GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY 10690- Gt+ Public Disclosure Authorized
Republicof Ghana CoastalWetlands Management Project Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
ProjectDocument August1992 Public Disclosure Authorized
THEWORLD BANK GEF Documentation
The Global Environment Facility (GEF) assistsdeveloping countries to protect the globalenvironment in four areas:global warming, pollution of internationalwaters, destructionof biodiversity,and depletion of theozone layer. The GEF is jointlyimplemented bytheUnited Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environment Programme. andthe World Bank.
GEF Project Documents - identifiedby a greenband - provideextended project- specificinformation. The implementing agency responsible for eachproject is identifiedby its logoon thecover of thedocument.
GlobalEnvironment CoordinationDivision Environment Department WorldBank 1818H Street,NW Washington,DC 20433 Telephorre:(202) 473-1816 Fax:(202) 522-3256 Republicof Ghana CoastalWetlands Management Project
ProjectDocument August1992
THEWORLD BANK
CURRENCYEQUIVALENTS
Currency Unit = Cedi (C) US$1.00 = C395 C1,000 = US$2.54
WEIGHTSAND MEASURES
1 metric ton (m ton) = 2,205 pounds (lb) 1 hectare (ha) = 2.47 acres (ac) 1 kilometer (cm) = 0.62 miles (mi) 1 meter (m) = 3.28 feet (ft)
ABBREVIATIONS
DGW Departmentof Game and Wildlife EAP EnvironmentalAction Plan EPC EnvironmentalProtection Council EPCITS TechnicalSecretariat of the EnvironmentalProtection Council GEF Global Environnent Facility GET Global EnvironmentTrust Fund GERMP Ghana EnvironmentalResource ManagementProject IUCN InternationalUnion for the Conservationof Nature NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization PNDC ProvisionalNational Defense Council WCG Wildlife Clubs of Ghana
GOVERNMENTFISCAL YEAR
January 1 - December 31 REPUBLIC OF GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
Grant and Project Summary
Grantee:lThe Republicof Ghana
Beneficiary: Ministryof Lands and Natural Resources
Grant Amount: SDR 5.0 million (US$7.2 million equivalent)
Terms: Grant from Global EnvironmentTrust
Financing Plan: Foreign Local Total ...... millions)..(US$
GET 3.1 4.1 7.2 Governmentof Ghana 0.1 1.0 1.1 Total 1/ 3.2 5.1 8.3
Economic Rate of Return: Not applicable
Staff Apraisal Rert: No. 10691-GH
Mm: IBRD No. 23746
Includes Duties and Taxes of US$0.5 million. REPUBLIC OF GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Backg=und
1. A growing concern for environmentalissues led the Governmentof Ghana to initiate the preparationof a NationalEnvironmental Policy Statementand a NationalEnvironmental Action Plan (EAP). In formulatingthe Plan, the EnvironmentalProtection Council(EPC), a Governmentagency establishedin 1974, secured the active collaborationof a wide range of individualsand institutionsin Ghana and among the donor community, includingthe World Bank. In the process, EPC generated widespreadawareness of the importanceof the issues involved and a consensusabout the need for effective action. The EAP has been completed and has been approved by the Committeeof PNDC Secretaries. The major environmental problems identified in the EAP includesoil degradationand soil erosion, deforestationand forest degradation, and degradationof the natural and built environrnentwithin the coastal zone. The strategy for addressingthese environmentalproblems is based on implementationof programs by sectoral agencies, whilst EPC has the lead responsibilityfor environmental policy formulation, monitoringand coordination. The developmentof mechanismsfor effective coordinationand the relationshipsbetween EPC and the sectoral agenciesare critical for successfulimplementation of the EAP. There are designatedinstitutional responsibilities for the managementof environmentalresources, and long establishedprocedures for the demarcationand gazetting of protected areas in Ghana. More detailed background informationis containedin Part II of this Memorandum.
2. The Ghana EnvironmentalResource ManagementProject, which includes the Coastal Wetlands ManagementProject, is designedto assist Governmentwith the implementationof the EAP. As GERMP provides the frameworkfor the managementof the coastal wetlands, the objectives of the wider project are discussed first.
3. The Ghana EnvironmentalResource Managementproject would aim to strengthenthe capacity of both governmentand people to manageenvironmental resources. The project would, therefore, focus on improvingresource managementcapability through reorganizing and strengtheningthe institutionsinvolved in environmentalresource management,in particular the EnvironmentalProtection Counciland its TechnicalSecretariat (EPC/TS). The project would aim to support the TS to fulfill its role in environmentalmanagement, that is, the coordinationof action to ensure that developmentis consistentwith the sustainableuse of environmentalresources, the monitoringof the environmentand the creationof public awarenessof environmentalissues. In parallel, the project would aim to develop environmentalmanagement skills in sectoral and local governmentagencies through staff training. Developmentof the managementsystem would be supportedthrough the provision of an improved enviromnentalinformation system, based on a demand driven approach, and the creation of links between suppliers and users of information. The objective would be to provide a better understandingof environmentalrelationships, and early detection of environmentalpollution or degradation. Disseminationof environmentalinformation would be one other importantobjective of the project, within public sector agenciesat national and district levels and the public at large by means of public informationand awareness campaigns. Other project objectivesare to assist the users of environmentalresources to invest in the maintenanceof environmentalassets through adoption of improvedpractices for the sustainableuse of those resources. In particular the project would support the introduction of improved land managementpractices through communityinvolvement in the planning and implementationof measures to minimizeland degradation. Specificattention would be paid to the fragile coastal wetland ecosystemsand it is these activitiesthat would constitutethe Coastal Wetlands ManagementProject to be financedby GEF.
Project Objectives
4. The main objective of the project wouldbe to maintainthe ecologicalintegrity of key coastal wetland areas, by involvingthe people who derive their livelihood from these ecosystemsin the planning and implementationof managementprograms. The objective would be to identify and monitor the commonresources that benefit human and avian populations, and manage them to maintain critical bird habitat, without unduly restricting the options of people to derive benefit from the resources. The project would aim to develop capabilities at both governmentand communitylevel for the implementationof the proposed program, to provide for baseline and monitoringstudies, and to undertakestudies of options for development,that would be compatiblewith sustainableuse of the environment.
Project Description
5. The project is classed as a GEF Type 2 project, that is, although only concessional assistance from GET would make the project attractive in a country context, the project would result in substantialglobal benefits. The GET contributionof US$7.2 million would represent about 20 percent of the total costs of the wider Ghana EnvironmentalResource Management Project, of which it forms an integralpart.
6. GEF funding would provide for the managementof five coastal wetland sites that have been registered under the Ramsar Convention,to which Ghana is a signatory. The five sites are the Muni, Densu Delta, Sakumo, Songor and Anlo-Ketalagoons. Project funding would be targeted at three groups of activities: (i) Program Management- Supportwould be provided to the Departmentof Game and Wildlife (DGW) of the Ministry of Lands and Natural Resourcesfor managementof the coastal wetlandsprogram. This would includethe appointmentof a coastal wetlands coordinator,an educationofficer and site wardens, together with necessary training, field equipmentand transport. Funds would also be availablefor base-line surveys and regular monitoringof ecologicaland socio-economicconditions in the coastal wetlands, includingthe status of lagoonal fisheries. This monitoringwould be undertaken through local consultancies,using the specialist skills available in the universities and elsewhere, and would be closely linked to the regular monitoringof environmental quality, supportedunder GERMP. Studiesof the environmentalimplications of various developmentoptions in the Volta Basin, includingthe wetlands below the Akosombodam, would be financedunder GERMP and linked with studies to develop a national wetland conservationstrategy. The project would support public awarenessprograms through provision of training in environmentaleducation to staff of DGW and of the Wildlife Clubs of Ghana (WCG), an NGO. The project would also financeproduction and disseminationof education materials, sponsor workshops and underwrite extension activitiesto be organized by WCG. (ii) Site Demarcationand Management- Finance would be availablefor boundary surveys and demarcation. The project would also finance the constructionof observation points, an educationand research center at Songor, simple on-site educationcenters at other - 3 -
sites, habitat enhancementand communitydevelopment activities. The wetlands program would be linked to communitybased land and water management,supported under GERMP, through the promotionof measuresto reduce erosion and improve vegetativecover in the immediatecatchments of the wetland sites. The project would also provide for an investment support fund to finance developmentsin the wetlandsthat are compatiblewith maintainingthe ecology of the wetlands. (iii) Sakumo EffluentDisposal - The SakumoLagoon poses special problems. It lies on the western margin of Tema, and present plans for a new sewage treatment plant involve the discharge of treated effluent into the lagoon. The natural outlet of the lagoon is severely restricted by a road and railway embankment. The project would provide funds for the constructionof a pipe and marine outfall that would discharge the treated effluent into the sea. This would minimizethe risk of nutrient build-up and consequent eutrophicationin the lagoon, but there would be no adverse effects in the surf zone due to rapid dilution. The project would also finance a study of the hydrologyof the lagoon and possible effects of dredging and of modifyingthe existing sluice and culvert through the railway and road embankmentto restore natural tidal flow and improve habitat and water quality.
Project Implementation
7. The Departmentof Game and Wildlife, Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources would be responsiblefor the implementationof this project. A WetlandsProgram Coordinator would be appointedwith specific responsibilityfor the program. Implementation arrangementswould be fully integrated with those agreed for GERMP, in which the lead agency would be the TechnicalSecretariat of EPC (EPC/TS). Procurementand disbursement of project funds would, therefore, be undertakenthrough EPC/TS and a Coastal Wetlands Project Operations Committeewould be responsiblefor inter-agencycooperation. Communitieswould be closely involved in decisionsaffecting the managementof wetland areas through local site committeesestablished to advise the WetlandsProgram Coordinator and the Project OperationsCommittee. The Wildlife Clubs of Ghana would play an important role in public awarenessprograms, working with communityeducation officers to develop programs for the local educationcenters at each site.
Project Sustainability
8. Governmenthas demonstrateda sustained commitmentto conservationby including over 5 percent of the national territory within the system of protected areas. Continuing commitmentis demonstratedby an action plan to improve managementof current protected areas as part of the World Bank financedForest Resource ManagementProject. The EAP includes a Coastal Zone ManagementPlan that demonstratesGhana's commitmentto land use and developmentplanning to maintain the ecologicalintegrity of the coastalregion. Project funded studies and investmentswould increasesustainable economic benefits from developmentsthat are compatiblewith preserving the ecology of the wetlands.
Lessons from Previous Bank Group Involvement
9. Althoughthere has been no Bank Group lending in Ghana specificallyfor environmentaloperations, much of previous IDA lending for sectoral projects has had a direct impact on the environment,through its effect on agriculture, forestry, miningand industry, and urban development. Experience with these lending operations shows the need: to work - 4 - within an agreed national policy, with clearly identifiedpriorities, in a stable macro-economic environment;to involve communitiesin the planning and implementationof sustainable resource use; to provide an institutionalfocus for the managementof environmentallyrelated matters with agreed procedures for effective coordination;to improve environmental managementskills at district as well as central levels; and to provide training and support to implementingagencies for procurementand disbursement. This experience is consistent with conclusionsdrawn from world-wideexperience. 2/
Rationalefor GEF Involvement
10. The rationale for the use of GET funds to sustain and enhance the ecology of coastal wetlands in Ghana is detailed in the Project SelectionCriteria ReferenceSheet presented in Appendix 1, Part II of this Memorandum. It could be consideredpurely from the global point of view, but there are, in addition, important national and local justifications. At the global level the primary importanceof these coastal lagoons and estuaries concernstheir internationalsignificance as habitat for migratorywaterbirds. The East Atlantic Flyway, defined by the regular annual transit paths of several million birds shows vividly the biotic interconnectionbetween Africa, North America and Eurasia. The long term viabilityof the bird populationsthat connect these diverse landscapesis inextricablylinked to the ecosystems in which they find regular sanctuary along their seasonal migration routes. The significance of the Ghana coastal wetlands is illustratedby the fact that they regularly harbor more than one percent of the estimatedAtlantic Flyway populationsof at least nine species of long distance migrants. They form a networkof resting and feeding grounds for more than seventy species of migratoryand resident waterbirdsand represent the fourth largest concentrationof migratory waders and shorebirds along the West African coast. The five principal wetland areas, the Muni, Densu Delta, Sakumo, Songor and Anlo/Keta lagoons, provide sanctuary for over 80 percent of the migratory waterbirdsstopping in Ghana. All meet criteria as sites of internationalimportance under the Ramsar Conventionbut there are no existingarrangements for formal managementor protection. The current global registry of Ramsar sites lists no protected wetlandsalong the entire coast of the Gulf of Guinea - a prominent gap in the existing regional networkof conservationareas. The managementof these wetlands is, therefore, a high priority for migratorybird conservationon both a regional and global scale. Further, the sites identifiedunder this project includethe only presently known nesting sites in Ghana for three species of sea turtles listed as globally threatenedby the World ConservationUnion (IUCN).
11. A notable gap in the Ghana protected area system, identified in the EAP, is the absence of units that represent coastalwetland ecosystems. Consequently,from a national perspectiveof sustainingthe widest representationof natural biodiversityat the level of ecosystemsor natural communities,coastal wetlandshave a high priority. At the local level, the Sakumo lagoon and Densu Delta wetlandsprovide the most accessiblesites for outdoor recreation and interactionwith the natural environmentavailable to residents of the largest urban district in Ghana in additionto their documentedglobal importancefor biodiversity conservation. The majority of people living around the other three lagoons, at Muni, Songor and Anlo/Keta, derive a major part of their livelihoodfrom the lagoonsthemselves through fishing and/or salt winning, or from industriessuch as inshore marine fisheries. These
2/ The WorldBank and the Enviromment.A ProgressReport. Fiscal 1991. depend, at least in part, on the ecologicalhealth of the adjacent wetlands, for example, as fish spawning grounds or sources of nutrient input into inshore coastal waters. Both the present way of life and the long term economicprospects of the human populationsliving near the lagoons and estuariesdepend on the ecologicalhealth and stabilityof these wetland ecosystems. The project thus provides an opportunityto support the managementof critical conservationsites for an internationallyshared resource, whilst encouragingdevelopment that is compatible with long term maintenanceof the ecologicalstability of the sites.
Agreed Actions
12. During project negotiationsit was agreed that GEF support for the Coastal Wetlands ManagementProject would be consideredas an integral part of GERMP. The following agreementsare specificallyrelated to the Coastal WetlandsProject:
Conditionof Effectiveness
(a) The IDA DevelopmentCredit Agreementwould be effective.
Conditionof Disbursement
(a) The use of the InvestmentSupport Fund would be subject to IDA approval.
Other Agreements
(a) Formal boundary descriptionsof the five coastal wetland sites would be completedby June 1, 1993, and the legal instrumentdesignating the boundaries of the Ramsar sites would be prepared, reviewed by IDA, and approved by December31, 1993.
(b) Annual work programs for the Coastal Wetlandscomponent would be prepared by the Departmentof Game and Wildlife and approvedby the Project Operations Committeeby June of each year, with subsequentreview by IDA. (c) The results of annual monitoringof ecologicaland socio-economicconditions in the coastal wetlands would be reviewed by the Project Operations Committeein April of each year, with subsequentreview by IDA, starting in 1994.
(d) The detailed design and managementof the educationand research center at Songor would be agreed by June 1995.
EnvironmentalAspects
13. The primary objective of the project is to improve the managementof environmental resources in the coastal wetlands in Ghana, and to introduceprograms for the sustainableuse of those resources. The project would, therefore, have beneficialeffects on the environment. A specific assessmentof the environmentalimpact of dischargingtreated effluent into Sakumo lagoon and alternatively, through an outlet in the surf zone has been made. Details presented -6 -
in Part II, Appendix3 show that discharge into the lagoon would result in rapid nutrient build-up with consequenteutrophication, whilst discharge in the surf zone would have little effect due to rapid dilution in the open sea.
Benefits
14. The principal benefits of the project would be the maintenanceof the ecology of five coastal wetland sites that are of internationalimportance as habitat for migratory waterbirds. The project would improve the managementand monitoringof the ecologicalresources by both governmentand the people. It would help to identify options for developmentthat would improve the livelihoodof local communities,but that would be compatiblewith sustainableuse of the environment. The project would also result in an increasedpublic awarenessof environmentalmatters through both formal educationprograms at project financed centers, and through informalchannels, such as wildlife clubs. Economic rate of return calculationsfor the project are difficultto interpret and may not be meaningful,as many of the costs and benefits cannot be quantifiedand the assumptionsdepend on whether the analysis is based on a national or global accountingstance. Consequently,the results of economicrate of return calculationsare not presented.
Rsks
15. There is a risk that the objectives of recognizingthe five coastal wetland sites under the Ramsar Conventionwould not be achieved. However, the risk would be minimized because project funds would be availablefor site management,public awarenesscampaigns and the participationof local communitiesin maintainingthe ecology of the sites.
Attachments -7 -
Schedule A
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Estimated Costs and FinancingPlan
ESTIMATEDCOSTS
Component Foreign LocalTotal ."',"",","(US$ million).
Program Management 0.6 1.6 2.2 Site Demarcation and Management 1.4 2.2 3.6 InvestmentSupport 0.4 0.1 0.5 SakumoEffluent Disposal 0.2 0.2 0.4
Total Base Cost 2.6 4.1 6.7
Physical Contingencies 0.2 0.3 0.5 Price Contingencies 0.4 0.7 1.1
TOTAL PROJECT COST 1/ 3.2 5.1 8.3
FINANCINGPLAN
Foreign Local Total ...... US$ million).
GET 3.1 4.1 7.2 Governmentof Ghana 0.1 1.0 1.1
Total 1/ 3.2 5.1 8.3
1/ Includes US$0.5 million duties and taxes. -8 -
Schedule B Page 1 of 2
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
PROCUREMENT METHOD AND DISBURSEMENT
A. Amounts and Methodsof Procurement
ProcurementCategory ICB LCB Others ...... (US$millions).
Civil Works Total 0.5 2.5 - 3.0 GET 0.4 2.2 - 2.6
Vehicles Total 0.3 - 0.2 0.5 GET 0.3 - 0.1 0.4
Equipmentand Materials Total 0.7 0.2 0.3 1.2 GET 0.7 0.2 0.2 1.1
Technical Assistance Total - - 1.1 1.1 GET - - 1.1 1.1
Training and Public Awareness Total - - 0.4 0.4 GET - - 0.4 0.4
InvestmentSupport and Land ManagementFund Total - - 0.6 0.6 GET - - 0.5 0.5
IncrementalRecurrent Costs Total - - 1.5 1.5 GET - - 1.1 1.1
TOTALS 1.5 2.7 4.1 8.3 GET 1.4 2.4 3.4 7.2 -9 -
Schedule B Page 2 of 2
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
B. SummaryDisbursement Schedule
Category Amount9rfltedFinanced ...(US$ millions)... Foreign Lo
Civil Works 2.4 100 70 Vehicles, Equipment and Materials 1.3 100 90 Technical Assistance 1.0 100 100 Training 0.3 100 100 InvestmentSupport Fund 0.4 100 100 IncrementalRecurrent Costs 0.9 70% to December 1995, 50% thereafter Unallocated 0.9
TOTAL 7.2 - 10-
ScheduleC Page 1 of 2
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Timetable of Key ProcessingEvents
Time Taken to Prepare: 20 months Project Prepared by: Governmentof Ghana with IDA assistancea/ First IDA Mission: June 1991 Appraisal Mission March 1992 Negotiations: August 1992 Planned Date of Effectiveness: January 1993 List of Relevant PPARS and PCRs: None
SummarySupervison Plan
1. Supervisionof the project would be integratedwith the wider GERMP. The schedule of supervisionmissions presented below includes three visits during the first year of the project, to provide close supervisionand assistanceduring the critical start-up period. In subsequentyears, one visit by a supervisionmission would coincide with the review of the annual plan for the followingyear's program in the third quarter of the calendar year. The supervisionplan also provides for one additionalvisit in the second quarter of the second, fourth and fifth project years. In the third project year, this visit would coincide with the project mid-term review.
CY 1993 1993 1994 199i 1299
Quarter 1234 1234 1234 1234 1234 Supervision * ** * * * * * * * * Mid-term review *
2/ Thisproject is basedon the findingsof an appraisalmission that visitedGhana in March, 1992,comprising I. Hill (MissionLeader); Ms. C. Cook(Sociologist); C. Sow(Economist); and K. Creighton(Consultant Ecologist). - 11 -
ScheduleC Page 2 of 2 Key Indicators
2. The key indicatorsto assess the progress of the project can be consideredin a number of groups. The Technical Secretariatof the EPC would be responsiblefor collatingthe following data.
3. Policy and Legislation. The EnvironmnentalAction Plan indicates the need for the revision and adoption of a number of policies and legislativemeasures. Progress towards the adoption of those that relate specificallyto project supported activitieswould be monitored. They include policy and legislationrelated to:
- Land Management; - Fisheries and Coastal Zone Management.
4. Coastal Wetlands Management
- Completionof base line studies; - Progress with managementprograms; - Progress with monitoringstudies and impact of managementprograms on the ecology of the wetland sites.
5. Physical Physical achievementof civil works or procurementof project finance items as presented in the implementationschedule and detailed cost tables.
6. Financial Budget by: - Investment; - Personnel; - Operationalexpenses; - Program budgets.
7. Reporting Timelinessof six-monthlyreports. Publicationof results in bulletinsor annual reports of participating agencies.
Skills Required for Supervision Missions
8. In additionto the Task Manager responsiblefor supervisingcompliance with Bank procedures, supervisionmissions would need to include personnel with skills in:
- ManagementSystems; - EnvironmentalQuality Monitoring; - Rural Sociology; - WetlandsEcology.
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
PART II: APPENDICES
REPUBLIC OF GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Table of Contents
APPENDIX 1. GEF Project SelectionCriteria ReferenceSheet
APPENDIX 2. Coastal WetlandsManagement
APPENDIX 3. Sakumo Lagoon. Effluent Disposal and HydrologicalStudies
- 1 -
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
APPENDIX I
GEF Project Selection Criteria Reference Sheet - 2-
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
GEF Project Selection Criteria Reference Sheet
Country Elifibility
Per Capita Income - US$390 (1989)
EnvironmentalAction Plans
The Governmentof Ghana has recently completedthe preparationof a National EnvironmentalPolicy Statementand a NationalEnvironment Action Plan. In March, 198, responsibilityfor their formulationwas given to the EnvironmentalProtection Council (EPC). EPC secured the active collaborationof a wide range of individuals and institutionsin Ghana and amongstthe donor community, includingthe World Bank. The process adopted by EPC in preparing these national policy documents has generated widespreadawareness of the importanceof the issues involved and a consensusabout the need for effective action.
F'roiectTp
Type 2. Without GEF support Governmentwould not undertakethe systematic inventory and managementof coastal wetlandsenvisaged under the project.
Global Environmental Benefit
The five coastal lagoons, estuaries and adjacent seashores addressedby this project provide regular sanctuary for upward of 100,000 migratory shorebirds annually. Togetherthey harbor nearly 5% of the shorebirds and waders using the East Atlantic Flyway and on a regional scale rank fourth in peak populationsof migratory waterfowl. No Ramsar Sites have yet been declared on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea. The wetlands includedin this project provide habitat for internationally significantpopulations of eleven species of migratoryshorebirds and include nesting sites for three threatenedspecies of marine turtles.
Form of Innovation
The project will includefinancing for a study of compatibledevelopment options for the communitiesliving adjacentto the lagoonsand financingfor adaptationand implementationof technologiesidentified as promisingsustainable development options. These may include aquaculture,agro-forestry and improvedfisheries - 3 -
managementas well as expansionof the indigenoussalt-winning industry adjacentto the lagoons. Pendingthe outcomeof engineeringstudies, the project may include financingof civil works to mitigatethe effects of urban/domesticwaste pollutionon the two urban lagoons. Managementof the Ramsar Sites will be done jointly with responsibilityfor core zones or sanctuariesunder the Departmentof Game and Wildlife and of the adjacent zones under Site Committeeswithin the Ministry of Local Government involvingparticipation of local people and traditionalleaders.
DemonstrationValue and Replicability
The goal of the multiple-usemanagement regime proposed for the coastalwetlands is to maintainthe ecologicalbalance of these aquatic/terrestrialecosystems by encouragingdevelopment of industriessuch as fishing, agro-forestry,aquaculture, tourism and salt productionthat provide optionsfor economicgrowth to local communitiesthat are compatiblewith sustaininghabitat for the migratorybirds which also depend on these areas. In declaring these areas as Ramsar Sites, the Government of Ghana is foregoing certain developmentoptions for these sites but, in return receives technicaland financial assistanceto implementsustainable development activitiesthat are compatiblewith maintainingbio-diversity of the coastal zone. The model of working with local communitiesto identifycommon resource requirements (e.g., water quality, erosion control) for conservationand communitydevelopment needs, and focusing investmenton those common needs is one which may have broader applicationfor conservationoutside of traditionalprotected areas.
Contributionto the GEF Portrolio
The areas to be addressedby this project qualify as Wetlandsof International Importanceunder criteria establishedby the Ramsar Convention. They are amongthe most significantsites in West Africa as habitat for migratorywaterfowl. The project represents an opportunityto afford protectionto critical conservationsites for an internationallyshared resource while encouragingdevelopment that is compatiblewith long-termmaintenance of the ecologicalstability of the ecosystemsin which the conservationsites occur.
Sustainability
The GOG has demonstrateda sustained commitmentto conservationin includingover 5% of the national territory within the system of protected areas and consistently providing substantialhuman and material resourcesfor supervisionand management of protected areas. Continuingcommitment is evincedby an action plan to improve managementof current protected areas financedby the World Bank through the Forest Resource ManagementProject. The NEAP includes a Coastal Zone Management Plan that demonstratesGhana's commitmentto land use and developmentplanning to maintain the ecologicalintegrity of the coastal region. Inclusion of environmentaland public awarenesscomponents within this project as well as involvementof local communitiesin managementdecisions concerningdevelopment within and adjacent to - 4 -
the project sites will develop a broader grass roots understandingof linkagebetween long-term economicprospects for the human populationsand ecologicalstability of these wetland ecosystems.
Monitorins! Evaluation
Baselineand monitoringstudies of key environmentalindicators reflecting hydrologicalcycles, water quality, limnologyand fisheries within the wetlands are an integral part of the project. The project includes financingfor training, institutional developmentand improvementof research facilitiesto carry out long-termecological monitoringstudies of the coastal wetlands includedin the project. The project would also finance pilot projects to test and evaluate feasibilityof developmentoptions identified during the early phase of the project. GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
APPENDIX 2
Coastal Wetlands Management - 6 -
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Coastal Wetlands Management
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paue No.
I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
II. BACKGROUND ...... 2 A. Coastal Zone Indicative Management Plan ...... 2 B. Coastal Wetlands Management Plans ...... 3 C. Importance of Coastal Wetlands for Migratory Birds ...... 4 D. International Conventions Relevant to Coastal Wetlands ...... 6 E. History and Objectives of the Save the Seashore Birds Project ...... 8
III. THE PROJECT AREA ...... 9 A. General Description of the Project Zones ...... 9 B. Site Descriptions, Human Settlement Patterns and Economic Activities within the Project Zones ...... 11 1. Muni Lagoon Complex ...... 11 2. Songor Lagoon ...... 12 3. Anlo-Keta Lagoon Complex ...... 13 4. Sakumo Lagoon and Densu Delta ...... 14
IV. RATIONALE ...... 15
V. THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 17 A. Project Description ...... 17 B. Site Plans ...... 19 1. Muni Lagoon Complex ...... 19 2. Songor Lagoon Complex ...... 20 3. Anlo-Keta Lagoon Complex ...... 20 4. Sakumo Lagoon and Densu Delta Complex ...... 21 C. Organization and Management ...... 22 D. Project Costs ...... 25 -7-
ANNEXES 1. Acknowledgements 2. Bibliography 3. African Conventionon the Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources 4. Conventionon the Conservationof Migratory Species of Wild Animals ("Bonn Convention") 5. Conventionon Wetlandsof InternationalImportance Especially as WaterfowlHabitat 6. Indicative EquipmentLists Appearingin Cost Tables 7. Salary Scale for Ghana Departmentof Game and Wildlife Personnel 8. Terms of Referencefor Studies and TechnicalAdvisor 9. Maps of Proposed Project Sites 10. ImplementationSchedule for Coastal WetlandsManagement Program - 8 -
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Coastal Wetlands Manag!ement
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Ghana's 550 km coastline includes over 50 lagoons and estuaries ranging in size from a few dozen hectares to over 300 krn2. At present there are no coastal wetlandsrepresented within the national system of parks, reserves and sanctuaries. The recently completedGhana EnvironmentalAction Plan which incorporatesa Coastal Zone IndicativeManagement Plan (CZIMP), explicitlyrecognizes this gap. The CZIMP calls for establishmentof several coastal wetland protected areas to be developedunder a multiple-usemanagement regime with significant local participationin managementand administration. The Governmentof Ghana has indicated its intention to designatefive sites as Wetlandsof InternationalImportance under the "Ramsar" Convention1/.
1.2 The five principal sites to be establishedunder this project represent a variety of wetland ecosystemsincluding open and closed brackish lagoons, river deltas and estuaries. Two sites which fall within the greater metropolitanregion of Accra-Temahave been designatedfor green belt/open space/recreationzones under the draft Urban Development Structure Plan 2010. The other three sites represent "rural" areas although human settlements occur adjacent to the wetlands and throughouttheir catchments. The core wetlandsof the project sites range from 3.5 km2 to over 300 km2 in extent and the proposed management zones which include critical catchmentsrange from 35 to 1200 km2. Identificationof project sites and documentationof their ecologicalimportance and internationalsignificance for migratorybirds was accomplishedby Dr. Yaa Ntiamoa-Baiduunder the Save the Seashore Birds Project sponsored by the Royal Society for the Protectionof Birds (UK) in cooperation with the Ghana Departmentof Game and Wildlife.
1.3 The principal managementobjective for the five key wetlandstargeted under this project is to maintain or restore the ecologicalintegrity of these wetland ecosystems. The purpose is to safeguardtheir continuingvalue as wildlife habitat and to enhancesustainable productivity in terms of traditionalcompatible industries and uses such as coastal and lagoon fisheries, salt production, irrigatedagriculture, and recreation. This project will address common requirementsto establish and managethe coastal wetlands as "Ramsar" sites such as: boundary survey, demarcationand establishment;monitoring of key indicatorsreflecting water quality, pollution, erosion, and health of the aquatic environment;site management
I/ The 'Convention on Wetlands of International ImportanceEspecially as Waterfowl Habitat" known a8 RAMSAR after the town in Iran where it was signed by the original parties on 2 February 1971. Ghana has been a party since 1988. - 9 -
personnel and infrastructure;and local public awarenessof environmentalissues. The project sites differ appreciably in size and in both the magnitudeand nature of present and potential threats to their long term ecologicalviability. A crucial issue and major componentof this project concernsthe identificationof sustainabledevelopment options that meet local communityneeds and objectivesand are compatiblewith maintainingthe long term ecological stability of the wetlands. In the case of the 'rural' lagoons, project-financedactivities would include socio-economicand technical studiesto identify compatibledevelopment options such as intensifiedfisheries management,development of lagoon aquaculture, and possible expansion of the artisanal salt industry. For the urban lagoons, the project would include financing for engineeringstudies and civil works to mitigatethe impact of urban pollutionon the wetland ecosystemsand to maintain or restore their natural hydrologicalbalance.
1.4 The principal managementauthority for the project would be a WetlandsManagement Unit to be establishedwithin the Departmentof Game and Wildlife (DGW). In addition to routine project administrationand technicalmanagement, this unit would include a specialist on communityrelations and public education. A WetlandsManagement Committee would be establishedunder the Natural ResourcesInter-sectoral Network administeredby the EnvironmentalProtection Council to provide technicalguidance and a forum for addressing intersectoraltechnical issues regarding the managementof project sites. Each site would have a local Site ManagementCommittee with representationof traditionalcommunity leaders and local governmentas well as appropriatesectoral agenciesand interests (e.g., fishermen, market women). On-sitemanagement would be done under the administrationof a site warden employedby DGW but to the extent practical employinglocal residents as community rangers for assistingin monitoringstudies, border maintenanceand other activities. Disbursementof funds for activitiesthat benefit both the environmentand the well-beingof the human residents such as improvementin sanitationfacilities and water supplies, developmentof fuelwoodresources and modest tourism infrastructurewould be done under supervisionof the DGW but accordingto priorities set by the local Site Management Committees.
1.5 Public awarenessof environmentalissues and of the relationshipbetween environmentallysound managementand sustainableeconomic development are crucial to long term program success. This project seeks to develop communityawareness by creating and maintainingmodest environmentaleducation facilities at each of the sites, supportingthe developmentand disseminationof appropriateenvironmental education materials and programs and providing resourcesto enable expansionand further program developmentof the Wildlife Clubs of Ghana, a non-governmentorganization for schoolchildrenthat has taken a leading role in promotingenvironmental awareness in Ghana over the past three years.
II. BACKGROUND
A. Coastal Zone Indicative Management Plan
2.1 The Ghana EnvironmentalAction Plan prepared by the EnvironmentalProtection Council with support from the World Bank includes a major section on coastal zone - 10 -
managementthat was prepared in 1990 under the title "Coastal Zone Indicative Management Plan" (CZIMP). Six sites within the coastal zone, includingfive coastal lagoonsor estuaries and their catchmentsare proposed for establishmentas protected areas with principal managementobjectives listed as conservationof wildlifeor wildlife habitat and the encouragementof compatibleeconomic development activities such as fishing and recreation. The single "upland" site (Cape Three Points Forest Reserve) is being addressedunder the World Bank financed "Forestry II" project and is not consideredfurther here. The five wetland sites: Muni, Songor, Sakumo and Anlo-Ketalagoons, and the estuary of the Densu River are shown in Annex 9: Figure 1. The CZIMP includes an indicativemanagement plan for the Songor Lagoon and referencesdraft managementplans for three other sites (Muni, Sakumo, Densu Delta) which have been prepared by the Save the Seashore Birds Project. Common elements indicatedfor the implementationof managementplans includethe legal designationand physical demarcationof site boundaries, establishmentof core zones for faunal protection, identificationof sustainableand compatibledevelopment options within adjacent "buffer" zones and the need for establishingan effective forum for local community involvement.
2.2 The CZIMP identifiesthe need to reconcile the conservationof the priority lagoon and estuary zones with developmentunder a multiple-usemanagement regime that encourages the maintenanceand/or developmentof compatibleeconomic activities. The importanceof communityparticipation in managementof the proposed protected zones is emphasizedas well as the potential utility of reinforcingtraditional strategies(based on cultural and religious customs and beliefs) for regulatingexploitation of lagoon resources.
2.3 The Plan also identifiesneeds for baseline data collectionand monitoringof crucial environmentalindicators that concern the environmentalhealth and ecologicalstability of the priority wetlands, as well as the need for developmentof a spatial databaseto facilitate planning on a broader scale within the coastal zone. The importanceof environmental educationat the communitylevel concerningecological principals of sustainablewetlands managementis recognized. The Departmentsof Game and Wildlife, Forestry and Fisheries are identified as key implementingagencies for the wetland conservationprogram with formal linkage to local governmentthrough the District Administrationsat the level of the individual sites.
B. Coastal Wetlands Management Plans
2.4 A study of the coastal wetlands was undertakenas part of preparation for the Ghana EnvironmentalResource ManagementProject (GERMP)of which this project forms one component. The resulting report 2/ prepared under sponsorshipof the Ghana EnvironmentalProtection Council and the World Bank provides detailed documentationof the concentrationsof migratory shorebirds and waders occurring on the Ghana coast; makes explicit recommendationsfor delineationof the five most ecologicallysignificant coastal wetlands as "Ramsar" sites; outlinesrequirements for baseline research, monitoringstudies and managementneeds for each of the wetland sites; and providesdetailed recommendations
a/ CoastalWetlands ManagementPlans: Ghana (Ntiamnoa-Baidu and Gordon, 1991) - 11 -
for program implementation,administration, management structure and schedule. The rationale, projectjustification and recommendationsfor program implementationgiven in the following sections are based largely on this documentand its supporting annexes.
C. Importance of Coastal Wetlands for Migratorv Birds
2.5 The ecologicalimportance of Ghana's coastal wetlandshas been systematically evaluated with regard to their internationalsignificance as habitat for migratoryshorebirds and waders by the Save the SeashoreBirds Project - Ghana (SSBP-G). Research on bird movementshas been undertaken since 1985 by local survey teams sponsoredby the Royal Society for Protectionof Birds (U.K.) (Ntiamoa-Baiduand Grieve, 1987; Ntiamoa-Baiduand Hepburn, 1988; Ntiamoa-Baidu,1988; ibid. 1991). Eighty sites along the Ghana coast have been surveyed and thirteen sites where large numbersof migrants congregatehave been regularly monitoredfor the past five years. The five coastal wetlands which are the focus of this project provide sanctuary for over 80% of the migratory waterbirdsstopping in Ghana. All meet criteria as sites of internationalimportance as waterfowl habitat under the "Ramsar" Convention,in that they regularly harbor more that 1% of the estimatedAtlantic Flyway populationsof three to nine species of long distancemigrants (Table 1). Peak populationsof shorebirds and waders recorded at the project sites range from 23,000 to over 111,000 (Table 2).
Table 1
Wetland sites on the Ghana coast qualifyingas Wetlandsof InternationalImportance by the 1% criterion. Calculationsbased on Altenburgh,ea, 1982 and Smit and Piersma, 1989.
Peak counts recorded at:
Species 1% of Anlo- Songor Sakumo Korle Densu Muni Elrnina Esiawa Estimated Keta Delta/Panbros East Atlantic Flyway Population l
Spotted Redschank 300 8,330 10,060 3.280 550 430 | Greenshank 500 6,900 4,770 1,180 - - 610 l Ringed Plover 2,000 2,860 3,010 - 3,500 - - Curlew Sandpiper 4,500 14,810 6,920 3,270 7,050 4,700 l Sanderling 1,000 - - - - - 4,520 Little Stint 2,000 5,790 2,530 2,570 5,780 2,610 l Black Tailed Godwit 1,500 - - 1,500 - - Avocet 700 1,560 3,740 - - - Black-Winged Stilt * 60 12,080 4,400 900 450 310 150 230 l
* Partial migrant. Numbers recorded comprise f. 55% palaearctic; 45% residents. - 12 -
Table 2
Peak counts and number of species recorded for principal wetland and seashoresites on the Ghana coast. Data from SSBP-G. (June, 1991).
Site No. of Species MinimumBird Recorded PopulationEstimate 1/ Keta Lagoon 2/ 72 109,300 Songor Lagoon 2/ 57 111,000 Densu Delta/Panbros Salt Pans 2/ 57 35,000 Sakumo Lagoon 2/ 66 32,500 Muni Lagoon 2/ 42 23,000 Korle Lagoon 31 21,700 Elmina Salt pans 43 8,600 Esiama Beach 43 9,700
1/ Based on peak counts of species recorded at each site. 2/ Proposed for designationas Ramsar site.
2.6 The project sites together form a network of resting and feeding grounds for more than seventy species of migratoryand resident waterbirds. On-goingstudies by SSBP-G indicate that a large number of the birds wintering along the Ghana coast move regularly among the proposed project sites. Together, these lagoons represent the fourth largest known concentrationof migratory waders and shorebirds along the West African Atlantic coast (Table 3).
Table 3
Major Concentrationsof Migratory Shorebirdsand Waders on the West African Atlantic Coast. Data from Smit and Piersman (1989) and SSBP-G(1991).
Country Site EstimatedTotal Bird Population Mauritania Banc d'Arguin 2,038,000 Guinea-Bissau Arguipelagodos Bijagos 980,000 Dem. Republic Guinea entire coast 400,000 Ghana Volta delta and coastal lagoons 130,000+ Sierra Leone Sierra Leone River 50,000 Liberia entire coast 35,000
2.7 Ringing studies which are conductedto monitor bird movementsamong roosting or feeding sites have just begun in Ghana over the past two years. This is the only reliable technique for recording bird movementswith certaintybut it is enormouslytime consuming - 13 -
and labor intensive, with a slow rate of data return for time/effort invested. Preliminary data from ring returns and observationsindicate movementoccurs among the principal sites but the frequency, magnitude, and proximate causes are not yet well understood. There is evidence that major concentrationsof birds shift between Songor and Keta lagoons in response to fluctuationsof water levels at Keta. During the peak of annual migrationsover 60% of migratory shorebirds and waders stopping in Ghana are found in the Songor and Anlo-Keta wetland complexesof the Volta Delta.
2.8 The numbers of birds stopping in passageor winteringon the Ghana coast as reflected in the peak counts reported in the above tables are minimumestimates. Based on known populationturnover rates at Mediterraneanand other West African sites the actual numbersof birds stopping in the lagoons over the course of an annual migration cycle is likely up to two times greater that the numbers reflected in peak counts. Althoughmost birds wintering or passing through the Ghanaian lagoons are assumedto belong to the East Atlantic Flyway populations,preliminary data from long distance leg-ring returns indicatethat the Ghana coast may be important winter habitat for some bird populationsusing the MediterraneanFlyway as well.
D. International Conventions Relevant to Coastal Wetlands
2.9 Ghana is a signatory to three internationalconventions that pertain to conservationof wetlands and the fauna and flora that they contain. Titles of the conventions,dates of signing, and relevant abstracts are listed below:
-Title: African Conventionon the Conservationof Nature and Natural Resources("African Convention")
Date Signed By Ghana: 1968
Relevant Provisions: This conventionobligates signatories to: "manageaquatic environments,whether in fresh, brackish, or coastal water, with a view to minimizingdeleterious effects of any water and land use practice which might adversely affect aquatic habitats." (Art. VII, Sect. la)
"In the formulationof all developmentplans, full considerationshall be given to ecological,as well as economicand social factors." (Art. XIX, Sect. 3)
"The ContractingStates recognize that it is important and urgent to accord a specialprotection to those animal and plant species that are threatenedwith extinction,or which may become so, and to the habitat necessaryto their survival." (Art. VIII, Sect. 1) - 14 -
Title: Conventionon the Conservationof MigratorySpecies of Wild Animals ("Bonn Convention").
Date Signed by Ghana: 1988
RelevantProvisions: "The Parties acknowledgethe need to take action to avoid any migratory species becomingendangered." (Art.I1, Sect.2)
" Parties that are Range States of a migratory species listed in AppendixI [endangered]shall endeavor:
(a) to conserve and where feasible and appropriate, restore those habitats of the species which are of importancein removing the species from danger of extinction." (Art. III, Sect. 4)
Title: Conventionon Wetlandsof InternationalImportance Especially as WaterfowlHabitat (RamsarConvention).
Date Signed by Ghana: 1988
Relevant Provisions: "Each ContractingParty shall designatesuitable wetlandswithin its territory for inclusionin a List of Wetlandsof International Importance... The boundariesof each wetland shall be precisely described and also delimitedon a map and they may incorporate riparian and coastal zones adjacent to the wetlands, and islands or bodies of marine water... lying within the wetlands, especiallywhere these have importanceas waterfowlhabitat.
"Wetlandsshould be selected for the List on account of their internationalsignificance in terms of ecology, botany, zoology, limnologyor hydrology. In the first instance wetlandsof international importanceto waterfowlat any season shouldbe included." (Art. II, Sect. 1 and 2)
"The ContractingParties shall formulateand implementtheir planning so as to promote the conservationof the wetlands included in the List, and as far as possible the wise use of wetlands in their territory.
"Each ContractingParty shall arrange to be informed at the earliest possible time if the ecologicalcharacter of any wetland in its territory and includedin the List has changed, is changingor is likely to change as the result of technologicaldevelopments, pollution or other human interference."(Art. III, Sect. I and 2)
"Each Contracting Party shall promote the conservationof wetlands and waterfowlby establishingnature reserves on wetlands, whether they are includedin the List or not, and provide adequatelyfor their wardening." (Art. IV, Sect. 1) - 15 -
The ContractingParties shall encourageresearch and the exchange of data and publicationsregarding wetlands and their flora and fauna.
" The ContractingParties shall promote the training of personnel competentin the fields of wetland research, managementand wardening." (Art. IV, Sect. 3 and 5)
2.10 Subsequentto the initial conferencefor establishingthe "Ramsar" Convention,held in Ramsar, Iran, several subsequentconferences of the ContractingParties have been held, the most recent in Regina, Saskatchewanduring 1987. The Regina Conferenceadopted criteria for identifyingwetlands of internationalimportance under Article 2 of the conventionand provided an expanded definition of "wise use" as employedin Article 3, Sect. 1, quoted above.
2.11 Specificcriteria for using waterfowlto identifywetlands of importanceadopted at the Regina Conferenceare:
"A wetland should be consideredinternationally important if: (a) it regularly supports 20,000 waterfowl; or (b) it regularlysupports substantialnumbers of individualsfrom particular groups of waterfowl indicativeof wetland values, productivityor diversity; or (c) where data on populationsare available, it regularly supports 1% of the individualsin a populationor subspeciesof waterfowl.
2.12 The expanded definition of "wise use" adopted at the Regina Conferenceis:
" The wise use of wetlandsis their sustainableutilization for the benefitof humankind in a way compatiblewith the maintenanceof the natural properties of the ecosystem."
Relevant guidelinesfor "wise use" adopted at Regina include:
"(d) proper assessmentof environmentalimpact before developmentprojects are approved, continuingevaluation during the executionof projects, and full implementationof environmentalconservation measures which take full accountof the recommendationsof this process of environmentalassessment and evaluation;and
"(e) use of developmentfunds for projects which permit conservationand sustainableutilization of wetland resources."
Full texts of the conventionsand conferenceresolutions quoted from above are given in Annexes 3-5 to this working paper. - 16 -
E. History and Objectives of the Save the Seashore Birds Project
2.13 Nearly all of the data which establish the importanceof the Ghana coastal zone as a region of major concentrationfor migratory waterfowlhave been developedover the past five years under a program that is directed by Dr. Yaa Ntiamoa-Baiduof the Zoology Department, University of Legon, Ghana. Financial and technicalsupport have been provided by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds to assist and sustaina program of avian surveys to identify major concentrationareas for migratorybirds on the Ghana coast and to regularly monitor populationsat key sites on a monthlybasis throughoutthe year. Over the past three years the SSBP has expanded activitiesin the realm of public awarenessof environmental issues and environmentaleducation through the promotionof Wildlife Clubs organizedby teachers at the primary and secondary school levels and the publicationand distributionof a popular magazine on natural history and conservationfor schoolchildren. Through a collaborativeprogram, staff of SSBPand RSPB have developeddraft managementplans for four of the five sites targeted by this project. Future plans for ongoing collaborationbetween SSBP and RSPB include expansionof public educationprograms and developmentof communitylevel environmentaleducation curricula, as well as continuationof the bird monitoring and ringing program to improve knowledgeof bird movementsamong roosting, feeding and nesting areas. The major constraintson expansionof this program at present are limits on key staff time, shortage of trained personnel, and limitedfunds for investmentin training, curriculum developmentand capital expenditures(e.g. for constructionof education centers).
lII. THE PROJECT AREA
A. General Description of the Project Zones
3.1 Five coastal wetland areas are proposed for inclusionin this componentof the GERMP. They are: Muni and Sakumolagoons, the Densu River delta, and the Songor and Anlo-Ketalagoon complexeswithin the Volta delta. Locationsof the sites are shown in Annex 9: Figure 1. The sites include the deltas or estuaries at the mouthsof the Volta and Densu rivers and three brackish-waterlagoons. All of the sites fall within the "coastalzone" as defined in the Coastal Zone Indicative ManagementPlan includedin the EAP. Two of the sites, Sakumo Lagoon and Densu Delta/PanbrosSalt Pans fall within the Greater Accra-Tema Urban Planning District.
3.2 Data on the size of these areas are summarizedin Table 4. Each site is divided into estimatesof the open water lagoon area, a "core zone" where activitieswould be strictly regulatedto preserve their value as wildlifehabitat and a managementzone that includes the catchmentsadjacent to the wetlandsthat are proposed for inclusionin the Ramsar site designations. The rationale for includingthe adjacent catchmentsand thereby bringing them within the planning and managementregime of the Ramsar sites is to acknowledgethat economic and demographicfactors within the catchmentshave direct and potentiallyprofound bearing on the long term ecologicalstability of the wetlands they surround. - 17 -
Table 4
Size of managementareas, wetlands and core zone sanctuariesfor proposed Ramsar sites.
Site ManagementArea Lagoon Area Core Zone (Sanctuary) l______(km) (km) (hectares) Anlo-Keta 1,200 300+ 2,500 Songor 330 115 500 Densu Delta 70 20 350 Muni 90 3 150 Sakumo 35 3 100 Totals: 1,725 441 3,600
3.3 In Table 5 data are summarizedon Ghana's present protected area system and the increase that establishmentof the coastal wetlandsas Ramsar sites would represent. At present there are no protected wetlandswithin the coastal zone. Inclusionof the wetlands proposed here which cover approximately440 km2 would represent an increaseof just over 3% in Ghana's protected area system. Classificationof the "core zones" (CL 36 km2) of the five sites as sanctuarieswhere managementwill specificallyfocus on habitat protection would increase by 8% the lands currentlymanaged as wildlife sanctuariesand strict nature reserves.
Table 5
Overviewof Ghana protected area system and increaserepresented by inclusionof Ramsar sites. (Data from IUCN Directory of AfrotropicalProtected Areas, 1987).
Category No. of Sites Area (hectare) All protected areas 14 1,288,864
Sanctuariesand strict nature reserves 3 44,817
Wetland areas of proposed Ramsar Sites 5 ca.44,000
Percentage increasein Ghana ProtectedArea System 3.5% represented by Ramsar Wetlands
Core zone sanctuariesproposed within Ramsar sites ca. 8 ca. 3,600
Percentage increase in area classifiedas sanctuaries 8.0% and strict nature reserves - 18 -
3.4 Table 6 compares Ghana with the ten other northern and western African signatories of the Ramsar Conventionin terms of the size and number of designatedwetland sites. At present, Ghana ranks tenth on the list. Designationof the five sites identifiedunder this project would reflect a major increasein relative commitmentto wetland conservationand management.
Table 6
Ramsar sites in northern and western Africa (data from IUCN-WCMCRamsar list, 1990).
Country No. of Sites Total Area (hectares) Algeria 2 4,900 Egypt 2 46,200 Gabon 3 1,080,000 Guinea-Bissau 1 39,098 Mali 3 162,000 Mauritania 1 1,173,000 Morocco 4 10,580 Niger 1 220,000 Senegal 4 99,720 Tunisia 1 12,600
Ghana (present) 1 7,260 Ghana (proposed) 5 172,500 Total: 6 179,760
B. Site Descriptions, Human Settlement Patterns and Economic Activities within the Project Zones
1. Muni Lagoon Complex
3.5 The Muni site (Annex 9: Figure 1), just west of Winnebaencompasses about 90 square kilometerscomprising the watershedof the Muni lagoon. Approximately10% of the drainage area in two parcels is currently classifiedas Forest Reserve. Withinthe site, approximately20 km2 form the traditionalhunting grounds of the Efutu people who use this area annually for their AboakyirFestival, a cultural ceremonythat involvesthe capture of a bushbuckby members of the local Asafo companies.
3.6 Muni has several small settlementswithin the proposed site. Total populationwithin the proposed site boundariesis less than 2,000, mainly concentratedalong the coast and the coast highway. The town of Winnebanear the eastern margin of the site is the closest "urban" area with a populationof about 30,000. The site falls within two local government Districts. - 19 -
3.7 The principal economicactivity of the people living around Muni lagoon is coastal fishing. Some fishing is done in the lagoon but the local people regard this as marginalto their economy. A small fraction of the catchmentis under cultivationfor cassava, maize and other crops that are mostly consumedlocally. Cattle grazing is not extensivein this region. The nearby town of Winneba is attemptingto encouragegrowth in beach and recreational tourism and some modest tourist facilitieshave been developedwithin about 2 km of the eastern margin of the lagoon.
3.8 Proposed zoning would includedesignation of approximately0.5 km2 of the lagoon and about lkm2 of the adjacent shoreline as a sanctuary or "core zone" to afford protection for breeding waders and migrants during crucial seasons. The traditionalhunting ground and part of the adjacent forest reserve would be designatedas a game managementarea to maintain the populationof bushbucknecessary for the AboakyirFestival to continue.
2. Songor Laioon Complex
3.9 The Songor site (Annex 9: Figure 1) includes the west bank of the lower Volta River estuary and the Songor lagoon which is a shallow, closed lagoon of about 115 square kilometers in surface area. The entire site falls within a single District of local government. The principal major settlementis the town of Ada-Foahon the west bank of the Volta River. Total populationwithin the site boundaries is over 50,000. Settlementsadjacent to the lagoon include several villages along the coast and a number of small villages within one to five kilometers of the inland margin of the lagoon.
3.10 Within the region of the Songor lagoon the town of Ada-Foahis trying to develop a tourist industry based on recreationalfishing and beach resort tourism. Along the coastal margin of the lagoon, several villages are involved in coastal fishing and fish-smokingfor export to commercialdomestic markets through Accra. Fishingfor tilapia with cast nets occurs throughout the lagoon but no data on catches are available. Interviews with local people indicate that there was once a crab fishery (Callinectes)within the lagoon which seems to have declined in parallel with the near total eliminationof mangrovesfrom the eastern part of the lagoon as wood was harvested for smokingfish. Along the northern (landward)and western margins of the lagoon, extensivenatural salt pans occur. The Songor lagoon has been the site of an indigenousartisanal salt industrydating back for over a century. Local correspondentsestimate that about 8,000 people are involved in the salt trade. Salt is collected by hand from natural evaporationpools and transported to collectionpoints. The salt is then bagged and shippedout by truck to Accra. Eight local cooperativeassociations handle the shipping and marketing. The VacuumSalt Companyoperates commercialsalt pans on the northwest margin of the lagoon. Attemptswere made to expand commercial/industrialsalt winning operations in the region in the early 1980's but met with strong local resistanceand were suspended. Recentlythe NationalMinerals Commissionundertook a feasibility study for industrialexpansion of the salt industry at Songor. Resultsof the study have not been publicly released but there appears to be some potential for major expansionof the salt winning enterprise within and adjacentto the lagoon. Plans for such expansionshould minimallytake into account the potential hydrologicaland ecologicalimpacts on the lagoon and a study of the likely consequencesfor the 100,000+ birds that congregatethere seasonally. A recent FAO study on aquaculturedevelopment noted the potential suitabilityof Songor lagoon for developmentof up to 200 ha of shrimp ponds. - 20 -
3.11 The total managementarea would encompassabout 330 km2. Proposed zoning within the site would includedesignation of a "core zone" or sanctuary of about 5 km2 at the eastern end of the lagoon for protectionof migratory bird habitat. A "buffer" zone extendingabout one kilometer from the lagoon margin would be delineatedwhere developmentwould be restricted to activitiescompatible with maintainingthe ecologicalstability of the lagoon.
3. Anlo-Keta Lagoon Complex
3.12 The Keta Lagoon (Annex 9: Figure 1), adjacent wetlandsand the immediate catchmentof this wetland complex, encompassabout 1200 km2 includingthe eastern bank of the Volta estuary and the coastal wetlands between the Volta River and the Togo border. The surface area of the principal lagoons and seasonallyflooded mudflats is over 300 km2.
3.13 Approximately80,000 people live within the site boundariesconcentrated principally along the coast and the northern (inland) margins of the lagoon. Coastal erosion is a severe problem effecting the long term viabilityof the coastal communities. The coast and lagoons of the Anlo-Ketacomplex may be undergoinglong term successionalchanges due in part to hydrologicalconsequences of dammingthe Volta river.
3.14 The Keta lagoon complex supportsthe largest "inland" fishery within the coastalzone of Ghana. The mode of fishing is artisanal employinga variety of methods includingcast nets, crab traps, bottle traps, trawl nets and shrimp traps. Traditional methodsof habitat manipulationthrough the constructionof "brush-parks"or acadjas to enhance fish catches are employedin the Keta lagoon. Principalspecies harvested from the lagoon include tilapia (Oreochromis),mullet (Mugilidae),crab (Callinectes)and shrimp (Penaeusand Parapenaeopsis). Catch statisticsare unavailablebut a recent FAO study (MacPherson, t al., 1990) reported that for Keta as for the other coastal lagoons, "Catchesseem small as do the sizes of the individualfish in the catch, a sign of overexploitation." This study noted the potential for culture based fisheries in the lagoons but cautioned that "... a thorough-going survey of the fisheries and environmentalconditions is a prerequisiteto the design of any stocking program."
3.15 Other principal economicactivities affecting the Keta lagoon are irrigated agriculture, principally along the interior margin of the coastal barrier dune west of the town of Keta. The effects of runoff from the irrigated culture of shallots on the lagoon are not well known. Obviouslythe salinity of the lagoon is an importantfactor in the viabilityof irrigated agriculture on the lagoon margin. Some potential for salt pan developmenthas been identified but details are unknown.
3.16 Proposed zoning within the site would include designationof up to five core zones or sanctuariesfor the conservationof critical bird habitat. Though several areas of high bird concentrationsare known, the precise location and size of these critical areas will require further study before they can be precisely delineated.It is estimatedthat the combinedarea of these critical zones will be in the range of 25 km2. As with the other lagoons, a "buffer zone" would be designatedto include the areas of the catchmentwith direct influenceon the lagoon ecosystem. - 21 -
4. SakumoLagoon and DensuDelta
3.17 The greater Accra-Temametropolitan region, the largest urban area in Ghana, has experiencedrapid growth and a doublingof populationover the past two decades to a current population in excess of 1.5 million. Even without migration, the relativelyhigh intrinsic populationgrowth rate will lead to a doublingagain of the urban populationin the region surroundingthese lagoonsover the next twenty years. Sakumo lies between Accra and the Tema township where urban developmenthas approachedwithin a few hundred meters of the eastern margin of the lagoon (Annex 9: Figure 1). The Densu River delta lies just to the west of Accra and urban developmenthas occurred to the eastern margin of the lagoon and along the coast (Annex 9: Figure 1).
3.18 The Sakumolagoon is still used by artisanal fishermen who catch tilapia, crab and shrimp with cast nets and traps. This area has considerablevalue as urban "green space' for recreational activities of inhabitantsof the metropolitanregion. Current developmentplans for the catchmentarea includeproposals for developmentof a golf course along the western margin and of a sewagetreatment facility for Accra-Temanear the eastern shore. These two proposals highlightpotential conflictsconcerning development issues within the area surroundingthis lagoon. Studies done in the early 1970's indicatedthere was some potential for fish aquaculturein this lagoon but there has been no attempt to pursue this enterprise (Pauly, 1976). Human waste runoff from housingdevelopments in Tema townshipadjacent to the lagoon are a current major source of pollutionthat is leadingto eutrophicationof the lagoon. Estimates of this pollution and optionsto mitigate impact on the lagoon of discharge of treated effluent from a planned sewage treatmentplant are described in Appendix3 as well as technical requirementsfor studies to evaluate options to restore natural tidal flushingof the lagoon.
3.19 The Densu River delta/estuarylies on the coastal floodplainbelow the Weija Dam. About half of the surface area of open water has been developedas a commercialsalt producing operation with an extensivesystem of evaporationponds. The pattern of water release from the Weija Dam is a major factor effectingthe dynamicsof the ecosystemas well as the salt production industry. Pollutionwith human waste from Accra is a problem of increasingconcern. Some artisanal fishing occurs within the lagoon and along the coast. A recent FAO study of developmentpotential for aquaculturein Ghana noted the potential feasibility of developingshrimp aquaculturein conjunctionwith the salt pond facilitiesthere.
3.20 The proposed managementarea for Densu Delta (Annex 9: Figure 1) encompasses roughly 70 km2 covering the estuary and immediatedrainage below the Weija Dam and the Panbros salt pans and adjacent lagoon (frequentlyreferred to as "SakumoI"). The Sakumo lagoon site (sometimescalled Sakumo II), located between the urban centers of Accra and Tema would include approximately35 km2 of the adjacent, undevelopeddrainage area in the managementzone. The areas of open water represented in these two wetlandsare approximately20 km2 and 3 km2 for Densu Delta and SakumoLagoon, respectively. The "core zone" or sanctuary areas proposed for Densu Delta and SakumoLagoon are approximately3.5 km2 and 1.0 km2, respectively. - 22 -
IV. RATIONALE
4.1 Globa. The justificationor rationale for consideringthe use of GEF funds to sustain and enhance the ecologicalhealth of coastal wetlands in Ghana can be viewed at three levels: global, national and local. At the global level the primary importanceof these coastal lagoons and estuaries concerns their internationalsignificance as habitat for migratoryshorebirds. The mudflats, sand bars and brackish lagoonsof Ghana lie at the apex of a vast inverted triangle spanningat its widest point over 240 degrees of latitude from the frozen fjords of Ellesmere Island to the shores of the East Siberian Sea. The East Atlantic Flyway, defined by the regular annual transit paths of several millionbirds shows vividly (and realistically)the biotic interconnectionamong the continentsof Africa, North America and Eurasia. The long term viability of the bird populationsthat connect these diverse landscapesis inextricably linked to the health of the ecosystemsin which they find regular sanctuary along their seasonal migration routes. The magnitudeof the distances travelled and the seeminglyvast numbers of individualsinvolved seem to defy the reductionof the problems of shorebird conservationto a simple equationof the form: x hectares of habitat conserved = y number of birds preserved. The regional significanceof the Ghanacoastal wetlandsis illustrated by the followingstatistics:
(a) overall, close to 5% of the shorebirdsand waders of the entire East Atlantic Flyway find refuge for part of each year on a few dozen square kilometersof wetlands on the Ghana coast;
(b) for 11 of the 42 speciesof long distance migratorywaterfowl that regularly frequent the coast, the concentrationswithin these individuallagoons represent greater than 1% (up to 30% for some species) of the entire estimated flyway populations(Table 1); and
(c) together these five lagoons and estuaries annuallyharbor the fourth largest known concentrationof Atlantic coastal migrants in West Africa. (Table 3)
Of the major roosting and feeding areas for migrants on the West African Atlantic coast, the Ghana lagoons are noteworthyfor the absence of any formal managementor protection. Effecting managementof these wetlandswould be a top priority investmentfor migratory bird conservationon both a regionaland global scale. The current global registry of Ramsar sites (IUCN, 1991) lists no protected wetlands along the entire coast of the Gulf of Guinea - a prominentgap in the existing regional networkof conservationareas.
4.2 National. Ghana's record of commitmentto conservationof biodiversityis praiseworthy: over 5% of the national territory is currently representedin the system of parks, reserves, sanctuariesand game managementareas. Evidence of continuing commitmentis shownthrough inclusionof an action plan to improve managementof the existing protected area system under the Forest Resource ManagementProject using credit funds suppliedby the World Bank. A notable gap in the Ghana protected area system (identified in the Ghana EAP) is the absence of units that represent coastal wetland ecosystems. From a national perspectiveof sustainingthe widest representationof natural biodiversityat the level of ecosystemsor natural communities,coastal wetlands are a top - 2 3 -
priority. Further, the sites identifiedunder this project includethe only presently known nesting sites in Ghana for three species of sea turtles listed as globallythreatened by IUCN.
4.3 Local. The coastal zone of Ghana includesboth the region with the highest density of human habitation and most rapid growth (greater Accra), and rural districtsthat are within the lowest national stratum of personal or householdincome. In the first instancethe Sakumo lagoon and Densu Delta wetlandsprovide the most accessiblesites for outdoor recreation and interactionwith the natural environmentto residents of the largest urban district in Ghana in additionto their documentedglobal importancefor biodiversityconservation. In the instance of the rural lagoons - Muni, Songor and Keta - the majorityof people living around the lagoons derive a major fraction of their livelihoodfrom the lagoonsthemselves (via fishing and/or salt winning)or from industriessuch as inshore marine fisheries that depend, at least in part, on the ecologicalhealth of the adjacent wetlands(e.g., as fish spawninggrounds or sources of nutrient input into inshore coastal waters). Both the present way of life and the long term economicprospects of the human populationsliving near the lagoons and estuaries depend on the ecologicalhealth and stability of these wetland ecosystems.
4.4 The basic rationale for the program that is described in the following section is that the "international"or "global" value that is placed on these wetlandsby the world community can only be realized or maintainedif this value can be reconciledwith the values and needs of the people that live in and derive their livelihoodfrom these wetland ecosystems,and if these values are perceived at the national level where critical decision making occurs. The crucial link is the identificationof common resourcesthat benefit human and avian inhabitantsjointly. In the case of these coastalwetlands, traditional"protection" is not an option to maintain critical bird habitat if it impliesundue restrictionof the optionsof people to derive benefit from the resources that effect both the birds and their own lifestyle and livelihood(e.g., clean water, stable or predictablehydrological cycles, and sustainedharvestable aquatic food resources). The section that follows describesthe program proposed to identifyand reinforce these common values - at local, nationaland global levels - and to maintain the common resourcesupon which all living componentsof these ecosystems(human and biotic) depend. Working Paper # 9, prepared for the associatedproject (GERMP)provides further discussion of the economic considerationsof wetland values.
4.5 Present Ecological/EconomicStatus. Long term viabilityof the coastal wetlands depends ultimatelyon accurate assessmentof their sustainablepotential productivity of goods and services (e.g., food, fuel, fibre, recreation, salt, flood control, pollution sinks, etc.) to communitiesliving within and adjacentto the catchments. Acceptanceof the conservation program by local communitiesmay depend on the actions taken to enable them to appreciate and realize profits from improvementsin wetland management. At present the principal direct products of the lagoons are fish, crabs, salt, and firewood (from harvestingof mangroves). There are no reliable long-termdata on fisheries productivityof the lagoons but interviews with residents indicate a decline in fish harvests over the past two decades. At Songor lagoon, long time residents noted the decline of the crab fishery in parallel with the near eliminationof mangroves from the lagoon margin. The salt industry is dependanton the salinity of water entering the lagoons (or pumped from the ocean) and the amount of freshwater inflow from natural floods or the water release cycle of upstream dams. Several of the lagoons (Songor, Keta, Densu) which were formerly open to the sea (and thus potentiallysignificant nursery grounds for inshorefish stocks) are now closed. Sakumo lagoon, formerly open to the sea across much of its width, is now reduced to modest tidal - 24 -
flow through a pair of narrow culverts. The relationshipbetween changes in the lagoons over the past 20-40 years and inshore marine fish catches is not well understood. Data on inshore marine fisheries show a recent decline in average length of fish taken, suggestingthat present exploitationis beyond sustainablelevels (M. A. Mensah, pers. comm.). The former productivity of these lagoons and estuaries is unknownbut indicationsare that their present production of fish is likely below their previouspotential. Likewise, actual and potential production of salt within these brackish lagoons is certainly below former potential when the lagoons were subject to inflow of seawater. The absence of data on annual hydrological cycles, salinity, fish populationdynamics, nutrient cycles, and pollutionlevels in the lagoons (though see Biney, 1982) makes it difficult to estimate potentialsustainable productivity of fish, crabs, shrimp or salt; to determine what nature and extent of interventionsmight enhance productivity of the lagoon or inshoremarine environments;or to determine what the costs and benefits of interventionsmight be. One major aspect of the project described below is a program to develop the requisite data base on biological and physical parametersto identify long term sustainabledevelopment options and identifypotential interventions.
V. THE PROPOSED PROJECT
A. Project Description
5.1 The objectivesof the coastal wetlands managementprogram are to bring the five key coastal wetlands identified in the EAP and proposed for designationas "Ramsar" sites under an effective managementregime, to ensure their long term ecologicalviability, to encourage appropriate economicdevelopment that is consistentwith these goals, and to promote public awarenessof environmentalissues and conservationvalues. The proposed program has four principal elements: site establishmentand management;research and monitoring; community- based development;and environmentaleducation/public awareness. These are first discussed below, followed by more detailed discussionof project-financedactivities at each site.
5.2 Survey and Demarcation. The project wouldfinance the survey and demarcationof site boundaries includingdesignation of "core zones" for critical habitat conservation,and "land managementzones" for protectingtheir watersheds. Activitiesto be financedby the project would includeborder planting and pillaring; establishmentof firebreaks; erosion control and amenityplanting; constructionof trails and observationposts for monitoringbird populationsand other wildlife.
5.3 Local Site Management. The project would finance managementof the sites including staffing with appropriatepersonnel from the Departmentof Game and Wildlife (DGW). Managementactivities such as maintenanceof boundariesand trail systems, monitoringof wildlifepopulations, habitat managementand erosion control plantingwill be undertaken under DGW supervisionwith staff recruited locally and provided with training in basic principals of conservationand wildlife management. Activitiesto be financedunder the program include training for communityrangers/wardens, construction and furnishingof offices and lodging for DGW site wardens, constructionand staffing of communityeducation facilities. Managementof the upland areas within the project sites to enhanceproductivity - 25 -
and reduce land degradation(and negative impacton the aquatic environment)would be undertaken followingmethods and principlesdeveloped under the Land Management Componentof the GERMP. The project would also finance engineeringstudies and civil works to mitigatedetrimental impactsof identifiedproblems, e.g., proposed sewerage- treatment plant effluentdischarge into SakumoLagoon and the identificationand analysis of options for improvingtidal flushing of the lagoon (see Appendix3).
5.4 Research and Monitoring. The project would financethe necessarybaseline studiesto determine the current status of the aquatic ecosystemsand surroundingcatchments and to carry on regular monitoringof key hydrological, limnologicaland biologicalindicators for the duration of the project. A research station/laboratorywould be establishedwithin the Songor site under the administrationof DGW with links to appropriateacademic and research institutesto serve as a base for long term studies of aquatic biology within the Volta River delta. The general requirementsand managementstructure for the proposed studies are provided in Annex 8. The project would also finance the developmentof a NationalWetlands ConservationStrategy. This would be undertakenduring year three of the project to build on the knowledge, informationand experiencedeveloped under the Coastal Wetlandsprogram, and utilizing informationdeveloped under the Volta Basin Environmentand Development OptionsStudy to be undertakenunder the associatedproject (GERMP), and the study of developmentoptions for coastal wetlandsdescribed below (Terms of Reference are given in Annex 8). Additionalstudies to be financed under the GERMP would includeenvironmental impact assessmentof any proposed developmentschemes effectingthe wetlands.
5.5 CommunityDevelopment. The project would support developmentthat is compatible with maintainingthe ecologicalbalance of the wetlandsthrough financingof socio-economic and technicalstudies of compatibledevelopment options such as intensifiedfisheries management,development of lagoon aquacultureand expansionof salt production. The project would also establish an investmentfund to financepilot schemes and infrastructure that would enable the options identifiedto be realized. These would includeenterprises that both benefit the environmentand promote well-beingof local communitiessuch as constructionof sanitationfacilities, improvementof local water supplies, developmentof alternativefuelwood resources and improvementsin infrastructurefor water managementand tourism development.
5.6 EnvironmentalEducation and Public Awareness. The project would finance the constructionand staffing of communityeducation facilities at each of the project sites and provide training in environmentaleducation to personnelof the DGW and the Wildlife Clubs of Ghana (WCG). A major facility for visitors would be constructedadjacent to the Sakumo Lagoon which would also provide headquartersand office space for the DGW management and educationalstaff. The Sakumocenter located in the heart of the major metropolitan district of Accra-Tema would have exhibit, classroomand auditoriumfacilities that would cater to school field trips and provide regular programs on environmentalthemes for the general public. The center would be maintainedby the DGW but would share programming with the environmentaleducation unit of the EPC. Developmentof curricula and educational materials, organizationof specialevents, and promotionof environmentalawareness in the general public would be done by WCG personnel.
5.7 The project would also provide financial support to the Wildlife Clubs of Ghana, a non-governmentorganization focussed on developingenvironmental awareness in school - 26 -
children. The project would finance production and disseminationof educationalmaterials, sponsor training workshops for volunteer Wildlife Club leaders and underwrite extension activities such as field trips, camps and environmental/conservationprojects. WCG would train and supervise communityeducation officers to work with local communitiesand develop programs for the local educationcenters at each of the wetland sites.
B. Site Plans
5.8 Details of boundary establishmentand habitat enhancementfor all of the sites are summarizedin Table 8.
Table 8
Boundaryestablishment and habitat enhancementactivities for Ramsar sites.
l______l ______lC overage Activity Unit Unit Cost Muni Songor Anlo- Sakumo/ Total l ______(Cedis) Keta Densu _ _ Boundary survey km 162,500 48 112 250 50 460 Boundaryclearance km 6,700 40 50 160 20 270 Border planting km 187,500 40 50 160 45 295 Firebreaks km 60,000 15 0 0 0 15 Nature trails km 6,700 5 10 20 15 50
Survey pillars unit 100,000 40 60 100 90 290 Signboards unit 50,000 80 100 150 200 530 Habitat imp pltg ha 37,600 200 100 200 0 500 Erosion control pltg ha 37,600 200 100 300 60 660 Roosting islands unit 2,000,000 0 2 8 6 16
Boundarymaint. km 6,700 48 112 250 50 Firebreak maint. km 60,000 15 - - -
1. Muni Lagoon Complex
5.9 Managementof the traditionalhunting grounds involves habitat enhancementplanting, modest restockingof the bushbuckpopulation and constructionof firebreaks along the perimeter. Observationposts will be constructedto facilitate managementand monitoringof game populations. - 27 -
5.10 Capital works includethe constructionof a modest educationcenter, housingand office facilities for the Site Warden. This will also require upgrading of the coastalroad for about 2.5 km west from Winneba to the proposed site of the education/officecomplex.
5.11 Baselineand monitoringstudies for the Muni site will includean initialbiological survey of the bushbuck managementarea as well as assessmentof hydrological,limnological and biological parameters of the lagoon.
5.12 Use of communityinfrastructure funds are anticipatedfor constructionof sanitation facilities and purchase of a dump truck for refuse removal.
2. Songor Lagoon Complex
5.13 Delineation of the bird sanctuary and buffer zones will follow recommendationsof studies done by the Save the SeashoreBirds Project that are currently in progress.
5.14 In addition to the "routine" baseline and monitoringstudies of hydrology, limnology, aquatic biology, and erosion effects on the lagoon (Table 11), proposed expansionof the salt industry within and adjacentto the lagoon will require an environmentalimpact assessmentof effects on the lagoon ecology and their implicationsfor the migratorybirds which concentrate there in numbers that regularly exceed 100,000 individuals. Resultsof the EIA may identify engineeringstudies that would be required to define optionsto mitigatedetrimental effects resulting from expansionof the salt-winningindustry. Through the InvestmentSupport Fund to be establishedunder this project financingof these studiesand/or civil works to reduce or mitigate impactson the bird sanctuary zone could be providedshould the proposed expansion of the salt industryoccur.
5.15 Capital works proposed include the construction and equipping of a field research center for the study of wetland ecology of the lagoon and the lower Volta River delta. The DGW would administerthe center in collaborationwith the University of Ghana at Legon. To provide reliable access to the proposed field center and the eastern margin of the lagoon it will be necessaryto upgrade about 10 km of roadway along the coast east of the town of Ada Foah. Funding is included for the constructionof observationtowers to facilitate monitoring of bird populationsand for constructionof roosting islands to enhanceuse of the sanctuary zones during high water episodes.
5.16 Anticipateduses of communityinfrastructure funds includethe constructionof sanitationfacilities and improvementof fresh water suppliesto villageson the margin of the lagoon and possible constructionof aquacultureponds and works to better control water flow to the salt pans.
3. Anlo-KetaLagoon Complex
5.17 The cost estimate for survey and border demarcationfor this large area is based on the intentionof adopting certain pre-existingboundaries such as national highways and shorelines as the "official" site boundarieswhere this is practical. Nonetheless,there is an anticipatedneed for demarcating "internal"boundaries of buffer zones and core/sanctuary areas as the data for identifyingthese areas are acquired. - 28 -
5.18 Baselineand monitoringstudies concerningthe hydrology, limnology, aquatic biology and fisheries of the principal lagoons are proposed to be undertakenat the same level of effort as for Songor Lagoon. A direct "scale up" based on lagoon surface area would require several times the effort for Songor. The purpose of these studies is to develop an understandingof the key indicatorsthat reflect the health and stabilityof the wetland ecosystemso the emphasis is on defining a survey and monitoringprotocol that can be realistically sustainedover time rather than a comprehensive"research" regime. Studies concerninglong term hydrologicalchanges resulting from constructionof the AkosongoDam and related erosion problems are included in the Volta Basin environmentalassessment to be undertaken under the associatedBank project.
5.19 Capital works proposed, includethe constructionof a modest communityeducation center at Keta and offices and housingfor managementpersonnel from the DGW. About 15 km of road upgrading will be necessaryto provide access for monitoringuse of wetlands and beaches along the western margin of the site by birds and nesting sea turtles. Regions of the Keta complexexperience appreciablefluctuations in water level that periodicallyresult in roosting areas being inundatedto levels that preclude their use by wading birds. Funds have been reserved for constructionof roosting islands in key areas once these have been identified.
5.20 Anticipateduses of communityinfrastructure development funds includethe constructionof improved public sanitationfacilities in villages adjacent to the lagoon and possibly maintenanceof canals used for bringing water to irrigated crops at the lagoon margin and improved fisheries management.
4. Sakumo Lagoon and Densu Delta Complex
5.21 The project would finance survey, delineationand demarcationof site boundariesand amenity planting of borders and other areas. In additionto baselineand monitoringstudies of lagoon hydrology, limnology,aquatic biology and ornithologythe project would finance necessary engineeringstudies to define options for improved regulationof water flow and water quality within the lagoons and the Densu River estuary (see Annex 8).
5.22 The location of SakumoLagoon in the center of the Accra-Temametropolitan region and the easy access and recreationalopportunities it thereby affords for the large nearby urban populations,make this site the logical choice for an environmentaleducation center that would serve both the metropolitanschool districts and the general public. The project would finance constructionof a visitor/nature center that will present regular educationalprograms for schoolchildrenand the public to develop and enhancepublic awarenessabout the ecology of coastal wetlands and environmentalissues in general.
5.23 A major capital expenditureassociated with establishmentof the Sakumo site concerns constructionof an ocean outfall for treated effluentfrom the Tema sewagetreatment plant to be constructednear the eastern margin of the SakumoLagoon. Engineeringdetails and costing of the outfall are presented in Appendix3. - 29 -
C. Organization and Management
5.24 Program Coordinationand Supervision. The project would provide funds to establish a WetlandsManagement Unit (WMU) within the Departmentof Game and Wildlife consisting of a Principal Wildlife Officer/ WetlandsSpecialist, an EnvironmentalEducation/ Community Relations Specialistand appropriatesupport personnel. A senior technical advisorwith knowledgeof Ghanaian coastal ecosystemsand conservationissues within this region would be recruited by DGW to assist the WMU program coordinatorin program planning, design and execution. The WMU would be the principal executingagency for the project. Local on- site managementactivities would be carried out by DGW site wardens supervisedby the WMU and locally recruited communitywardens or rangers. Althoughinitially the WMU would primarily focus on the coastal wetlands, this unit should be establishedat an appropriate administrativelevel to take responsibilityfor wetlandsconservation and managementnationwide as capacity and experiencewith wetland managementgrows and other priority areas are identified.
5.25 Intersectoralparticipation in policy decisionsaffecting the project sites would be accomplishedthrough oversight by the Natural ResourcesInter-sectoral Network, a standing committeeto be administeredby the EPC TechnicalSecretariat. Routine administrative supervisionand program review would be provided by the Coastal Wetland Management Project Operations Committee(CWMPOC), the compositionof which is outlined in Table 9. The Natural ResourcesInter-sectoral Network would deal with major policy issues affecting the Coastal WetlandsProgram, provide a forum for identifyingand resolving intersectoral conflictsconcerning management of the sites and provide oversight and review of major project componentssuch as the developmentoptions study. The CWMPOCwould operate as a standing operational group to plan and review program activities. For special needs such as the design and periodic review of the research and monitoringstudies described below (Table 1I and Sections 5.28 - 5.29) membershipwould be expanded to bring in special expertise as required.
Table 9
Coastal Wetland Management Project Operations Committee
Chair: Director, Departmentof Game and Wildlife Secretary: WetlandsManagement Unit Coordinator, DGW Members: Deputy Director, Inter-sectoral Networking,EPC-TS; Wetlands Program TechnicalAdvisor
5.26 Survey and Demarcation. External boundary surveys would be done during the first year of the project and reviewed or supervisedby the Survey Department. The establishment, posting and maintenanceof external boundariesas well as demarcationof "internal" boundaries within the sites, border planting, and firebreak establishmentwould be carried out under DGW supervisionwith locally recruited labor.
5.27 Local Site Management. Local Site ManagementCommittees would be established for each site that would include representationby local government,traditional councils, - 30 -
district sectoral officers, as well as representativesof local industry/artisancooperatives. Table 10 illustratesthe proposed compositionof the Site Committeefor Songor Lagoon. Site ManagementCommittees would participatein developmentof managementplans for the areas and approve disbursementof communityinfrastructure funds. The WMU with input from local site committees,the senior technicaladvisor and relevant sectoral agencieswill develop managementplans for each of the sites. A resident DGW warden would be responsiblefor overseeing routine operations and managementactivities at each site includinghabitat enhancement,monitoring of wildlife populations, maintenanceof trails and boundaries, etc.
Table 10
Site Management Committee for Songor Lagoon
Chairman: CWMU TechnicalAdvisor Secretary: CWMU Coordinator
Members: ResidentDGW Game Warden Representativeof SSBP-G District Secretary Representativeof TraditionalCouncil District Forestry Officer District Fisheries Officer Presiding Member, Ada District Assembly Representativeof Ministryof Health Representative,Ghana Water and Sewerage Corporation Representativeof Fisherman's Cooperative Representative of salt miner's cooperatives
5.28 Research and Monitoring. Design and executionof the studies summarizedin Table 11 would be done under supervisionof the CWMPOCaugmented with expert members drawn from relevant agenciessuch as the Instituteof Aquatic Biology (GAB),the Fisheries Research Institute (FRI), the Water ResourcesResearch Institute and the Institutefor Statistics,Social and EconomicResearch (ISSER). General terms of reference for baseline and monitoring studies are given in Annex 8. Table 11 provides an estimate of overall research requirements for each site in terms of "person-months"of effort. The Senior Technical Advisor will be the person with principal responsibilityfor planning, design, execution and overall coordination, supervisionand review of the research and monitoringstudy program.
5.29 Baselineand monitoringstudies will begin in the first year and continuethroughout the duration of the project. Specific studieswill be carried out by: the Water Resources Research Institute (hydrology);the Instituteof Aquatic Biology (limnology,water quality, lagoon fisheries); and the University of Ghana (Legon), Zoology and Botany Departments (birds and other terrestrial vertebrates, plant ecology and ethnobotany). Studies will focus on key indicators for monitoringthe health of the wetland ecosystemsor importantelements such as migratory bird populations,fishery stocks and economicallyuseful plants. The overall requirements for studies will be developedby a working group formed by the CWMPOCand chaired by the Senior Technical Advisor. The working group will also regularly review - 31 -
results of the monitoringstudies and advise CWMPOCon the need for modificationsto study design or requirementsfor further research.
Table 11
Baselineand monitoringstudies for Ramsar sites
Study Type Minimum Maximum No. of Sites Total (months) (months) (Min + Max) (months) Baseline
Water quality, Limnology, Aquatic biology 2 3 3 + 2 12 Hydrology 2 2 3 + 2 10 Lagoon fisheries 1 2 3 + 2 7 Water birds 1 2 3 + 2 7 Terrest. ecology 1 2 3 + 2 7 Erosion/land degradation 1 2 3 + 2 7 Sociology 1 4 3 + 2 11
Total 9 17 27 + 34 61 Annual Monitoring
Water quality, Limnology, Aquatic biology 1 1 5 Hydrology 1 1 5 Lagoon fisheries 1 1 5 Water birds 1 1 5 Terrest. ecology 1 1 5 Erosion/landdegradation 1 1 5 Sociology 1 1
Total 5 35
"Minimum"Sites: Muni, Densu Delta, Sakumo "Maximum"Sites: Songor, Keta
5.30 CommunityDevelopment. Project financed studiesto identifydevelopment options within the Ramsar sites that are compatiblewith maintainingtheir ecologicalvalue would be undertakenunder the administrationof the EPC/TS. Terms of reference would be drawn up by the Studies and InvestigationsProject OperationsCommittee (SIPOC) administeredby the EPC, and reviewed by the CWMPOC. Studieswould be executedby a team of local and internationalconsultants minimally including specialists in resource economics,fisheries, agronomy, wetland ecology, hydrology/limnologyand rural sociology. Results and recommendationswould be reviewed by the SIPOC and CWMPOC. Use of the Investment - 32 -
Support Fund for identified developmentswithin the coastalwetland sites would be subject to approval by CWMPOCand IDA. Local Site Committeeswould participatein decisions concerningdisbursement of communitydevelopment funds (for infrastructuresuch as sanitationfacilities, water supplies, etc.) to be administeredby the WMU under CWMPOC supervision.
5.31 EnvironmentalEducation and Public Awareness. Developmentof curricula and communityeducation/awareness programs will be coordinatedby the educationofficer within the WMU in collaborationwith the Wildlife Clubs of Ghana. The WMU educationofficer and WCG staff will plan and conduct educationalactivities to foster awarenessof environmental issues affectingthe coastal region. An assistanteducation officer will be in charge of operatingthe environmentaleducation center at SakumoLagoon with responsibilityfor developingpublic informationprograms there. Supportto the Wildlife Clubs of Ghanato foster environmentalawareness among schoolchildrenwill be administeredthrough the WMU. Project support to WCG will finance publicationof a children's magazineon conservationand the environment,training and orientation of Wildlife Club Leaders, organizationof special events to promote communityawareness of environmentalissues, training and posting of communityrelations/environmental awareness specialists at each of the communityeducation centers (Muni, Songor, and Keta) developedunder the project.
D. Project Costs
5.32 Tentative estimatesof the costs of the Coastal WetlandsManagement Program amount to approximatelyUS$ 8.3 million of which $0.5 M is allocatedfor the InvestmentSupport Fund to be administeredunder CWMPOCsupervision. The approximatebreakdown of proposed expenditureswithin general categories is:
Site survey and demarcation 10% Site improvement/management 40% Communitydevelopment 18% Mitigationand restoration 6% Research and monitoring 19% Educationand public awareness 7%
5.33 Financial Implications.The principal elementsof recurrent costs for managementof the Ramsar Sites are associatedwith personnel, maintenanceof equipmentand facilities, and environmentalmonitoring. Estimatesfor the annual costs (for Project Year 5) in these categories are:
Personnel US$ 34,900 Maintenanceof Equipment and Facilities 232,800 EnvironmentalMonitoring 76,500
TOTAL 333,500 - 33 - APPENDIX2 Annex 1 Page 1 of 1
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Acknowledgements
This working paper is based on information,data and ideas supplied by the people listed (alphabetically)below, who generouslyand patiently shared their time, thoughts and expertiseduring the pre-appraisalmissions to Ghana conductedduring 1991 and early 1992 and subsequentlyduring the preparation of this paper in Washington, D.C. Data on abundanceand distributionof birds was provided by Dr. Yaa Ntiamnoa-Baidu,Director of the Save the SeashoreBirds Project of Ghana, who is also the principal architectof the program outlined in this paper. Informationon costs and quantitiesof materials and required activities were assembled by Christopher Gordon who also provided considerableinput concerningthe design of monitoringstudies and other aspects of the program.
Mr. Daniel, Amlalu, EPC (Ghana) Dr. A. T. Amuzu, Water Resources Research Institute (Ghana) Dr. E. Asibey, AFTEN, World Bank Mr. Charles A. Biney, Instituteof Aquatic Biology, (Ghana) Dr. CynthiaCook, AFTEN, World Bank Mr. Alastair Gammell,Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (UK) Dr. Barry Gold, U.S. National Academyof Sciences Prof. Ebenezer Laing, Universityof Ghana, Legon (Ghana) Dr. Edouardo Loayza, AFTAG, World Bank Dr. Martin A. Mensah, Fisheries Research Unit (Ghana) Mr. Yao Ofori-Frimpong,Game and Wildlife Departrnent(Ghana) Mr. G.A. Punguse, Game and Wildlife Department,(Ghana) Mr. Brian A. Roberts, UN Centre for Human Settlements(Ghana) Mr. Ken Smith, Royal Society for the Protectionof Birds (UK) Prof. B.A.W. Trevallion, National DevelopmentPlanning Commission (Ghana)
Particular thanks are due the Director and staff of the EnvironmentalProtection Councilof Ghana for the many courtesies and able assistancethat were extendedto us during our visit. - 34 - APPENDIX2 Annex 2 Page 1 of 2
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African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resourc AFRICAN CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF NATURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES, 1968 PREAMBLE: We the Heads of State and Governmentof IndependentAfrican 3.12 IN lI NAI I( )N,N1. WILD1,1)11;. L States, Artie 1/ FULLY CONSCIOULSthat soil, water, flora and faunal resources FUNDAIMENTAL PRINCIPLE constitute a capital of vital imp3otance to mankind; rhe Contracting States shall undertake to adopt the measures to CONFIRMING, as we accepted upon declaring our adherence to ensure conservation, utilization and development of soil, water, flora the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, that we know that and faunal resources in accordance with scientific principles and it is our duty 'to harness the natural and human resources of our with due regard to the best interests of the people. continent for the total advancement or our peoples in spheres of human endeavour"; FULLY CONSCIOUS of the ever-growingimportance of natural A TIckIII resources from an economic, nutritional, scientiric, educational. DEFINITIONS cultural and aesthetic point of view; For pur-poses of the present Convention, the meaning of the CONSCIOUS of the dangers which threaten some of these followingexpressions shall be as defined below: irreplaceable assets; 1. 'Natural Resources" means renewable resources, that is soil, ACCEPTING that the utilization of the natural resources must n aim at satisfying the needs of man according to the carrying capacity water, ora and fauna. ol the environment; 2. 'Specimen" means an individual example of a species of wild DESIROUS of undertaking individual and joint action for the animal or wild plant or part of a wild plant. conservation, utilization and development of these assets by establishing and maintaining their rational utilization for the present 3. "Trophy' means any dead animal specimen or part thereof and future welfare of mankind; whether included in a manufactured or processed object or otherwise dealt withi,unless it has lost its original identity; also nests, CONVINCED that one Of the most appropriate means Of eggs and eggshells. achieving this end is to bring into force a convention; HAVE AGREED as follows: 4. "Conservation area' means any protected natural resource area, whether it be a strict natural reserve, a national park or a special reserve; Artic a) 'strict nature reserve" means an area: The Contracting States hereby establish an African Convention (i) under State control and the boundaries of which may e' > on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. not be altered nor any portion alienated except by the m e competent legislativeauthority, 0 Z (ii) throughout which any form of hunting or fishing, any ° >c undertaking connected with forestry, agriculture or mining, _, any grazing, any excavation or prospecting, drilling, levellingof the ground or construction, any work tending to alter the configuration of the soil or the character of the vegetation, any water pollution and, generally, any act likelyto harm or disturb the fauna or nlora, including introduction of zoological or botanical species, whether indigenous or imported, wild or domesticated. are strictiv forbidden. I ILAl ltICAN CONVENVIION 333 3 IN I LNA<.\I tONAL \ILDIFI:L LAW (iii) whereit shall be forbidden to reside,enter, traverseor c) wheresettlement and other human activitiesshall be camp,and whereit shall beforbidden to fly overat low altitude, controlledor prohi.bited; without a specialwritten permit from the competentauthority, . -and in which scientific investigations(including removal of (ae) partial reserve'or 'sanctuary which shall denotean animals and plants in order to maintain an ecosystem)may area only be undertakenby permissionof the competentauthority; a) set aside to protect characteristic wildlife and especially bird communities, or to protect particularly b) 'national park' meansan area: threatenedanimal or plant speciesand especiallythose listed in (i) under Statecontrol and the boundariesof which may the Ainnex to this Conveniion together with the biotopes not be alteredor anyportion alienatedexcept by the competent essentialfor their survival legislativeauthority, b) in which all other interests and activitiesshall be (ii) exclusivelyset aside for the propagation, protection, subordinated o this end; conservationand managementof vegetationand wild animals (iii) "soil", "water or "forest' reserveshall denoteareas set as well as for the protectionof sites,land-scapes or geological asideto protect such resources. formations of particular scientific or aestheticvalue, for the benefitand enjoymentof the generalpublic, and Artick IV (iii) in which the killing, hunting and capture of animals SOIL and the destructionor collectionof plantsare prohibited except for scientificand managementpurposes and on the condition The Contracting States shall take effective measures for that suchmeasures are takenunder the direction or control of conservationand improvement of the soil and shall in particular the competentauthority; combaterosion and misuseof the soil. To this end: co (iv) coveringany aquatic environmentto which all of the a) they shall establish land-use plans basedon scientific provisionsof section(b) (i-iii) aboveare applicable. investigations (ecological pedological economic and sociological)and, in particular, classificationand land-use The activities prohibited in 'strict nature reserve" under the capability; provisionsof section(a) (ii) of paragraph(4) of this article are equally prohibited in nationalparks except in so far as they are necessaryto b) they shall, when implementing agricultural practicesand enablethe parkauthorities to implementthe provisionsof section(ii) agrarianreforms, of this paragraph, by applying, for example, appropriate (i) improve soil conservation and introduce improved managementpractices, and to enablethe public to visit theseparks; farming methods,which ensurelong-term productivityof the however,sport fishing may be practisedwith the authorization and land, under the controlof the competentauthority; (ii) control erosion causedby various forms of land-use which may lead to lossof vegetationcover. , 'special reserve'means other protectedareas such as: sQ t c) (D Id (i) "gamereserve" which shall denotean area - ArleIk 1' a) set aside for the conservation, management and WAATER o x x propagation of wild animal life and the protection and managementof its habitat, 1. The Contracting Statesshall establishpolicies for conservation 4 W t'-: utilizationand developmentof undergroundand surfacewater, and b) within which the hunting, killing or capture of fauna shall endeavourto guaranteefor their populationsa suflicient and shallbe prohibited exceptby or under the direction or control continuoussupply of suitable water, taking appropriatemeasures of the reserveauthorities, with due regard to: I's, IA'LA 1. HINA1)u %\ 11.1 11.1 I 1. LA\%8 1HE AFRICAN CONVENTION 335 ATticbi I'll (i) the study of water cyclesand the investigationof each FLA1NALRESOURCES catchmentarea, (ii) the co-ordination and planning of water resources 1. The ContractingStates shall ensure conservation, wise useand developmentprojects, developmentof faunal resourcesand their environment,within the ...i) theadministrationandcon.rolorallwaterutiliza.ion, framework of land-use planning and of economic and social idevelopment.Management shall be carriedout in accordancewith and plansbased on scientiricprinciples, and to that end the Contracting (iv) preventionand control of water pollution. Statesshall: 2. Where surfaceor undergroundwater resourcesare sharedby a) manage wildlife populations inside designated areas two or more of the Contracting States,the latter shall act in according to the objectivesof such areasand also manage consultation,and if the needarises, set up inter-StateCommissions exploitable wildlife populations outside such areas for an to study and resolveproblems arising from the joint useof these optimum sustained yield, compatible with and com- resources,and for the joint developmentand conservationthereof. plementaryto other land uses;and b) manageaquatic environments,whether in fresh,brackish Artick VI or coastalwater, with a viewto minimisingdeleterious effects of FLORA any water and land use practicewhich might adverselyaffect 1. The ContractingStates shall takeall necessarymeasures for the aquatichabitats. protection of fora and to ensure its best utilization and 2. The Contracting Statesshall adopt adequatelegislation on development.To this end the ContractingStates shall: hunting, captureand fishing, under which: a) adopt scientirically-basedconservation, utilization and a) the issueof permits is properlyregulated; managementplans of forests and' rangeland, taking into accountthe socialand economicneeds of theStates concerned, b) unauthorizedmethods are prohibited; the importanceof the vegetationcover for the maintenanceof c) the following methodsof hunting. captureand fishing are the water balanceof an area, the productivity of soils and the prohibited: habitatrequirements oftthe fauna; habitat requirements of the fauna; (i) any method liable to causea massdestruction of wild b) observesection (a) aboveby payingparticular attention to animals, controlling bush fires, forest exploitation, land clearing for cultivation,and over-grazingby domesticand wild animals; (ii) the use of drugs, poisons, poisoned weapons or c) st asideareas for forestreserves and carryout afforestation poisonedbaits, programmeswhere necessary; (iii) the useof explosives; d) limitation of forestgrazing to seasonand intensitiesthat (iv) the following methods of hunting and capture are 0D will not preventforest regeneration; and - particularlyprohibited: e) establishbotanical gardens to perpetuateplant speciesof (1) the useofmechanically propelled vehicles; particular interest. (2) the useof fire; , I N
Z. The ContractingStates also shall undertakethe conservationof (3) the useof fire arms capableof firing more than one -lant speciesor communities, which are threatened and/or of round at eachl)ull of the trigger; ipecial scientific or. aestheticvalue by ensuring that they are (4) hunting or captureat night; ncludedin conservationareas. I I IL Al KRtIAN CONVENIION I ; (5) the use Ofmissiles containing detonators; flora and fauna of their respectivecountries. Such additional species (5) th fmsieotiigdtntr;shall be placed in Class A or B by the Stare concerned, according to d) the following methods of hunting or capture are as far as its specific requirements. possibleprohibited: (i) the use of nets and stockades, Arlic /X TRAFFIC IN8SPECIM\ENS AND TROPHI-ES (ii) the use of concealed traps, pits, snares, set-gun traps, deadfalls, and hunting from a blind or hide; 1. In the case of animal species to which Article Vill does not e) with a view to as rational use as possible of game meat, the apply the Contracting States shall: abandonment by hunters of carcasses of animals, which a) regulate trade in and transport of specimensand trophies; representa food resource, is prohibited. b) control the application of these regulations in such a way as Capture of animals with the aid of drugs or mechanically propelled to prevent trade in specimens and trophies which have been vehicles, or hunting or capture by night if carried out by, or under illegally captured or killed or obtained. the control of, the competent authority shall nevertheless be 2. In the case of plant and animal species to which Article VilI exempted from the prohibitions under (c) above. paragraph (I) applies, the Contracting States shall:
A rtic'e 1711 a) take all measures similar to those in paragraph (1); PROTECTED SPECIES b) make the export of such specimensand trophies subject to PROTECTEDSPECIES an authorization- ° 1. The Contracting States recognize that it is important and urgent l to accord a special protection to those animal and plant speciesthat (i) additional to that required for their capture. killing or are threatened with extinction, or which may become so, and to the collection by Article VIII1 habitat necessary to their survival. W'here such a species is (ii) which indicates their destination, representedonIy in the territory of one Contracting State, that State (iii) which shall not be given unless the specimens or has a particular responsibility for its protection. These specieswhich trophies halvebeen obtained legally, are, or may be, listed according to the degree of protection that shall be given to them are placed in Class A or B of the Annex to this (iv) which shall be examined prior to exportation, Convention, and shall be protected by Contracting Statesas follows: (v) which shall be on a standard form, as may be arranged (i) speciesin Class A shall be totally protected throughout under Article XVI; the entire territory of the Contracting States; the hunting, c) make the import and transit of such specimens and killing, capture or collection of specimens shall be permitted trophies subject to the presentation of the authorization > only on the authorization in each caseof the highest competent required under section (b) above with due provision for the (D Im authority and only if required in the national interest or for confiscation of specimens and trophies exported illegallysf h scientiric purposes; and without prejudice to the application of other penalties. o t (ii) speciesin Class B shall be totally protected, but may be . X ' x hunted, killed, captured or collected under special Arti& X authorization granied by the competent authoriry. CONSERVATION AREAS
2. The competent authority of each Contracting State shall I. The Contracting States shall maintain and extend where examine the necessity of applying the provisions of this article to approprate within their territory and where applicable in their species not listed in the annex, in order to conserve the indigenous territorial waters the Conservation areas existing at the time ofentry I IIE AFRICAN CONVENIION .1I9.\1 I .1(.\ \ I(\AL \\% I.1 )LDI.11 L.A%% into forceof the presentConvention and, preferably within the 2. In orderto put into effect )araigral)l(I) above,the Contracting frameworkof land-useplanning programmes,assess the necessity of Statesshall make maximum use of the educational value of establishingadditional conservationareas in order to: onscrnatlionareas. (i) protectthose ecosystems which are most representative orand particularlythose which are in any respectpeculiar to ArtckA I' their territories, I)EV'ELOPMENTI'LANS (ii) ensure the conservation of all species and more 1. *re Contracting States shall ensure that conservationand particularlyof thoselisted or which may be listed in the annex managementof natural resourcesare treatedas an integral part of to this Convention; nationaland/or regionaldevelopment plans. 2. The ContractingStates shall establish,where necessary, around 2. In the formulation of all developmentplans, full consideration the bordersof conservationareas, zones within which the competent shallbe given to ecological,as well asto economicand socialfactors. authorities shall control activities detrimental to the protected natural resources. 1 3. Where any development plan is likely to affect the natural resourcesof another State,the latter shall beconsulted. A tick XI CUSTOMARY RIGHTS ATt?cLe XV
The Contracting States shall take all. necessary legislative OR(;ANIZATION OF NATIONAL CONSERVATION > measuresto reconcilecustomary rights with the provisionsof this SER\ICES Convention. EachContracting -State shall establish,if it hasnot alreadydone so, a singleagency empowered to deal with all matterscovered by Artick XII the Convention. but. where this is not possiblea co-ordinating RESEARCH machineryshall be establishedfor this purpose. The ContractingStates shall encourageand promote researchin Article X conservation,utilization and managementof natural resourcesand INTERSTAT C E I shall pay particularattention to ecologicaland sociologicalfactors. INTERSTATE CO-OPERATION 1. The ContractingStates shall co-operate: a) wheneversuch co-operationis necessaryto give effect to CONSERVATION EDUCATION the provisionsof this Conventionand
1. a) The Contracting States shall ensure that their peoples b) wheneverany national measure is likely to affect the e
appreciatetheir close dependenceon natural resourcesand naturalresources of any other State. A3 th*t they understand the need, and rules for, the rational (D t utilization Ofthese resources. - 2. The ContractingStates shall supply the OrganizationoftAfrican Afiz 6) For this purpose they shall ensure that the principles nity with: indicatedin paragraph(1): a) the text of laws, decrees,regulations and instructions in _, (i) are includedin educationalprogrammes at all levels, force in their territories, which are intended to ensure the (ii) form the object of information campaignscapable of implementationof this Convention, acquaintingthe public with, and winning it over to, the idea of b) reportson the resultsachieved in applyingthe provisionsof conservation. this Convention.and I ilE AFRICAN CONVENTION 341 342 IN lIlRNAI IONAL WILDLIFE LA" c) all the information necessary for the complete to the Commissionof NMediation,Conciliation and Arbitration of the documentationof matters dealt with by this Convention if Organizationof Afncan Unity. requested. A rtickXIX *3. If so requestedby Contracting States,the Organization of SIGNATURE AND RATIFICATION African Unity shallorganize any meeting which may be necessaryto disposeof any matterscovered by this Convention.Requests for l. This Conventionshall be open for signatureimmediately after such meetingsmust be made by at leastthree of the Contracting beingapproved by the Assemblyof HeadsotState and Government Statesand be approved by two-thirds of the Stateswhich it is ofthe Organizationof African Unity. proposedshould participate in such meetings. 2. The Convention shall be ratified by each of the Contracting 4. Any expenditurearising from this Convention,which devolves States.The instrumentsof ratificationshall be depositedwith the upon the Organization of African Unity shall be included in its Administrative SecretaryGeneral of the Organization of African regularbudget, unless sharedby the ContractingStates or otherwise Unity. defrayed. Artice XX ArticleXVII RESERVATIONS PROVISION FOR EXCEPTIONS I. At the time of signature,ratification or accession,any Statemay 1. The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the declareits acceptanceof this Conventionin part only, providedthat 4 responsibilitiesof ContractingStates concerning: suchreservation may not apply to the provisionsof Articles II-XI. f (i) the paramount interestof the State, 2. Reservationsmnade in conformitywith the precedingparagaph (ii) 'force majeure", shall be depositedtogether with the instrumentsof ratification or accession. (iii) defenceof human life. 2. The 2. ne ofprovisions this ConventionshallnotpreventContracting3. Any Contracting State which has formulateda reservationin provisionsof this Conventon shall not preventContracting conformitywith the precedingparagraph may at any time withdraw it by notifying the Administrative Secretary General of the (i) in time of ltmine. Organizationof African Unity. (ii) for the protectionof public health, ArtIr XXI
(iii) in defenceof property, ENTRY INTO FORCE e to enact measurescontrary to the provions or the Convention, I Thi C s c i or on the thirtieth day providedtheirapplicationispreciselydefinedinrespectoaim,time following the date of depositof the fourth instrument of ratification
or accessionwiih the Administrative SecretarlyGeneral of the O Z ArticleXVIII Organizationof African Unity, whoshaliinform participatingStates x x accordingly. < F SETTLEMIENT OF DISPUTES Any dispute betweeinthe Contracting States relating to the 2. In the caseof a State ratifying or accedingto the Convention interpretation or application of this Convention which cannot beafter the depositing of the urth instrument of ratiication or ttled by negotiationCshall at the requestotany party besubmitted accession,the Conventionshall comeinto forceon the thirtieth day 1 IL , is ICAN CONVLN I'ION .144 IX' INFRNNIONAL. WILDLIFE LA' afterthe depositby suchState of its instrumentof ratificationor 2. In the event of sUclh a requestthe appropriate organ of the accession. Organization of African Unity shall deal with the matter in accordancewith the proviSionsof section3 of Article XVI of this 3. The London Convention of 1933or any other Conventionon Convention. the conservationof flora and faunain their natural stateshall cease to haveeffect in Statesin which this Conventionhas come into force. 3. (i) At the request of one or more Contracting Statesand notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph(1) and (2) of this ArticlkXXII Article, the annexto this Conventionmay be revisedor addedto by ACCESSION the appropriateorgan of the Organizationof African Unity. (ii) Such revision or addition shall come into force three 1. After the date of approval specifiedin Article XIX paragraph months after the approval by the appropriate organ of th- (1), this Conventionshall be open to accessionby any independent Organizationof African Unity. and sovereignAfrican State.
2. The instruments of accessionshall be deposited with the ArtlicleXXl' Administrative SecretaryGeneral of the Organization of African FINAL PROVISIONS Unity. The original of this Conventionof which both the Englishand the ArticleXXIII French texts are authentic, shall be deposited with the Administrative SecretaryGeneral of the Organizationof African DENUNCIATION Unity. 1. Any Contracting State may denounce this Convention by IN WITNESS WArHEREOFwe the Heads of State and notification in writing addressedto the Administrative Secretary Governmentof IndependentAfrican States,assembled at Algiers, Generalof the Organizationof African Unity. Algeria, on 15September 1968, have signed this Convention.
2. Such denunciationshall take effect, for such a State,one year after the date of receipt of its notification by the Administrative Author's note:The list of speciesincluded in ClassA and B of the SecretaryGeneral of the Organizationof African Unity. Annex,which is subjectto periodic changes,is not reproducedhere 3. Noshall, denunciationhowever, be madebeforethepiryofabut may be obtained from the Organizationof African Unity, PO 3. No denunciationshall, however, be made beforethe expiry of a Box 3243,Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. period of five yearsfrom the date at which for the Stateconcerned this Conventioncomes into force.
4rtleXXIVm m
IEVISION - z
After the expiry of a period of five years from the date of entry e x ito forceof this Convention,any Contracting Statemay at any time take a request for the revision of part or the whole of this ;onvention b) notification in writing addressed to the .dministrativeSecretary General of the Organization of African Inity. - 44 - APPENDIX2 Annex 4
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals ("Bonn Convention") CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORY SPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS, 1979 IN I lRNAI tONA. WtIL.DLII:LlV%' lower taxon of wild animals,a significantproportion of whose memberscyclically and predictablycross one or more national The Contracting Parties, jurisdictional boundaries; RECOGNIZING that wild animals in their innumerable forms b) "Conservation status of a migratory species" means the arethe an earth'snaturalsystemwhsum irreplaceable part of of the influencesacting on the migratory species that may are an Irreplaceablepart of the earth's natural system which must be afetisln-e,ds,iuinadaudne conservedof mankind;for the good Its long-terrndistribution and abundance; conserved for the good of mankind; ~~~affect AWARE that each generation of man holds the resources of the c) "Conservation status" will be taken as favourable"when: earth for future generations and has an obligation to ensure that this (1) population dynamics data indicate that the migratory legacyis conserved and, where utilized, is used wisely; species is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable CONSCIOUS of the ever-growing value of wild animals from component of its ecosystems; environmental, ecological,genetic, scientific,aesthetic, recreational, (2) the range Of the migratory species is neither currently cultural, educational, social and economic points of view; being reduced, nor is likely to be reduced, on a long-term basis; CONCERNED particularly with those species of wild animals there s, and will be inthe foreseeablefuture, suficient that migrate across or outside national jurisdictional boundaries; ' ~~~habitat(3h to maintain the populationOf the migratoryspecies on RECOGNIZING that the States are and must be the protectors of a long-term basis; and the migratory species of wild animals that live within or pass through (4) the distribution and abundance of the migratory h irtr theirnational jurisdictional boundaries;(?tedsnuinadaudneo their national jurisdictional boundaries; species approach historic coverageand levelsto the extent that CONVINCED that conservation and effective management of potentially suitable ecosystems exist and to the extent migratory species of wild animals require the concerted action of all consistent with wise wildlifemanagement; States within the national jurisdictional boundaries of which such d) 'Conservation status" will be taken as 'unfavourable" if species spend any part of their life cycles; any of the conditions set out in sub-paragraph (c) of this RECALLING Recommendation 32 of the Action Plan adopted paragraph is not met; by the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment e) "Endangered' in relation to a particular migratory species (Stockholm,1972) and noted with satisfaction at the Twenty-seventh means that the migratory species is in danger of extinction Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations; throughout all or a significant portion of its range; HAVE AGREED as follows: /J 'Range" means all the areas of land or water that a migratory species inhabits, stays in temporarily, crosses or ArtiekI overflies at any time on its normal migration route; INTERPRETATION g) "Habitat" means any area in the range of a migratory
1. For the purpose of this Convention: species which contains suitable living conditions for that tD ' species; -. 4 a) "Mligratoryspecies" means the entire population or any geographicallyseparate part of the population of any species or h) "Range State" in relation to .a particular migratory species o x means any State (and where appropriate any other Party \r) referred to under sub-paragraph (k) of this paragraph) that exercises jurisdiction over any part of the range of that migratory species, or a State, flag vesselsof which are engaged outside national jurisdictional limits in taking that migratory species; I I IE BONN CONV.ENIION 413 .114 1\ I LR.\.\ 1tIONAL WII.IJLIIH L i) 'Taking' means taking, hunting, fishing, capturing, h) shall endeavour to provide immediate protection for harassing,deliberate killing, or attempting to engagein any migratorvspecies included in AppendixI; and suchconduct; cI shallendeavour to concludeACREEMENTS covering the j) -AGREEMENT' means an international agreement conservationand managementof migratoryspecies included relatingto the conservationof oneor more migratoryspecies as in Appendix11. providedfor in Articles IV and V of this Convention;and k) "Party' means a State or any regional economic integrationorganization constituted by sovereignStates which ENDANGEREDMIGRATORY SPECIES:APPENDIX I hascompetence in respectof the negotiation,conclusion and 1. Appendix I shall list migratoryspecies which are endangered. applicationof intemationalagreements in matterscovered by this Conventionfor which this Conventionis in force. 2. A migratory speciesmay be listedin AppendixI providedthat reliable evidence,including the best scientificevidence available, 2. In matters withir%their competence,the regional economic indicatesthat the speciesis endangered. integrationorganizations which are Partiesto this Conventionshall in their own nameexercise the rights and fulfil the responsibilities 3. A migratoryspecies may be removedfrom Appendix I whenthe which this Conventionattributes to their member States.In such Conferenceof the Partiesdetermines that: casesthe memberStates of theseorganizations shall not be entitled a) reliable evidence,including the best scientiricevidence available,indicates that the speciesis no longer endangered, 3. Where this Conventionprovides for a decision to be taken by and eithera two-thirdsmajority or a unanimousdecision of "the Parties b) the speciesis not likely to becomeendangered again O0 presentand voting' this shall mean'the Partiespresent and casting because of loss of protection due to its removal from an aflirmativeor negativevote". Those abstaining from votingshall Appendix I. not be counted amongst 'the Parties present and voting" in determiningthe majority. 4. Partiesthat are RangeStates of a migratory specieslisted in AppendixI shall endeavour: Artick 11 a) to conserveand, where feasibleand appropriate,restore FUNDAMIENTAL PRINCIPLES those habitats of the species which are of importance in 1. The Partiesacknowledge the importanceof migratory species removingthe speciesfrom dangerof extinction; beingconserved and of RangeStates agreeing to take action to this b) to prevent, remove, compensatefor or minimize, as end wheneverpossible and appropriate,paying specialattention to appropriate,the adverseeffects of activitiesor obstaclesthat migratoryspecies the conservationstatus of which is unfavourable, seriouslyimpede or preventthe migrationof the species;and and taking individually or in co-operation appropriate and necessarysteps to conservesuch species and their habitat. c) to the extentfeasible and apPrOprate,to prevent,reduce or control factors that are endangeringor are likely to further endanger the species, including . strictly 'controlling the (D N 2. The Partiesacknowledge the need to take action to avoid any introduction of, or controlling or eliminating, alreadyt migratoryspecies becoming endangered. introducedexotic species. e a O
3. In particular,the Parties: 5. Partiesthat are Range Statesof a migratory specieslisted in a) should promote, co-operate in and support research Appendix I shall prohibit the taking of animalsbelonging to such relatingto migratory species; species.Exceptions mav be madeto this prohibition onlv if: i IILaLUNN CONVENI10N I 416 IN I I.-NA II)>NAL WILDLII-t L%% a) thetaking is for scientificpurposes; membersof which periodicallycross one or more national b) thetaking is for thepurpose of enhancing the propagation jurisdictionalboundaries. Orsurvival of the affectedspecies; or thevitakin toeif affeccommte atedthe needsoftraditional The Secretariat shall be provided with a copy of each c) the taking is to accommodatethe needsOf traditional AGREEMENTconcluded pursuant to the provisionsof thisArticle. subsistenceusers of suchspecies; or d) extraordinarycircumstances so require; Artick V providedthat suchexceptions are preciseas to content and limited GUIDELINES FOR AGREEMENTS in space and time. Such taking should not operate to the 1. The object of each AGREEMENT shall be to restorethe disadvantageof the species. migratoryspecies concerned to a favourableconservation status or to 6. The Conereencesof the Partiesmay recommendto the Parties maintainit in sucha status.Each AGREEMENT shoulddeal with that are RangeStates of a nqigratoryspecies listed in Appendix I that thoseaspects of the conservationand managementof the migratory they take further measuresconsidered appropriate to benefit the speciesconcemed which serveto achievethat object. species. 2. EachAGREEMENT shouldcover the wholeof the rangeof the migratoryspecies concerned and shouldbe opento accessionby all 7. The Partiesshall as soon as possibleinfornn the Secretariatof RangeStates of that species,whether or not they are Partiesto this any exceptionsmade pursuant to paragraph5 of this Article. Convention.
ArticleIV 3. An AGREEMENT should,wherever possible, deal with more than onemigratory species. MIGRATORY SPECIESTO BE THE SUBJECT TO AGREEMENTS: APPENDIX 11 4. EachAGREEMENT should: 1. Appendix 11 shall list migratory species which have an a) identify the migratoryspecies covered; unfavourableconservation status and which require intemational 6) describethe range and migration route of the migratory agmementsfor their conservationand management,as well asthose species; which havea conservationstatus which would significantly benefit from the internationil co-operationthat could be achievedby an c) provide for each Party to designateits nationalauthority intemationalagreement. concernedwith the implementationof the AGREEMENT; d) establish,if necessary,appropriate machinery to assistin 2. If the circumstancesso warrant, a migratory speciesmay be carrying out the aims of the AGREEMENT, to monitor its listed both in AppendixI and Appendix 11. effectiveness,and to preparereports for the Conferenceof the Parties; 3. Partiesthat are Range Statesor migratory specieslisted in Appendix 11shall endeavourto concludeAGREEMENTS where e) provide for procedures for the settlement of disputes ; d> thesewould benefitthe speciesand should give priority to those betweenParties to the AGREEMENT; and I'd speciesin an unfavourableconservation status. fl at a minimum, prohibit, in relation to a migratory species w' of the Order Cetacea,any taking that is not permittedfor that ° M x 4. Partiesare encouraged to take action with a view to concluding migratory speciesunder anyother multilateralagreement and AGREEMENTSfor any populationor anygeographically separate providefor accessionto the AGREEMENT by Statesthat are part of the populationof any speciesor lower taxon of wild animals, not RangeStates of that migratoryspecies. I IIL 110N N CONVEN lII4 INTERNAITIONAL WILDLIFF LAW' 5. Where appropriateand reasible, eachACREEMENT should conservationstatus of the migratory speciesis seriously provideror but not be limited to: affected;and a) periodicreview of the conservationstatus of the migratory n) makingthe generalpublic awareof the contentsand aims speciesconcerned and the identificationof the factorswhich of the AGREEMENT. may beharmful to that status; b) co-ordinatedconservation and managementplans; ArVickVI c) researchinto the ecologyand populationdynamics of the RANGE STATES migratoryspecies concerned, with specialregard to migration; 1. A list of the Range States of migratory specieslisted in d) the exchangeof information on the migratory species AppendicesI and 11shall be kept up to dateby the Secretariatusing concerned,special regard being paid to the exchangeof the informationit has receivedfrom the Parties. resultsof researchand of relevantstatistics; e) conservationand, whererequired and feasible,restoration 2. The Partiesshall keep the Secretariatinformed as to which of Of the habitats Of importance in maintaining a favourable the migratory specieslisted in AppendicesI and 11they consider conservationstatus, and protection Of such habitatsfrom they are RangeStates, including provisionof informationon their disturbances,including strict control ofthe introduction Of,or fag vesselsengaged outside national jurisdictional limits in taking controlOf already introduced, exotic species detrimental to the the migratoryspecies concerned and, where possible, future plans in migratoryspecies; respectOf such taking. n) maintenance of a network of suitable habitats 3. The Partieswhich are RangeStates for migratoryspecies listed appropriatelydisposed in relationto the migrationroutes; in Appendix I or Appendix 11should inform the Conferenceof the Partiesthrough the Secretariat,at leastsix monthsprior to each g) whereit appearsdesirable, the provisionof new habitats ordinary meeting of the Conference,on measuresthat they are favourableto the migratory speciesor reintroduction of the taking to implement the provisionsof this Conventionfor these migratoryspecies into favourablehabitats; species. A) elimination of, to the maximum extent possible, or compensationfor activities and obstacleswhich hinder or impedemigration; Artick Vll i) prevention,reduction or control of the releaseinto the THE CONFERENCE OF THE PARTIES habitatof the migratory speciesof substancesharmful to that 1. The Conferenceof the Partiesshall be the decision-making migratoryspecies; organof this Convention. j) measuresbased on sound ecologicalprinciples to control 2m andmanage the taking Ofthe migratory species; 2. 'Me Secretariatshall call a meetingOf the ConferenceOf the oQ W amnehanotmro- e Parties not later than two years after the entry into force of this D n t) proceduresfor co-ordinating action to suppressillegal Convention. *4 taking; ' (D H l) exchangeof information on substantial threats to the 3. Thereafterthe Secretariatshall conveneordinary meetingsof ehx x migratoryspecies; the Conferenceof the Partiesat intervalsof not more than three 0 4.>'. years,unless the Conferencedecides otherwise, and extraordinary mn) emergency procedures whereby conservation action meetingsat any time on the written requestof at leastone-third of would be considerablyand rapidly strengthenedwhen the the Parties. 1THEBONN CONVENTION 419 420 INTERNIHONAL WILDLIFE LAW 4. The Conferenceof the Partiesshall establishand keep under 7. Any meeting of the Conferenceof the Partiesshall determine reviewthe financialregulations of this Convention.The Conference and adopt rules of procedure for that meeting. Decisionsat a of the Partiesshall, at each of its ordinary meetings,adopt the meetingof the Conferenceof the Partiesshall requirea two-thirds budgetfor the next financialperiod. EachParty shall contribute to majority of the Partiespresent and voting, exceptwhere otherwise this budget according to a scale to be agreed upon by the providedfor by this Convention. Confetence.Financial regulations, including the provisionson the budgetand the scaleof contributionsas well as their modifications, 8. The United Nations,its SpecializedAgencies, the 1nternational shall be adoptedby unanimous vote of the Parties presentand Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any Statenot a party to this voting. Conventionand, for eachAGREEMENT, the body designatedby the partiesto that AGREENMENT,may be representedby observers 5. At eachof its meetingsthe Conferenceof the Partiesshall review at meetingsof the Conferenceof the Parties. the implementationof this Conventionand may in particular: 9. Any agency or body technically qualified in protection, a) review and asessIthe conservationstatus of migratory conservationand managementof migratoryspecies, in thefollowing species; categories,which has informed the Secretariatof its desireto be 6) rview the progss made towards the conservationof representedat meetings of the Conferenceof the Parties by migratoryspecies, especially those listed in Appendies I and observers,shall be admitted unlessat leastone-third of the Parties presentobject: II; a) intemational agenciesor bodies,either governmentalor c) makesuchpmvisionandprovidesuchguidanceasmaybe non-govemmental,and national govemmentalagencies and necessaryto enablethe ScientificCouncil and the Secretariatto bodies;and carryout their duties; 6) national non-govemmentalagencies or bodieswhich have d) receiveand considerany reports presented by the Scientific beenapproved for this purposeby the Statein which they are Council, the Secretariat,any Party or any standing body located. establishedpursuant to an AGREEMENt; Once admitted,these observers shall have the right to participate e) makerecommendations to the Partiesfor improving the but not to vote. conservationstatus of migratory species and review the progressbeing madeunder AGREEMENTS; ArticleVill n in those caseswhere an AGREEMENT has not been THE SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL concluded, make recommendationsfor the convening of meetingsof the Partiesthat are RangeStates of a migratory 1. At its first meeting,the Conferenceof the Partiesshall establish a speciesor group of migratory speciesto discussmeasures to ScientificCouncil to provide adviceon scientificmatters. species; improve the conservation status Of the 2. Any Party may appoint a qualified expertas a memberof the g) make recommendationsto the Partiesfor improvintgthe ScientificCouncil. In addition, the ScientificCouncil shall include effectivenessof this C:onvention;and as members qualified experts selectedand appointed by the °D h) decideon any additional measurethat shouldbe takento Conferenceof the Parties;the number Ofthese experts, the criteria u, z implementthe objectivesof this Convention. for their selectionand the terms of their appointmentsshall be as 0 C H determinedby the Conferenceof the Parties. -t x x
6. Eachmeeting of the Conferenceof the Partiesshould determine 3. The Scientific Council shall meet at the request of the the time and venueof the next meeting. Secretariatas required by the Conferenceof the Parties. THE BONN CONVENTIION 421 422 INTI'ERNATIONAL WILDLIFE LAW 4. Subjectto the approvalof the Conferenceof the Parties,the 3. If the United Nations EnvironmentProgramme is no longer ScientificCouncil shallestablish its own rulesof procedure. able to provide the Secretariat,the Conferenceof the Partiesshall makealternative arrangements for the Secretariat. 5. The Conferenceor the Partiesshall determinethe functionsof the ScientificCouncil, which may include: 4. The functionsof the Secretariatshall be: a) providingscientific advice to the Conferenceof the Parties, a) to arrangefor and servicemeetings: to the Secretariat,and, if approvedby the Conferenceof the (i) of the Conferenceof the Parties,and Parties,to any body set up under this Convention or an (ii) of the ScientificCouncil; AGREEMENTto any Party;or b~~~~)to maintain liaisonwith and promoteliaison between the 6) recommendingresearch and the co-ordinationof research Parties,the standingbodies set up underAGREEMENTS and on migratoryspecies, evaluating the resultsof suchresearch in other international organizationsconcerned with migratory order to ascertainthe fonservationstatus of migratory species species; and reportingto the Conferenceof the Partieson such status and measuresfor its improvement; c. to obtain from any appropriatesource reports and other information which will further the objectivesand imple- c) makingrecommendations to the Conferenceof the Parties mentation of this Conventionand to arrangefor the appro- asto the migratoryspecies to be includedin AppendicesI or 11, priate disseminationof suchinformation; indication of the range of such migratory t togetherwith an of the Partiesto species; d) to invite the attentionof the Conference any matter pertaining to the objectivesof this Convention; U, d) makingrecommendations to the Conferenceof the Parties as to specificconservation and managementmeasures to be e) to preparefor the Conferenceof the Partiesreports on the includedin AGREEMENTSon migratory species;and work of the Secretariatand on the implementationof this
problem rdlatinge to the°CnferenticerotheParties solutionstoJ) to maintain and publish a list of Range Statesof all mentationof this Convention,in particularwith regard to the migratory speciesincluded in AppendicesI and 11; habitatsof migratoryspecies. g) to promote, under the direction of the Conferenceof the Parties,the conclusionof AGREEMENTS, ArticleIX h) to maintain and make availableto the Partiesa list of AGREEMENTS and, if so requiredby the Conferenceof the THE SECRETARIAT Parties,to provideany informationon suchAGREEMENTS; 1. For the purposesof this Convention a Secretariatshall be i) to maintain and publish a list of the recommendations established. made by the Conferenceof the Parties pursuant to sub- paragraphs(e), (1)and (g) of paragraph5 of Article VII or of 2. Upon entry into force of this Convention, the Secretariatis decisions made pursuant to sub-paragraph(h) of that provided by the Executive Director of the United Nations paragraph; a 3 Environment Programme.To the extent and in the manner he D H considers appropriate, he may be assisted by suitable inter- to provide for the generalpublic information concerning "I x x governmentaland non-governmental,international or national this Conventionand its objectives;and o Z r) agenciesand bodiestechnically qualified in protection,conservation k) to perform any other function entrustedto it under this and managementof wild animals. Conventionor by the Conferenceof the Parties. T'HE BONN CONVENTION 423 424 IN'T'ER,AlnoNAL WILDLIFE LAW ArlickX communicatedto the Secretariatnot lessthan 60 daysbefore the AMENDMENT OF THE CONVENTION meetingbegins. The Secretariatshall, immediately after the last day for submissionof comments, communicate to the Parties all 1. This Convention may be amended at any ordinary or commentssubmitted by that day. extraordinarymeeting of the ConferenceOf the Parties. 4. Amendmentsshall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of 2. Proposalsfor amendmentmay bemade by any Party. Partiespresent and voting.
3. Thetext of anyproposed amendment and the reasonsfor it shall 5. An amendmentto the Appendicesshall enter into forcefor all be communicatedto the Secretaryat leastone hundred and fifty Parties90 daysafter the meetingof the Conferenceof the Partiesat daysbefore the meeting at which it is to be consideredand shall which it was adopted, except for those Partieswhich make a promptly be communicatedby the Secretaryto all Parties.Any reservationin accordancewith paragraph6 of this Article. commentson the text by the Partiesshall be communicatedto the Secretariatnot lessthan sixty daysbefore the meetingbegins. The 6. During the peiod or9Odays provided for in paragraph5 of this Secretariatshall, immediatelyafter the last day for submissionof Article, any Party may by notirication in writing to the Depositary comments,communicate to the Partiesall commentssubmitted by makea reservationwith respectto the amendment.A reservationto an amendment may be withdrawn by written notification to the 4 shall.beAmendments. adopted by a two-thirds majorityof Depositaryand thereuponthe amendmentshall enter into forcefor 4. Amendmentsshall be adopted by -a two-thirds maJOrity Of thtPrty9 asatrtereevtoswtdan Partiespresent and voting. that Party90 daysafter the reservationIs withdrawn.
5. An amendmentadopted shall enter into force for all Parties which haveaccepted it on the first day of the third month following Artitd X/l the date on which two-thirds of the Parties have deposited an EFFECT ON INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND instrumentof acceptancewith the Depositary.For eachParty which OTHER LEGISLATION depositsan instrumentof acceptanceafter the date on which two- I. Nothing in this Conventionshall prejudicethe codiricationand thirdsof the Partieshave deposited an instrumentof acceptance,the developmentof the law of the seaby the United NationsConference amendmentshall enter into fomefor that Partyon the firstday of the onvelopmentof the Seaconvened pursuant to Resolution2750 C third month followingthe depositof its instrumentof acceptance. (XXV) of the General Assemblyof the United Nations nor the XI presentor future claims and legalviews of anyState concerning the A rtide law of the seaand the nature and extent of coastaland flag State AMENDMENT OF THE APPENDICES jurisdiction.- 1. AppendicesI and 11 may be amended at any ordinary or 2 ons of this Convention shall in no extraordinarymeeting of the Conferenceof the Parties. The provisio way affect the rights or obligationsof any Party derivingfrom any existingtreaty 2. Proposalsfor amendmentmay be madeby any Party. conventionor agreement. .
3. The text of any proposedamendment and the reasonsfor it, 3. The provisionsof this Conventionshall in no wayaffect the right o H based on the best scientific evidence available, shall be of Parties to adopt stricter domestic measuresconcerning the >x communicatedto the Secretariatat least150 days before the meeting conservationof migratoryspecies listed in AppendicesI and 11or to vD. F and shall promptly be communicatedby the Secretariatto all adoptdomestic measures concerning the conservationof speciesnot Parties. Any comments on the text by the Parties shall be listedin AppendicesI and 11. 'IlHE IIOXN CONVENTIlON 425 42A IN MLRNATiONALW'ILLIFE LAW Arlick XliI deposited with the Government of the Federal Republic of SEiTLEMENT OF DISPUTES Germany,which shall be the Depositary.
1. Any disputewhich may arisebetween two or more Parties with ArticeXVII respect to the interpretationor application of the provisions of this ACCESSION Conventionshall be subject to negotiation between the Parties Afterthe twenty-secondday orJune 1980this Conventionshall be involvedin the dispute. open for accessionby all non-signatoryStates and any regional economicintegration organization. Instruments of accessionshall 2. If the disputecannot be resolvedin accordancewith paragraph bedeposited with the Depositary. I of this Article, the Partiesmay, by mutual consent,submit the disputeto arbitration, in particularthat of the PerrnanentCourt of Artick XVIII Arbitration at The Hague,and the Partiessubmitting the dispute shallbe bound by the arbital decision. ENTRY INTO FORCE * This Conventionshall enter into forceon the first day of the AntickXIV third month following the date of depositof the fifteenthinstrument RESERVATIONS of ratification, acceptance, approval or accessionwith the 1. The provisionsof this Conventionshall not be subjectto general Depositary. reservations.Specific reservations may be entered in accordance 2. For each State or each regional economic intergration with the provisionsof this Article and Article XI. organizationwhich ratifies,accepts or approvesthis Conventionor rJ accedesthereto after the deposit of the fifteenth instrument of 2. Any Stateor any regional economicintegration organization ratification,acceptance, approval or accession,this Conventionshall may, on depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, enter into force on the first day of the third month following the approvalor accession,enter a specificreservation with regard to the deposit by such State or such organizationof its instrument of presenceon either Appendix I or Append;x II or both, of any ratification,acceptance, approval or accession. migratoryspecies and shallthen not beregarded as a Partyin regard to the subject of that reservationuntil ninety days after the Artick XIX Depositaryhas transmitted to the Parties notification that such reservationhas been withdrawn. DENUNCIATION Any Party may denouncethis Conventionby written notification A rtickXV to the Depositaryat any time. The denunciationshall take effect SIGNATURE twelvemonths after the Depositaryhas received the notification. This Conventionshall beopen for signatureat Bonn for all States Artick XX and any regional economic integration organization until the ,Q e twenty-secondday ofJune 1980. DEPOSITARY . 1. The original of this Convention,-in the English, French, 3 A rtic XVI German,Russian and Spanishlanguages, each version being equal- o r H Iv authentic,shall be depositedwith the Depositary.The Depositary RATIFICATION, ACCEPTANCE,APPROVAL shall transmit certifiedcopies of eachof theseversions to all States This Conventionshall be subject to ratification, acceptanceor and all regionaleconomic integration organizations that havesigned approval.Instruments of ratification,acceptance or approvalshall be the Conventionor depositedinstruments of accessionto it. I IlL ItONN ('ONVLN'I'ION 427 2. The Depositaryshall, afterconsultation with the Governments concerned,prepare official versions of the textof this Conventionin the Arabicand Chineselanguages.
3. The Depositaryshall inform all signatoryand accedingStates and all signatory and acceding regional economic integration organizations and the Secretariat of signatures, deposit of instrumentsof ratification,acceptance, approval or accession,entry into forme of this Convention, amendments thereto, specific reservationsand notificationsof denunciation.
4. As soonas this Convention entersinto force, aeertified copy thereofshall be transmittedby the Depositaryto the Secretariatof the United Nations for rcgistrationand publication in accordance with Article 102of the Charterof the United Nations. IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, being duly authorizedto the effect,have signed the presentConvention. DONE at Bonn,this 23rd day ofJune 1979.
Author'snote: The AppendicesI and 11,which are subjectto periodic changes,are not reproducedhere but may be obtained from the FederalMinistry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry,Bonn, Federal Republicof Germany.
m
O tD H IhX X >
vD .> r.o - 54 -
APPENDIX2 Annex 5
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance. especially as Waterfowl Habitat - 55 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 5 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Page 1 of 4 epecially as Watei jowl Habitat Ramsar, 2.2.1971 as amended by the Paris Protocol of 3.12.1982
The Contracting Parties. Article 3 Recognizingthe interdependenceof Man and his environment: I. The Contracting Parties shall formulate and implement their Consideringthe fundamental ecological functions of wetlandsas planning so as to promote the conscrvationof the wetlandsin. regulators or water regimes and as habitats supporting a cludedin the [ ist, and as rar aspossible the wiseuse of wetlands characteristicflora and fauna. especiallywaterfowl: in Lheir territory. Being convinced that wetlands constitute a resource of great 2. Each Contracting Party shall arrange to be informed at the ecunumic cultural. scientiric, and recreational value. the loss of ettieSt possibletime if the ecologicalcharacter of any wetland 'thich would be irrepaLrable: in its territory and included in the list haschanged, is changing or is likely to change as the tesult of technological Desiring to stem the progressiveencroachment on and loss of developments.pollution or other humaninterference. [Aforma- wetlandsnow and in-cilands~ thethea future:futuree;lffom ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~eeopet nowuioand tion on such changesshall othe be passedwithout delay to the RecognizIngthat waterfowl in their seasonalmigrations may trans- organization or government responsible for the continuing cend frontiers and so should be regarded u an international bureauduties specafiedin Article 8. resource: Beingconrident that the conservationof wetlandsand their flora Aticle 4 and fauna can be ensured by combining tar-sighted national I Each Contracting Parry shall promote the conServationof pulicies wvishco-ordinated inte-rnationnl action; wetlands and waterfowl by establishingnature reserveson Have agreedas follows: wetlands,whether they are included in the I ist or not, and pro- Article I vide adequatelyfor their wardening. 2. Wherea Contracting Party in its urgent nationalinterest, deletes I For the purposeof this Conventionwvetlands are areasof marsh, rrsrcstebudre fawtadicue nteLs,i I-en.peatland or water whether natural ur antif-cial. permanent or restrictsthe boundariesOf a wetlandincluded in the list. it ten.mpeatinorary. awer, w hether nhaturali oratifci nl,permanent or temporary, with water that IS static or flowing rresh. should as raras possiblecompensate for any loss of wetland brackish or salt. ineluding treas of marine water the depth of resources,and in particular it should createadditional nature reservesfor waterfowl and tor the protection,either in the same which aslow tide does not exceedsix metres. area or elsewhere, Of an adequate ponion of the original Fur the purpose ol this Convention waterfowl are birds habitat. scululicallv dependenion %%cilands. 3. The Contracting Parties shall encourageresearch and the ex- changeof data and publications regardingwetlands and their Article 2 flora and fauna. EachCotitracting Party shall designatesuitable wetlandswithin 4. The Contracting Parties shall endeavourthrough management its tcrriiurv fsr inclusiun in a t ist ol Wetlandsof Internationial Lo increasewaterfowl populationson appropriatewetiands. litipuriancc. hcreiialfter rcl'crredto as "the l ist" which is main- aisicdhv ihl bureau establishcd under Article S. The boundaries 5 The Contrcting Partiesshall promotethe trainng of personnel ii ctich "etland shall be precisely dess:rtbedand also delimited competentin the t'ields of tcilandresearch, management and in a map and ihey may incurporateriparian and coastal zones wardeing zdjaccni to the sweslands,and islandsor bodiesof marine wtater deeperthan six metres at low tide lying within the wetlands. Article S espe%tallt %%herethese have importanceas waterfowl habitat. The Cuntracting Partics shall consult %vinheach other about imn Wetlands' should be selectedfor the I ist on accountut their in- plementingobligations arising from the Contention especiallyin ternational siigniicance in terms of ecology, botany, zoolugy, the caseot a wetland extendingover the territories of more than limnology or livdrology. In the lirst instancewetlands of inter- oneContracting Party or where a vatersystem is sharedby Con- national importance to waterfowvlat any seasonshould be in- tracting Parties. They shall at the tame time endeavourto co- luded. ordinate and support present and future policies and regulations 3. The inclusion of a wetteandin she List doesnut prejudice sheex- concerningthe cons:rvation of wetlands and their tlora and fauna. clusive sovereignrights of the Contracting Party in wrhoseter- ritory the wetland is siuated. Arlicle 6' 4. Each Contracting Pany shaUdesignate at Iast one wetland to be included in the UIst when signing this Convention or when I. The Contracting Parties shall. a the necessityarises, convene depositingits instrumentof ratifcation or accession,as provid- Conferenceson the Conservationof Wetlandsand Wateifowl. ed in Article 9. 2. The Conferencesshall havean advisory characterand shall be . Any Contracting Party shall.havethe right to add to the Iist fur- cmptent. inter alia: ther wetlands situatedwithin its territory, to extend the boun- (a) io diwss the implementationof this Convention; daries of those wetlands alreadyincluded by it in the list, or. (b) to discussadditions to and changesin the List; becauseof its urgent national interests,to delete or restrict the (c) to consider informatior regardingchanies in the ecological boundariesof wetlandsalready included by it in the list and characterof wetlandsincluded in the I itl providedin accor- shall, at the earliest possibletime, inform the organization or dancewith ptrgraph 2 of Article 3: government responsible ror the continuing bureau duties specifiedin Article 8 of any such changes. (d) to make general or specific recommendationsto the Con- 6. Each Contracting Party shall considerits international respon- tracting Parties regarding theconservalti0n management sibilities for the conservation, managementand wise use of and wise use of wetlandsand their flora and fauna. rrigratory stocks of waterfowl, both when designating entries (e) to request relevant international bodiesto prepare reports for the list and whenexercising its right sochange entries in the and statistics on matters tthich are essenstallyinternational list relating to wetlandswithin its territory, in character affecting wetlands; - 56 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 5 Page ' of
3. rhe Contracting Partiesshail ensurethat thoseresponsible Ut &Ll ArtiCle 10 big levels for wetlandsmanagement shall be informed of. and take 1. This Convention may be anended at a meetingof the Contrac- intoconsideration. recommendations of such Conferencescoon- ting Panies convenedror that purposein accordancewith thit cerningEhe cdnservation. management and wiseuse of wetiands article. atndtheir nor and faunL 2. ProposaIsfor amendmentmay be made by any ContractingPar Anice ' ty 1. The representativesof the Contracting Paties at such Con- 3. The text of any proposedamendment and the reasonsfor it shall rerencesshould include personrrwho areexpert on wetlandsor be communicatedto the organizationor governmentperforming waterfowl by reason of knowledge and experiencegained in thecontinuing bureau duties under the Convention(hereinafter scientific,administrative or other appropriate capacities. referred to as "the Bureau") and shall promptlY be com- 2. Each of the Contracting Parties representedat a Conference municatedby the Bureau to all Contracting Parties.Any com- shall haveone vote, recommendationsbeing adopted by a sin- ments on the text by the Contracting Parti:s stall be com. pie majority of the votescast, provided that not lessthan half nunicatedto the Bur-Su within three months of the date on the Contracting Parties cast votes, which the amendmentswere communicated to the Contracting Partiesby the Bureau.The Bureaushall. immediatelyafter the Article I last day for submissionof comments,communicate to theCon- 1. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and tracting Parties all comments submitLedby that day. Natural Resourcesshall perform the continuing bureau duties 4. A meetingof Contracting Parties to consider an amendment under this Convention until such time as anotherorganization communicatedin accordancewith paragraph3 shallbe conven. or governmentis appointed by a majority of two-thirds of adl d by the Bureau upon the written requestof one third of the Contracting Parties. Contracting Patnies.The Bureaushall consult the Partiescon- 2. The continuing bureau duties shall be, inter alia: cerningthe time and venue of the meeting. (a) to assist in the convening and organizing of Conferences S. Amendmentsshall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the speciriedin Article 6: Contracting Parties presentand voting. (b) to maintain the List of Wetlands of International Impor. 6. An amendmentadopted shall enter into force for the Contrac- tanceand to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any ting Panieswhich haveaccepted it on the first day of the fourth additions. extensions, deletions or restrictions concerning month rollowing the date on which two thirds of the Contrac- wetlandsincluded in the List provided in accordancewith ring Partieshave deposited an instrumentof acceptancewith the peragraph5 of Article 2; Depositary.For eachContracting Pany which depositsan in- (c) to be informed by the Contracting Partiesof any changesin strumentof acceptanceafter the date on which two thirds of the the ecologicalcharacter or wetlandsincluded in the List pro- ContractingParties have deposited an instrumentof acceptance. videdin accordancewith paragraph2 of Article 3: the amendmentshall enter into force on the first day of the fourth month following the date of the depositof its instrument (d) to forward notification of any alterations to the IList, or of acceptace changesin character of wetlands included therein. to all P Conratcting Parties and to arrangefor these mattersto be criscussedat the next Conference; (e) to make known to the Contracting Party concerned, the Aticld 11 recommendationsof the Conferencesin repecs of such I. ThisConvention shall continuein force for an inderinite period. alterations to the List or of changesin the character of 2. Any Contracting Party may denouncethis Conventionafter a wetlandsincluded therein. period of five yeas from the daie on which it enteredinto force for that Pany by giving written noticethereom to the Dpositary. Article 9 Denunciation shall take effect four months after the day on 1. This Conventionshall remain open for signatureindefinitely. which notice throf is receivedby the Depositary 2. Any memberof the United Nations or of one of theSpedalized Agenciesor of the International Atomic EnergyAgney or Par- Article 12 cyto the Statute of the International Court of Justice may 1. The DepositaryshaU inform all Statesthat havesigned and ac- becomea Party to this Convention by: cededto this Convention an soon as posible of: (a) hignassurewithout reservationa to raalfleszioa. (a) signatur to the Convention: (b) signaturesubject to ratification followetdby milleanion; Cb)deposits of instrumens of ratification of this Convention: c) accession. (c) depositsof instrumentsof accesion to this Convention: 3. Ratification or accessionshall be effected by the deposit of an d) the date of entry into force of this Convention; instrumentof ratification or accessionwith the Director-General of the United Nations Educational. Scientific and Cultural (e) notifications of dentcunctionof this Convention. Organization(hereinafter referred to u "the Depositary"). 2. When this Convention hau enteredinto rorce, the Depositary shall haveit registeredwith theSecretariat of the United Nations Artide 10 in accordancewith Article 102of the Cbater. 1. This ConventionshaU enter into force four months after ttven IN WITNEySiSWHEREOF. the undersigned, being duly Stateshave become Paties to this Convention int cordance authorizedto that effect ha signedzhls.Conventirt. with paragraph2 of Article 9. DONE at Ramsar this 2nd day of February 1971.in a single 2. Thereafter this Convention shaUenter into force for eachCon- original in the English. French Gmn and Russia languagets. tracting Party four months after the day of iu signaturewithout all texutbeing equally authentic' which shall be depositedwitn reservationas to ratiflcation, or iu deposit of an n nrumentof the Depositarswhich shall sendtrue copiesthereof to all Con- ratification or accession. tracting Parties.
I Theseanries havebeen amended by ihe Cunferenceuf the Parties un :7.5.19M7 hsmeamendments are nut yetin futce ier separatedsumente). 2 Pursuantso ihr Final Act ut the Cunferenceto cuncludethe Pruluouc. he Oepusitaryprovided the secundConference or ihe Coniracting Panii ia th ufriciaiUr' siunsof theCunvenrun in ihe Arabic. Chineseand Spanishlanrgtages. prepared ise cuniultaisun .mih ntertstedGuernmentes and isih the assitiane of the Burcau. - 57 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 5 Page 3 of 4
COCS'VT1O0 OS W=ELAIS OF INTEL'(ATZOrAL IfQORTAYCE zSnECIALLY AS WATERFOWLHABITAT
Third Meeting of the Conference of the Contracting Parties 27 May to 5 June 1987 Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
Recommendation 3.3
Wise ase-ofwetlands
RECALLING that Contracting Parties to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat formulwte 5:d implement their planning so as to promote ... the vise use of wetlands irt theZr territory";
DMPEASIZING the need to develop a definition of vise use, in order to quide Contsracting Parties in their implameatationof the Convention;
IOTIEG that Recommendations 1.5 of the First Meeting and 2.3 of the Second Meeing of the Conference of the ContractingParties referred to tho need for national wetland policies in order to jronote wise use; flflWG NOTE of the deliberations and conclusions of the Workshop on Wise Use at the present Meeting;
Tzf- CONFER±;ICE Or THE COSTRACTIG PARTIES
RECOMMENDSthat the Contracting Parties adopt the definition of vise use established by the Conference of the Contracting Parties at its Third Meeting, hold at Regina, and included in the A=nex to the Regina Recommendations;
FaRR RZCOHMEDS-that-tebC1ntracting Parties-give- particular--attention to the wise use of wetlands by promotion of wetland policies containing elements (a) to (f) from the first part of the Guidelines on vise use included in the Annex to the Regina Reconnendations: and
FURTMER RECOMM4SDS that, while detailed policies are being established, iitni5aite action be-taken to stimulate vise use, including actions (a) to (6) from the second part of the GCidelines on wise use included in the Annex to the Regina Reconwendatlons. - 58 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 5 Page 4 of 4
ThFoRaLTtOWos WISfE US OF 4E.TL&KDS IED ULNDER RICLE 3 OF TR RAMSAR C0NVE2n110o
Definition Of vise Usc "The vise use of wetlands is thfeir g-ustaiuable utili2ation for the benefit of hunzfkitd in a way compatible with the ta;intetnaAc of the nattral properties of the ecosystem".
Sustainable utilizatioa is defined as "hunan use of a wetl2ad so that it.may yield the gcreatest continauus benefit to present generatitis while maintaining Its potential to meet the needs and aspirations of future generatiosu".
Natturl properties of the ecosystem are cefinea as u *oso physical, biological or chenical components1 such as soil, water, plants, anima-lsand nutrients, and the interactions between them".
Guidelines
Wise use involves the promotion of wetland policies containing the following elements: I
(a) a nations1i inventory of wetlands; (b) identificationof the benefits and values of these wetlands;
(c) definition of the priorities for each site in accordance with the needs of, and socio-economicconditions in, each coantry:
td) proper assessment of emviron.-ientalimpact before development projects are approved, continuing evaluationdaring the execution of projects, and full implementationof environments-lcoaservation measures which take full accoUntof the recommendationsof this process of environmental assessment and *valuation;
N (t3 use of development funds for projects which permit conserVation and sustainable utillzation of wetland resources;
(f) regulated utilization of wild fauna and flora, sueh tbat tbese compone"ts of the wetland systems are not over-exploited;
iten detailed policies are being established, action should be taken ona
(a-) interchange of experience asd informationbetween countries seeking to elaborate national wetland policies;
() . t-ri3gn of appropriate staff in the discipli:es which will assist in the elaboration of such policies;
(c) pursuit o£ legislation and policies which will stimrlate wetland conservation action, including the wm&'Dient as appropriate of eristing legislation; (d) review Of.traditional techaniquesof sustainablewetland se, and elaboration of pilot projects which demonstratewise use of representative national and regional wetland types. - 59 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 6 Page 1 of 4
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Indicative Equipment Lists Appearing in Cost Tables
Table 1
Office Furniture and Equipment (Set)
Item Quantity Unit Cost (IZ) Total Cost
.______( ) Manual Typewriter 1 250,000 250,000 Filing Cabinets 2 100,000 200,000 Office Furniture 1. Desks 2 55,000 110,000 2. Chairs 6 8,000 50,000 3. Book Shelves 2 20,000 40,000 Grand Total 650,000
Table 2
Computer Equipment (Set)
Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost ($) UPS 1 1,000 1,000 Computer 1 5,000 5,000 Printer 1 1,500 1,500 Software 1,500 1,500 Supplies 1,000 1,000
Grand Total 10,000 - 60 - APPENDIX 2 Annex Page 2 of 4
Table 3
Training Eguipment (Set)
Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost Cs) Film Projector Unit 1 6,000 6,000 and Public Address System Slide Project 1 1,700 1,700 Screen 1 300 300 Generator 1 1,500 1,500 Binoculars 20 100 2,000 Telescopes 5 350 1,750 Photocopier 1 1,700 1,700 Camera 1 850 850 Education Books 100 20 2,000 Sundries 300 Grand Total 18,100
Table 4
Training/Education Equipment (Muni)
Item Quantity Unit Cost (¢) Total Cost (07) Display Shelving 4 20,000 80,000 Display Cabinets 2 100,0000 200,000 Desk 1 55,000 55,000 Chairs 30 8,333 250,000 Grand Total 585,000 - 61 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 6 Page 3 of 4
Table 5
Field Equipment (Set)
Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost ($) Cutlass 1 10 10 Boots 1 40 40 Water bottle 1 10 10 Boiler/Utensils 1 40 40 Haversack 1 100 100 Telescope 1 350 350 Binoculars 100 100 l~ ~7 Grand Total 650
Table 6
Muni: Boundary Demarcation
Item Quantity Unit Cost (e) Total Cost (Q) (km) Boundary Description and 48.5 162,500 7,881,250 Survey 40.0 100,000 4,000,000 Pillars 48.5 6,700 324,950 Boundary Clearance 10.0 50,000 500,000 Sign Boards 13.5 60,000 810,000 FireBreak I Grand Total 13,516,200 - 62 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 6 Page 4 of 4
Table 7
Habitat Enhancement/Management(Muni)
Item Quantity Unit Cost (¢) Total Cost (¢) Nature Trails 5 km 7,000/km 35,000 Border Planting 24 km 187,500/km 4,500,000 Traditional Hunting 200 ha 38,000/ha 7,600,000 Grounds Grand Total 12,135,000
Table 8
BoundaryMaintenance
Item Quantity (km) Unit Cost (¢) Total Cost (e) Boundary Clearance 48 7,000 336,000 Fire Break 15 60,000 900,000 Grand Total 1,236,000
Table 9
MonitoringEquipment
Item Quantity Unit Cost ($) Total Cost ($) Salinity Meter 1 200 200 Water Level Gauge 1 10 50 Weather Station 1 300 600 Sainple Bottles 300 .50 150 Grand Total 1,000 - 63 -
APPENDIX2 Annex 7 Page 1 of 1
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Department of Game and Wildlife
Principal, G.W. A. 67,69 649,543-719,650 Senior, G.W. A. 61, 63 579,848-649,500 Game Warden A. 53, 58 492,384-591,434 Ass't. Game A. 40, 43 379,481435,120 Warden A. 47, 53 435.481435,120 Sr. Game Prod. A. 38, 40 364,038410,364 Officer A. 34, 36 334.038410,364 Game Prod. A. 27, 32 287,631-348-595 Officer A. 21, 25, 30 320,891-364.038 Sr. Game Ranger A. 12 252,468-334,038 GaameRanger A. 5 206,715-226,288 Principal Tech. A. 5 169,354-190,531 Assistant A. 5 164,354-190,531 Sr. Tech. Assistant Tech. Assistant Camp Supervisor Skilled Laborer
Plus 20 percent as risk allowance. Salaries as of May 1991 - 64 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 1 of 15
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Terms of Reference
Environmental Baseline and Monitoring Studies for Coastal Wetlands
1. Introduction. Long term managementof the coastal wetland ecosystemsaddressed by this project will require developmentof an informationbase on the physical parameters of the system (hydrology, sedimentology,limnology) and the status of its biotic components (fisheries, aquatic and terrestrial ecology of flora and fauna), as well as the socio-economic status of its human inhabitants. The multiple-usemanagement goals for the project sites call for preserving the ecologicalviability of the sites as bird habitat, maintainingor enhancingthe recreationalvalue of the areas, and seeking optionsto improve the economicreturn from compatibleindustries such as fisheries, aquacultureand salt production. Consistentwith World Bank policy, these goals also include the maintenanceor improvementof the welfare of the local population. To achieve these ends it is necessaryto identify the current status of the ecosystems, identifymajor factors affectingtheir status, develop an understandingof natural cycles of hydrodynamicsand biological productivity, identifylong term trends in successionor change induced or influencedby human interventions(e.g., dams, agricultural runoff and urban pollution), and to develop modelsfor understandingthe ecological interactions among the biotic and physical elements of the systems. These terms of reference outline the studies that are needed to establish a technical informationbase upon which realistic managementgoals for the wetland systems can be set and against which success in achievingthem can be measured.
2. Objectives. The overall objectivesof these studies are to: identifythe major factors (natural and human induced) that are acting on these coastal ecosystems;develop data on the present (ecologicaland economic)productivity of the systems; identify options to mitigate negative impactsfrom present or potential future human/industrialactivities; develop models of the principal factors that affect the stability of the systems; and provide a basis for determininginterventions to improve the economicproductivity of the wetland systemsthat are consistent with maintainingtheir ecologicalintegrity and environmentalquality. Table 8.1 provides a simplified"generic" systems model for the coastal wetlandsand summarizes indicators and parameters for regular monitoring.
3. Organizationand Management. Funds for the studies would be administeredby the Department of Game and Wildlife through the Coastal WetlandsManagement Unit to be establishedunder the project. Planning, design, supervisionand review of the overall research program would be done by the Coastal WetlandsManagement Project OperationsCommittee (CWMPOC)augmented with technical experts from participating institutionssuch as the Fisheries Research Institute, the Institute of Aquatic Biology, the Water Resources Research Institute, and the Botany and Zoology Departments,University of Ghana at Legon. The Project OperationsCommittee (CWMPOC) would be the formal body for review and - 65 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 2 of 15 considerationof study protocols and approval of terms of reference. Senior participants in the technical studies would meet periodically, not less frequentlythan twice annually,to present and review study results and identify necessarychanges and adjustmentsto study protocols or needs for specializedstudies. The Senior TechnicalAdvisor would be responsiblefor overall planning, design, coordination,supervision and review of the research studies. A detailed study plan would be prepared and reviewed by the CWMPOCand IDA by April 1993.
Table 8.1. COASTAL WETLANDS - ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
Generic Systems Model For Coastal Lagoon Ecosystems
Inputs Indicator(s)
Fresh water inflow water level/salinity Seawater inflow water level/salinity Runoff sediments turbidity/transparency Agriculturalrunoff nitrates/sulphates/phosphates Human/animalwastes coliform bacteria count Industrial wastes trace metals,hydrocarbonsetc.
Qutiits Indicator(s)
Fish, crabs, shrimp catch statistics, size/frequencydata
Salt temperature& rainfall evaporationpotential
Water outflow water level/salinity contaminantlevels
Checklist of General Environmental Ouality Monitorine Parameters
Hydrological Umnologica
* water levels * pH inflow/outflowrates * transparency/turbidity sedimenttransport * dissolvedoxygen * conductivity(salinity) * biological/chemical oxygen demand (BOD) - 66 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 3 of 15
Biological Miscellaneous
* algae * lagoon and seashore phytoplankton water temperatures macrophytess(plants) evapotranspiration zooplankton trace elementsin * invertebrates flora/fauna/sediments * fish petroleum hydrocarbons crustaceans& molluscs * birds
* Routinelymonitored parameters.
4. Terms of Reference. Detailed terms of reference for the studies would be drawn up by the Senior Technical Advisor in close consultationwith the Wetlands ManagementUnit Coordinator and reviewed and approvedby the CWMPOC. Detailed terms of reference would vary among individualstudy componentsbut the objectivesof all would concern documentationof current status and natural cycles and trends, identificationof intrinsic and extrinsic factors effectingthe systemsand design, developmentand executionof long term monitoringprotocols. Specific studieswould address:
- hydrology - limnology and aquatic biology of plants and invertebrates - lagoon fisheries - shorebird and wader populationmonitoring - terrestrial animal and plant ecology - erosion and land degradation - socio-economicconditions and cultural practices of local communities
5. The results of baseline studies would be presented in the form of a report with maps, diagrams and data tables as necessary. These studies would also define requirementsfor annual monitoringand formats for annual reporting of results. Based on this initial assessmentthe CWMPOCwith appropriate consultationwith senior scientistsparticipating in the studies, would define terms of referencefor the annual monitoringstudies to be carried out for the duration of the project. The results of the annual colloquia would be summarized in an appropriatedocument and transmittedto the Natural ResourcesSectoral Network through the CWMPOCChairperson and the EPC/TS.
Baseline Hydrological Studies
6. For each of the wetland catchments, basic data are required on water flow, ground water tables and annual fluctuationsin water levels within the lagoons themselves. The goal - 67 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 4 of 15 of the baseline study is to describe and analyze the hydrologyof the catchmentssurrounding each lagoon and to design a regular monitoringprogram to routinely record data on water levels, flow volumes and ground water tables at key locations within the sites.
7. Baselinestudies for Muni, Sakumoand Densu Delta will be completed during the first 15 months of the project and for Songor and Anlo-Ketaby the end of Project Year 2. For each site, a report will be prepared describingthe results of findings in terms of a preliminary hydrologicalmodel of the catchment. The report will define an annual monitoringprogram and describe the methods to be employed, locationsof samplingstations, and required frequency of sampling/monitoring. The report will define a format for annual reporting of monitoring results.
8. Muni Lagoon. The drainage basin surroundingthe Muni Lagoon is approximately 96.5 km2. The lagoon is fed by two rivers, the Muni and Pratu which show large seasonal fluctuations in water flow volume. Salinityof the lagoon varies seasonally and spatially. The baseline study will develop a model of water flow patterns within the catchmentarea and define requirements for monitoring annual cycles of:
- water flow volumes from the Muni and Pratu rivers - water level of the lagoon - salinity gradients within the lagoon - sedimenttransport within the river/lagoonsystem - ground water levels in appropriate areas of the catchment
9. SakumoLagoon. This lagoon and its catchmentfall almost entirely within the greater Accra-Tema urban metropolitanregion. The lagoon receives discharge from two rivers, the Gbagbla-Ankonuand Mamahumawith a total catchmentarea of approximately222 km2. The lagoon is tidal and connectedto the sea by a culvert passing under the Accra-Temacoast highway and railroad embankment. Freshwaterand tidal inflow volumes fluctuate seasonable and the salinity gradient within the lagoon varies both daily and seasonally.
10. The baseline study will develop a model of water flow patterns within the lower catchmentarea and define requirementsfor monitoringannual cycles of:
- discharge volumes into the lagoon from the Gbagbla-Ankonuand Mamahuma rivers - water level of the lagoon - salinity gradients within the lagoon - sedimentand effluenttransport within the river/lagoon system - ground water levels in appropriateareas of the catchment - tidal flow volumes through the culvert
11. In defining the monitoringregime the study will also take into account recommendationsfor improvingtidal flushing of the lagoon resulting from engineeringstudies to be undertaken that concern potential modificationof the outfall culvert and determine whether such modificationsshould be undertaken. - 68 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 5 of 15
12. Densu Delta. The lagoon and salt pan complexof the lower Densu river lies in the valley formed by the Aplaku-Takuseand Weija McCarthy Hills. Freshwater inflow is from runoff within the immediatelyadjacent catchmentand from the Densu River below the Weija Dam.
13. The baseline study will develop a model of water flow patterns within the adjacent catchmentarea and define requirementsfor monitoring annual cycles of:
- water level of the lagoon - salinity gradients within the lagoon - sediment and effluent transport within the river/lagoon system - ground water levels in appropriate areas of the catchment - flow volumes through the Densu River channel at appropriate stationsbelow the Weija Dam
14. Songor Lagoon. Songor lagoon lies just west of the Volta River estuary. Freshwater input is principally from runoff of the adjacent catchmentand discharge from three streams, two of which (Sege and Zano) originate north of the Sege-Kaseroad. The seasonally flooded area covers approximately115 km2. At present the lagoon has no outlet to the sea and salinity varies over a broad range throughoutthe year.
15. The baseline study will develop a model of water flow patterns within the adjacent catchmentarea and define requirementsfor monitoringannual cycles of:
- water level of the lagoon - salinity gradients within the lagoon - sedimentand effluent transport within the river/lagoon system - ground water levels in appropriate areas of the catchment
16. In defining the monitoringregime, the study will take into accountpotential effects on the lagoon of modificationsof seawater inflowpatterns associatedwith potential expansionof the salt winning industry.
Anlo-KetaLagoon. The Anlo-Ketalagoon, river, marsh and mangrove complexcovers an area of more than 300 km2 between the Volta River and the Togo border. The hydrological regime is closely linked to the Volta River and has been strongly effected by changes resulting from constructionof the AkosomboDam. Baselinestudies should be geared to establishinga monitoringregime to detect long term patterns of change or successionthat are occurring with the objective of estimatingtheir expectedimpact on present use of the lagoon by waterfowl and local human populations.
17. The baseline study will develop a model of water flow patterns within the adjacent catchmentarea and define requirementsfor monitoringappropriate parameters to detect and describe annual cycles of:
water levels within key areas of the wetland salinity gradients within the Keta Lagoon - 69 - APPENDDC 2 Annex 8 Page 6 of 15
sedimentand effluenttransport within the river/lagoon system including coastal erosion/depositionpatterns ground water levels in appropriateareas of the catchment
Baseline Limnolo2ical and Aquatic Biological Studies
18. For each of the lagoons and estuaries data are required on basic parameters and indicators of water quality as listed in Table 8.1 (above). Baselinestudies would include assessmentof water characteristics, aquaticproductivity, an inventory of the aquatic invertebratefauna and establishmentof reference collections, identificationof invertebrate prey species of migratory water birds, and definition of a regular monitoringregime for tracking water quality and aquatic productivity. Studies would include an inventory and assessmentof aquatic vegetation includingmapping of plant communitytypes. Botanical studies would particularly focus on elements of importance for habitat managementand harvesting by local human communities.
19. The baseline studies would also identify needs for more detailed studies on life cycles and population dynamicsof invertebratefauna and the interactions of biotic productivitywith abiotic factors such as fluctuationsin salinity, turbidity and nutrient input from freshwater runoff. The baseline studies would be designed to develop a preliminarysystems model for tracking biological productivityof the lagoons and identifyingcritical levels of key indicators to be monitored.
20. Baseline studies for Muni, Sakumo and Densu Delta will be completedduring the first 15 months of the project and for Songor and Anlo-Ketaby the end of Project Year 2. For each site, a report will be prepared describingthe results of findings with specificreference to the preliminary hydro-biologicalmodels developedfor each catchment. The report will define an annual monitoringprogram and describe the methodsto be employed,locations of samplingstations, and required frequency of sampling/monitoring.
21. The studies will attempt to identifyand quantify specific sources of pollution and nutrient input into the lagoons and provide assessmentof impactson biological productivity and stability. The studies will result in specific recommendationsfor managementof the lagoon systemsto enhancetheir resilience or stability and increase sustainableharvesting of useful animal and plant products. The report will define a format for annual reporting of monitoringresults.
Baseline Lagoon Fisheries Studies
22. For each of the lagoons, baseline data are required on the species, population dynamics, growth patterns, productivity, and limiting factors of harvestablevertebrate and invertebrate fishery resources. These studies are necessarilyclosely linked with the limnologicalstudies described above, particularly as these relate to sustainableproductivity. Fisheries studies must also be closely integrated with those concerningsocioeconomic and - 70 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 7 of 15 cultural practices of local communitiesas these relate to harvesting practices and utilization patterns of fish, crab, snails, and shrimp. Studies should include data collectionon fishing methods and gera employedand catch data per-unit-effort.
23. Fishery studies should seek to determinethe status of present stocks and develop models for potentially increasingharvestable productivity under various management scenarios. Such scenarios would include evaluationof potential enhancementof present fisheries output through habitat manipulationand/or regulation of harvesting patterns.
24. The proximate goal of the fisheriesbaseline study is to determine present diversity and abundanceof harvestablefish stocks and define a monitoringregime for tracking productivityover the next few years. This should provide a rigorous basis for identifying potentiallypromising (and locally acceptable)management interventions and for assessing the results of such interventionsin quantitativeterms.
25. Baselinestudies completedduring the first two years of the project would be summarizedin a report defining an annual monitoringprogram for each of the wetlands and a format for reporting results. To the extent possible baseline studies should attempt to evaluate current productivity, sustainabilityof present harvest levels, and identify potential managementoptions to sustainablyimprove harvests.
Ornitholoeical Studies
26. Data on use of the lagoons by migratoryshorebirds and resident waterfowlhave been developedover the past six years by studies undertakenby the Save the SeashoreBirds Project in collaborationwith the Department of Game and Wildlife. These regular monitoring studies would be continuedboth within the Ramsar sites and elsewhere in Ghana to better understandseasonal patterns of movementand habitat use by migratory birds.
27. Within the Ramsar sites, detailed studies would be undertakento identify and documentseasonal and spatial patterns of wetland use by individualspecies for roosting, feeding and nesting. These studies would provide more precise data than are currently availableto define boundaries of necessary core areas or sanctuariesand the temporal patterns for their use. For the larger sites (Songor and Anlo-Keta)aerial surveys would be undertaken at appropriate intervals and periods to provide more accurate data on total abundanceand spatial distributionof birds within the wetlands than can be acquiredfrom terrestrial surveys alone.
28. Banding studies to determine movementsof birds among the Ramsar sites and other wetlands in Ghana would be continuedand expandedas appropriate.
29. Baseline studies undertakenduring the first two years of the project would be summarizedin the form of a report with appropriatemaps to identify areas of significantbird concentrationsand temporal patterns of use of the wetlandsby migrants and resident waterfowl. These data will form the basis for delineatingcore areas and sanctuaries, and - 71 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 8 of 15 developmentof managementguidelines and policiesto afford effectiveprotection for migrant and resident species during critical periods and stages of their life cycles (e.g., breeding, nesting, moulting).
30. The summary report of baseline studies will define an annual monitoringregime required for tracking use of the wetlandsby waterfowland provide a format for annual reporting of survey and monitoringresults.
Terrestrial Plant and Animal Ecology Studies
31. Basic survey and inventory data are required on the faunal and floral compositionof the catchmentareas of the three rural lagoons (Muni, Songor, Anlo-Keta)so that rational developmentand managementplans can be devised. In the case of culturally significant animals such as bushbuck at Muni and economicallyimportant bushmeat species such as duikers and grasscutter, assessmentof local abundance,population dynamics and carrying capacity is needed to develop rational conservationplans or promote programs to encourage sustainableharvesting.
32. Similarly, botanical surveys are required to identify significantendemic or rare elements occuring within the sites as well as to identify and documentthose plants that are useful for habitat managementor importantto local communitiesfor food, fuel, medicine or other traditionaluses. Habitat associationsof upland birds (resident and migrant) small mammals, reptiles and amphibiawill be identifiedby field surveys with specimen documentationas appropriateto assess the biological importanceof these coastal savannahs for rare elementsof the vertebrate biota.
33. Rapid field surveys will be undertakenfor birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibiansin upland areas adjacent to the lagoons at Muni, Songor and Anlo-Keta. These will involve capture and preparation of voucher specimensof mammals, reptiles and amphibiansas necessary for accurate taxonomicdetermination and documentation. Studies will be coordinatedwith botanical surveys to link known vertebrate distributionswith described vegetation formations.
34. Field botanical surveys will be undertakento identifyrare and endemic forms as well as to determine the distributionand abundanceof economicallyuseful or culturallysignificant plants. Natural vegetation cover mappingwill be done for each of the three sites, as a basis for determiningmanagement and developmentplans.
35. Results of the faunal and floral surveys will be incorporatedin the formulationof land managementplans to reduce erosion impactson the lagoons and maintain or enhance harvesting of useful plant and animal products through habitat management,planting, and promulgation of appropriate local harvesting regulations.
36. Baselinestudies will be summarizedin the form of a report with appropriatemaps to identify areas of particular biological significancewithin the Ramsar sites and outline - 72 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 9 of 15
monitoringrequirements for rare or threatenedtaxa occuring within the sites. The baseline report will also indicate needs for more detailed studies on distribution, demographicsor population dynamics of endangered,economically or culturally importanttaxa.
Sea Turtle Assessment and Recovery Plan
37. Preliminary studies undertakenduring the 1970's indicatedthat beaches within the Songor and Anlo-Ketasites are important nesting sites for three species of threatened or endangeredsea turtles. DGW authoritiesconfirm that unregulatedexploitation of turtles continues to be a problem along the Ghana coast.
38. Studieswould be undertakento identify turtle nesting beaches within the Ramsar sites and elsewhere on the coast. Initial data on nesting sites would be compiled from interviews with coastal residents. Nesting areas so identifiedwould then be visitedby DGW personnel and monitoredduring the nesting season to identifytheir spatial extent and provide informationon the species and number of individualsusing a site. Informationon local exploitationof turtles and eggs would also be gathered. On the basis of these studies, DGW would identify requirements for protection of nesting beaches and for regulationof turtle harvesting during critical periods.
39. Based on the study results, DGW would formulatea protection/recoveryplan and enter into a dialog with local residents to negotiateimplementation of appropriatecontrols on harvesting of turtles and eggs. It is expectedthat implementationof such a plan involving monitoringof nesting success on certain beaches and restrictionof turtle harvesting during critical periods would be implementedgradually with appropriatecommunity education/sensitizationprograms undertaken in advanceof any enforcementintervention.
Soil Erosion and Land Degradation
40. Surveys would be undertakenwithin the catchmentareas of each of the lagoons to map general land use patterns and identify any acute problems of erosion or agriculturalor industrial runoff contributingto siltation, pollution or nutrient loading of the lagoons. This study would also identify sensitive areas where intensifiedagricultural or industrialuses would likely impact directy on the lagoons. Based on these preliminary assessmentsa report with appropriate maps would be prepared indicating areas where improved soil/land conservation measures would be recommendedand areas where intensificationof current land use would potentiallypresent a direct threat to the aquatic ecosystem(s). - 73 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 10 of 15
Socio-economicStatus of the Local Population
41. Preliminary work carried out by staff of the SociologyDepartment, Universityof Ghana, indicatesthat approximately50,000 people live in the area of Songor Lagoon; about 31,000 in the area of Muni Lagoon (if the populationof the town of Winneba, about 27,000, is included); some 180,000 in the area of SakumoLagoon (includingthe municipalityof Tema, Tema New Town, and Ashiaman, and inland urban center); and perhaps 75,000 in the area of the Densu Delta (excludingthe city of Accra). The Anlo-Ketalagoon area is also denselypopulated, although no estimate has yet been made of the size of the project affected population. If urban residents are excluded,however, the number of people directly affected by project activitiesbecomes much smaller.
42. Socio-economicstudies will, therefore, focus on the relativelysmall farming and fishing communitiesscattered along the sand bar between the lagoons and the ocean, or living in the lower catchmentarea of the lagoons. Initially, a census will be taken at each site of the population actually living within the site boundaries, identifiedthrough aerial photos. This census will provide basic data on demographiccharacteristics, residence and employment patterns. Based on this sample frame, a panel of householdswill be drawn for annual project monitoring activities. More extensivebaseline data will be collectedon this sample of households, includingassets (e.g., boats, trees), income, education,health, sanitation, water supply, land ownership, land use, and uses of the lagoon ecosystem. To ensure adequate representation of women's concerns, men and women in the selected sample householdswill be separately interviewed.
43. Household surveys will be complementedby informal group and community interviewsorganized as part of the program of public participationin planning for each of these sites. These discussionswould identifytraditional uses of different elements of the lagoon ecosystem and traditionalbeliefs and practices which may affect its sustainability. Reasons for the breakdownof traditionalmanagement systems will also be explored with the communitiesconcerned. These discussionswill also provide a forum through which the project can share technical informationwith the people, and gain the benefit of indigenous knowledgeconcerning the functioningof the lagoon ecosystem.
44. A report on the initial census, panel selectioncriteria, and survey instrumentsfor each site except Anlo-Ketawill be prepared for review by the Site Committeesand CWMPOC within six months of project start-up. Baselinedata collectionwill be completedby the end of Project Year 1 and annual surveys will be conducted,therefore, to monitor changes in the welfare of the project affectedpopulation. Socio-economicreconnaissance of the Anlo-Keta area will be completedby the end of Project Year 2. Census and baseline surveys will be carried out after the site boundaries are identified. - 74 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 11 of 15
Technical Advisor - Coastal Wetlands Management Project
45. Oualificationsand Experience. The TechnicalAdvisor will have an advanceddegree and post-graduatetraining in an appropriatetechnical field related to wildlife managementor conservationof biodiversity. The Advisor should have good knowledgeof and personal familiaritywith ecologicalconditions within the coastal zone of Ghana includingissues concerning human ecology of the region within and around the wetland sites.
46. The Advisor shouldhave at least five years experience in the design, executionand assessmentof research programs concerningthe utilizationof coastal wetland habitats by wildlife. Experience with monitoringand assessmentof the status of migratory waterfowl and shorebirds is especially importantbecause of the profound importanceof the coastal wetlands for migratorybird populationson a regional and global scale.
47. The Advisor shouldbe familiar with the operational procedures, policies and practices of the implementingagency for the project (Departmentof Game and Wildlife) and of the mandates and technical capabilitiesof sectoral agencies and research institutionsparticipating in the project.
48. The Advisor should have proven experience in developmentof educationor public awarenessprograms for local communities. The Advisor shouldhave demonstrated experience in working with local level political authorities, commissions,development councils, traditional leaders and other elementsof local communitiesto achieve appreciation and awarenessof and consensuson resource managementor conservationissues.
49. The Advisor should have experiencein working with internationalorganizations involved with biodiversityconservation. The Advisor shouldhave demonstratedhis/her capacity to maintain effective liason with the scientificcommunity on matters relevant to conservationon the national and internationallevels.
50. Duties and Responsibilities. The TechnicalAdvisor will be responsibleto the Coordinator of the WetlandsManagement Unit of DGW and will be a member of the Executive Committeeof the Coastal WetlandsManagement Project OperationsCommittee (CWMPOC). The Technical Advisor will have principal responsibilityfor the planning, design, execution and overall coordination,supervision and review of the research and monitoringstudies described above (Annex 8). In addition, working closely with the WetlandsManagement Unit Coordinator the Advisor will assist to:
establish the CWMPOC with appropriate representationof sectoral agencies, research institutes,political institutionsand traditional leaders;
establish and serve as chairperson of a technicalworking group with appropriate representationfrom academia, research institutes, and other units to plan, design and review results of research and monitoringstudies to be undertakenunder the project; - 75 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 12 of 15
plan and develop communityawareness and public educationprograms concerningenvironment and conservationissues within the coastal zone and elsewhere;
act as liaison with national and internationalNGO's concernedwith environmentalawareness and conservationof the coastal wetlands;
establish local Site Committeesfor the principalproject sites and work to ensure adequaterepresentation of all segmentsof the communitiesliving within and adjacent to the Ramsar sites;
plan and coordinatedevelopment of a NationalWetlands Conservation Strategy in cooperationwith the EPC/TS and other appropriate national planning agencies;
plan and organize appropriatefora for the presentationof research findings and other events to promote public awarenessof wetland values;
develop an overall research program plan and schedule for carrying out the research and monitoringstudies described above;
monitor and review disbursementof funds for communityinfrastructure improvementsapproved by the site committees;
develop annual work plans and research programs, prepare periodic reports;
liaise with IDA/GEF supervisionmissions and participate in mid-term project review and preparation of mid term and project completionreports.
National Wetlands Conservation Strategv
51. Introduction. Ghana's 550km coastlineincludes more than 50 lagoons and estuaries ranging in size from a few dozen hectares to more than 300 km2. The Volta Lake, an impoundmentcreated by the AkosomboDam covers an area of nearly 8,500 km2 which extends through all of the major inland ecologicalzones of the country. Together, natural and manmadewetlands cover nearly 10,000 km2 of territory and are of critical economic importanceto the country as a whole and to adjacent communities. Studies concentrated principally along the coast documentthe regional and global importanceof Ghanaianwetlands as habitat for migratory waterfowl with eight presently known coastal sites qualifyingas Wetlandsof InternationalImportance under the 1% criterion of the Ramsar Convention. In recognitionof the national and internationalsignificance of its wetland resources the Governmentof Ghana became a party to the Ramsar Conventionin 1988 and has formally registeredor expressedits intent to register with the Ramsar Secretariat six wetland sites (includingcatchments) totalling more than 1500 km2 in area. In line with the commitmentof contractingparties to the Conventionto develop national wetland policies promoting "wise - 76 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 13 of 15 use" of these resourcesthe Governmentof Ghana wouldutilize funds provided by the Global EnvironmentFacility under the Wetlands Managementcomponent of the GERMP to develop the necessary informationbase to define a national wetland conservationstrategy and action plan.
52. Objectives. The first objective of this study would be to review existing data on wetland resources and systematicallyidentify gaps in knowledgeof critical factors effecting wetlands as these represent constraintsto improvingmanagement practices. The goal would be to summarize existinginformation on coastal and inland wetlands including: hydrodynamics;present uses and projected future demands; water quality and pollution problems; fisheries productivityand potential; and status of natural flora and fauna (including resident and migratory species). This study would bring together informationgathered on coastal wetlands under the Coastal WetlandsManagement Program and on inland wetlands under the Volta Basin Study undertakenas part of the GERMP to define conservation priorities and options, evaluate the multipleuse managementpotential of principal wetlands, and identify present constraints to realizing the economicpotential of wetlandsresources. This study would identify specificneeds for data collectionand analysis and recommenda specificplan of actions to meet them.
53. Organizationand Management. Funds for the study would be administeredby the EPC/TS. The project would financelocal consultanciesto review and summarizeexisting information, limitedlocal field data collection, sponsorshipof necessary meetings, workshops and colloquia, preparation and disseminationof reports and documents, and technical assistancefrom outside specialistsas required. Draft terms of reference and an implementationplan and schedule for the study would be prepared by the Senior Technical Advisor to the Wetlands ManagementUnit of DGW and reviewed and approved by the SIPOC. Specific elementsenumerated below would be addressedby specialist working groups under the general coordinationof the WetlandsTechnical Advisor. Results would be prepared in the form of a technicalreport with accompanyingmaps as required. Development of specificstrategies and action plans would be the responsibilityof the WetlandsTechnical Advisor in collaborationwith the EPC/TS with review and approval by the Executive Council of EPC.
54. Terms of Reference. Detailed terms of reference would be prepared, reviewed and approved as noted above. Specificactivities to be undertaken in the course of the study would include:
review of the current status of informationon wetland resources including, size, location, biologicaland hydrologicalcharacteristics, human uses, classificationof wetland types and assessmentof conservationstatus and representativenessof present conservationunits;
review of legislationand legal basis for wetland management;
identificationof education, training and public awareness requirementsrelated to wetlandsmanagement; - 77 - APPENDIX 2 Annex 8 Page 14 of 15
- identificationof specificresearch requirementsto obtain necessarydata to objectivelydefine conservationpriorities;
- identifymajor threats to wetiandsin Ghana and constraints to effective wetlandsmanagement;
- identify sites suitablefor developmentof multiple-usewetland management projects that build on experiencegained under the coastal wetlands managementprogram to improve wetlands managementpractices in other ecologicalzones;
55. The study would make recommendationsfor priority actions in the developmentof a national wetlandspolicy and strategy. Such priority actions might include: undertakinga national wetlands inventory; expansionof the coastal wetlands managementunit to include managementof inland wetlands; managementof additional critical sites within the coastal zone; developmentof specificsite based project proposals. The Ghana national strategy would also take into accountwetland conservationpriorities on a regional scale by maintainingcommunication and cooperativelinkages with internationalorganizations concernedwith wetlands conservationsuch as IWRB, ICBP and IUCN.
Study of Development Options in Coastal Wetlands
56. Oectives. The main purpose of these studies would be to examine options for developmentwithin the coastal wetland sites designatedas of special ecologicalsignificance under the Ramsar Convention. Such recognitiondoes not preclude developmentbut any developmentshould be compatiblewith maintainingthe ecology of the area. The objective of the studies would, therefore, to develop proposals for developmentthat are consistentwith the status of the sites under the Ramsar Convention. The studies would be a precursor to the use of the InvestmentSupport Fund, designed to underwrite pilot developmentinitiatives in the coastal wetlands.
57. Organizationand Management. Funds for the studies would be administeredby EPC/TS as the principal project implementationagency. However, NDPC and MFEP would be amongst the users of the results of the studies and should play an importantrole in formulatingthe terms of reference for the studies. The Project Operations Committee responsible for Studies and Investigations(SIPOC) would be the formal body for considerationof study proposals and approval of terms of reference. As all these studies would require inputs from socio-economists,it is proposed that the Institute for Statistics, Social and Economic Research (ISSER), Universityof Ghana, shouldbe involved and the staff member who would sit on the Committeecould, where appropriate, coordinate team formation and the implementationof the proposed study.
58. Terms of Reference. The preparation of the detailed terms of reference for the studies would be coordinatedby the secretary of SIPOC, who would be the Deputy Director - 78 - APPENDIX 2 Annex8 Page 15 of 15 for Inter-SectoralNetworking, EPC/TS, in close consultationwith members of SIPOC, who would approve them. Details would vary but the studies would include examinationof:
Existing natural resources; - Population; - Socio-economic framework; - Technical development proposals; - Financial and economicanalysis of developmentproposals; - Assessmentof the impact of potential developmentson the ecology of the lagoon.
The results of the studies would be presented in a report with accompanyingmaps as necessary. - 79 -
APPENDIX2 Annex 9
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT
Maps of Proposed Ramsar Sites*
Figure 1. Map of Coastal Ghana showing locationsof sites.*
* Proposed boundaries and zoning patterns within sites are from Ntiamoa-Baidu.Y. and C. Gordon. 1991. Coastal WetlandsManagement Plans: Ghana. Environmental Protection Council. Ghana. 14Opp. - 80 - APPENDDX2 Annex 10 Page I of 2 GHANA COASTAL WE,TLANDSMANAGEMENT PROJECT
Comtal Wed=a5 Progrm Tmp etdwm Sahedule
Activity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 I9"? 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1. SITE ESTABLISHMENT Boundarysurveys and Legal descriptionsfor allsites *----
Bound ry Dam_rcationVSftes: Sakumo Densu Songor Keta Border Planting/Sites: Muni - Sakumo * * Denru *.-.-... Songor *._*.*** ... **.. ... Kota . .. *----! ...... 11. ADMINISTRATION
EstablishCW POC *-- -- . (includingtechnical working groupfor research and monitoringstudies)
EstablishSite Management Coomitte.s:
Sakumo/Denau * ... > Songor*-----> KetaS...... __ __... ._...... -- ...... _..... III. RESEARCHAND MOITORINC BaselineStudies: Muni ...... SakLm .... DOnsu ...... Songor ...... Keta ** **-
Monitoring Studles: Muni **.-- *-----.**.- *------*-.--.-. *.*.**.e-> Sakimo **-*e - *--~e -- ... i. ... *... s..-* e -.--ne **---- Dansu **--*-- * .. o..*.s...o...... ---...- *.-*- o..... * *--- Songor *----- .----.-- *------******- Keta *-- --- .--.- *-*-- ...... IV. CONHIUUTYDEVELOPUENT SUTDY AND INVESTMENTS
DevelopmentOptionrs Study ...... Investmentsupport for pilot projects(e.g. aquaculture, fisheries,artisanal salt)
Community Infrastructure InvestmentSupport: MLMti 5*5--- .. 5.*- -- -- *------*--- s...o...... *---- Songor - * - *- * - Kota ......
V. EOWIPNENTPURCHASES ...... **** ------*- - ......
Vll. VEHICLE PURCHASES*------*-.-.-*----. - 81 - APPENDIX 2 Arnnex10 Page 2 of 2
Activity 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 Vil. SITE PREPARATIONAND BUILDINGCONSTRUCTION Sites: Muni Staff Housing .* *- -- EducationCanter/Office* ObservationPosts *--- * SanitationUnits * * Sakuwa/Oensu StaffHousing EducationCenter/Offiee ObservationPosts * *---
Songor StaffHousing Education/Offi co/Lab ObservationPosts SanitationUnits *-.*------* * ***-**-
Staff Housing .. *- ObservationPosts *----. * SanitationUnits * ------*------* ...... ,...... - ...... VIII. ROADCONSTRUCTION/UPGRADING Sites: Muni Songor Kota ...... IX. HABITATENHANCENENT/FAUNAL MARAGEMETN/SITE IMPROVEMENT Sites: Muni GOwe stocking *---- *-*-*----- *---*.**- *.*-*..**----- Planting *-.-*- *------*.------*------*.*.----- Access trails . * Sakumo/Densu Planting Roosting islands Access trails Kota Planting - - . -.-**... ***.-- Roosting islands *-. *****----- *****O*** Access trails * '...... X. PUBLICAWARENESS AND COWWJITYEDUCATION
WiLdlifeClubs . *.******.*.* nr **--- CommunityEducatfin . -.----*...... ***t***--*-- *-- *. Education Center Operations
Xun~l *-***** -*- ******U *-*-** ** Sckuo *-*------*O*i* -- **...... - -- SrJnor Keta .*-- ***-*.**. ...- ...... Xi. STAFF TRAINING
Coordinator - e- EducationOfficer wardwns *.***e,,., .... EducationExtension Staff * ****-.-. *m_ .- Coemunity Rangers 00 d" f Po* mEty .. pwied of bed4ef t w ew3e aeye >l kdeftf meeim eMNd-
KC:db b:trgoah Merch 26, 1992 - 82 -
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
APPENDIX3
Sakumo Laioon
Effluent Disposal and Hydrological Studies - 83 -
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Sakumo Lagoon Effluent Disposal and Hydrological Studies
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Paze No.
I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1
II. SAKUMO LAGOON ...... 1...... A. Background ...... 1 B. Present Condition of the Lagoon ...... 2 C. Tidal Mixing ...... 4 D. Contributing Flows and Loads ...... 5
III. REVIEW OF TEMA SEWERAGE REHABILITATION PROPOSALS ...... 7 A. Outline of Proposals ...... 7 B. Treatment Works Performance Predictions ...... 7 C. East Tema Sewage Disposal ...... 10
IV. THE FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE SAKUMO LAGOON ...... 11 A. Impact of the Treatment Works ...... 11 B. Effluent Discharge ...... 11 C. Recommendations ...... 12 D. Cost Estimates ...... 12 E. Cost Benefits ...... 13
ANNEXES 1. Analytical Results 2. Treatment Performance Predictions 3. Cost Estimates 4. Terms of Reference for a Study for a New Outlet for the Sakumo Lagoon 5. Previous Related Work
FIGURE 1. Plan of Sakumo Lagoon showing Survey Sample Points - 84 -
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
SakumoLagoon Effluent Disposal and Hydrological Studies
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 In 1989 a report was publishedon behalf of Tema District Counciland Tema DevelopmentCorporation by WatertechConsulting Engineers, on the redevelopmentof the Tema sewerage system which had by that time, fallen into disuse. The report concludedthat the original sea disposal system was inadequateto serve the future needs of Tema and that a sewage treatment works was required which would need to be sited adjacent the Sakumo lagoon and shoulddischarge effluentto sea. The preferred site of the treatmentworks later proved to be unavailableand it was therefore proposed to relocate the treatmentworks away from the coast and discharge into the Sakumolagoon.
1.2 This study was instigatedto check the design of the treatmentworks; to determine the environmentalimpact on the lagoon of the new proposals;to consider alternativeeffluent disposal options, and to cost them.
II. SAKUMO LAGOON
A. Background
2.1 The lagoon lies to the west of Tema and is connectedto the sea by twin 1800 mm diameter culverts under the coast road. At the time of the appraisal, late October 1991, the free water surface was approximately60 ha with probably a similar area covered with aquatic plants in very shallow water. The depth of water was estimated from observationof fishermen wading in the lake and appearedeverywhere to be less than 1200 mm deep averaging approximately500 mm. The body of open water is thus estimated to containof the order of 0.30 Mm3 with probably another 0.05 Mm3 of water in the beds of vegetationand water channels.
2.2 The surrounding area is a sandy basin extendingover 100 ha to the higher land above possible flood level. The basin is covered in grassy scrub land, on the western side and around the northern edge. To the east housingdevelopment has encroachedto within a few hundred meters of the lagoon and low lying floodablearea. In the south eastern zone is an area of open land as yet undeveloped,which has been identified as the preferred site of the proposed sewagetreatment plant. - 85 -
2.3 The Sakumo lagoon is a site of conservationinterest for migratoryshorebirds identified as being of importanceunder criteria outlined under the Ramsar convention,and has been proposed for registrationas a Ramsar site. The lagoon is fished extensivelybut the fish yield is not of great commercialsignificance, though several dozen fishermen earn their living from the lagoon. Elsewhere the basin is used for cattle grazing, productionof tomatoes, wood cutting and sand extractionthough none of these uses is extensive. At the northern edge there has been some fly tipping and dumpingof septic tank sludges and cesspit wastes.
2.4 The lagoon has a catchmentarea of approximately350 km2 and there are four major surface water channels flowing into the Sakumobasin, two from the north and two from the west. At the time of the appraisal, the most westerly of the drains from the north was dry; this serves a large undevelopedarea to the south of the motorway. The second of the northern drains was flowing with partially treated sewage from the Ashaimansettlement to the north of the motorway; the sewage passes through a series of irrigated plots which effects some improvementin quality and reduces the quantity dischargedinto the basins.
2.5 The two drains from the west are both heavily polluted with domesticsewage. The drains are partially silted and the velocityof flow is quite low. The majority of suspended solids are finally divided but agglomerationof algae are common. There appear to be no large faecal solids by the time the surface channels discharge into the lagoon. There are several sullage/surfacewater channels dischargingfrom the new housingdevelopments but none of significance. Most if not all of the new houses appear to be provided with soakawaysand although sub surface seepage may reach the lagoon the polluting effects are likely to be insignificantwhen comparedto the effect of the surface discharges. Tema residential Area 12 and part of Area 11 each drain to a large septic tank but the effluent is used for irrigation and insignificantflow reaches the lagoon.
B. Present Condition of the Lagoon
2.6 Survey of the Lagoon. It shouldbe noted that the survey work was carried out over a limited period and there may be seasonal fluctuationsin the conditionof the lagoon which cannot be assessed. Many of the hypothesesmade could not be verified due to inadequate time and resources. A samplingprogram of the lagoon was undertaken30 October 1991. Samples were taken at three locations(Figure 1):
A - approximately15 m offshore from the Golf Club swimmingpool; B - midway across the narrow point of the lagoon halfway from point A to the outlet; C - at the outlet just upstrearnof the culvert.
Two samplesfrom each location were taken for analysis and two further samples from each location were tested for temperaturepH and dissolvedoxygen alone. Subsequentsamples were taken over the followingthree weeks.
2.7 All analyticalwork was carried out by the Instituteof Aquatic Biology(TAB) of CSIR. Becauseof the limitationsof the laboratory in terms of equipment,working environmentand experience of this type of work, the absolute accuracy of the results cannot - 86 -
be guaranteed. Every endeavor was made to ensure accuracy and where errors were suspected, repeat analyseswere performed. Allylthioureawas not availableat the IAB and nitrificationsuppression of the BOD test could not be undertaken. The results of the analyses are presented in Annexure 1.
2.8 Temperature. The temperatureof the lagoon water dropped from 31°C in the middle of the lagoon to 270Cby early evening
2.9 pH. The pH of the lagoon water ranged from 9.4 in the morning to 8.6 by early evening, except at the outlet from the lagoon. The pH of the lagoon water was not the same at the two locations in the lagoon proper but the changes in pH were similar. As the sky became overcast and the temperaturedropped, the pH also dropped, indicatingthe influence of algal actively. The sample at the outlet had a much lower pH at 1100 h than the other two probably reflecting the localized influenceof the tide. At the time, the tide was on the ebb, but from marks on the outfall structure the water level had dropped by 200 to 300 mm. The low pH at point B reflects the naturally lower pH of the sea water and also the buffering and diluting effects of the sea water mixed in with the lagoon water. As the sea water intrusion was flushed out, the pH rose to 9.0 prior to dropping late in the afternoon.
2.10 Dissolved Oxygen. The diurnal pattern of dissolvedoxygen (DO), although not verified at night, is typical of waters with high algal activity. The supersaturationlevels attained were unexpectedlyhigh, particularly at points B and C where concentrationof 15 mg/l were recorded. As with pH, the DO levels at point A were consistentlylower than at point C, indicatinga lower level of algal activity at point A. The drop in DO during the afternoon was very marked at point C. However, due to inaccessibility,sample C was taken close to the shore line and wave action may have suspendedbenthos in the area causing a higher oxygen demand than created by algal actively alone. It is unlikely that DO levels drop to zero except at the margin of the lagoon where the mud was noticeablyblack and has a typical but faint odor of hydrogensulphide.
2.11 Nitrogen and Phosphorus. Apart from at the outlet, ammonianitrogen was not detected in the lagoon. Nitrate nitrogen was 0.14 mg/I as N at points A and C, while the orthophosphatelevel was 0.05 mg/l as P at point A, 0.62 mg/l at Point C and averaged 0.26 mg/l at the outlet. Subsequentsampling confirmed the absence of ammonianitrogen but gave nitrate concentrationsof 0.014 mg/I and phosphatelevels of 0.03 mg/l in the lagoon. On 18th November, 1991, the orthophosphateand total phosphoruslevels at point B were 0.04 mg/l and 0.06 mg/l respectively.
2.12 There is no explanationfor the large difference in phosphatelevels between sample points A and C on 31st October, 1991. It was expectedthat the levels would have been almost identical in a well mixed lagoon, as were the nitrogen concentrations. The much lower values recorded on 18th Novembercould be as a result of the tidal dilution by the high tides between those dates and/or utilizationby algae during a significantgrowth spate in the interveningperiod, with subsequentwashout or settlement. However it was noted on 30th October that Pumping StationNo. 1 was not operatingand sewagewas being by passed to the lagoon. The discharge would have entered the lagoon near point C and mixingin the lagoon to the north may have been inhibitedin the short term by wind action and the general flow pattern in the lagoon; point A is in effect in a dead area. - 87 -
2.13 The nitrogen to phosphorusratio is much lower than the ratio found in sewage, consideredto be the major source of nutrients enteringthe lagoon, but this is not uncommon in eutrophicwaters as algae and plants absorb nitrogen in larger amountsthan phosphate;the low soluble nitrogen concentrationspossibly reflect the level of assimilationby algae. Phosphatelevels of 0.03 mg/l are adequateto permit blooms of several algal species and concentrationof 0.6 mg/l would sustain blooms of most types of algae. The soluble nitrogen levels are probably too low to sustainblooms of many algae but blue green algae do not require soluble nitrogen as they are able to utilize atmosphericnitrogen. Nitrogen concentrationis not a reliable indicatorof eutrophicpotential.
2.14 Previously quoted figures for nutrients in the Sakumolagoon are probably of little relevance without a knowledgeof the volume of the lagoon and tidal water exchange. The concentration are likely to vary due to dilution at periods of high tide or high rainfall, and during periods of high algal activity.
2.15 BOD. The figures for BOD for lagoon water are not particularlyrelevant because of the influence of algae present in the samples. Filtered samplesgave a soluble BOD of 5mg/l on 6th November, 1991.
2.16 Solids. The total dissolvedsolids measured on 18th November, 1991, were 21,300 mg/I. The suspendedsolids contentis high and erratic due to the algae and suspendedfine sand in the lagoon. Measured values ranged from 1200 mg/I to over 7000 mg/I.
2.17 Benthos. The upper Benthoslayer was found to contain 1.36 mgP/gm, and its oxygen uptake was measured at 460 mgDO/m2.d. This is equivalentto 1 mg/I oxygenuptake for the lagoon water and is surprisinglylow. While the lagoon water at the time of the study was apparentlyinnocuous, the bottomdeposits appearedto contain significantquantities of organic matter. This possiblyis derived from decomposingalgal sedimentsbut much could result from the flushingout of all the polluted surface water drains wheneverthere is rainfall. The low oxygen uptake tends to suggest that depositionmay be seasonal and decompositionwas well advancedwhen the samples was taken. Previous studies have indicatedthat there is little heavy metal pollution either in the water or the benthos of the lagoon.
C. Tidal Mixing
2.18 The tidal influx to the lagoon is not controlledby the culverts connectingthe lagoon to the sea, but by a sand bar across the outlet end of the lagoon and the channel from the bar to the culverts. The twin 1800 mm dia concrete culverts under the road are in fair structural conditionexcept at the discharge point where the invert of one culvert has been broken off and the other pipe is leaking. There are signs of superficialdamage to the structure and the rock on which it was founded is being eroded away extensively. Hydraulicallythe structure currently offers some impedanceto flow into the lagoon and the water level on the lagoon side may be assumedto be at most 0.08 m below tide level at spring high tides. During the rainy season the culvert severely restricts discharge to sea.
2.19 The meanderingoutlet channel is irregular in cross section and its route is unlikely to be stable. At an assessed length of some 180 m, the channel createsa hydrauliccontrol on - 88 -
the flow of water into the lagoon, but at low tide is unlikely to affect the dischargeto sea as this will be controlledby the sand bar at the head of the channel. The discharge through the culvert was measured using floats on 6th Novemberat low tide and was approximately 0.57 m3/s.
2.20 At high tide on 9th Novemberthe influx through the culvert was measured at 0.74 m3/s for a tide level of 1.58 m. A crude hydraulicassessment of the channel feeding to the culvert indicated a head loss along the channel of approximately0.075 m. A comparative assessmentof the tidal influence indicatethat at a spring high tide of 1.91 m the maximum influx to the lagoon could be approximately1.05 m3/s. It is also assessedthat there would be negligible tidal influx at tide levels below 1.50 m during the highest spring tides and below 1.40 m at neap tides when the lagoon level could be expectedto be lower.
2.21 Over the tidal cycle at spring tides inflow could be expected for 5-1/4 h per tidal cycle giving an approximate influx of 23000 m3. This would raise the level in the lagoon by approximately25 mm and increasethe surface area of the water by some 3 m along the western side of the lagoon. Observationof the shoreline adjacent to the golf club confirm a tidal variation in lagoon water levels of this order during spring tides. It would appear that during spring tides the flux does not initiallymatch the influx and there would be a gradual increase in the volume of the lagoon. It is estimatedthat the monthlytotal inflow is approximately530,000 m3 giving a tidal turn over of approximately20 days.
D. Contributing Flows and Loads
2.22 An accurate assessmentof the flows and loads enteringthe Sakumolagoon is hamperedby the fact that PumpingStation No. 1 is occasionallynot operated. On 23rd October, 1991, a problem with the power supply necessitateddischarging raw sewage into the lagoon and on 18th November, 1991, the stationhad been closed down completely(and unnecessarily)while one pump was being repaired. It is not known how frequent such occurrencesare.
2.23 The three major flows into the lagoon were monitoredover 6th and 7th November, 1991. Three samples were taken on 7th Novemberfrom surface water drainage channels (Western Drain from Area 5, point D and Mid Western Drain from Area 10, point E) and a single sample from the drain from the Ashaimansettlement, point F. An assessmentof the flow was made at each point to enable an estimate of the contributingpollution loads to be made. It should be noted that the flows were made using floats over a relativelyuniform section of the drains and an existingconcrete on another. The absolute accuracy cannot be guaranteed but the flows are consideredto be reliable enoughto enable mean balancesof loads to be assessed. The average flows past each point over the day of the samplingwere estimated to be: point D 29 I/s point E 65 I/s point F 86 I/s a total of 180 I/s. This would indicate a retention period in the lagoon of some 22 d, ignoring tidal effects and evaporation.
2.24 Over the same period the quantityof orthophosphateentering the lagoon from these sources was approximately22.3 kg/d as P ammoniawas 189 kg/d as N, and nitrate was 3 kg/d as N. On 18th Novemberorthophosphate and total phosphateentering from the two drains dischargingfrom Tema (points D and E) were computedto be 6.3 and 41 kg - 89 -
respectively. The orthophosphatelevels were much lower than previouslymeasured but the algal content of the flows was noticeablyhigher. The best estimate of total phosphorus entering the lagoon is 50 kg/d.
2.25 The current continuousareal loading of phosphorusinto the lagoon is estimatedto be of the order of 15.5 g/m2 .a. This is very high for a shallow lagoon and would normallybe associatedwith eutrophic conditions. The mean residencetime in the lagoon, taking into account tidal exchange, is approximately10 to 11 days. Ignoring benthicphosphorus transfer and periodic rainfall loadings, the steady state phosphorusconcentration should be of the order of 1.5 mg/l. However because of assimilationby algae the orthophosphatelevels would be lower than total phosphorus. The measured concentrationof phosphorusis much lower than the loading would suggest. Significantquantities must be assimilatedby macrophytesin the margin of the lagoon and by precipitationin the lagoon. Fish would also accountfor a small reduction in phosphoruslevels.
2.26 The measurementof BOD was hamperedby the presence of algae in the samples from the drains but a best estimate made on 18thNovember, 1991, was 660 kg/d from points D and E. However an estimatedload of 2300 kg/d was also enteringfrom Pumping Station No. 1.
2.27 An allowanceof 10 percent of the measured loadings is consideredadequate to account for sullage water and minor flows into the lagoon. It should be noted that the effluent from the two large septic tanks in Areas 10 and 11 is used for irrigation and little if, any, reaches the lagoon. The measured loads do not account for settleablesolids which are deposited along all the surface water drains feeding into the lagoon nor do they accountfor cess pool and septic tank sludges which are currentlydeposited along the banks of the drain from Ashaiman. During heavy rainfall, considerableamounts of septic sludge could be resuspendedand washed into the lagoon.
2.28 Taking into account settlementof organic matter in the drains, reductionof soluble BOD during transit in the drains and assuminga low per capita phosphorusdischarge it appears that the sewage from a contributingpopulation of approximately30,000 is entering the drainage system discharging into the lagoon from Tema.
2.29 In addition to the flows entering the lagoon in dry weather on the rainy season it can be expectedthat significantquantities of deposited organic matter would be resuspendedand carried into the lagoon along with the normal sedimentload from the catchment. The latter has been estimated at 6000 T/a.
2.30 The shoreline of the lagoon in the vicinity of the golf club is covered by skeletal remains of marine molluscsindicating a diverse benthic fauna some time in the past. This is in direct contrast to the present time as researchersreport finding no molluscsover large parts of the lagoon. Fresh shells of one species indicatedthat there are molluscs in the lagoon but no great variety. There must also be food of some type for the waders. The lagoon benthos does not appear to be totally devoid of life but the lack of diversity of life forms is an indication of an ecologicallystressed environment. The water supports a healthy fish populationbut one species of tilapia appears to predominate. Previous work has also indicatedthat at times the algal populationhas been restricted to one species only, again indicating an undesirablesituation. Thus, the lagoon is unable to support a healthy diverse - 90 -
ecology which, it appears, used to be the case. It is assumedthat the transitiontook place as a consequenceof closing the natural outlet to the sea and restricting the tidal movement.
III. REVIEW OF TEMA SEWERAGE REHABILITATION PROPOSAIS
A. Outline of Proposals
3.1 The original design of the Tema sewerage system incorporatedthree pumping stations ultimately dischargingthrough a syphon to a long sea outfall some distanceto the east of Tema fishing harbor. A balancingtank was provided at the head of the outfall to store flows in excess of the capacity of the outfall until they could be discharged. The Watertechdesign proposals for rehabilitationof the sewerage system account for the much greater flows which will pertain when the sewerage system is renovated. The design report states that the capacity of the outfall is only adequate for gravity flows from East Tema up to 1990 and all flows from West Tema shall be conveyed separatelyfor treatment and disposal.
3.2 The design proposals envisage that PumpingStation No. 3 would be renovatedto pump increasedflows to the outfall which itself would be repaired where broken and rehabilitatedtogether with the balancingtank. Pumping StationsNos. 1 and 2 would likewise be renovatedbut with new pumping mains laid to convey almost all sewage from West Tema to a new treatment facility situated at the edge of the Sakumolagoon, with effluentbeing discharged into the lagoon. All flows which currentlydrain to the two communalseptic tanks in communities11 and 12 would continueto do so in future. Additionalproposals included the concrete lining of several unlined surface water drains and general improvementsto surface drainage in Tema.
B. Treatment Works PerformancePredictions
3.3 Removal of Organic Matter (BOD). The latest design is based upon the following parameters for 2005 adopted by Watertech. - 91 -
Population equivalent 163 500 - 1 Per capita BOD 0.050 kg/h.d - I BOD load 8175 kg/d - 2,3 Per capita flow 139 l/h.d - 4 Infiltration 3880 m3/d - 2 Dry flow weather 26616 m3d - 3 Design temperature 25 °C - 2
First series ponds capacity 87516 m3 for 2 Nos. - 3 First series ponds area 2.50 ha - 3 Second stage ponds capacity 24080 m3 for 1 No. - 3 Second stage ponds area 1.25 ha - 3
Facultative/Maturation 3 ponds capacity 169 870 m for 4 Nos. - 3
Facultative/Maturation ponds area 9.43 ha - 3
Notes: 1. Stated in letter of 16th May, 1991 2. Stated in calculation appended to letter of 16th May, 1991 3. Stated in design calculations disclosed 25th October, 1991 4. Inferred
3.4 The above pond sizes were queried as they do not comply with the original design statement with respect to water depth, nor does the phasing of developmentappeared logical as the second stage pond is apparentlythe same size as the first stage pond but operated at half depth. It was confirmedthat the calculationsheet was in error and that the aerated lagoon depth should have been 3 m, not 4.5 as implied. It was also confirmedthat current proposals include for one aerated lagoon initially with two similar sized lagoon operating as facultativeponds at 2 m depth. The intentionis that as the flow builds up and aerated lagoons are demonstratedto be effective, the other two would be convertedto aerated lagoons. The anaerobicponds were only consideredto demonstratethat should the aeration plant fail, then the aerated lagoon would function satisfactorilyas anaerobicponds, as a temporarymeasure.
3.5 Assessmentsof the performanceof the works have been carried out for 2005 flows and loads for the followingoptions for first stage treatment:
(a) three anaerobicponds; (b) two anaerobic and one facultativepond for 10 percent of the flow; (c) three aerated lagoons; and (d) two aerated lagoons plus one facultativepond for 10 percent of the flow.
It should be noted that the depths of these ponds has been correctedto 3 m.
3.6 The assessmentsindicate that the aerated lagoonsshould produce a marginallybetter effluent quality in terms of soluble BOD than would anaerobicponds. They also show that the use of one of the first stage ponds as a facultativepond is a sensible conceptwith the use - 92 -
of aerated lagoons. The effluentquality would be marginallyworse but the savings in investmentcosts and operating costs would be significant. The effluentBOD predicted for each of the four options is:
(a) 15 mg/l (b) 15 mg/l (c) 10 mg/l (d) 15 mg/l
3.7 There is little to choose between either anaerobicponds or aerated lagoons in terms of performanceas the actual quality of the effluentdischarged will be influencedto a great extent by the algal populationin the final lagoon. The BOD strengthsdetermined above would be representativeof the soluble BOD of the effluent. With algae present the total BOD is likely to be of the order of 50 to 75 mg/I. These predictionsare similar to those quoted by Watertech (11.9 mg/i BOD, followinganaerobic treatmentand 10.1 mg/i followingaeration) although no statement was made of the BOD contributedby the algae.
3.8 Removal of Patho2enicBacteria. Oxidation ponds are effective in removing pathogenic bacteria, viruses and ova of parasitic worms. Inactivationis by a combinationof settlementand the effects of UV light and elevated pH values. The pond system as designed if operated in a series of 4 stages should remove over 99.99 percent of coliformbacteria and a similar percentage of other pathogenicbacteria. With an averagefeed containing 1.5 x 10' E coli/100 ml, the effluent could be expectedto contain approximately6300 E coli/100 ml. The figure compares with an E. coli count measured at 1.0 x 106/100ml within the Sakumo lagoon, and predicted to lie within a range of 0.5 to 1.5 x 10/100 ml.
3.9 Nutrient Removal. With respect to nutrient removalthe performanceof the pond system is more difficult to predict. Reports of up to 45 percent phosphorusremoval have been noted for pond system removing over 90 percent BOD. The principle mechanismof removal appears to be precipitationand accumulationas mineralizedphosphate. Precipitation may be via algal body mass or as calcium phosphateat the elevated pH levels found in the ponds during daylight. In the case of the Sakumotreatment plant a removal of 30 percent might be a realistic figure to adopt for the purpose of assessingeutrophic effects on the lagoon. This equates to a phosphorusload of 230 kg/d assuminga per capita contributionof 2 g/d. Nitrogen removal is predominantlyby precipitationof organic nitrogen and volatilizationof ammoniain facultativeand maturationponds during periods of elevatedpH levels. Removalpredictions are not easy but up to 80 percent removal has been recorded in well operated plants and at least 50 percent removal could be expected.
3.10 Whatever type of treatmentponds are adopted there will be a need to remove sludge from them regularly but infrequently. With aerated lagoons, the sludge produced would tend to settle out in the first of the facultativeponds which would need to be desludgedevery few years. If anaerobicponds were to be used, it is likely that each anaerobic pond would need desludging every 4-1/2 years. It is unlikelythat the facultativeor maturationponds would need desludgingbut if they did, it would probably be at over ten year intervals. - 93 -
C. East Tema Sewage Disposal
3.11 TlheDetailed Design Report quotes the capacity of the outfall as being 305 I/s using a Manning n of 0.015. This capacity is actuallybelow the average flow predicted for pumping station No. 3 in 1990 (336 Us) but the report states that there is capacity in the balancingtank to permit, discharge over the day as with a head over the bell mouth and at low tide the discharge can exceed 305 I/s by a significantamount. The hydraulics have been checked and are essentially correct for the assumptionmade. However, it will be difficult to achieve a roughness coefficientof 4.5 mm which is equivalentto a Manningn of 0.015. A fully mature and otherwise clean concrete main operatingat a velocityof 0.8 m/s could be expectedto have a ks value of 3.0 mm. It is to be expectedthat an outfall with no non-return value at the outlet will always suffer to some extent from sand and molluscintrusion along the saline wedge which is likely to form at the pipe outlet. The outfall shouldhave a capacity of 345 I/s after renovationwith the balancingtank operatingat a TWL of 7.54 m.
3.12 Althoughthere is no mention in the report of recommendationfor post 1990 flows, calculationsare presented which indicatethat a new 900 dia outfall is required to duplicate the renovatedoutfall to meet 2005 flows. However, this may not be strictly necessary. The capacity of the existingoutfall may be increasedby pumpingthrough it. The original concrete coated steel pipe should be able to sustain a reasonablepressure head, though details of the pipe section are not available. If the pipe could be thoroughlycleaned, a working pressure of less than 1.5 bar would permit discharge to sea of up to 950 r/s. Arrangements could be made to permit gravity discharge when the pumps are not in operation.
3.13 If the outfall after renovationcould not be operatedto pass 950 I/s if would be possible to use a flow balancingtank to reduce the peak flow to approximately800 I/s (1.23 x average predicted flow) but if the renovatedoutfall could not pass this flow then it is unlikely to be cost effective to provide a duplicatepipe for the short fall only. The material cost of an outfall is a small part of the total cost and it would be worthwhileconsidering installinga larger pipe fitted with non-returndiffuser outletsto cater for flows beyond 2005. The use of a larger outfall to cater for all Tema sewagehas already been discountedon cost grounds in the Detailed Design Report.
3.14 The problem with the disposal of the sewagefrom East Tema is inextricablylinked to the conditionof the outfall and the potential for effective renovation. Should it not be possible to repair the outfall beyondthe break point, then considerationcould be given to installing a treatment works and dischargingthe treated effluentdown the outfall to discharge at the break point, which should be suitably modified. - 94 -
IV. THE FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR THE SAKUMO LAGOON
A. Impact of the TreatmentWorks
4.1 The projected nutrient load in the effluentfrom the proposed treatmentworks (230 kg P/d) is significantlygreater than that currentlyentering the lagoon outside the rainy season (50 kg P/d). It is certain that the discharge of the effluent into the lagoon could sustain a much greater algal populationthan currentlypossible, and probably would. It is also highly probable that there would be an increasein depositionof organic matter in the lagoon with a consequentdepression of the dissolvedoxygen levels at the bottom of the lagoon. The retention time in the lagoon would be reduced because of the greater inflowof effluent but this would be inadequateto mitigatethe situationto a significantextent. Under present circumstances,the discharge of effluent into the lagoon would be detrimentalto the ecology of the lagoon, and the risk of periodic oxygendepletion and resulting fish kills wouldhave to be considered to be high.
4.2 The treatment works proposed would be screened by trees and because of the flat terrain, would not impose visuallyon the environment. Odor production should not be a problem with a well operatingtreatment works of the type envisaged. With anaerobicponds there is a potential problem of odor if the surface scum layer which normally builds up quite readily, is removed or destroyed. This could happen with long lagoons with their axis along the direction of the prevailingwind. With careful siting of anaerobicponds, as remote from residentialproperties as possible, the potential problemsmay be minimized. Straw may be used to provide a scum layer if the natural one is lost. Sludgedredging and drying should not give rise to odor problemsprovided that the sludge is fully stable when removed. On an anticipatedcycle of 4 years this would be the case. During sludge disposaloperations there would be a significantvolume of traffic to and from site. This could create a nuisance when passing through residentialareas. Restrictionson working hours should be consideredwith no heavy vehiclesoperating before 0800 h nor later than 1800 h.
B. EMuent Discharge
4.3 There are three options for the dischargeof effluentfrom the treatmentworks;
- balance the flow and discharge on the ebb tide into the lagoon outlet; - discharge the effluentonto the foreshore; and - discharge the effluent beyondthe surf zone.
4.4 The predicted effluent qualityof approximately6300 coliform bacteria per 100 ml compares with coliform count of 1 x 106per 100 ml found in a single sample at the lagoon outlet. This would be of the order of magnitudeexpected from a single pond of 10 days retention allowing for tidal dilution, i.e., 98.9 percent removalfrom an input of 1 x 109 coliform /100 ml. The bacteriologicaleffluent quality from the treatment plant is expectedto be better than that of the lagoon water in which fishermen currentlywade. The discharge of - 95 -
effluentto the foreshore should pose less of a health risk to the fishermenthan they currently experience, providing that sewage is not permitted to bypass the treatment works.
4.5 The discharge of fresh water into the sea will usually form a visible slick if not adequatelydiluted. However, in the wave surf zone this will not be noticeable. There is no need to discharge the treated effluentbeyond the surf zone and a channel or pipe to beyond the low water line will be satisfactory.
C. Recommendations
4.6 Effluent Discharge. The effluent from the proposed Tema sewagetreatment works should be discharged to sea into the surf zone as close inshore as can be practically accomplished. The outfall design should be reviewed with a view to raising the invert level of the outfall to minimizeits length, and the route shouldbe revised to increasecover over the pipe and avoid laying through the lagoon.
4.13 Study of Hydrology. Increasingthe tidal influenceon the lagoon might benefit the ecology of the lagoon as it would increase the inter-tidalzone, flush out nutrients and pollutants more rapidly and provide easier access for breeding sea fish. Hydraulic dredging could be one option for increasingtidal influence,but it is recommendedthat a study be undertakento examine the effects of dredgingto lower the bed of the lagoon and increasethe size of the tidal channel.
4.14 Tema ResewerageScheme. Considerationshould be given to constructingat least one anaerobicpond of 4.5 m depth. It is known that the tender documentsare almost finalized for 3 m deep ponds, one of which is to be fitted with aerators. It is consideredthat anaerobic ponds would be much more cost effective and if operated correctly should not cause an odor nuisance.
4.15 The need for sludge removal shouldbe reviewed as it appears that no such facilities have been provided. The existingoutfall shouldbe re-examinedto determine the feasibilityof renovation and to confirm that corrosion of the outfall pipe is not severe. Provided that the outfall is sound and may be renovated considerationshould be given to augmentingits capacity by pumping to sea.
D. Cost Estimates
4.16 The costs of works to dischargetreated effluent in the surf zone are summarized below. They are additionalto those already includedin the cost of the sewage treatment works. - 96 -
4.17 Land Pipeline. 900 m long, 900 mm diameter reinforced concrete pipe across former salt works, across railway and road to foreshore.
Cost $'000 Foreign Exchange
Pipe supply 70 15% Trenching and laying 7 55% Chambers 5 15% Re-installment 5 10%
4.18 Marine Outfall. 100 m long, 900 mm diameter GRP pipe surrounded in mass concrete, laid in trench in rock
Cost $'00 Foreign Exchange
Pipe supply 30 95% Trenching and laying 56 5% Temporary works 140 15% Design and Supervision 17 0%
Total 363
Recurrent costs are not included as they are assumed to be included in the operating cost for the treatment works.
4.19 Hydrological Study. The study and outline design of any modifications to the outlet would be undertaken by an internationally recruited engineer with support from a local consultant who would continue with the detailed design and contract documentation.
Cost $'000 Foreign Exchange
Engineer (2 months) 30 100% Local consultant (6 man months) 15 0%
Total 45
E. Cost Benefits
4.20 Relocating the effluent discharge point to the foreshore will benefit the local fishing activities as the quality of the lagoon water will not deteriorate and could improve. It is estimated that for eight months of the year, for five days per week approximately 40 fishermen regularly fish in the lagoon. Based on a catch value of c 1400 per day per fisherman, net of outlay for equipment, the value of the fishing equals to C9.7 M/a. It is unlikely that all fish would be completely killed off by discharging effluent to the lagoon but - 97 -
fishing could becomeuneconomic because of reduced and erratic yields. Assumingthat 75 percent of the fishing industry would be lost, the discountedloss over 20 years at 10 percent discount rate would equate to c61.9 M, i.e., $165000.
4.21 The cost of the outfall is likely to be less than $360,000 as it should be possibleto reduce the length of the sea outfall by careful redesign of the treatment works hydraulics. It is apparent that only a small value need be given to the benefit of maintaining,or improving, the ecology of the lagoon and retainingthe lagoon as a habitat for birds for the relocation of the effluent discharge pipeline from the treatmentworks to have a positivebenefit cost ratio.
4.22 As an alternativeto relocatingthe point of discharge away from the lagoon, the phosphoruscould be removed from the sewageeffluent either by using a more sophisticated form of treatment of by treating the effluentwith chemicals. Both of these options would increase the capital cost of the treatmentplant more than the relocationof the outfall. The operating costs would be high, probablyover $175,000 per year for chemicalsand power for chemicaltreatment and sludgedisposal. Relocatingthe effluentdischarge point is the most cost effective way of preventingthe effluent of the proposed sewage treatmentworks causing further serious degradationof the Sakumolagoon. 98, _
FROM E
FROM F
601f dlo'O a f 2 & SwSiown s smip\s cexplax 12500
| Sakumo\ > ~~~Effluentpipe// . , ~~~~~~~~Lagoon l (relccatedl )
Outlet culverts
Fig -1I Plan of SakumoLagoon : Showingsurvey sample Eoints R -7.. t : ; : ::: .1: 12500 :: - 99 - APPENDIX3 Annex 1 Page 1 of 3 GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Sakumo Laeoon EMuent Disposal and Hydrological Studies
Analytical Results
TABLE 1. SAMPLES TAKEN ON OCTOBER 30,1991, FROM SAKUMO LAGOON
SampleLacaion pHDime DO PN NO-N
A 10.15 9.2 10.6 0.06 0.00 0.14
A 12.50 9.2 13.0 - - -
A 15.40 8.8 5.1 0.05 0.00 0.14
B 11.15 8.2 9.0 0.27 0.06 0.08
B 14.00 8.85 15.2 - - -
B 15.55 9.0 10.9 0.25 0.06 0.11
B 19.00 8.9 6.4 - - -
C 10.40 9.4 13.6 0.62 0.00 0.14
C 13.10 9.4 14.7 - - -
C 15.30 9.2 9.1 0.62 0.00 0.14
C 18.20 8.6 1.6 - - -
Notes:
1 High tide was 1.48 m GPHAdatum at 0901. At 1015, the tide was on the ebb and flowwas passing out of the lagoon but it is estimatedthat some tidal inflow had taken place.
2 BOD results were invalid due to excessiveoxygen uptake. All BOD values of unfiltered samplesexceeded 9 mg/l.
3 Samples were analyzedfor suspendedsolids and total dissolvedsolids but the results were rejected. - 100 - APPENDIX 3 Annex I Page 2 of 3 GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
Sakumo Lagoon EMuent Disposal and Hydroloeical Studies
Analytical Results
TABLE 2. SAMPLES TAKEN FROM DRAINS FEEDING INTO SAKUMO LAGOON AND THE SEA, NOVEMBER 67, 1991
Sample Location Time Date PO, NHrN NOrN Filtered BOD Estimated Flow (mg/i) (mg/I) (mg/l) (mg/i)
D 16.30 6.11 0.79 2.66 2.16
D 09.15 7.11 2.64 2.16 0.06 31
D 12.00 6.11 1.46 2.56 0.30 27
D 15.35 7.11 0.86 3.26 0.00 29
E 15.46 7.11 1.98 1.96 0.03 -
E 10.00 6.11 2.86 2.36 0.08 73
E 12.30 7.11 2.60 2.66 0.06 66
E 16.00 7.11 1.21 2.16 0.03 55
F 17.10 7.11 0.60 2.76 0.25 4 86
P 16.30 7.11 0.78 2.67 0.03 -
A 15.00 6.11 0.03 0.00 0.014 4
C 15.30 6.11 0.03 0.00 0.014 6
SEA 16.00 6.11 0.00 0.00 0.002
Notes: Bod results on the samples from the drains (location D, E and F) ranged from 220 to over 700 mg/l and were rejected.
Observations: Samples from D and E were in appearance very much more turbid than samples from P which were clear. The flows past points D and E contained finely divided solids and agglomerations of algae but no noticeable faecal matter. The beds of both drains were heavily silted. Where dry, the silt/sand was sandy colored but it was black under the dry crust.
A sample of bottom mud from the edge of the lagoon adjacent point C contained 1.36 mg P/g and had an approximate oxygen uptake of 480 mg/m2 .d as measured in a 750 ml capacity bottle. The medimentwas initially disturbed but left sumberged overnight before testing. - 101 - APPENDIX 3 Annex 1 Page 3 of 3 GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
Sakumo Laeoon Emuent Disposal and Hvdrological Studies
Analytical Results
TABLE 3. SAMPLES TAKEN FROM THE DRAINS FEEDING INTO SAKUMO LAGOON, AND THE LAGOON, NOVEMBER 18, 1991.
SamDle Location Time Taken P04-P TOTAL-P TDS BOD FLOW (mg/,) (mg/I) (mg/,) (mg/i) (I/s)
B 10.50 0.04 0.06 21300 - -
Da 11.30 0.67 3.70 160 125 13
Db 11.40 1.14 1.20 920 30 19
Dd 11.50 1.40 - 580 210 130
E 13.30 0.83 5.50 500 75 73
Note: Pumping Station No. 1 was inoperative and sewage was flowing into the drain from where previous samples had been taken. Samples were taken upstream of the confluence of the two drains D, and Db and also from PS No. 1 bypass manhole, D,.
Observations: Sample B was very green - more so than on previous occasions. Sample D. was stronger than Db, which was fairly clear with occasional gross solids and algal clumps. Sample D. was a pale straw odor and contained no gross solids. It is presumed that these had been removed by settlement in the surcharged sewerage system. The sample was not typical of raw sewage but probably was typical of settled sewage.
Thc total flow past sample point D was assessed very crudely and the flows past sample points D. and Db subtracted to obtain the flow of sewage from D,. - 102 - APPENDIX 3 Annex 2 Page 1 of 2
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
Sakumo Lagoon EMuent Disposal and Hydrological Studies
Treatment Performance Predictions
A. Operationof Anaerobic Ponds (i) for 100% Flow (ii) for 90% Flow First Stage Anaerobic Ponds: Average flow (105% dwf) (m3/d) 28000 25200 Retention (d) 4.60 3.47 Expected BOD reduction (%) 78 74% + Effluent BOD (kg/d) 1799 1913 Effluent BOD (mg/i) 64 76
First Stage Facultative Ponds: Areal loading (kg BOD/ha d) - 440 * Expected BOD reduction (kg BOD/ha d) 330 Residual BOD (kg/d) - 110
Second State Ponds: Total BOD to facultative ponds/maturation ponds (kg BOD/d) 1799 2323 Area of ponds (ha) 9.43 9.43 Areal loading (kg BOD/ha d) 191 215 Anticipated removal (kg BOD/ha d) 149 190 Residual BOD (kg/d) 396 538 Residual BOD (mg/i) 14 19
+ Based upon work by I.P. Arthur (1982) IBRF Technical Notes * At 25C the normal design loading limit would be given by Lm = 20T - 60, i.e., 440 kg/ha d. The ponds are adequately sized for this duty.
B. Operationof Aerated Lagoons.
First Stage Aerated Lagoons: BOD load (kg ROD/d) 1875 7358 Retention (d) 4.60 3.47 Residual (%) 17 22 Residual BOD (kg/d) 1390 1619
First State Facultativ ponds: Facultative ponds as before residual BOD (kg/d) - 110 BOD onto facultative ponds/maturation ponds (kg BOD/d) 1390 1729 Loading (kg BOD/ha d) 147 183 Anticipated removal (kg BOD/ha d) 117 143 Residual soluble BOD (kg/d) 203 377 Residual soluble BOD (mg/l) 10 13 - 103 - APPENDDC 3 hnncx 2 Page 2 of 2
In four stage ponds the removal of faecal coliform bactcria is taken to be in accordancewith the following:
No = Ni (KtRl+1) (KtR2+1) (KtR3+1) (KtR4+1) where Ni, Ne are concentrationsof faccal coliformbacteria in the influent and effluent Rl, R2 are the retention times in days in ponds 1 and 2.
Kt is the die-off coefficientfor coliformbacteria Reported valuea of Kt for E. coli range from: Kt = 2.0 (1.072) T-2 to Kt = 2.6 (1.9) T-2
A mid range value of Kt = 4.5 at 25 has been adopted.
The layout proposedby Watertechwould be initiallyaerobic or anaerobicponds; facultativepond 1, facultativepond 2; facultativeponds 3 +4.
The areas of facultativeponds 1 to 4 as presentedin calculationsare 2.39 ha; 3.65 ha; and 1.41 ha each for ponds 3 and 4 with corrmspondingrctention times of 1.7 d; 2.6 d; and 2.0 d.
Assuming all three first stage ponds are operated in paraUel(not actually stated by Watertechbut inferred from site layout), the retention period in the these ponds would be 4.6 days.
The reductionin coliformbacteria would be approximately:
Ne = 4.2x10' Ni i.e.: almost 99.996 % removal. For Ni = 1S l1d/100x ml Ne = 6300/100 ml
Within the Sakumo lagoonthe bacterial die off or removal is affrctedby the tidal dilutionand by the retentionperiod of 10 days. The removal of coliforrn bacteria should be approximately:
Ne = Ni 2(Kt R1 + 1)
For Kt 4.5 at 25 C, Ri = 9d, Ne = 0.012 Ni
For an E. coli concentrationof 1.5 x W0/1000ml in the surface watcr drains, anda lower concentrationin the drain from Achaiman,the concentrationin the lagoon in the dry season could reasonablybe expectedto vary from 0.5 to 1.5 x 105 E coli/100 ml dependingupon the tidal cycle. This is of the same order of magnitudeas the E.coli concentrationin lagoon water found by Watertechin 1991, 1.0 x 10'/100 ml. - 104 - APPENDIX 3 Annex 3 Page 1 of 2
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
Sakumo Lagoon EMuent DisMosaland Hydrological Studies
Cost Estimates
A. Effluent Discharge Pipeline
The additionalpipeline required is 900 m of 900 mm dia RC pipe to shorelineplus a max of 100 m 900 dia outfall pipe to sea. It may be possibleto reduce the outfall to sea by redesigningthe pond hydraulics. A 100 m long sea outfall has been costed as a worst case scenario.
Consider 1180 m pipe across open ground, 20 m across road and railway to outfall chamber. Average depth from Watertech design was less than 2.0 m. Assume relaid in higer ground to give greater cover and permit raising of invert if possible. Allow 3.0 m max excavation, 2.5 m average, except at roads. Allow 3.5 at road and backfilling over 200 m pipeline to increase cover.
UniitCosts:
900 dia RC pipe delivered to site C25,000/m Trench excavationand backfill 600/r3 Pipe laying assuming craneageby excavator 20,000/m Road reinstalment;EO 20 m 25,000/m Additionalembankment over pipeline for 200 m 7,000/m
Excavation Costs:
For 1.8m wide trench, vertical sides to 1.5m, batteredabove, with 0.3m overdig, excavationsare:
Depth to invert - 2.0 m, excavation = 4.6 m3/m 2.5 m, = 6.5 m3n/m 3.6 m, = 11.7 m3/m
Cost of Chambers - allow 0250,000 ea. Preliminariesto be addedat 15%
Cost of pipeline on land $1,000 Pipe supply 900 m a C,29,000/m say 70 Trenching 900 m @ 7,800/m say 20 Pipe laying 900 m 0 23,000/m 55 Road crossing 20 m @ 7,000/m 1 Chambers 7 Nos. @ 250,000/no. say 5 Reinstatement 200 m a 7,000/m - 105 - APPENDIX 3 Annex 3 Page 2 of 2
Sea outfall, 100 m of 900 mm dia pipe across rocky foreshore. Rock to be removed 1.2 max to 0.2 m, average 0.6 m. Trench width 1.6 m min. Pipe material could be polyethylene,GRP, mortar lined DI or steel. RC pipe not recommendeddue to possible chloride attack on pipe structure. DI and steel fairly heavy and must be protected from corrosion. GRP and MDPE ideal from long term degradationbut must have a ballast coat.
The work would be probably carried out in a coffer dam possibly of rock with clay core or tarpaulin sheet water cut off, and two pumps to drain the workings. Blastingof the trench will be necessary and a nominal 200 mm concrete surround will be needed to the outfall pipe.
Unit Costs are based upon estimatesprepared by Marine ConstructionCompany Limited:
Temporaryworks: C'000 Armour rock bund, tarpaulinsheet sand bags etc. 42,500 Pumping 1,150 Accessroad 2,000
Excavatein rock 100m 3 X C 2,500/m3 250 Excavatein sand 100m 3 @ 1,000/r 3 100 ProvideGRP pipe + wastage 108 m 0 90,600/n3 9,785 Lay pipe 100 m 0 12,000/r 3 1,200 Concreteballast 90 m3 0 185,000/rn3 16,650 Addpreliminaries at 159% 11.045
TOTAL 84,680 - 106 - APPENDIX 3 Annex 4 Page 1 of 2
GHANA
COASTAL WETLANDS MANAGEMENTPROJECT
Sakumo Lagoon EMuent Disposal and Hydrological Studies
Terms of Reference for a Study for a New Outlet for the Sakumo Lagoon
Introduction
1. The Ghana EnvironmentalResource ManagementProject includes proposals for the managementof five coastal wedands which are of ecologicalsignificance particularly as habitats for migratory sea birds. The SakumoLagoon situatedto the west of Tema is one of these wetland sites and is of special strategical significancebecause of its proximity to the urban populationsof Tema and Accra.
2. The SakumoLagoon was formerly connectedto the sea by a wide natural mouth. In 1957, the lagoon outlet was effectivelyclosed by the constructionof the coast road and rail line, and was replaced by two 1800 mm diameter culverts. Tidal interchange is inhibited and the discharge of flood water during the rainy season is severely restricted. Additionally,siltation of the lagoon is gradually reducing its capacity and the lagoon bed is now above mean sea level.
Terms of Reference
3. As part of the EnvironmentalResource ManagementProject, funds will be made available to finance a study to determine the most suitable methods of improvingthe lagoon outlet connectionto the sea and of dredgingthe lagoon. The terms of reference are for consultantsto examinethe availableoptions, make recommendations as to the most cost effective methods of achievingthe desired improvementsand prepare an environmentalimpact assessmentof the preferred scheme. Detailed designs and contract documentswill be required for the preferred scheme on approval of the study report and EIA.
4. The consultantwill:
appraise existing reports on and studied of the hydrologyof the lagoon and its catchment;
survey the lagoon, the existingoutfalls and immediatecoastline and prepare plans for design purposes; - 107 - APPENDIX 3 Annex 4 Page 2 of 2
assess the requirementsfor a new lagoon outlet both in terms of tiday mixing and flood prevention;
determine the need for dredging works to maintain the present minimum lagoon capacity for mean sea level condition;
determine the most appropriateconstruction and dredging techniquesand phasing of operations to minimizedisruption to fishing operations in the lagoon;
cost any options and determine the most cost beneficialscheme to achieve the desired objectives;
carry out an environmentalimpact assessmentof the preferred scheme;
prepare a study report includingcosts recommendationsand an outline design of the preferred scheme includingrelevant findings and calculationsas appendices; and
on receipt of a review appraisalof the report and the EIA, prepare a detailed design and tender documentationfor the two contracts.
5. Oualification
The local consultantwill employ a qualified engineerwith a minimumof 15 years experienceof the design and constructionof hydraulic control structures to carry out the report preparationand outline design. - 108 - APPENDIX 3 Annex 5 Page 1 of 5
GHANA
COASTALWETLANDS MANAGEMENT PROJECT
SakumoLagoon EMuent Disposal and HydrologicalStudies
Previous Related Work
A. Tema InfrastructureRehabilitation Project: Detailed Design Report. Watertech ConsultingEngineers - August 1989.
This study consideredthe options for rehabilitatingthe Tema sewerage system. Originally all sewage was collected at three pumpingstations. Pumping Stations 1 and 2 discharged to the catchmnentof PumpingStation 3 which in turn pumped to twin sewers discharging to a balancingtank and sea outfall.
Watertechassessed the capacity of the sea outfall and future sewage flows to the three pumping stations and concludedthat the outfall, if repaired to its original state, would have only sufficientcapacity to pass the flow from the natural catchmentof Pumping Station 3 and that the flows to PumpingStations 1 and 2 should be considered separately. They further concludedthat sewage flows from Pumping Stations 1 and 2 should be treated in ponds prior to being discharged.
The report located the treatmentworks between the coast road to the Tema harbor and the road leading to Poduku, and consideredthat the effluentshould be dischargedto sea.
Several basic premise of the Watertechdesign cannot be verified, nor disproved, but if in error, the implicationcould be significant:
(a) The per capita sewage flow has been taken as 80% of gross per capita domestic water usage and no allowancehas been made for losses in supply.
(b) The peaking factors determined are lower than commonlyaccepted elsewhere but have been adjusted to suit local experience.
For 2005 the populationand peaking factors adopted are:
Population Peaking/Factor
PS No.1 145,500 1.47 PS No.2 17,800 2.97 PS No.3 46,300* 1.47
* Industrial flows are estimatedto be 5.7 times the domesticflow. - 109 - APPENDIX 3 Annox S Page 2 of 5
(c) It is assumedthat the existingsea outfall may be renovatedand that its operating capacity is the gravity flow which it can pass.
(d) The design report stated that with aerated lagoonsthere would be no sludge production.
B. Environmental Study of Accra Metropolitan Area - Flnal Report. Environmental Management Associates Limited - December 1984.
The study report covers a large area which includes the Sakumo lagoon and Tema. There is little reference either to the Sakumolagoon itself or to the urbanizationwithin its catchmentbut mention is made of the water quality in the lagoon. It appears that limited survey work was carried out and data described are from a survey carried out in 1976. The lagoon water was stated as having the followingpollution indicator characteristics:
BOD 12. 5 mg/l NH3- N 0.15 mg/I
N0 3 - N 0.16 mg/
P0 4 - p 0.08 mg/l
Metal concentrationsin the lagoon were low and there was no indication of industrial pollution in the lagoon.
The report highlightedthe coastal lagoons, includingthe Sakumo lagoon as being the most important natural areas to be protected from environmentaldecline.
C. Urban II Project - Tema Infrastructure Rehabilitation Project Report on Environmental Inpact Assessment. Watertech Consulting Engineers - August 1991.
This report was prepared over 18 months after the original design report and the design philosophyhas been restated as circumstanceshad changed since the submissionof the original report. In particular the treatmentworks has been relocated to an area of the Sakumobasin between housing area 3 and the lagoon.
The report covers the design of the sewerage system and proposals for reinstatement works. These proposals are essentiallyas proposed in the original Detailed Design Report. The emphasis of the report is on the sewagetreatment works, its performance and the impact of the discharge on the Sakumolagoon.
The sewagetreatment works proposed is stated as comprising:
- grit channels and measuring flumes; - 110 - APPENDIX 3 Annex S Page3 of 5
3 Nos. aerated ponds (ultimately)each of 1.25 ha surface area and provided with 8 Nos. floating aerators; 4 Nos. facultative/maturationponds with a total surface area of 8.08 ha; and ancillary facilities.
Space was reserved for the future provision of maturationponds and two of the facultative ponds were identical to the aerated ponds and could presumablybe provided with aerators in the future.
The effect of the project on the environmentwas stated to be beneficialas the effluent quality after treatment would be much less polluting than the raw sewage currently entering the lagoon. However no mass balance was carried out to demonstratethis.
The effluent quality predicted for the treatment works in 2005 was 10.1 mg/l BOD after maturation ponds following aerated ponds and 11.9 mgAlBOD after maturationponds following anaerobic ponds. In both cases the total coliform count was predicted to be 6800/ml. The comparisonof aerated and anaerobic ponds was made to demonstrate security of treatment in the event that the aerators in the former type of pond failed.
The report suggests two measure to reduce the impact of the treatment works on the ecosystem of the lagoon:
(a) construct additional maturationponds to cater for one being decommissioned;and (b) discharge the effluent into the surf zone.
The report considersthat anaerobicponds could be malodorousand tree screens were proposed as a means of reducing the impact of the treatment works on near by residential areas.
Additionallythe report recommendsthat once the treatmentworks is constructed, sewer renovationworks are commencedand the discharge of foul sewage to surface drains ceased. Without such action the beneficialeffect of the treatment could be severely reduced.
D. Correspondence between the World Bank and Watertech
The populationdate and water consumptionfigures quoted in the detailed Design Report were queried by the World Bank in a letter of 18th April 1991.
The populationdata were presented by Watertech in a letter of 16th May 1991, in which the total water usage in Tema was justified. It appears however that the water consumptionfigures quoted are gross figures inclusiveof water losses which if reduced would not affect net consumptionas implied. - 111 - APPENDX 3 Annex S Page4 of 5
Other queries raised related to the loading on the facultativeponds, odor problems from the ponds, the use of anaerobic ponds in place of aerated lagoons and the bacteriological quality of the effluent.
Watertech consider that anaerobicponds would give rise to odor problems and that there is an inadequatebuffering zone between the works site and housing developments. They also considersthat although aerated ponds are significantlymore costly than stabilization ponds, they are more appropriatefor the Tema situation.
E. Supplementary Design Report
In view of the changes which have occurred since the Detailed Design Report was prepared, Watertech consider that a SupplementaryDesign Report is required. This would be prepared on approval in principle of the original report. A summary sheet of the latest design figures was presented to the author by Watertech23 October 1991, and is copied below.
The design has been carried out in order to be able to utilize the first stage ponds as either aerated lagoons or anaerobicponds. The depth is not stated but it has been increasedto 4.5 m from 3 m previously used.
The depth of the facultativeponds is not stated but by inference is approximately2.0 m deep as previously allowed except that initially one of the future anaerobicponds/aerated lagoons would be used as a deep facultativepond.
F. Accra Planning and Development Program - Coastal Management Plan for Accra - Draft Report, July, 1991.
With regard to the Sakumolagoon the Plan envisagesa new outlet to the sea to increase the capacity of the lagoon, to reduce flooding in the Sakumobasins and to improve sea water exchange. It is also recommendedthat the Tema Sewage TreatmentWorks and outfall shouldbe relocated.
Developmentguidelines proposed include:
- any sewage treatment shouldbe to at least secondarytreatment level prior to discharge to any lagoon;
- there should be no beach discharge unless an EnvironmentalImpact Assessment (EIA) has been approvedby EPC;
- there should be no developmentwithin 150 m of the Densu delta and Sakumo lagoon; - 112 - APPENDD 3 Annex S Page 5 of 5
- Proposals for significantdredging of coastal lagoons should be supportedby an EIA.;
- minimum beach slopes are presented for lagoon dredging works; and
- discussionsshould be held with the lagoon Fetish Priest prior to any waste being dischargedto a lagoon.
Scientificpapers presented quote the per capita incomefrom fishing to vary form C1183 to ¢1675/d and that from crabbing to be ¢,494/d.
The catchmentarea is stated as 350 sq km of which 20% is urbanized. Annualrainfall is quoted at 770 mm/yr with an annual run off of 70 Mm3 and an annual sediment load of 6000 T. The sediment damagepotential is said to be serious.
G. Discussions with Dr. Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu (University of Ghana, Legon) and Charles A. Biney (AB).
Both Dr. Ntiamoa-Baiduand Mr. Biney confirm that there is very limitedbiota in the bottom depositsof the SakumoLagoon and that the bottom deposits have, for some time, been black with a typical sulphide odor. Both authoritiesalso confirm that there are occasionalvery severe algal blooms in the lagoon, but as yet there have been no large fish kills as a result.
Dr. Ntiamoa-Baiduconsiders that the cesspooland septic tanker sludges unofficially dumped adjacent the drain feeding into the lagoon from Ashaimanhave been washed into the lagoon during periods of heavy rainfall. S~~~~~~~t\R~RPOE SOGR X
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