COMPARATIVE EUROPEAN PARTY SYSTEMS Comparative European Party Systems, Second Edition, provides a comprehensive analysis across 48 party systems of party competition, electoral systems and their effects, and the classification of party systems and governments from 1945 through late-2018. The book consists of three parts. Part I provides a comparative and quantitative overview of party systems according to party families, patterns of party competition, electoral systems and their effects, and classification of party systems and governments. Part II consists of 38 detailed country profiles of longstanding democracies and of the European Union (plus nine profiles on regions such as in Spain and the UK), providing essential detail on the electoral systems, parties, party patterns and systems, dimensions of political competition, and governments. Part III provides an analysis of 10 additional country profiles of oscillating regimes such as Russia, Ukraine, and Balkan and Transcaucasus states. Comparative European Party Systems provides an excellent overview of topical issues in comparative election and party system research and presents a wealth of information and quantitative data. It is a crucial reference for scholars and students of European and comparative politics, elections, electoral systems, and parties and party systems. Alan Siaroff is Professor of Political Science at the University of Lethbridge, Canada. COMPARATIVE EUROPEAN PARTY SYSTEMS An Analysis of Parliamentary Elections Since 1945 Second Edition Alan Siaroff Second edition published 2019 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2019 Alan Siaroff The right of Alan Siaroff to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2000 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Siaroff, Alan, author. Title: Comparative European party systems : an analysis of parliamentary elections since 1945 / Alan Siaroff. Description: Second edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018035916 | ISBN 9781138888050 (hardback) | ISBN 9781138888098 (paperback) | ISBN 9781315713694 (master ebook) | ISBN 9781317498773 (web pdf) | ISBN 9781317498766 (ePub) | ISBN 9781317498759 (mobipocket/kindle) Subjects: LCSH: Political parties—Europe. | Europe—Politics and government—1945– Classification: LCC JN50 .S57 2019 | DDC 324.2094—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018035916 ISBN: 978-1-138-88805-0 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-138-88809-8 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-71369-4 (ebk) Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC In memory of my parents, whose lives covered almost all of the years under analysis here. CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS List of illustrations xi Non-party abbreviations and acronyms xvi PART I Comparative analysis 1 1 Introduction and context 3 2 Data on elections 29 3 Classifying party patterns and party systems 74 4 Electoral systems and their effects 87 5 Governments and party types 103 PART II Individual case analyses of longstanding democratic polities 169 Andorra 171 Austria 174 viii Contents Belgium 181 Flanders 189 Bulgaria 192 Croatia 199 Cyprus (Greek) 204 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus 209 The Czech Republic 214 Denmark 221 Faroe Islands 229 Estonia 235 Finland 240 France 249 Corsica 267 Germany 270 Greece 280 Hungary 287 Iceland 293 Republic of Ireland 302 Italy 310 Latvia 326 Contents ix Liechtenstein 334 Lithuania 339 Luxembourg 345 Malta 351 Montenegro 356 The Netherlands 360 Norway 370 Poland 377 Portugal 386 Romania 392 San Marino 401 Serbia 409 Slovakia 414 Slovenia 423 Spain 431 The Basque Country 439 Catalonia 444 Sweden 450 Switzerland 459 Turkey 467 x Contents United Kingdom 477 Northern Ireland 485 Scotland 494 Wales 498 The European Union 502 PART III Individual case analyses of oscillating regimes 513 Albania 515 Armenia 520 Bosnia-Herzegovina 524 Georgia 528 Kosovo 534 Macedonia 538 Moldova 543 Monaco 549 Russia 552 Ukraine 561 ILLUSTRATIONSILLUSTRATIONSILLUSTRATIONS Figures 21.1 Germany: 2014 placement of parties on socio-economic left-right and LEC-TAN dimensions 275 33.1 Netherlands: 2014 placement of parties on socio-economic left-right and LEC-TAN dimensions 364 35.1 Poland: 2014 placement of parties on socio-economic left-right and LEC-TAN dimensions 383 37.1 Romania: 2006 placement of parties on socio-economic left-right and LEC-TAN dimensions 396 40.1 Slovakia: 2014 placement of parties on socio-economic left-right and LEC-TAN dimensions 418 42.1 Spain: 2014 placement of parties on socio-economic left-right and LEC-TAN dimensions 437 45.1 Sweden: 2014 placement of parties on socio-economic left-right and LEC-TAN dimensions 456 52.1 European Parliament party groups on two dimensions 508 61.1 Russian party system after the 1995 election on two dimensions 555 Tables 1.1 Membership of the Council of Europe and the European Union 4 1.2 Parliamentary elections in Europe 6 1.3 Current major and minor parties in recent national elections by party family 16 1.4 Party system institutionalization 25 xii Illustrations 1.5 Genuinely new major parties or parties immediately into government since 1994 26 2.1A Data on elections 38 3.1 Party system and party pattern classifications 78 4.1 National electoral systems (by election) 88 4.2 Electoral system type, disproportionality, and modal majority party type 95 4.3 Electoral system bias effects 98 4.1A Current electoral system data (late-2018) 100 5.1 National institutional features and data on government formation and survival 107 5.2 Governments by party types 111 5.1A Governments in power through October 2018 120 Elections in Andorra since 1993 172 Andorran governments since 1994 173 Elections in Austria since 1945 177 Austrian governments since 1945 179 Selected elections in Belgium since 1946 185 Belgian governments since 1946 187 Elections in Flanders since 1995 190 Flemish governments since 1995 191 Elections in Bulgaria since 1990 195 Bulgarian governments since 1990 197 Elections in Croatia since 1992 201 Croatian governments since 1992 203 Elections in Cyprus since 1976 206 Cyprus governments since 1974 207 Elections in Northern Cyprus since 1976 211 Northern Cyprus governments since 1976 212 Elections in the Czech Republic since 1990 218 Czech governments since 1990 219 Selected elections in Denmark since 1945 225 Danish governments since 1945 227 Elections in the Faroe Islands since 1945 232 Faroese governments since 1948 234 Elections in Estonia since 1992 238 Estonian governments since 1992 239 Elections in Finland since 1945 244 Finnish governments since 1945 246 Elections in the French Fourth Republic (Métropole) 252 French Fourth Republic governments 252 France National Assembly seats since 1958 255 Elections in the French Fifth Republic since 1958 (Métropole) 259 Parliamentary groups in the French Fifth Republic since 1959 262 Illustrations xiii French Fifth Republic governments since 1959 264 Elections in Corsica since 2015 268 Corsican governments since 2015 269 Elections in Germany since 1949 276 German governments since 1949 278 Elections in Greece since 1974 284 Greek governments since 1974 285 Elections in Hungary since 1990 291 Hungarian governments since 1990 292 Elections in Iceland since 1946 297 Icelandic governments since 1946 300 Elections in the Republic of Ireland since 1948 305 Republic of Ireland governments since 1948 307 Elections in Italy, 1946–1992 315 Elections in Italy since 1994 320 Italian governments since 1946 323 Elections in Latvia since 1993 330 Latvian governments since 1993 331 Elections in Liechtenstein since 1945 336 Liechtenstein governments since 1945 338 Lithuanian elections since 1992 342 Lithuanian governments since 1992 343 Elections in Luxembourg since 1945 348 Luxembourg governments since 1945 349 Elections in Malta since 1966 353 Maltese governments since 1966 354 Elections in Montenegro since 2002 358 Montenegren governments since 2003 359 Elections in the Netherlands since 1946 365 Dutch governments since 1946 368 Elections in Norway since 1945 373 Norwegian governments since 1945 375 Elections in Poland since 1991 382 Polish governments since 1991 384 Elections in Portugal since 1975 389 Portuguese governments since 1976 390 Elections in Romania since 1990 397 Romanian governments since 1990 399 Elections in San Marino since 1945 404 San Marinese governments since 1945 407 Elections in Serbia since 2000 412 Serbian governments since 2001 413 Elections in Slovakia since 1990 419 Slovakian governments since 1990 421 xiv Illustrations Elections in Slovenia since 1990 427 Slovenian governments since 1990 429 Elections in Spain since 1977 435 Spanish governments since 1977 438 Elections