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In Forest and Secondary Growth, Tal, Côte D'ivoire. Helen S. Newing

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In Forest and Secondary Growth, Tal, Côte D'ivoire. Helen S. Newing Ts 2fioi Behavioural Ecology of Duikers (Cephalophus spp.) in Forest and Secondary Growth, Tal, Côte d'Ivoire. Helen S. Newing Thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. University of Stirling 1994 3ij3oo Acknowledgements First, I would like to thank the Ministére des Eaux et Forêts and Dr. Henri Dosso of the Institut d'Ecologie Tropicale (lET) in Abidjan for providing the necessary permits for the study. I began my fieldwork with Dr Glyn Davies in Sierra Leone, who introduced me to West African rain forest and to the lively village of Lalehun. Subsequently, in Liberia, I was shown much kindness by Charles and Annie Steiner of Monrovia Zoo, where I studied duiker dung and became known as "the English toilet lady". Simon Anstey of VSO also helped me find my way around. James of FDA cheerfully measured hundreds of duiker pellets on my behalf. Throughout the fieldwork in Côte d'Ivoire, logistical support was provided by the Centre Suisse de Recherche Scientifique (CSRS), and I thank all their staff, especially Lilian and Enrique Ortega, who spent a lot of time trying to procure my radio-equipment from customs, and eased my way through officialdom. M. Tehe Henri a identiflé les plantes pendant les etudes de la végétation et a identifié des fruits semi-digérés dans les contenus d'estomacs de céphalophes. Other researchers helped in many practical ways. Ronald and Betty Noe allowed me to use their house (and cat) at Tal for 18 months during their absence. Mary Gartshore and Peter Carson lent me their car for three months. Phil Marshall of WWF delivered equipment from Abidjan, including eight large catching nets. Dr Francis Lauginie, of Abidjan Zoo, helped with permits. Mary Gartshore and Gerhard Radi were especially helpful in the initial stages of the fieldwork, in discussing practical problems of capture of duikers, radio-tracking and fruit surveys. I also thank Mary, Peter and Gerhard in particular for their friendship and support throughout. Mes remerciements vont aussi a M. Zroa Théo et les employés de la station lET a TaI. Abraham et Gagné Germain travaillaient toujours dans l'équipe de capture de céphalophes (us attrapaient les céphalophes des mêmes noms). Le travail a été facilité beaucoup par l'aide et l'amitié de Germain. A part de m'assister sur le terrian, 11 m'a trouvé des bons travailleurs de son village pour le capture de céphalophes. De plus, ii a négocié l'établissement du deuxième site d'étude a Gouleako. Robert a été un assistant consciencieux et sympathique sur le terrain. Il s'occupait de l'élévage des céphalophes Bonheur et Zebedee avec enthusiasme. Je veux remercier aussi Isaac Monah et Gabrielle, et tous les gens de Gouleako et Ponan qui ont aide avec la capture de céphalophes. M. Glé Denis de l'Université d'Abidjan a travaillé avec moi pour son these de DEA. Je veux le remercier pour son aide, son enthusiasme et ses questions abondantes. Back in the UK, I am grateful to my supervisors, Drs. Bill McGrew and John Proctor, for their continual support and suggestions. In addition, Stef an Harding, Hans Kruuk and Rory Putman were very generous with their time and advice in the planning stages of the study. Malcolm Coe made it possible for me to use the facilities at Oxford Zoology Department during writing-up, and Malcolm Coe, Jenny Newing and Gordon Rugg read and commented upon drafts of chapters. Charlie Gibson gave me clarifying advice on mulitivariate analysis techniques. Ford Cropley enabled me to carry out computer searches. Finally, Rob and Lana Foster, Nick Gibson, Jim Everett and Sarah Pethybridge each showed their friendship, support and patience during writing up and I am very grateful to them. This study was funded by a grant from the Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) and by the Tropenbos Foundation. The fieldwork was carried out under the auspices of the Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques (CSRS) in Abidjan. British Airways provided free freight for vegetation samples on the return trip to Britain. Abstract The behavioural ecology of duikers (Cephalophus spp.) was studied in mature forest and mixed secondary vegetation around TaI National Park, Cöte d'Ivoire. The most common species in both vegetation types was C. maxwelli, followed by C. dorsalis, C. ogilbyi, C. niger, C. zebra and C. lentinki in mature forest, and C. niger, C. dorsalis and C. sylvicultor in secondary vegetation. Population surveys were carried out by a number of methods. Transect censuses by night were found most efficient in mature forest, whereas in secondary vegetation, only pellet transect censuses and drives into nets were possible. C. maxwelli populations were estimated at about 63 km 2 in mature forest and 79 km 2 in secondary vegetation. Duikers were primarily frugivorous, but the proportion of leaves taken increased in the season of fruit scarcity. Fruit abundance in different habitats increased with the age of the vegetation. Six C. maxwelli in mature forest and four in secondary vegetation were radio-collared to determine ranging patterns and social behaviour. They were diurnal and lived in groups of one male with one or two females and young. Home ranges, which were about 5 ha in size in mature forest and 3.6 ha in secondary vegetation, were defended by males, and the boundaries were marked by latrine areas by both sexes. In mixed secondary vegetation, all habitats were used except open fields and bamboo thickets. Implications for conservation and management are discussed. The continued preservation of mature forest and the control of poaching are essential for the survival of the three rarer species (C. -jentinki, C. zebra and C. ogilbyi). The control of poaching must precede any programme of sustainable harvesting of the more abundant species, which could be carried out in secondary vegetation. Duiker farming may be possible if low- cost sources of fencing and forage can be identified. Resumé Une étude a été faite de l'écologie et l'organisation sociale des céphalophes (Cephalophus spp.) en forêt primaire et en végétation secondaire d'âge divers aux alentours du Parc National de TaI, Côte d'Ivoire. L'éspéce la plus abondante dans les deux types de végétation était C. maxwelli, avec C. dorsalis, ogilbyi, C. niger, C. zebra et C. lentinki en forêt primaire et C. niger, C. dorsalis et C. sylvicultor en végétation secondaire. Une varieté de méthodes a été utilisée pour le recensement des populations. Le comptage d'animaux par contacts visuels pendant la nuit était la méthode la plus efficace en forét primaire, mais seulement deux méthodes étaient possibles en végétation secondaire, c'est a dire le comptage de crottes et le capture au filet. Les densités estimées de C. maxwelli étaient 63 knf 2 en forét primaire et 79 knf 2 en vegetation secondaire. Le régime alimentaire des céphalophes était base sur les fruits, mais la proportion de feuilles augmentait a l'époque de rareté de fruits. L'abondance de fruits dans les différents habitats augmentait avec l'&ge de la végétation. On a mis des colliers-radio sur six C. maxwelli en forét primaire et quatre en végétation secondaire, af in de détérminer leurs domaines vitaux et leur organisation sociale. Les C. maxwelli étaient diurnes et us vivaient en petits groups d'un male avec une ou deux femelles et ses enfants. Les domaines vitaux étaient d'une taille d'environ 5 ha en forét primaire et 3.6 ha en végétation secondaire. Les males défendaient leurs domaines contres les autres et les deux sexes marquaient les limites des domaines par moyen de laissées de feces. Dans végétation secondaire, les C. maxwelli utilisaient tous les habitats sauf les champs et les forêts de banthou. La preservation de la forêt primaire et le règlement de la chasse sont essentiels a la survie des trois espèces les plus rares (C. lentinki, zebra et C. ogilbyi). Le règlement de la chasse doit précéder aucune programme d'utilisation soutenable des céphalophes. L'élévage des céphalophes pour la production de la viande serait peut-être viable si on pouvait identifier des matériaux économiques pour la construction des enclos et pour l'alimentation des animaux. TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Reasons for the study 1 1.2. Structure of the thesis 3 1.3. Review of the literature on duikers of the genus Cephalophus 4 1.4. Introduction to TaI 11 1.4.1. Description and history of TaI National Park 11 1.4.2. History and land use in the region around the Park 12 1.4.3. Climate 15 1.4.4. Flora 16 1.4.5. Fauna 19 1.4.5.1. Mammals 19 1.4.5.2. Other vertebrates 20 2. GENERAL METHODS 21 2.1. Set-up of study sites 21 2.2. Rainfall 22 2.3. Habitat classification 22 2.3.1. lET 22 2.3.2. Gouleako 24 2.4. Capture of duikers 24 2.4.1. Methods 24 2.4.1.1. Day-time net-capture 24 2.4.1.2. Night-time net-capture 26 2.4.2. Data recorded 26 2.5. Radio-tracking 28 2.5.1. Equipment 28 2.5.2. Tests of accuracy of bearings 28 2.5.2.1. lET 29 2.5.2.2. Gouleako 31 2 . 5. 3. Conclusions 32 2.6. Direct observations 32 2.7. Territorial marking: latrine distribution 34 3. VEGETATION 36 3.1. Introduction 36 3.2. Plant species surveys 37 3.2.1. Methods 37 3.2.2. Results 40 3.2.2.1. Trees 40 3.2.2.2. Ground plants 47 3.2.3. Discussion 54 3.3.
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