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A HISTORY of UKRAINIAN LITERATURE (From the 11Th to the End of the 19Th Century) Second Edition A HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN LITERATURE (From the 11th to the End of the 19th Century) Second Edition with AN OVERVIEW OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY The Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S., Inc. Vols. 17-19 Nos. 43-46 A HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN LITERATURE (From the 11th to the End of the 19th Century) Second Edition V v Dmytro Cyzevs’kyj Translated by Dolly Ferguson, Doreen Gorsline, and Ulana Petyk with AN OVERVIEW OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY George S. N. Luckyj Edited and with a Foreword by George S. N. Luckyj 1997 The Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences and Ukrainian Academic Press New York and Englewood, Colorado Copyright © 1997, 1975 Ukrainian Academic Press All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechani­ cal, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. UKRAINIAN ACADEMIC PRESS a division of Libraries Unlimited, Inc. P.O. Box 6633 Englewood, CO 80155-6633 (800) 237-6124 Project Editor: Barbara Ittner Copy Editor: Barbara Ittner Editorial Assistant: Shannon Graff Text Layout and Typesetting: Judy Gay Matthews Cover Design: Paulette Livers Lambert Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Čyževs'kyj, Dmytro, 1894- [Tschižewskij, Dmitrij, 1894- ] [Istoriia ukraïns'koï literatury vid pochatkiv do doby realizmu. English] A history of Ukrainian literature, from the 11th to the end of the 19th century / Dmytro Čyževs'kyj ; translated by Dolly Ferguson, Doreen Gorsline, and Ulana Petyk ; with An overview of the twentieth century / George S.N. Luckyj. — 2nd ed. / edited and with a foreword by George S.N. Luckyj. X, 681; 683, 815 p. 17x25 cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes. ISBN 1-56308-522-4 1. Ukrainian literature—History and criticism. I. Luckyj, George Stephen Nestor, 1919- Overview of the twentieth century. PG3905.C513 1996 891.7/909~dc20 96-25814 CIP TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION by George S. N. Luckyj . ...................................xi TRANSLITERATION T A BLE......................................xiv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION by George S. N. L u ck y j............................................... xv INTRODUCTION by D. Čyževs k y j ................................1 I. PREHISTORIC PERIOD ........................................................................... 17 A. Origins 17 B. The Oral Tradition 18 C. Scandinavian Elements 25 D. Indo-European Elements 34 II. TRANSLATED AND BORROWED LITERATURE ........................... 38 A. General Characteristics 38 B. Liturgical Books 39 C. Religious Literature 41 a. Canonical Christian Literature 41 b. Apocrypha 45 D. Secular Literature 49 a. Scholarly Works 49 b. The Narrative 54 E. Poetry 60 F. The Sources of Translated and Borrowed Literature 61 v vi History o f Ukrainian Literature III. THE PERIOD OF MONUMENTAL STYLE (The Eleventh Century) ........................................................................... 65 A. General Characteristics 65 B. Sermons 69 C. The Tale 79 D. Hagiographie Literature 89 E. The Collection of 1076 97 F. The Works of Volodymyr Monomax 104 G. “The Pilgrimage of Abbot Daniel” 110 H. Chronicles 114 I. The Epos 123 J. Literature of a Practical Character 132 IV. THE PERIOD OF ORNAMENTAL STYLE ........................................ 136 A. General Characteristics 136 B. Sermons 140 C. The Tale 162 D. The Patericon o f the Kievan Caves Monastery 165 E. Chronicles 171 F. The Epos 187 G. The Tale o f Ihor’s Campaign 191 H. The Tatar Invasion 209 I. Two Works of Questionable Origin 211 J. Literature of a Practical Character 218 K. The Significance of the Literature of the Kievan Period 222 V. THE LITERATURE OF THE FOURTEENTH AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES ..................................................................... 226 VI. RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION ............................................. 236 A. Renaissance and Reformation in Literature 236 B. The Tale 241 C. Holy Scripture 243 D. Polemical Literature 246 E. Satire 251 Table o f Contents vii VI. RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION (cont’d) F. Poetry 254 G. The Historical Significance of the Literature of the Sixteenth Century 258 VII. BAROQUE .............................................................................................. 260 A. The Nature of Literary Baroque 260 B. Ivan Vysens’kyj 263 C. Literary Baroque in Ukraine 274 D. Verse Poetry 278 E. The Epos 307 F. The Tale 313 G. The Theatre 319 H. Sermons 334 I. Historical Literature 343 J. The Treatise 349 K. Ukrainian Baroque Literature Against the Backdrop of World Literature 355 VIII. LITERATURE WRITTEN IN LATIN 363 IX. THE LITERATURE OF “NATIONAL REVIVAL” 366 X. CLASSICISM .............................................................................................. 370 A. Literary Classicism 370 B. The Beginnings 376 C. The Mock-Heroic Poem 381 D. Verse Poetry 404 E. Dramatic Literature 415 F. Prose 420 G. The Nature and Significance of Ukrainian Literary Classicism 431 XI. UKRAINIAN SENTIMENTALISM 435 XII. ROMANTICISM ...................................................................................... 437 A. Literary Romanticism 437 viii History o f Ukrainian Literature XII. ROMANTICISM (cont’d) B. Ukrainian Romanticism 444 C. “ Ukrainian Schools” in Foreign Romantic Literature 449 D. The Xarkiv Romantic School 455 E. Western Ukraine 478 F. Kievan Romanticism 495 G. Late Romanticism 535 H. Other Poets of Ukrainian Romanticism 568 I. The Significance of Ukrainian Romanticism 578 XIII. “BIEDERMEIER” AND THE “NATURALIST SCHOOL” IN UKRAINE.......................................................................................... 585 XIV. REALISM IN UKRAINIAN LITERATURE.................................... 588 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................... 619 ABBREVIATIONS OF NAMES OF PERIODICALS, COLLECTIONS, AND SERIES.............................................................. 638 INDEX OF NAMES AND TITLES, prepared by Alexandra Chernenko-Rudnytsky................ 641 Table o f Contents ix AN OVERVIEW OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY By George S. N. Luckyj 1. EMERGENCE OF M O D ER N ISM ......................................................685 Modernism ............................................... 685 Traditionalism............................................702 2. THE FAILED REVOLUTION, 1917-32 ............................................ 706 3. THE TRAUMA OF SOCIALIST REALISM, 1934-53 ................... 731 4. THE THAW AND AFTER, 1953-72 ................................................... 740 5. FROM STAGNATION TO RECONSTRUCTION, 1972-88 . 749 6. WESTERN UKRAINE AND EMIGRATION, 1919-39 ................ 758 7. THE SECOND EMIGRATION AND DIASPORA, 1945-90 . 764 8. THE ERA OF GLASNOST, 1987-90 ................................................... 771 9. AFTER INDEPENDENCE .................................................................. 776 Footnotes .................................................. 782 B IBL IO G R A PH Y ............................................................793 INDEX 801 FOREWORD TO THE FIRST EDITION Literary history tends to interest itself in the genesis of litera­ ture, its contents, its relationship to external reality, the changes in its meaning wrought by time Style analysis bears upon the text, which is unchanging; upon the internal relationships among words; upon forms rather than contents; upon the literary work as the start of a chain of events, rather than as an end product. The two approaches are thus complementary. Michael Riffaterre Recognition of Ukrainian literature in the English-speaking world has been severely hampered by the lack of translations of literary works and by the absence of a comprehensive, modern history of Ukrainian literature in English. The available brief studies by A.P. Coleman and C.A. Manning were too sketchy to be of any real use. What was needed was a scholarly account of the entire, complex history of the literature, which could serve as a reference guide for further study and at the same time offer a critical interpretation of the develop­ ment of the literature from the eleventh to the twentieth centuries. The present volume will certainly help to fill this gap. It is the work of an eminent Slavist, without question the greatest living Ukrainian literary scholar. His approach, in this work as elsewhere, is well known. It is based primarily on literary analysis, without becoming narrowly formalistic. Combined with it is a constant regard for deeper cultural and social influences and undercurrents. Thus, Cyzevs’kyj’s concept of modern Ukrainian literature as “incomplete” and as a product of an “incomplete nation” is most illuminating. His discussion of Ukrainian Baroque or Romanticism shows not only great erudition, but an ability to relate these literary periods to other Slavic and non-Slavic literatures. The last chapter, on xi History o f Ukrainian Literature Realism, which has been specially prepared for this edition, might, at first glance, seem inadequate. However, considering the weakness of Ukrainian Realism (in comparison with Russian and Polish literatures) it is not surprising that this period is treated as a transitional one. Hopefully, a second volume, by several other scholars, dealing with the twentieth century Ukrainian literature, will offer a more complete picture since, as Cyzevs’kyj believes, the periodiza­ tion of Ukrainian literature may be explained by “the repeated alternation of
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