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APPIAH-THESIS.Pdf SCIENCE JOURNALISM IN GHANA: A STUDY OF JOURNALISTS WHO COVER SCIENCE A Thesis by BERNARD APPIAH Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2010 Major Subject: Science and Technology Journalism Science Journalism in Ghana: A Study of Journalists Who Cover Science Copyright December 2010 Bernard Appiah SCIENCE JOURNALISM IN GHANA: A STUDY OF JOURNALISTS WHO COVER SCIENCE A Thesis by BERNARD APPIAH Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Chair of Committee, Barbara Gastel Committee Members, James Burdine Leon H. Russell, Jr. Head of Department, Evelyn Tiffany-Castiglioni December 2010 Major Subject: Science and Technology Journalism iii ABSTRACT Science Journalism in Ghana: A Study of Journalists Who Cover Science. (December 2010) Bernard Appiah, B.Pharm, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana; MDC, University of the Philippines Open University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Barbara Gastel Science journalism has been studied from the perspectives of science journalists in the West. However, studies of science journalism from the perspectives of general reporters in developing or developed countries are scarce. This study was a survey of general reporters in Ghana belonging to the Ghana Journalists Association. In all, 151 members responded to a self-administered questionnaire that the researcher delivered to their worksites and a central location. Respondents were asked mainly about their demographic and professional characteristics, sources used for reporting science, number of science stories reported in the past 12 months, topics of science reporting interest, factors motivating or serving as barriers to science reporting, and the future of science journalism in Ghana. Data were analyzed using statistical tools and content analysis. The demographic and professional characteristics resembled those found previously in Ghana and elsewhere. The most commonly cited format of science journalism training was workshops or seminars after graduation. Health professionals iv and scientists were perceived as very important sources for science stories, and the respondents recalled interviewing them more frequently than others. Generally, respondents reported writing more science news stories than science features. There was an inverse correlation between the number of years spent in journalism and the number of science features reported (p = 0.017). Health science was the most commonly cited topic of reporting interest. Most respondents indicated that training in science journalism or access to scientific research findings would motivate them to report science more. Many cited lack of training in science reporting or lack of contact information for scientific researchers as barriers to science reporting. Many respondents said the current status of science journalism in Ghana is low, and most favored increasing the amount of science journalism, in part to promote public literacy in science. The findings indicate that Ghana should consider offering more science journalism training, particularly in journalism schools, and should promote ready access of journalists to research findings and to contact information of scientific researchers. v DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to two main persons who have made huge impressions in my life but are no more around to celebrate with me my joy. First, my late father, Kwaku Appiah, who used to carry the message of a village chief to the community members by speaking at the top of his voice and beating an African gong to attract the attention of the public. I used to accompany him around the village for this task but did not envisage that years later I would be beating the gong on science and technology for the global community. Second, my late mother, Mame Yaabah, who sacrificed her limited resources to ensure that I get a better education. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my committee chair, Dr. Barbara Gastel, and my committee members, Dr. James Burdine and Dr. Leon H. Russell Jr, for their guidance and support throughout the course of this research. I have learned a lot from their special talents through their excellent feedback, which has helped shape this thesis. Dr. Gastel, in particular, has made my studies in Texas A&M University enjoyable through her motherly care. Thanks also go to the faculty and the administrative staff of the Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences for their support. I also thank my friends and colleagues who helped me in diverse ways. These individuals include the three fellow students in the MS science and technology journalism program—Min-Fang Huang, Miao Jingang, and Roma Subramanian—who pilot tested the questionnaire. They also include Leonnard Odhiambo Ojwang and Liu Wei, who proofread the final manuscript. I thank the chief administrative officer of the Ghana International Press Centre, Fiifi Nettey, for providing me with phone numbers of key journalists in Ghana for the study, and also for coordinating the questionnaire administration at the press center. My sincere thanks also go to all the journalists in Ghana who in many ways helped make this thesis possible, particularly David Newton, rector of the Ghana Institute of Journalism; Edwin Kumah Drah and George Crentsil, both of the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation; Mohamed Nuruden and Patrick Frempong, both of the Ghana News Agency; Jonathan Gmanyami and Norman Cooper, both of the New Times Corporation; Vance Azu and vii Albert Sam, both of the Graphic Communications Group Ltd; and Emma Morrison of TV3, a private television network. I am also grateful to all my Christian colleagues who supported me with prayers, including Benjamin Tagoe, Diana Dietrich, Juanita Withem, Luke Bickston, and Michael Bekoe. Finally, I am grateful to my wife, Patience Borteley Appiah, and children, the Anum family, and the rest of my family in Ghana for all the help throughout the course of my studies. viii NOMENCLATURE AAAS American Association for the Advancement of Science AGI Association of Ghana Industries AUC African Union Commission CIA Central Intelligence Agency CSIR Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research CSRPM Centre for Scientific Research into Plant Medicine GIJ Ghana Institute of Journalism GJA Ghana Journalists Association IDRC International Development Research Centre KCCR Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research MEST Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology NMC National Media Commission NMIMR Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization WHO World Health Organization WSJF World Federation of Science Journalists . ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... vi NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... xii LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ................................................................................ 1 Objectives of the Study .................................................................. 3 Research Questions ........................................................................ 4 Definition of Terms ........................................................................ 5 II LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 8 Importance of Science Journalism ................................................. 8 International Perspectives on Science Journalism ......................... 11 Dominant Science Topics Reported by Journalists ........................ 21 Challenges of Covering Science .................................................... 24 Science Journalism in Africa: Training, and the Birth of Professional Associations ............................................................... 28 Science Journalism in Africa: Some Fellowships and Awards ...... 35 Ghana: Geography, People, Culture, and Human Development Indices ............................................................................................ 38 Some Scientific Institutions in Ghana ............................................ 45 Journalism in Ghana: Historical, Political, and Economic Contexts .......................................................................................... 60 Journalism in Ghana: Training, Regulation, and Professional Groups ............................................................................................ 64 x CHAPTER Page III METHODS ........................................................................................... 68 Design ............................................................................................
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