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Oral History Center University of California the Bancroft Library Berkeley, California Oral History Center University of California The Bancroft Library Berkeley, California William J. Rutter Co-Founder and Chairman, Chiron Corporation Interviews conducted by Sally Smith Hughes in 2004 and 2005 Copyright © 2015 by The Regents of the University of California ii Since 1954 the Oral History Center of the Bancroft Library, formerly the Regional Oral History Office, has been interviewing leading participants in or well-placed witnesses to major events in the development of Northern California, the West, and the nation. Oral History is a method of collecting historical information through tape-recorded interviews between a narrator with firsthand knowledge of historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the goal of preserving substantive additions to the historical record. The tape recording is transcribed, lightly edited for continuity and clarity, and reviewed by the interviewee. The corrected manuscript is bound with photographs and illustrative materials and placed in The Bancroft Library at the University of California, Berkeley, and in other research collections for scholarly use. Because it is primary material, oral history is not intended to present the final, verified, or complete narrative of events. It is a spoken account, offered by the interviewee in response to questioning, and as such it is reflective, partisan, deeply involved, and irreplaceable. ********************************* All uses of this manuscript are covered by a legal agreement between The Regents of the University of California and William J. Rutter dated August 26, 2005. The manuscript is thereby made available for research purposes. All literary rights in the manuscript, including the right to publish, are reserved to The Bancroft Library of the University of California, Berkeley. Excerpts up to 1000 words from this interview may be quoted for publication without seeking permission as long as the use is non-commercial and properly cited. Requests for permission to quote for publication should be addressed to The Bancroft Library, Head of Public Services, Mail Code 6000, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-6000, and should follow instructions available online at http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/cite.html It is recommended that this oral history be cited as follows: William J. Rutter “William J. Rutter: Co-Founder and Chairman, Chiron Corporation” conducted by Sally Smith Hughes in 2004 and 2005, Oral History Center of the Bancroft Library, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 2015. iii William J. Rutter iv This series of interviews documents William J. Rutter’s view of his years, 1981-1999, as co- founder and chairman of Chiron Corporation, a San Francisco Bay Area biotechnology company specializing in vaccines and blood-screening technologies. These interviews explore the theme of commercializing basic science, introduced by the earlier oral history with Dr. Rutter on his career at the University of California, San Francisco. That interview can be viewed here: http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt7q2nb2hm/ v Table of Contents—William J. Rutter Introduction by Edward E. Penhoet and Pablo D. T. Valenzuela xii Introduction by Sally Smith Hughes xiv Interview 1: September 11, 2004 Tape 1, Side A 1 Founding California Institute for Genetics Research in the late 1970s — problematic “halfway house” status as neither commercial nor university entity: “Halfway houses never truly deal with the problem.” — government funding for university research, benefits to university and public — Chiron’s original name: Therapeutic Biopolymers Tape 1, Side B 4 More on Therapeutic Biopolymers, championed by postdocs Mickey Urdea and C. K. Chang — collaborating with Hana Biologics — forming Chiron — Charles Crocker’s early investment in Chiron — 1977 or 1978 conversation with Bob Swanson and Kleiner Perkins [Caufield & Byers] about possibly joining Genentech — Genentech’s insulin program Tape 2, Side A 7 More on Genentech negotiations — speculating as to why negotiations were unsuccessful — Genentech’s management and staff — Amgen’s origins, invitation from entrepreneurial scientist Winston Salzer — erythropoietin work — George Rathmann replaces Salzer as Amgen CEO Tape 2, Side B 11 Parting ways with Amgen’s scientific advisory board — continuing interest in hepatitis B — proposals to divide Amgen into North and South — the race to develop a hepatitis B vaccine and long-time partnership with Pablo Valenzuela — decision to form an independent company with Pablo Valenzuela and Ed Penhoet with Merck backing — writing the business plan with Ed Penhoet Easter weekend 1981 — establishing a lab in Emeryville — figuring out how to raise the money, meeting venture capitalist Jean Deleage Tape 3, Side A 14 Deleage’s investment in Chiron and contacts in France — renaming Therapeutic Biopolymers Chiron — recruiting staff — operating as a research group — hiring Hana scientists vi Tape 3, Side B 17 The contract with Merck — cooperative program with Ben Hall at the University of Washington to do protein expression in yeast — negotiations with Ben Hall, 50:50 UC:UW split of hepatitis B vaccine royalties — Chiron’s involvement, break-through in hepatitis B research — competition from Merck’s hepatitis B program championed by Maurice Hilleman — impact of the discovery of HIV — decisions to sell technology or keep it proprietary Interview 2: September 18, 2004 Tape 4, Side A 22 The business strategy — beginnings: research was Chiron’s “competitive advantage” — organic growth, focus on infectious disease and diagnostics — “The leveraging of the research was to develop intellectual property in all things that were important relative to a particular health problem and then build a business around that intellectual property and the new knowledge.” — developing a new kind of vaccine, based on molecular mimicry — stagnation and historic risks in the vaccine business, the Cutter Laboratories disaster in which polio vaccines contained live virus Tape 4, Side B 25 Influence of Amgen science board experience — keeping intellectual property protection in mind — the Diamond v. Chakrabarty Supreme Court decision about patenting living organisms — relative risk tolerance: small companies’ use of potentially controversial recombinant DNA technology, big pharmaceutical companies’ aversion — help from Merck — partnership with Pablo Valenzuela and Ed Penhoet Tape 5, Side A 28 More on Ben Hall, collaborations — negotiations with Merck over royalties, lessons learnt: “High tuition, but a great lesson.” — comparing Chiron’s start with Amgen’s and Biogen’s: the advantages and disadvantages of big-name venture capitalists — working with Jean Deleage — writing into the business plan a full- time commitment to Chiron — from the 1982 business plan: “Chiron is not a scientific startup” explained Tape 5, Side B 31 Attorney Bill Green — choosing Chiron’s first consultants: seeking specific advice rather than general advisors or a scientific advisory board — consultants Jeremy Thorner, Ira Herskowitz — balancing Chiron and remaining UCSF commitments, promising Chiron shares to UCSF — worries over professors in business, the corrupting influence of profit — more on consultants: Ed Lennette, vii Sy Fogel, Harold Varmus — Dan Santi and his spin-off Protos, 1984 or 1985 — herpes specialist Hyman Tape 6, Side 35 The disastrous complexity of the herpes virus — yeast and secretion specialist Randy Scheckman — choosing partnerships in vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics — partnership with Ortho (a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson): 50:50 royalties split but Ortho controlled sales of product — vaccine partnership with Ciba-Geigy, especially Jack Nüesch, Richard Williams, and chairman Alex Krauer — pressure from Ciba-Geigy and Max Wilhelm to focus on herpes simplex 2 — the difficulty in negotiating 50:50 deals with companies which were used to a controlling share Tape 6, Side B 38 Ed Penhoet as CEO, Pablo Valenzuela running the lab: “It was truly a trio.” — approaching venture capitalists Burr, Egan, Deleage & Co for more money and receiving an unattractive offer — timely interest from aerospace company Martin Marietta, meeting Kenneth Jarmelow — partnership with Martin Marietta, with Chiron to advise on purchase of several small companies in the agriculture sciences — IPO in August 1983 — IPO road shows looking for investors Interview 3: April 17, 2005 Tape 7, Side A 42 Chiron’s tripartite structure: vaccines, diagnostics, therapeutics — hopes that the three divisions would inform and financially support one another, with the fundamental research underlying all three — partnerships with Johnson & Johnson, Ciba-Geigy, limited by resources — focus on small molecules — historic diagnostic focus on “big iron instruments” and moving the field toward the test itself and the components of the test — Chiron’s development of proprietary HIV and hepatitis C diagnostics — the challenge of protecting diagnostic intellectual property — “Diagnostics turned out to be a profitable business and a real contribution to healthcare, but it was undervalued in the market.” — success creating hepatitis B vaccine using recombinant DNA technology gave a false sense that future vaccine development would be unproblematic — traditional vaccine strategies — Cutter Lab polio vaccine tragedy and the resultant fears that vaccine science was too risky — focus on yeast scientist Ira Herskowitz who opposed commercial undertakings at UCSF — more on using recombinant DNA in vaccines
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