que- bec City’s Promenade Samuel-De Champlain on the St-Lawrence River includes a viewing tower and café. Photo by Marc Cramer.

126 a minimum include flexible open spaces, athletic fields, productive landscapes, boat access and a riverfront trail that connects to the city and regional networks, including the Three Rivers Heritage Trail, the Great Al- legheny Passage and the Steel Valley Trail.

The park should strive to include amenities not found elsewhere in Pittsburgh and should be universally accessible. Land-based amenities to consider include: • open flexible space • athletic fields • riverfront trail • productive landscapes • wildflower gardens • outdoor stage and movie theater • playgrounds and accessible play structures • small restaurants, cafés • seating areas • water features • public art • free WI-FI • restrooms

River edge amenities should encourage use of the river as a recreational playground. Amenities can include: • river edge promenade • viewing platforms • marina • boat launches • fishing piers • boathouse row • floating pool • ecological features, such as waterfowl nesting islands

If you can’t swim in it, swim on it! Cities are experimenting with public floating swimming pools, often reusing old barges. Counter- clockwise: Barge Beach Budapest is a “migrating recreational pier” that sits atop three recycled former coal barges on the Danube River. Copenhagen City Centre’s Havne- bad includes a jumping platform. Floating on the Spree River in East Berlin, “Winter Badeschiff” is an open-air pool in the summer and a covered heated pool with sauna and bar in the winter. The Floating Pool Lady barge, named after its long-time propo- nent, is a roving ADA-compliant seven-lane, 82-foot pool made from a reused barge.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 127 Overview Legibility Urban Form Gateways While every city has its own unique visual resources, some cities have more than others. Pittsburgh, and particularly Hazelwood, is especially gifted in this regard. Visual resources include unique and important public views, built Frameworks features, and natural features, such as rivers, hillsides, topography, geologic formations and vegetated landscapes. Enhancing a city’s visual resources -- views, gateways, landmarks and landscape features -- to create more legible environments is one of the many central tasks of urban design. This is especially important in a city with irregular Places topography and streets.

Gateways are located at the edge of a neighbor- The Hazelwood Town Center should also have desig- Legibility hood or district, along major transportation corridors. nated gateways. These can be similar to what Loysen • Gateways Gateway features can be a node, such as an intersec- + Kreuthmeier in their Urban Design Strategy for Second • Landmarks tion or, for example in medieval cities, literally a gate, Avenue (2005) call “multidirectional portals” along Sec- • Views or even a linear feature, such as a bridge or length of ond Avenue, with the new Hazelwood Bridge being an pathway that has a particular character and leads to a additional gateway to the Hazelwood Avenue portion: new district. • Hazelwood Avenue Possible • Flowers Street Development Each mode of transportation has its own gateway mo- • Elizabeth Street Scenario ments experienced from their unique vantage point • Hazelwood Bridge (proposed) and travel speed.

We recommend emphasizing five main gateways to Nankai Electric Railway requested Hazelwood, beginning to the south: the designer to create a gateway • Second Avenue at the Glenwood Bridge that would redefine Osaka’s iden- • Second Avenue and Hazelwood Avenue tity. The result, Namba Parks, is a large park in the middle of Osaka. • Junction Hollow at The Run neighborhood • Second Avenue at the Hot Metal Bridge A linear gateway in Strasbourg, • Hazelwood Bridge (proposed) France. Photo courtesy of Cin- cyStreetcar Blog.

128 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 129 Overview

Urban Form Landmarks Landmarks can be buildings and structures that have social and cultural meaning, or they can be objects that are prominently visible. A cultural landmark’s use, materials and style refer to our economy, cultural values and periods Frameworks or specific events in our history, and are important reminders of from where we have come as a society. Visual landmarks, including buildings or even natural features, are important tools for wayfinding, acting as visual reference markers. Places Cultural and highly visible landmarks in Hazelwood and values. New civic buildings, such as schools, should be preserved and enhanced to help with community centers, and learning institutions, should Legibility wayfinding and create a sense of place. We suggest particularly strive to “stand out from the crowd”. • Gateways the following buildings and structures on the ALMONO • Landmarks site be highlighted: For example: • Views • B&O Roundhouse • Building 19 • Adaptive Reuse of Building 19 • the stone wall near Second Avenue Robot City’s adaptive reuse of Building 19 will signify Possible • Pump House resilience and creativity, as well as Hazelwood’s transi- Development tion into the new economy. Historic buildings in the neighborhood, including the Scenario original Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh branch, the • Multi-Modal Station Woods House, the Gladstone Middle School and the A high-rise residential tower and multi-modal station Burgwin Elementary School, as well as the Hot Metal in the Four Mile Run Neighborhood will signal a new Bridge and historic churches along Second Avenue mode of transportation and thinking about urban should all be considered landmarks and preserved or living, and be a beacon visible from downtown, reused. surrounding neighborhoods and the Penn Lincoln Parkway. Natural features can also be considered landmarks. Cultural landmark: The Museo del Acero Horno in Monterrey, Mexico, Pittsburgh’s green hillsides have become iconic, and • District Co-Generation Plan reuses a decommissioned blast Hazelwood’s forested hillside should also be conserved A unique structure for the district co-generation plant furnace on a brownfield site to cre- as green space and visual backdrop for the urbanized will announce that Hazelwood is being powered in a ate a sustainable modern history museum dedicated to the region’s portion of the neighborhood. sustainable way. rich history of steel production. Photo courtesy archicentral.com. In addition to accentuating existing landmarks, there • Monongahela River Visual landmark: Berlin’s are opportunities for the creation of new landmarks in Monongahela River landmarks, such as a marina, Hauptbahnhof is a multi-modal Hazelwood with the redevelopment of the ALMONO floating outdoor pool, viewing tower and artwork will landmark by day and night on the edge of the Spree River. Photo by site. These landmarks should be buildings or structures bring attention to Hazelwood’s dynamic new public Stefan Le Breton. that are symbolic of important new uses, institutions waterfront park.

130 Hazelwood Bridge & LRT The Hazelwood Bridge and LRT lines will symbolize Hazelwood’s new connectivity and inclusion in the regional economy.

Gateways and important intersections, such as Hazel- wood and Second Avenue, are good candidates for landmark buildings. At the very least, each important intersection should have strong corner buildings of architectural interest.

Lighting can be used to reinforce landmarks and even create new, night-time only landmarks. A lighting master plan for Hazelwood is recommended to make the most of its visual assets.

Public-use buildings are perfect candidates for landmark status: Vancouver Public Library’s Central Branch features reading rooms wrapped around a central facility. Photo by Timothy Hursley. Ontario College of Art and Design’s (OCAD) new addition is unmistak- able. Photo by Patrick Leduc. The angular Seattle Public Library is a city-wide landmark. Photo courtesy The Seattle Times. It is possible to stand out even in Tokyo thanks to contrasting lighting. Photo courtesy Vincent Loy.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 131 Overview

Urban Form Views Hazelwood’s position on a deep bend of the Monongahela River allows for views of downtown Pittsburgh’s skyline from the northern end of the site. Views of the South Side hills and Hays Woods, as well as the Greenfield hillside are Frameworks also available from most points on the site.

These views should be considered carefully in the • Vista Places redevelopment of the ALMONO site. Mapping the A vista is an enclosed or framed view, typically long various views, focal points, backdrops, skylines, visual and narrow, such as a narrow street with continuous landmarks and view corridors prior to site design will frontage or a transportation corridor with continuous Legibility ensure that opportunities are not lost. tree cover. Second Avenue from Greenfield to Minden • Gateways Street holds promise for vista-type views. • Landmarks Views of Hazelwood from surrounding hillsides and • Views the South Side should also be considered, with special • Panorama focus on the roofscape through the careful use of An unobstructed and sweeping view of an extensive Possible materials and green rooftops. Using similar rooflines area in all directions. A conference room built into the for similar clustered uses, such as housing, can help top portion of Building 19, for example, or a residential Development emphasize legibility. highrise tower above the Four Mile Run multi-modal Scenario station, would provide sweeping views of Hazelwood, There are a variety of “views” that can be considered in Greenfield and the South Side. Hazelwood, including: • Glimpse • Vantage Point A glimpse is a view or panorama that is partially A position that allows a broad overall view or perspec- screened but still visible, such as views from the Hazel- tive of an area is called a vantage point. There are many wood Greenway trails. opportunities vantage points along the Hazelwood Greenway and the Hazelwood Riverfront Park. View- Other concepts related to views include: ing platforms can invite users to explore a particular vantage point. • View Terminus A study of view corridors by Chi + The end of a vista, for example a building at the end of Lau, Urban Laboratory - Hazel- a street, is an opportunity to create a memorable view. wood Studio, 2007. • Focal Point An piece of art, a building or a landscape feature can be the central or principal point of focus and attention in a particular view. Lighting can accentuate a focal point at night.

• Backdrop The background or setting of an area, such as a hillside. A natural backdrop, such as a mountain or hillside, can change color seasonally, providing different views.

• Skyline The silhouette or outline of the city -- buildings, structures or vegetation -- as seen against the sky.

• Visual Landmark A visual landmark, as opposed to historic or cultural landmark, is a prominent or conspicuous object or dis- tinguishing landscape feature marking a site or location.

• View Corridor/Visual Axis A view closed by the built form and permitting a view from one end to the other. This is most often created by a street that is built up on both sides or a tunnel.

132 Perched atop a hillside, the España Library in Medellín, Colombia is both a focal point and a vantage point from which to survey the city in the valley below. An iconic view of downtown Pitts- burgh as provided by the Mount Washington Overlook. Photo by Andrew Koch. Traditional Tuscan roofscape: Siena, Italy. Photo by Steve Jurvetson. Street trees create a vista in Vancouver. Photo by Ward Perrin, Vancouver Sun.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 133 Possible Development Overview Scenario Urban Form The Possible Development Scenario is the product of our urban design analysis, research of past market studies and plans as well as our understanding of the programmatic needs expressed by the owners of the ALMONO site, its Frameworks existing tenant (Carnegie Mellon’s Field Robotics Center) and the Hazelwood community.

The site-specific recommendations underlying the Places Possible Development Scenario reflect a rigorous effort to balance the agendas of these multiple stakeholders through consideration of the relationship between the Legibility proposed new and existing sections of the Hazelwood community. The Possible Development Scenario reinforces our guiding urban design principles of Possible connectivity, community engagement, arts/cultural Development development, economic revitalization and environmental sustainability through systemic integration of Scenario LEED ND and sustainable energy infrastructure into the new built development.

Views and frontages afforded by the Possible Development Scenario.

134 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 135 136 3-D renderings by Murtuza Bho- palwala for RCI.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 137 Phasing Phasing Development The phasing plan is based on existing constraints, current knowledge of market conditions and land availability. It Constraints offers a hypothetical snapshot into the ALMONO site’s future in three time periods: 1-7 years, 7-14 years and 14-20 years. The phasing plan begins when funding and development approvals have been secured, and a detailed mas- Project Partners ter plan has been drawn. Phase I: 1-7 Years Phase II: 7-14 Years • Four Mile Run landscape alterations, with terraform- • Using the existing railroad right-of-way, the instal- Funding ing duties performed in part by Carnegie Mellon’s lation of an LRT line and bikeway through Junction Fields Robotics Center. Four Mile Run is partially daylit Hollow and along Second Avenue. This move provides and its estuary reconstructed in a naturalized form. the critical missing transportation link between the Removal of the barge docking facility at the northern site and Oakland. A multi-modal station near Junction end of the site. Hollow is built.

• Removal of the CSX rail line infrastructure, including • Expansion of existing residential fabric in Riverside, the levelling of berms along the Monongahela River. between Second Avenue and the river, as well as a riverfront houseboat community. • Expansion of the Field Robotics Center’s teaching and research operations with the renovation of the • Investment into Hazelwood’s business district along landmark Building 19. Second Avenue, between Minden Street and Johnston Avenue, with a particular focus on the intersection • Acquisition of properties and construction for the of Hazelwood and Second Avenues. The Hazelwood first phase of a TOD at the end of Four Mile Run along Avenue green promenade is also completed, with Second Avenue, and at the southernmost end of the adjacent mixed-use higher density development along site, near the Glenwood Rail yard. the north side of the avenue.

• Continued soil remediation work around the site, • Completion of the Four Mile Run Neighborhood, a with special focus on “Area B”. Use of appropriate pro- mixed-use, high density community featuring views ductive landscapes throughout the ALMONO site to of the Southside and downtown Pittsburgh. A multi- aid in soil remediation and biofuel generation. modal station and leisure marina/houseboat docks are located at either side of the naturalized Four Mile Run • Construction of a district co-generation energy plant estuary. and data center in the new Four Mile Run Neighborhood. • Completion of the Hazelwood Riverfront Park, with • The transformation of Second Avenue’s commercial all-season recreational infrastructure. corridor into an urban boulevard. Shaping of the future Hazelwood Avenue green promenade to accommo- • Continued expansion of the Hazelwood Greenway date Sustainable Urban Drainage features. and addition of viewing platforms and gateways, integration of productive landscapes and other amenities. • Recontouring, grading or naturalization of the Monongahela River edge and addition of a multi-use Phase III: 14-20 Years trail connecting to the downtown-bound Eliza Furnace • Construction of the Hazelwood Bridge to the South- Trail, and to the Duck Hollow Trail toward Braddock. side, creating a major connection to Carson Street and Becks Run Road. • Acquisition and, if necessary, sustainable dismantling of vacant properties, adjacent to the Hazelwood • Completion of the Robot City research, development, Greenway, reusing all materials possible, in preparation and commercialization zone for the robotics industry. for its expansion. • Possible closure of Irvine Street between Greenfield Avenue and Mobile Street, and incorporation of the lands into the Hazelwood Greenway.

138 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 139 140 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 141 Phasing Development Constraints Development There are several existing development constraints and prerequisite moves that have to be addressed before rede- Constraints velopment can take place.

Riverfront Rail Line Poor Access Project Partners The largest and most imminent barrier to redevelop- A fourth constraint to development is the uneven ment is the little used riverfront rail line servicing access to the site, both in terms of regional and local the Metaltech, Inc. facility at the northern end of the connections. Road access is configured so that it is Funding Pittsburgh Technology Center. It, along with all rail easy to get to the Penn Lincoln Parkway in the east- lines in Hazelwood and the Glenwood Rail Yard at the bound direction from Hazelwood via Bates Street but southern end of the site, is owned by the CSX Corpora- not westbound. Drivers must exit in Squirrel Hill and tion. The Allegheny Valley Railroad company has a drive through Greenfield down to Hazelwood Avenue multi-year lease to operate the Glenwood rail yard, in order to reach the site. This limits the site’s potential interchange and riverside rail line. for industrial use but this constraint is less relevant since the programmatic focus is on research uses and Soil Contamination housing oriented toward Oakland institutions. Resolv- ing the confusion at the intersection of Second Avenue A second constraint is residual soil contamination, par- and Greenfield Avenue, and adding an LRT line and ticularly in the area around Building 19 (known as “Area bikeway through Hazelwood are critical measures to B”). Soil remediation work began with the closure of improving local access and redevelopment success. the former coke works in 1998 but not all of the site is considered up to standard for residential development. Negative Image Currently, phytoremediation work is being undertaken A final constraint is the perception that Hazelwood no by GTECH Strategies, the local social enterprise, with longer offers a hospitable residential or commercial the help of the Field Robotics Center. Six acres of environment. Making significant investments into switch grass, 2 acres of sunflowers and 500 trees have public space and transportation infrastructure will give been planted on the ALMONO site. There is federal the public confidence that Hazelwood’s fortunes are funding available to continue remediation through the changing for the better. ALMONO partner foundations.

Scattered Property Ownership A third constraint is the consolidation of properties in Junction Hollow, below the Riverside Neighborhood and along Second Avenue near Junction Hollow.

The landholder of the relevant parcels at the southern end of the ALMONO site is the CSX Corporation. The land is much more fragmented at the northern end near Junction Hollow. Major landholders are a private individual, the City of Pittsburgh and the CSX Corpora- tion (under the names Pittsburgh Junction Railroad Co. and B&O Railroad Co.).

The 3-acre, 44-parcel commercial core of Hazelwood is designated a Keystone Opportunity Zone (KOZ) until 2010, at which time state and local taxes will no longer be abated. The City of Pittsburgh owns several lots and the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) has acquired a 12 parcels along Second Avenue between Flowers Avenue and Minden Street, in addition to Gladstone Middle School on Hazelwood Avenue. The vacant lot at the southeastern corner of the commercial district’s key intersection, Hazelwood Avenue and Second Avenue, is publicly owned.

142 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 143 Phasing Project Partners Development The successful redevelopment of the ALMONO site requires vision, commitment and cooperation between the fol- Constraints lowing stakeholders and actors. Each of the organizations listed has a critical role to play -- as regulators, investors, providers of services and infrastructure, and visionaries -- in ensuring that Hazelwood’s redevelopment fulfills its full Project Partners local and regional potential. Site Owners Institutional Partners Funding ALMONO, LP is a partnership between the Richard King Carnegie Mellon University is exploring the possibility Mellon Foundation, the Heinz Endowments, the Mc- of establishing the Robotics Institute - Field Robot- Cune Foundation, the Claude Worthington Benedum ics Center headquarters on the site and of building Foundation and the Regional Industrial Development student undergraduate, graduate and family housing Corporation of Southwestern Pennsylvania (RIDC). AL- nearby. A dialogue with the University of Pittsburgh MONO have provided the overall vision and resources and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) to redevelop Hazelwood to date. may also find additional institutional interest.

Government Partners Civic and Non-Profit Partners The City of Pittsburgh’s Department of City Planning Existing community groups, including the Hazelwood regulates development through zoning, ordinances Initiative, Inc., Center of Life non-profit and Hazelwood and building standards. The redevelopment of the AL- Harvest, can be a vehicle for the participation of Hazel- MONO site into a sustainable LEED ND-certified urban wood residents and businesses in the redevelopment district is an opportunity for City Planning to research process, ensuring that their voices are heard. and adopt new norms based on ecological performance and other quality of life measures, using the The Pittsburgh Parks Conservancy (PPC) in partner- research conducted by Carnegie Mellons’ Remaking ship with the City of Pittsburgh manages the city’s Cities Institute and students in the Urban Laboratory. four major urban parks, including a section of Junction Hollow. The Hazelwood Greenway can be folded into The City’s development arm, the Urban Redevelop- the PPC’s portfolio of parks, creating a connected ment Authority (URA), is a major land owner and has system of woodlands and parks that includes Schenley already invested in Hazelwood, particularly along Park, the Hazelwood Greenway and Frick Park. Hays Second Avenue and in the greenway. The URA can Woods, the 635-acre wooded hillside across the river continue to assist in Hazelwood’s redevelopment by from Hazelwood, may also be integrated in the future aquiring critical property adjacent to the ALMONO site as it contains valuable ecological features, including six and by further expanding the greenway. streams and three wetlands, wildlife habitat and aids with stormwater management. The Port Authority of Allegheny County (PAAC) is the region’s public transit agency and can leverage federal Civic groups like Sustainable Pittsburgh, Bike-PGH, the and state funding for expanding its Light Rail Transit Riverlife Task Force, the Allegheny Trail Alliance, Friends system from downtown to Oakland and Hazelwood. of the Riverfront, Grow Pittsburgh, the Steel Valley Heritage Trail Council, the Three Rivers Rowing Associa- The Port of Pittsburgh Commission facilitates goods tion, and many, many more, are working hard to make movement along the region’s waterways. The Port improvements to Pittsburgh’s ecological, cultural and of Pittsburgh is the second busiest inland port in the recreational amenities. These grass-roots organizations nation, moving 40 million tons of cargo annually. Its hold a wealth of knowledge, vision and passion, and involvement in the redevelopment process will ensure must be included in the master planning process for that this important segment of the regional economy the ALMONO site is accommodated. Private Partners The City of Pittsburgh City Council, in particular the The CSX railway company operates an important District 5 council member whose district encom- freight rail line along Second Avenue and through passes Hazelwood, can support the redevelopment Junction Hollow. CSX’s cooperation will be critical in by advocating that resources be allotted to critical the establishment of a passenger rail line in its right-of- infrastructure. way. Regional companies like Bombardier and robotics firms may also be interested in contributing to the redevelopment.

144 ALMONO Redevelopment Decision Tree Diagram: Blue lines represent infrastructure decisions; red lines represent access and connectivity decisions; brown lines are decisions made by partners; green lines are decisions about general physical infrastructure; yellow lines represent users’ decisions. From Master of Urban Design - 2007 Decision Making Studio, School of Architec- ture, Carnegie Mellon University.

HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 145 Phasing Funding Development There are a number of grants and funding sources for the interventions proposed in these urban design recom- Constraints mendations. We have identified more than 30 sources of external governmental, foundation and corporate funding dealing with accessibility, green infrastructure and stormwater management, brownfields, compact and transit- oriend development, affordable housing, sustainable energy, public space and recreational amenities, and historic Project Partners restoration. The list is not meant to be exhaustive and further inquiries should be made.

Funding Accessibility • Residential Visitability Design Tax Credit Program Public Space and Recreational Amenities • Design Fund, Community Design Center of Pitts- Green Infrastructure, Stormwater Management burgh (CDCP) and Landscape Restoration • Community Conservation Partnerships Program • EPA Clean Water State Revolving Fund (C2P2) , Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and • EPA Water Quality Cooperative Agreements Natural Resources • EPA 5 Star Restoration Program • Community Conservation Partnerships Program Sustainable Energy (C2P2), Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and • Solar America City Program, U.S. Department of Natural Resources Energy (DOE) • Conservation Easement Assistance Program (CEAP) • PA DEP Growing Greener Watershed Grants Historic Restoration Grants • Pennsylvania Infrastructure Investment Authority • LCCC Preservation Loan Fund, Landmarks Commu- (PENNVEST) nity Capital Corporation (LCCC) • DCNR Rivers Conservation Grants • PHLF Historic Religious Properties Program, • EPA Clean Water Act 319 Grants Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation (PHLF) • Seeding Preservation Projects, Pittsburgh History and Brownfields Redevelopment Landmarks Foundation (PHLF) • EPA Brownfields Funding • Rehabilitation Investment Tax Credits (20 percent and • Brownfields Economic Development Initiative (BEDI), 10 percent), U.S. Government U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development • National Trust Preservation Fund, National Trust for • EPA Clean Water State Revolving Fund Programs Historic Preservation (CWSRF) • Johanna Favrot Fund for Historic Preservation, Na- tional Trust for Historic Preservation Transit Oriented Development, Smart Growth • Cynthia Woods Mitchell Fund for Historic Interiors, • EPA Smart Growth Grants National Trust for Historic Preservation • PA House Bill 994 Transit Revitalization Investment District (TRID) Act funding

Affordable Housing • Window of Opportunity: Preserving Affordable Rental Housing, MacArthur Foundation • HOME Investment Partnerships and Self-Help Hom- eownership (SHOP), U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Housing Office of Community Planning and Development • Public Housing Capital Funds, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development • Affordable Housing Built Responsibly Grant, Home Depot Foundation • Home Improvement Loan Program (HILP), Pittsburgh Home Rehabilitation Program (PHRP), Urban Redevel- opment Authority of Pittsburgh

146 HAZELWOOD URBAN DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS 147 Remaking Cities Institute School of Architecture College of Fine Arts Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA