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UNITED STATES COURT of APPEALS for the SIXTH CIRCUIT 100 EAST FIFTH STREET, ROOM 540 Deborah S Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-1 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28179 Page: 1 Page 1 of 51(1 of 51) UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT 100 EAST FIFTH STREET, ROOM 540 Deborah S. Hunt POTTER STEWART U.S. COURTHOUSE Tel. (513) 564-7000 Clerk CINCINNATI, OHIO 45202-3988 www.ca6.uscourts.gov Filed: May 22, 2020 Mr. Samuel R. Bagenstos Samuel Bagenstos 625 S. State Street Suite LR 910 Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Mr. Charles Edward Barbieri Foster, Swift, Collins & Smith 313 S. Washington Square Lansing, MI 48933 Mr. Frederick A. Berg Jr. Butzel Long 150 W. Jefferson Avenue Suite 100 Detroit, MI 48226 Mr. Jay M. Berger Clark Hill 500 Woodward Avenue Suite 3500 Detroit, MI 48226 Ms. Margaret Bettenhausen Office of the Attorney General of Michigan P.O. Box 30755 Lansing, MI 48909 Mr. Jordan Seth Bolton Clark Hill 151 S. Old Woodward Avenue Suite 200 Birmingham, MI 48009 Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-1 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28180 Page: 2 Page 2 of 51(2 of 51) Mr. James William Burdick Hertz Schram 1760 S. Telegraph Road, Suite 300 Bloomfield Hills, MI 48302 Mr. Christopher Bradley Clare Clark Hill 1001 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Suite 1300, S. Washington, DC 27713 Ms. Allison Marie Collins Foster, Swift, Collins & Smith 313 S. Washington Square Lansing, MI 48933 Mr. James A. Fajen Fajen & Miller 3646 W. Liberty Ann Arbor, MI 48103 Mr. Nathan A. Gambill Office of the Attorney General of Michigan P.O. Box 30755 Lansing, MI 48909 Mr. William H. Goodman Goodman & Hurwitz 1394 E. Jefferson Avenue Detroit, MI 48207 Mr. Philip A. Grashoff Jr. Smith Haughey Rice & Roegge 100 Monroe Center, N.W. Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Ms. Julie H. Hurwitz Goodman, Hurwitz & James 1394 E. Jefferson Avenue Detroit, MI 48207 Ms. Krista Aimee Jackson Smith Haughey Rice & Roegge 100 Monroe Center, N.W. Grand Rapids, MI 49503 Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-1 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28181 Page: 3 Page 3 of 51(3 of 51) Mr. William Young Kim City of Flint 1101 S. Saginaw Street Third Floor Flint, MI 48502 Mr. Sheldon H. Klein Butzel Long 41000 Woodward Avenue Stoneridge West Building Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304 Mr. Richard S. Kuhl Office of the Attorney General of Michigan P.O. Box 30755 Lansing, MI 48909 Ms. Deborah A. LaBelle Law Offices 221 N. Main Street, Suite 300 Ann Arbor, MI 48104-0000 Ms. Emmy L. Levens Cohen, Milstein, Sellers & Toll 1100 New York Avenue, N.W. Suite 500-W Washington, DC 20005 Mr. Christopher James Marker O'Neill, Wallace & Doyle 300 St. Andrews Road Suite 302 Saginaw, MI 48605 Ms. Cary S. McGehee Pitt, McGehee, Palmer & Rivers 117 W. Fourth Street Suite 200 Royal Oak, MI 48067 Mr. David Wayne Meyers Law Office P.O. Box 88 Lexington, MI 48450 Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-1 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28182 Page: 4 Page 4 of 51(4 of 51) Mr. Thaddeus E. Morgan Fraser Trebilcock 124 W. Allegan Street Suite 1000 Lansing, MI 48933 Mr. Paul F. Novak Weitz & Luxenberg Fisher Building 3011 W. Grand Boulevard Suite 2150 Detroit, MI 48202 Mr. Michael John Pattwell Clark Hill 212 E. Cesar E. Chavez Avenue Lansing, MI 48906 Mr. Todd Russell Perkins Law Offices 615 Griswold Street Suite 400 Detroit, MI 48226 Mr. Michael H. Perry Fraser, Trebilcock, Davis & Dunlap 124 W. Allegan Suite 1000 Lansing, MI 48933 Mr. Michael L Pitt Pitt, McGehee, Palmer & Rivers 117 W. Fourth Street, Suite 200 Royal Oak, MI 48067 Mr. Joseph E. Richotte Butzel Long 41000 Woodward Avenue Stoneridge West Building Bloomfield Hills, MI 48304 Ms. Beth M. Rivers Pitt, McGehee, Palmer & Rivers 117 W. Fourth Street, Suite 200 Royal Oak, MI 48067 Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-1 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28183 Page: 5 Page 5 of 51(5 of 51) Mr. Alexander Stephen Rusek White Law 2549 Jolly Road Suite 340 Okemos, MI 48864 Mr. Gregory Stamatopoulos Weitz & Luxenberg 719 Griswold Suite 620 Detroit, MI 48226 Mr. Barry A. Wolf 503 S. Saginaw Street, Suite 1410 Flint, MI 48502 Mr. Edwar Ayoub Zeineh 2800 E. Grand River Avenue, Suite B Lansing, MI 48912 Case Nos. 19-1425/19-1472/19-1477/19-1533, Luke Waid, et al v. Richard Snyder, et al Re: Originating Case No. : 5:16-cv-10444 Dear Counsel, The court today announced its decision in the above-styled cases. Enclosed is a copy of the court's opinion together with the judgment which has been entered in conformity with Rule 36, Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. Yours very truly, Deborah S. Hunt, Clerk Cathryn Lovely Deputy Clerk cc: Mr. David J. Weaver Enclosures Mandate to issue. Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-2 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28184 Page: 1 Page 6 of 51(6 of 51) RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit I.O.P. 32.1(b) File Name: 20a0161p.06 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT IN RE: FLINT WATER CASES. ┐ ___________________________________________ │ │ │ LUKE WAID, Parent and Next-Friend of SR, a minor, │ et al., > Nos. 19-1425/1472/1477/1533 Plaintiffs, │ │ │ ELNORA CARTHAN et al., │ Plaintiffs-Appellees, │ │ v. │ │ │ DARNELL EARLEY, GERALD AMBROSE, HOWARD │ CROFT, MICHAEL GLASGOW, DAUGHERTY JOHNSON, │ and CITY OF FLINT, MICHIGAN (19-1425); RICHARD │ DALE SNYDER, former Governor of Michigan, ANDY │ DILLON, former Treasurer of Michigan, and │ GRETCHEN WHITMER, present Governor of Michigan │ (19-1472); LIANE SHEKTER-SMITH, STEPHEN BUSCH, │ PATRICK COOK, MICHAEL PRYSBY, AND BRADLEY │ WURFEL (19-1477); and ADAM ROSENTHAL (19-1533), │ Defendants-Appellants. │ ┘ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Ann Arbor. No. 5:16-cv-10444—Judith E. Levy, District Judge. Argued: April 27, 2020 Decided and Filed: May 22, 2020 Before: MERRITT, MOORE, and MURPHY, Circuit Judges. Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-2 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28185 Page: 2 Page 7 of 51(7 of 51) Nos. 19-1425/1472/1477/1533 Waid et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 2 _________________ COUNSEL ARGUED: William Y. Kim, CITY OF FLINT LAW DEPARTMENT, Flint, Michigan, for Appellant City of Flint, and Christopher J. Marker, O’NEIL, WALLACE & DOYLE, P.C., Saginaw, Michigan, for Appellant Glasgow in 19-1425. Margaret A. Bettenhausen, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan for Appellants in 19-1472. Charles E. Barbieri, FOSTER, SWIFT, COLLINS & SMITH, P.C., Lansing, Michigan, for Appellants in 19-1477. James A. Fajen, FAJEN AND MILLER, PLLC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Appellant in 19-1533. Samuel R. Bagenstos, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: William Y. Kim, CITY OF FLINT LAW DEPARTMENT, Flint, Michigan, Frederick A. Berg, Jr., BUTZEL LONG, P.C., Detroit, Michigan, Sheldon H. Klein, Joseph E. Richotte, BUTZEL LONG, P.C., Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, Christopher J. Marker, O’NEIL, WALLACE & DOYLE, P.C., Saginaw, Michigan, Todd R. Perkins, THE PERKINS LAW GROUP PLLC, Detroit, Michigan, Alexander S. Rusek, WHITE LAW, PLLC, Okemos, Michigan, Barry A. Wolf, Flint, Michigan, Edwar A. Zeineh, LAW OFFICE OF EDWAR A. ZEINEH, Lansing, Michigan, for Appellants in 19-1425. Margaret A. Bettenhausen, Richard S. Kuhl, Nathan A. Gambill, Zachary C. Larsen, OFFICE OF THE MICHIGAN ATTORNEY GENERAL, Lansing, Michigan for Appellants in 19-1472. Charles E. Barbieri, FOSTER, SWIFT, COLLINS & SMITH, P.C., Lansing, Michigan, Michael J. Pattwell, Jay M. Berger, CLARK HILL PLC, Lansing, Michigan, Thaddeus E. Morgan, FRASER, TREBILCOCK, DAVIS & DUNLAP, Lansing, Michigan, Philip A. Grashoff, Jr., SMITH HAUGHEY RICE & ROEGGE, Grand Rapids, Michigan, for Appellants in 19-1477. James A. Fajen, FAJEN AND MILLER, PLLC, Ann Arbor, Michigan, James W. Burdick, BURDICK LAW, P.C., Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, for Appellant in 19-1533. Samuel R. Bagenstos, Ann Arbor, Michigan, for Appellees. MOORE, J., delivered the opinion of the court in which MERRITT, J., joined. MURPHY, J. (pp. 39–45), delivered a separate opinion concurring in the judgment in part and dissenting in part. _________________ OPINION _________________ KAREN NELSON MOORE, Circuit Judge. This is a case about the Flint Water Crisis. From 2014 to 2015, City of Flint and Michigan State officials caused, sustained, and covered up the poisoning of an entire community with lead- and legionella-contaminated water. The crisis started in April 2014 when the City began delivering Flint River water to its predominantly poor and African-American residents, knowing that it was not treated for corrosion. In a matter of weeks, Flint residents reported that there was something wrong with the way the water looked, Case 5:16-cv-10444-JEL-MKM Case: 19-1425 ECF Document: No. 1152 70-2 filed Filed:05/22/20 05/22/2020 PageID.28186 Page: 3 Page 8 of 51(8 of 51) Nos. 19-1425/1472/1477/1533 Waid et al. v. Snyder et al. Page 3 tasted, and smelled, and that it was causing rashes. In response, the City treated the water with additional chlorine—exacerbating the corrosion in the old water lines. The corrosion contaminated the water with hazardous levels of lead and caused an outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease.
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