DOCSLIB.ORG

The Early Years of the American Bar Association, 1878-1928

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Early Years of the American Bar Association, 1878-1928 THE EARLY YEARS OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, 1878-1928 JOHN AUSTIN MATZKO Greenville, South Carolina B. A., Bob Jones University, 1968 M. A., University of Cincinnati, 1972 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History , University of Virginia August, @ John Austin Matzko All Rights Reserved August, 1984 iii ABSTRACT The American Bar Association was founded by Simeon Baldwin and other members of the legal elite who wished to revitalize their profession. During its earliest years, however, the ABA functioned less as a professional organization than as a genteel social c 1 ub which met annually at fashionable Saratoga Springs. Only when the Association was challenged by the National Bar Association (1888-1891), an anemic rival organized along representative lines, did the ABA respond by convening in larger cities. Yet even after the Association began to so 1 ici t members during the second decade of the twentieth century, it retained certain characteristics of a private club, such as de facto governance by an inner circle, leisurely policy making, and refusal to admit blacks. For much of its early history the American Bar Association supported conservative reform as a means of restoring the influence of the legal elite to American life. ABA leaders viewed the growth of corporate power with almost as much trepidation as labor violence, and they did not oppose legal evolution so long as it was directed by the judiciary and not by state or federal legislatures. Emulating the medical profession--though with considerably less success--the Association attempted to "raise iv standards" by gaining control of professional education, entrance examinations, and ethical codes. During the second decade of the twentieth century, the mood of the Association grew noticeably more pessimistic as it became clear that the legal elite would be unable to guide progressive tendencies. Dismayed by attempts to institute the recall of judges and judicial decisions, the ABA allowed a reactionary firebrand to direct its successful campaign against the proposals. Association leaders had hoped that World War I would purge the nation's soul of unAmerican accretions, but they ruefully discovered that war only accelerated the spread of revolutionary socialism and the growth of the federal government. To counter these trends, the ABA launched a frenzied but ineffective crusade to promote "Americanization" and the veneration of the Constitution. Thus even before the appearance of the New Deal, the American Bar Association had become a conservative political pressure group. V PREFACE In October 1974, Professor William Harbaugh, the director of a graduate seminar on the legal profession in which I was enrolled, suggested that I write an exploratory paper based upon ten years of the New York Bar I Association s Proceedings. While making a cursory search for the volumes at the University of Virginia law library, my attention was drawn to the American Bar Association Reports available on the shelves. Surely, I reasoned, the fat yearbooks of a national association would prove more interesting and easier to work with than the scanty records of a state organization. Professor Harbaugh approved the substitution and later agreed to become the adviser for this dissertation. One advantage to such an offhand method of selecting a dissertation topic was that I brought few prejudices or preconceptions to my study. I had had no previous interest in the American Bar Association, and my contacts with the organization have remained minimal because virtually all of its records for the years prior to 19 2 8 have 1 ong since been destroyed. I have gained no special faith in the wisdom or impartiality of elite professionals, but neither have I been convinced, as was George Bernard Shaw, that 11 al 1 professions are conspiracies against the laity. 11 My vi goal has been to write as unpretentious a history of the early years of the American Bar Association as it was possible to manage within the framework of a doctoral dissertation--a literary form by nature pretentious. My model has been the urbane and graceful Causes and Conflicts: The Centennial History of the Association of the 1870-1970 (1970) by George Martin, a freelance writer and a graduate of the University of Virginia Law School. I am conscious of having only one methodological ax to grind: a belief that prose and people are more important than paradigms. As for the size of the manuscript, I can only proffer the words of Pascal, "Please excuse such a long letter; I don't have time to write a short one." Time is something I should have had in abundance since it has taken me nearly ten years of sporadic effort to complete this dissertation. I appreciate the patience with which my adviser, my wife, and my parents have endured my leisurely approach to research and writing. Because of the nature of my subject matter, I have made many requests for information by mail and have been gratified by the kind responses that I have received. Ironically, some of the most personal and thoughtful replies have come from librarians whose institutional holdings contained nothing of value for this project. My special thanks are due to vii Laura Young and Mary Sidwell, successive interlibrary loan librarians at Bob Jones University, for their persistence in ferreting out obscure materials without the benefit of modern technological aids. Mr. and Mrs. Edward J. Bunker and Dr. and Mrs. Carl Abrams were most amiable hosts while I investigated the resources of Yale University and the Library of Congress respectively. My adviser, William Harbaugh, and my second reader, Charles W. Mc Curdy, have been generous in their encouragement. Al though Lewis Bateman, Norbert Brockman, Gerald Carson, Daniel J. Flanigan, Joseph Kett, and Edward E. Younger read only small portions of the manuscript (and were sometimes very critical of what they had read), each in his own way also encouraged me to continue. My friend and former fellow student at the University of Virginia, Jeff Hoyt, read the entire dissertation and made extensive suggestions as to both style and content. Rachel Matzko, an English teacher as well as my wife, proofread all of the chapters at least once and discovered a host of punctuation and syntactical errors. I am most indebted, however, to George and Darlene Matzko, my brother and sister-in-law. Darlene typed the manuscript into a word processor while George undertook the care and feeding of the computer. Under trying circumstances, they performed out of kindness a task they would not have done for money. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS PREF ACE• ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••v Chapter 1 "THE BEST MEN OF THE BAR": THE FOUNDING OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION.•.•......•...•....••. 1 2 THE PULL OF INERTIA, 1878-1888.•.........•.•..•.• 37 3 CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE: THE NATIONAL BAR ASSOCIATION, 1888-1891.•••..•.••..••••••.....•.•• 75 4 THE "NOISELESS, UNOBTRUSIVE WAY": INTERNAL AFFAIRS, 1891-1911 .........•..•••••.......••..•• 106 "'9 THE CONSERVATIVE IDEOLOGIES OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, 1878-1914•.•••......•••••••.... 148 6 BETWEEN GENTLEMAN'S CLUB AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION: INTERNAL AFFAIRS, 1911-1928.•..•.. 226 7 "GATEKEEPING": EDUCATION, EXAMINATIONS, ETHICS--AND DOCTORS •.•.......•....•....•....•.... 287 8 THE HARDENING OF CONSERVATIVE ATTITUDES, 1911-1919....................................... 375 9 THE ASSOCIATION BECOMES A STEREOTYPE, 1918- 19 28 ••.•••.•.••••.•••.••••.•••...•.....••••••... 435 10 THE LEADERSHIP OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION: A PROSOPOGRAPHY AND A CONCLUSION•••••..•...•......•.......•........... 495 Appendix A: The Presidents of the American Bar Association, 1878-1928 ••..•........••...•.• 520 Appendix B: Dates and Places of the Annual Meetings, 1878-1928••....••.••....••....... 521 Appendix C: Membership and Attendance at the Annual Meetings, 1878-1928•••....•......... 522 Appendix D: Procedures and Sources for the Prosopography.•..•.••••••..•.•............. 523 NOTES •......••••.....•.....•..•..•..•••.........•...•...5 2 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY • ••••..•••••••••••••••.••.•••••••••.••.••..•6 7 4 INDEX OF NAMES• ••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••..•.•••••6 8 3 CHAPTER 1 "THE BEST MEN OF THE BAR": THE FOUNDING OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION On a cool but sunny Wednesday morning, August 21, 1878, nearly a hundred lawyers gathered in the narrow courtroom behind the Saratoga Springs town hall to organize the American Bar Association. There was some risk of embarrassment to the elite members of the bar who had lent their names and respectability to the affair; a majority of those who had signed the cal 1 for the organizational meeting were not even in attendance. The establishment of a national legal organization might well have seemed premature in an era of weak or non-existent state and local bar associations. In fact, these leading lawyers need not have feared that their halfhearted confidence had been misplaced. During its more than one hundred years of existence, the American Bar Association has become one of the most influential private interest groups in American political life.1 Curiously, there has been little scholarly study of the founders and their motives for organizing the Association. The official organizational History of the 2 American Bar Association (1953) says only that the "proposal to organize a nationwide association of members of the American bar originated with Simeon
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Garland's Million: the Radical Experiment To
    October 14, 2019 To: ABF Legal History Seminar From: John Fabian Witt Re: October 23 seminar Thanks so much for looking at my drafts and coming to my session! I’m thrilled to have been invited to Chicago. I am attaching chapters 5 and 8 from my book-in-progress, tentatively titled Garland’s Million: The Radical Experiment to Save American Democracy. The book is the story of an organization known informally as the Garland Fund or formally as the American Fund for Public Service: a philanthropic foundation established in 1922 to give money to liberal and left causes. The Fund figures prominently in the history of civil rights lawyering because of its role setting in motion the early stages of the NAACP’s litigation campaign that led a quarter-century later to Brown v. Board of Education. I hope you will be able to get some sense of the project from the crucial chapters I’ve attached here. These chapters come from Part 2 of the book. Part 1 focuses on Roger Baldwin, the founder of the ACLU and the principal energy behind the Fund. Part 2 (including the chapters here) focuses on James Weldon Johnson, who ran the NAACP during the 1920s and was a board member of the Fund. Parts 3 and 4 turn respectively to Elizabeth Gurley Flynn (a labor radical on the board) and Felix Frankfurter, who in the 1920s served as a key outside consultant and counsel to the Fund. To set the stage, readers have learned in Part 1 about Baldwin as a disillusioned reformer, who advocated progressive programs like the initiative and referendum only to see direct democracy produce a wave of white supremacist initiatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Brownell-Herbert-Papers.Pdf
    DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER LIBRARY ABILENE, KANSAS BROWNELL, HERBERT JR.: Papers, 1877-1988 Accessions 88-12 and 89-11 The papers of Herbert Brownell were deposited in the Eisenhower Library by Mr. Brownell in 1988 and 1989. Linear feet of shelf space occupied: 114 Approximate number of pages: 222,000 Approximate number of items: 100,000 An instrument of gift for these papers was signed by Mr. Brownell in June 1988. Literary rights in the unpublished writings of Mr. Brownell in this collection and in all other collections of papers received by the United States have been donated to the public. Under terms of the instrument of gift the following classes of documents are withheld from research use: 1. Papers which constitute an invasion of personal privacy or a libel of a living person. 2. Papers which are required to be kept secret in the interest of national defense or foreign policy and are properly classified. SCOPE AND CONTENT NOTE Herbert Brownell, lawyer, politician, and Attorney General of the United States, was born in Nebraska in 1904 of New England ancestry. His father, Herbert Brownell Sr., was a college professor who taught science education at the University of Nebraska for many years. His older brother Samuel also became a teacher and served as Commissioner of Education during the Eisenhower administration. Their mother, May Miller Brownell, was the daughter of a minister in upstate New York. Her uncle William Miller served as Attorney General during the Benjamin Harrison administration. After majoring in journalism at the University of Nebraska Brownell received a scholarship to Yale Law School.
    [Show full text]
  • A Forgotten Confederate: John H. Ash's Story Rediscovered
    Georgia Southern University Digital Commons@Georgia Southern Electronic Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of Spring 2017 A Forgotten Confederate: John H. Ash's Story Rediscovered Heidi Moye Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd Part of the Military History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Moye, Heidi, "A Forgotten Confederate: John H. Ash's Story Rediscovered" (2017). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1565. https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1565 This thesis (open access) is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies, Jack N. Averitt College of at Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons@Georgia Southern. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A FORGOTTEN CONFEDERATE: JOHN H. ASH’S STORY REDISCOVERED by HEIDI MOYE (Under the Direction of Anastatia Sims) ABSTRACT A historical study of a southern family living in Savannah, GA from shortly before the election of 1860 through the Civil War years based on the journals of John Hergen Ash II (1843-1918). INDEX WORDS: John Hergen Ash, Savannah, GA, Antebellum South, Civil War, 5th Georgia Cavalry, Georgia Hussars, Estella Powers Ash, Laura Dasher Ash, Eutoil Tallulah Foy Ash A FORGOTTEN CONFEDERATE: JOHN H. ASH’S STORY REDISCOVERED by HEIDI MOYE B. A., Georgia Southern University, 2012 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Georgia Southern University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS STATESBORO, GEORGIA © 2017 HEIDI MOYE All Rights Reserved 1 A FORGOTTEN CONFEDERATE: JOHN H.
    [Show full text]
  • Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This Collection Was the Gift of Howard J
    Howard J. Garber Letter Collection This collection was the gift of Howard J. Garber to Case Western Reserve University from 1979 to 1993. Dr. Howard Garber, who donated the materials in the Howard J. Garber Manuscript Collection, is a former Clevelander and alumnus of Case Western Reserve University. Between 1979 and 1993, Dr. Garber donated over 2,000 autograph letters, documents and books to the Department of Special Collections. Dr. Garber's interest in history, particularly British royalty led to his affinity for collecting manuscripts. The collection focuses primarily on political, historical and literary figures in Great Britain and includes signatures of all the Prime Ministers and First Lords of the Treasury. Many interesting items can be found in the collection, including letters from Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Robert Browning Thomas Hardy, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, King George III, and Virginia Woolf. Descriptions of the Garber Collection books containing autographs and tipped-in letters can be found in the online catalog. Box 1 [oversize location noted in description] Abbott, Charles (1762-1832) English Jurist. • ALS, 1 p., n.d., n.p., to ? A'Beckett, Gilbert A. (1811-1856) Comic Writer. • ALS, 3p., April 7, 1848, Mount Temple, to Morris Barnett. Abercrombie, Lascelles. (1881-1938) Poet and Literary Critic. • A.L.S., 1 p., March 5, n.y., Sheffield, to M----? & Hughes. Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860) British Prime Minister. • ALS, 1 p., June 8, 1827, n.p., to Augustous John Fischer. • ANS, 1 p., August 9, 1839, n.p., to Mr. Wright. • ALS, 1 p., January 10, 1853, London, to Cosmos Innes.
    [Show full text]
  • Misc Thesisdb Bythesissuperv
    Honors Theses 2006 to August 2020 These records are for reference only and should not be used for an official record or count by major or thesis advisor. Contact the Honors office for official records. Honors Year of Student Student's Honors Major Thesis Title (with link to Digital Commons where available) Thesis Supervisor Thesis Supervisor's Department Graduation Accounting for Intangible Assets: Analysis of Policy Changes and Current Matthew Cesca 2010 Accounting Biggs,Stanley Accounting Reporting Breaking the Barrier- An Examination into the Current State of Professional Rebecca Curtis 2014 Accounting Biggs,Stanley Accounting Skepticism Implementation of IFRS Worldwide: Lessons Learned and Strategies for Helen Gunn 2011 Accounting Biggs,Stanley Accounting Success Jonathan Lukianuk 2012 Accounting The Impact of Disallowing the LIFO Inventory Method Biggs,Stanley Accounting Charles Price 2019 Accounting The Impact of Blockchain Technology on the Audit Process Brown,Stephen Accounting Rebecca Harms 2013 Accounting An Examination of Rollforward Differences in Tax Reserves Dunbar,Amy Accounting An Examination of Microsoft and Hewlett Packard Tax Avoidance Strategies Anne Jensen 2013 Accounting Dunbar,Amy Accounting and Related Financial Statement Disclosures Measuring Tax Aggressiveness after FIN 48: The Effect of Multinational Status, Audrey Manning 2012 Accounting Dunbar,Amy Accounting Multinational Size, and Disclosures Chelsey Nalaboff 2015 Accounting Tax Inversions: Comparing Corporate Characteristics of Inverted Firms Dunbar,Amy Accounting Jeffrey Peterson 2018 Accounting The Tax Implications of Owning a Professional Sports Franchise Dunbar,Amy Accounting Brittany Rogan 2015 Accounting A Creative Fix: The Persistent Inversion Problem Dunbar,Amy Accounting Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act: The Most Revolutionary Piece of Tax Szwakob Alexander 2015D Accounting Dunbar,Amy Accounting Legislation Since the Introduction of the Income Tax Prasant Venimadhavan 2011 Accounting A Proposal Against Book-Tax Conformity in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Lemuel Shaw, Chief Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court Of
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com AT 15' Fl LEMUEL SHAW I EMUEL SHAW CHIFF jl STIC h OF THE SUPREME Jli>I«'RL <.OlRT OF MAS Wlf .SfcTTb i a 30- 1 {'('• o BY FREDERIC HATHAWAY tHASH BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY 1 9 1 8 LEMUEL SHAW CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT OF MASSACHUSETTS 1830-1860 BY FREDERIC HATHAWAY CHASE BOSTON AND NEW YORK HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY (Sbe Slibttfibe $rrtf Cambribgc 1918 COPYRIGHT, I9lS, BY FREDERIC HATHAWAY CHASE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED Published March iqiS 279304 PREFACE It is doubtful if the country has ever seen a more brilliant group of lawyers than was found in Boston during the first half of the last century. None but a man of grand proportions could have emerged into prominence to stand with them. Webster, Choate, Story, Benjamin R. Curtis, Jeremiah Mason, the Hoars, Dana, Otis, and Caleb Cushing were among them. Of the lives and careers of all of these, full and adequate records have been written. But of him who was first their associate, and later their judge, the greatest legal figure of them all, only meagre accounts survive. It is in the hope of sup plying this deficiency, to some extent, that the following pages are presented. It may be thought that too great space has been given to a description of Shaw's forbears and early surroundings; but it is suggested that much in his character and later life is thus explained.
    [Show full text]
  • Gen. Charles Devens Commemorative Medal
    GEN. CHARLES DEVENS COMMEMORATIVE MEDAL In celebration of the first Allied Orders National Encampment to be held in Massachusetts in more than three decades, a commemorative medal has been struck and is available for purchase by Allied Orders Members. The medal features one of the Bay State’s most distinguished sons, Brigadier General Charles Devens. Gen. Devens was the fifth Commander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the Republic, and the first from Massachusetts. He also served as Commander of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, President of the Society of the Army of the Potomac, and President of the Bunker Hill Memorial Association. General Devens was wounded in battle three times during the Civil War: at Ball’s Bluff, Chickahominy and Chancellorsville, and was brevetted Major General in recognition of his valor in the face of the enemy, at the personal request of General Ulysses S. Grant. He served as Attorney General of the United States under Rutherford B. Hayes and as an Associate Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court. This limited edition, numbered commemorative medals feature a portrait of General Devens and a list of his most noted accomplishments. Proceeds from the sale of the medals will be used to defray the cost of hosting the 2008 National Encampment of the Allied Orders. The General Charles Devens Commemorative Medal will be $20 each, and will be available for purchase at the 2008 National Encampment of the Allied Orders. Because there will be a limited number of medals struck, those wishing
    [Show full text]
  • Korean War Forgotten - No More
    MAY 27, 2019 KOREAN WAR FORGOTTEN - NO MORE MEN OF BURLINGTON COUNTY, NJ WHO WERE CASUALTIES IN THE 1 The Cover is of the Korean War Veterans Memorial (19 stainless steel statues). The statues were sculpted by Frank Gaylord of Barre, VT and cast by Tallix Foundries of Beacon, NY. They are approximately seven feet tall and represent an ethnic cross section of America. The advance party has 14 Army, 3 Marine, 1 Navy and 1 Air Force members. The statues stand in patches of Juniper bushes and are separated by polished granite strips, which give a semblance of order and symbolize the rice paddies of Korea. The troops wear ponchos covering their weapons and equipment. The ponchos seem to blow in the cold winds of Korea. NOTES This booklet was prepared on behalf of the Burlington County War Memorial Committee. It is interrelated to the Korean War Monument that was dedicated May 27, 2019. The men contained herein are those, from Burlington County, New Jersey, that are listed on the National Archives web site. https://www.archives.gov/files/research/military/korean-war/casualty-lists/nj-alpha.pdf The lists are based on the "home of record - state" data provided by the serviceman or woman upon last entrance into military service. "Home of record" does not necessarily refer to the place of birth, residence of next of kin, place of longest residence, nor other common uses of the term "hometown." The account and associated photos in the chapter “The Korean War” was prepared by Sean Kane-Holland. Photos and images used therein are either Government/Military Property or “Labeled for reuse” as determined by the Google Usage Rights Tool.
    [Show full text]
  • Published by the Barre Granite Association, Barre, Vermont Industry Conventions
    published by the Barre Granite Association, Barre, Vermont Industry Conventions July 30- Monument Builders of Ohio August 2 Stoweflake Resort, Stowe, Vermont Summer 1989 August 13-15 Rocky Mountain Monument Builders Association published by the Barre Granite Association, Barre, Vermont The Yarrow, Park City, Utah Norman James Gary Watson August 28-31 National Catholic Cemetery Conference Executive Vice President Manager of Member Services San Francisco Hilton, San Francisco, Bruce Talbot Martha Langone California Manager of Public Relations Administrative Assistant Tina LaPan September 16-18 Northwest Monument Builders Secre tary/ R~cep tioni s t Ramkota Inn, Sioux Falls, South Dakota September 17-20 Ontario Monument Builders Association BOARD OF TRUSTEES Festival Motor Inn, Stratford, Kurt Swenson, President Peter Friberg Rock of Ages Corp. Anderson-Friberg Co. Ontario Nick Cetrangolo Mark Gherardi October 5-7 Monument Builders of the Carolinas Cetrangolo Finishing Works Lawson Granite Co. Mills House, Charleston, South Charles Chatot Raymond Rouleau Carolina North Barre Granite Co. Rouleau Granite Co. Robert Zider October 6-8 Wisconsin Association of Monument Beck & Beck, In c. Builders Paper Valley Hotel and Conference Center, Appleton, Wisconsin October 12-14 Tennessee Division of MBNA CONTENTS Park Vista Hotel, Gatlinburg, Tennessee A Second-Century Send-Off 1 October 14-19 National Funeral Directors Association The Birth of the BGA 3 Baltimore Convention Center, Baltimore, Maryland Carved in Stone: October 20-22 Kentucky Association
    [Show full text]
  • Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900
    SUBSCRIBE NOW AND RECEIVE CRISIS AND LEVIATHAN* FREE! “The Independent Review does not accept “The Independent Review is pronouncements of government officials nor the excellent.” conventional wisdom at face value.” —GARY BECKER, Noble Laureate —JOHN R. MACARTHUR, Publisher, Harper’s in Economic Sciences Subscribe to The Independent Review and receive a free book of your choice* such as the 25th Anniversary Edition of Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government, by Founding Editor Robert Higgs. This quarterly journal, guided by co-editors Christopher J. Coyne, and Michael C. Munger, and Robert M. Whaples offers leading-edge insights on today’s most critical issues in economics, healthcare, education, law, history, political science, philosophy, and sociology. Thought-provoking and educational, The Independent Review is blazing the way toward informed debate! Student? Educator? Journalist? Business or civic leader? Engaged citizen? This journal is for YOU! *Order today for more FREE book options Perfect for students or anyone on the go! The Independent Review is available on mobile devices or tablets: iOS devices, Amazon Kindle Fire, or Android through Magzter. INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE, 100 SWAN WAY, OAKLAND, CA 94621 • 800-927-8733 • [email protected] PROMO CODE IRA1703 Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900 —————— ✦ —————— DAVID T. BEITO AND LINDA ROYSTER BEITO n 1896 a new political party was born, the National Democratic Party (NDP). The founders of the NDP included some of the leading exponents of classical I liberalism during the late nineteenth century. Few of those men, however, fore- saw the ultimate fate of their new party and of the philosophy of limited government that it championed.
    [Show full text]
  • CSS Georgia 2007 New South Assoc Rpt.Pdf
    I J K L New South Assciates • 6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue • Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 CSS Georgia: Archival Study CONTRACT NO. DACW21-99-D-0004 DELIVERY ORDER 0029 Report submitted to: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Savannah District 100 West Oglethorpe Avenue Savannah, Georgia 31402-0889 Report submitted by: New South Associates 6150 East Ponce de Leon Avenue Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083 _____________________________________ Mary Beth Reed - Principal Investigator Authors: Mark Swanson, New South Associates – Historian and Robert Holcombe, National Civil War Naval Museum – Historian New South Associates Technical Report 1092 January 31, 2007 CSS GEORGIA iii ARCHIVAL STUDY Table of Contents Introduction 1 Part One: Historical Context 3 The Setting: Geography of the Savannah Area 3 Pre-War Economic Developments, 1810-1860 5 Changes in Warfare, 1810-1860 6 Initial Development of Confederate Navy, 1861 – March 1862 8 Confederate Navy Reorganization, 1862-1863 17 Josiah Tattnall and the Beginnings of the Savannah Squadron, Early 1861 20 War Comes to Savannah, November 1861 – April 1862 23 Impetus for Georgia: The Ladies Gunboat Association 28 Construction of Georgia, March – October 1862 32 The Placement of Georgia, Late 1862 34 The Savannah Station and Squadron, 1862-1864 36 Fall of Savannah, December 1864 39 Part Two: CSS Georgia - Research Themes 41 Planning and Construction 41 1. Individuals and Organizations Involved in Fund-Raising 41 2. Evidence for Conception of Construction Plans for the Vessel; Background and Skill of Those Involved and an Estimate of How Long They Worked on the Project 45 3. Evidence for the Location of the Construction Site, the Site Where the Engine and Machinery Were Installed, and a Description of These Facilities 48 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Culture of the Formative Period in Sherman Act Jurisprudence William P
    digitalcommons.nyls.edu Faculty Scholarship Articles & Chapters 1990 The Legal Culture of the Formative Period in Sherman Act Jurisprudence William P. LaPiana New York Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.nyls.edu/fac_articles_chapters Part of the Antitrust and Trade Regulation Commons, Courts Commons, and the Jurisprudence Commons Recommended Citation 35 New York Law School Law Review 827--855 (1990) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Scholarship at DigitalCommons@NYLS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles & Chapters by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@NYLS. THE LEGAL CULTURE OF THE FORMATIVE PERIOD IN SHERMAN ACT JURISPRUDENCE* WILLIAM P. LAPIANA** The history of the formative era of antitrust jurisprudence has become the subject of extensive scholarly inquiry. Starting with Robert Bork's attempt to attribute specific economic motives to those who enacted the law,' examinations of the course of events leading up to the creation of the rule of reason enunciated in Standard Oil Co. v. United States2 have unearthed relationships between contemporary economic and political theory and the drafting and enforcement of the Sherman Act.3 This article attempts to supplement these efforts by placing the language of the major Supreme Court opinions interpreting the Sherman Act in a context of thought about the nature of law. It is an attempt to begin to probe the legal culture of the period, but, of course, it is only an attempt. A full and complete picture of American legal culture at the turn of the century is yet to be written.
    [Show full text]