Coutry Profile on Environment Ghana
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Country Profile Environment Ghana. Item Type Other Download date 25/09/2021 03:42:52 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/1834/658 COUTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA November 1999 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY FOREWORD Composition and the Contents of this Report This report presents information on the Environment of the Country in the following arrangement 1. KEYWORDS Keywords to understand features of the country and major environmental issues are presented briefly on a page, which helps to overview the whole figures. 2. FACT SHEET Major significant index of economy, demography, society and natural resources of the country as well as the characteristics of the natural and social environment are presented. 3. ORGANIZATION AND LEGISLATION 3.1 Organization Organizations in charge of each environmental issues stated in Chapter 4 and their duties are shown in the matrix. Responsibility, organization and duties of the relevant organizations also are described. For NGO, name and their main activities are shown. 3.2 National Policy on Environment National policy on the environment such as national environmental action plan is stated. 3.3 Legislation Laws and regulations on the environment and their coverage are presented. 4. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES This chapter summarizes the current status of the following environmental sectors and presents the organization in charge, applicable standards, past cases and relevant laws and regulations are presented. In the Chapter 4.3, current environmental issues to be considered are described based on the Local Consultant’s report. 4.1 Air Pollution 4.7 Wastewater Management 4.2 Water Pollution 4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification 4.3 Other Environmental Issues 4.9 Biodiversity 4.4 Solid Waste Management 4.10 Natural Resources Management 4.5 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy 4.11 Natural Disaster 4.6 Water Supply 4.12 Environmental Education 5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Economic and technical assistance by the foreign donors in the country are reviewed. Chapter 5.1, “International Convention on the Environmental Protection” list up the conventions ratified of signed by the country. Chapter 5.2, “International Donor’s Project on the Environment” list up the assistance project on the environment by the bi- or multilateral donors with the information on the project. Japan’s assistance project are mapped. 6. INFORMATION SOURCES Contact persons of the organizations in the country concerning the environment are listed. 7. REFERENCES References quoted in this report are listed. JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA Table of Contents Page 1. Keywords......................................................................................................................1 1.1 Keywords to understand the Environment ..........................................................1 1.2 Keywords in the Environmental Issues ...............................................................1 2. Fact Sheet......................................................................................................................2 2.1 Socio-Economic Indicators .................................................................................2 2.2 Geological and Geographical Features................................................................2 2.3 Meteorological Features......................................................................................2 2.4 Ecological Features.............................................................................................3 2.5 Hydrological Features .........................................................................................3 3. Organization and Legislation ........................................................................................4 3.1 Organization........................................................................................................4 3.2 National Policy o]n the Environment..................................................................7 3.3 Environmental Law.............................................................................................9 4. Current Environmental Issues .....................................................................................10 4.1 Air Pollution......................................................................................................10 4.2 Water Pollution .................................................................................................11 4.3 Other pollution..................................................................................................12 4.4 Solid Waste Management..................................................................................13 4.5 Energy Conservation and Alternative Energy ...................................................14 4.6 Water Supply ....................................................................................................15 4.7 Wastewater Management ..................................................................................16 4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification ...........................................................17 4.9 Biodiversity.......................................................................................................19 4.10 Natural Resources .............................................................................................20 4.11 Natural Disaster.................................................................................................21 4.12 Environmental Education..................................................................................22 5. International Relations ................................................................................................23 5.1 Global or Trans-boundary Issues ......................................................................23 5.2 Conventions Ratified or Signed concerning Environment ................................24 5.3 International Donor’s Project on Environment .................................................25 6. Information Sources....................................................................................................27 7. References...................................................................................................................30 JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 1. Keywords 1. Keywords 1.1 Keywords to understand the Environment Relevant Pages ・ _Gross Domestic Products or Gross National Products(97) GNP per capita : 390 US$ (Japan 32,380 US$; China 750 US$) ・ 2. Fact sheet p.2 Total GNP: 7.2 billion US$ (Japan 4,090 billion US$; China 928 billion US$) ・ 2nd cacao-producing country in the world ・ Major gold and manganese-producing country ・ Remarkable progress in economic reform during 1995 and 1997 ・ Reconciliation with Togo in 1995 after 15 years opposition 1.2 Keywords in the Environmental Issues Relevant Pages ・ Soil degradation ・Shifting cultivation (slush and burn) 4.10 Natural Resources p. 20 ・Loss of fertility ・Soil erosion ・Desertification 4.8 Forest Conservation / Desertification p.17 ・Causes of floods 4.11 Natural Disaster p. 21 ・ Deforestation ・Shifting cultivation (slush and burn) 4.10 Natural Resources p. 20 ・Forest clearance for agricultural development 4.8 Forest Conservation / Desertification p.17 ・Mining exploitation ・Causes of floods 4.11 Natural Disaster p. 21 ・ Water Pollution ・Discharge of domestic wastewater without treatment 4.7 Wastewater Management p. 16 ・Industrial wastewater 4.2 Water Pollution p. 11 ・Wastewater from mining ・ Environmental Sanitation ・Lack of citizen’s awareness on sanitation4.12 Environmental Education p. 23 ・Inadequate urban sanitary facilities 4.7 Wastewater Management p. 16 ・Epidemic diseases after flood 4.11 Natural Disaster p.21 JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 1 2.Fact Sheet 2. Fact Sheet 2.1 Socio-Economic Indicators Indicators Data Year of data Ref. Population 17.2 million 1995 a)-1 (Average annual growth: 3.0 % during 1980-97) 1997 b) Ethnic Groups Black African 99.8 % (Major tribes: Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 1997 d) 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and others 0.2% Religion Indigenous 38 %, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, Other 8 % 1997 d) Literacy Male 76% Female 54% 1994 a)-2 66 % 1997 b) Urban Population 34 % (Share in total population) 1997 a)-3 Life Expectancy 60 years 1997 b) Child Mortality 102 1997 b) (Mortality of children under five years old against 1,000 birth) GNP*1 7.2 billion US$ (390 US$ per capita) 1998 c) GDP*1 7.5 billion US$ (406US$ per capita) 1998 c) GDP Composition Agriculture: 40.4 % Industry: 28.0 % Services: 31.6 % 1997 a)-5 Industry Mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food 1997 d) processing Natural Resources Gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber 1997 d) Access to the Safe 65 % 1995 a)-4 Water *2 Access to the 32 % 1995 a)-4 Sanitation *3 Human Development 0.544 (133th in the world, GDP was 134th in the same year) 1997 e) Indicators(HDI) *1: GNP was converted from that in the national currency, and calculated by using the averaged exchange rate for these three years. GDP is indicated in the US dollars using the exchange rate in 1997 *2: Access to Safe Water is the percen6tage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe water including treated surface water and untreated but uncontaminated water, such as from springs, sanitary wells and protected boreholes. *3:Access to Sanitation is the percentage of the population with reasonable access the pit latrine, flush toilet