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Oswego's Iron History

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Oswego's Iron History OSWEGO’S IRON HISTORY 1865-1928 A Historical Look at the Iron Industry and Related Developments in Lake Oswego, Oregon The Oswego Iron Industry context statement is a result of a Preservation Planning Internship offered by the City of Lake Oswego. This study was funded in part by a grant from the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior through the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office, under the provisions of the National Historic Preservation Act, 1966 as amended. Prepared for the City of Lake Oswego, Clackamas County, Oregon By Patience (Churchward) Stuart, Preservation Planning Intern, City of Lake Oswego August 31, 2010 For further information contact: Paul Espe Associate Planner, City of Lake Oswego 380 A Avenue, Lake Oswego, OR 97034 [email protected] (503) 697-6577 Lake Oswego Historic Resources Advisory Board (as of August 2010) Jeannie McGuire, Chair Marylou Colver, Vice Chair Tim Mather Joanne Naylor Craig Foster Kasey Holwerda Erin O’Rourke-Meadors Whitney Tolar (Youth Member) Mary Olson, Council Liaison August 2010 Oswego’s Iron Industry ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Lake Oswego Iron Industry context statement was researched and prepared by Patience (Churchward) Stuart, a Historic Preservation Master’s student from the University of Oregon under the guidance of Liz Carter, Historic Preservation Consultant and University of Oregon Adjunct Faculty, in conjunction with the City of Lake Oswego Planning Department. The internship began in the fall of the student’s second (final) year and lasted through the summer following graduation. Paul Espe, City Historic Preservation Planner, is greatly appreciated for his administration, advising, and support throughout the internship. Gratitude is also expressed to Susanna Kuo for offering her expertise as a local historian, especially for sharing her thorough knowledge of the Oswego iron industry. Thank you to Rick Minor, Senior Archeologist with Heritage Research Associates, for his careful explanation of resources and findings. Lastly, the Lake Oswego Historic Resources Advisory Board (HRAB) members deserve immense appreciation for their hard work and dedication to preserving the City’s iron-related historic resources and for their support of this internship. August 2010 Oswego’s Iron Industry iii “Mines and works of the Oregon Iron and Steel Company at Oswego, Oregon,” published in the West Shore magazine supplement of 1889. August 2010 Oswego’s Iron Industry iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................... 1 A. Definition .......................................................................................................... 1 B. Purpose.............................................................................................................. 1 C. Geographic Boundaries..................................................................................... 2 D. Temporal Boundaries........................................................................................ 3 E. Organization of Context and Resources............................................................ 4 II. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW................................................................................... 5 A. Early History..................................................................................................... 5 B. Oregon Iron Company (1865-1877).................................................................. 10 C. Oswego Iron Company (1877-1882)................................................................. 37 D. Oregon Iron & Steel Company (1882-1894) .................................................... 46 E. Decline of the Iron Industry (1894-1928) ......................................................... 65 F. New Opportunities for Oregon Iron & Steel Company (1909-1941)................ 73 G. Summary of Historic Overview ........................................................................ 82 III. RESOURCE IDENTIFICATION.......................................................................... 83 A. Purpose & Methodology ................................................................................... 83 B. Previous Identification...................................................................................... 83 C. Resource Types ................................................................................................. 89 D. Neighborhood Summaries................................................................................. 118 E. Significant Groupings........................................................................................ 123 IV. EVALUATION OF RESOURCES ....................................................................... 127 A. Criteria for Evaluation ...................................................................................... 127 B. Evaluation Process ............................................................................................ 132 V. TREATMENT STRATEGIES ............................................................................... 140 A. Iron Industrial Context Treatment Strategies.................................................... 140 B. General Preservation Recommendations .......................................................... 149 C. Final Observations............................................................................................. 154 August 2010 Oswego’s Iron Industry v Chapter Page APPENDICES ............................................................................................................. 155 A. Iron Era Property List 1865-1928 ..................................................................... 155 B. National Register Criteria.................................................................................. 158 C. 1989 Cultural Resources Inventory Evaluation Form....................................... 160 D. Secretary of the Interior Standards for Historic Preservation........................... 162 BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................ 163 August 2010 Oswego’s Iron Industry vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Map of central Lake Oswego. The areas of initial settlement and the local iron industry are circled................................................................................................. 3 2. Map of iron furnace and local resources................................................................ 4 3. A November 1889 West Shore Magazine article illustration shows the interior of the Oregon Iron & Steel casting house and workers guiding the molten iron into the pig iron channels and forms. The Oregon Iron and Steel casting house was smaller, but the concept of casting pig iron was the same ............................. 12 4. First photograph of the Oregon Iron Company furnace while the top house and chimney are still under construction...................................................................... 13 5. Section drawing illustrating the components of a blast furnace ............................ 14 6. Site Plan of the Oregon Iron Company Furnace Site depicting the layout of the furnace and its associated resources necessary for iron production ...................... 16 7. Oregon Iron Company Furnace Site showing several of the built resources......... 16 8. Catalog cover shows illustration of the Leffel Double Turbine Water Wheel used by the Oregon Iron Company in 1867........................................................... 17 9. Overman’s illustration of filling a charcoal pit shows wood placed in a charcoal pit at a slanted angle to create a mound of fuel for charcoal production............... 19 10. Overman’s section illustration of a charcoal mound shows the tightly packed mound that is meant to evenly distribute heat throughout the burning process..... 19 11. Cast Iron Architecture is depicted in this advertisement for the 1884 Cooks' Block in Portland, Oregon ..................................................................................... 22 12. Historic photo shows the furnace site with the bridge to Oregon City in the foreground and Old town in the background ......................................................... 28 13. Scrip, a method of payment for iron workers, was often used instead of dollars in the company store .............................................................................................. 32 14. The sandbar that makes up Oswego Landing sits in the foreground of this photo. The Willamette River is to the right and Sucker (Oswego Creek) is to the left .... 34 15. Tualatin-Oswego Canal, 1962 ............................................................................... 35 August 2010 Oswego’s Iron Industry vii Figure Page 16. An 1852 Donation Land Claim map of Oswego area describes the topographic conditions of the area. The map also shows that roads existed around Sucker Lake traversing from Tualatin Plains to Oregon City and that smaller trails provided additional access to Oswego .................................................................. 36 17. The top seven courses of the furnace, added by the Oswego Iron Company in 1879, are made out of rubble basalt, a much less-refined material than the original ashlar basalt stone construction ............................................................................. 38 18. Workers haul wood for making charcoal..............................................................
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