Country Profile Environment Ghana.
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COUTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT
GHANA
November 1999
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY
FOREWORD
Composition and the Contents of this Report
This report presents information on the Environment of the Country in the following arrangement
1. KEYWORDS Keywords to understand features of the country and major environmental issues are presented briefly on a page, which helps to overview the whole figures.
2. FACT SHEET Major significant index of economy, demography, society and natural resources of the country as well as the characteristics of the natural and social environment are presented.
3. ORGANIZATION AND LEGISLATION 3.1 Organization Organizations in charge of each environmental issues stated in Chapter 4 and their duties are shown in the matrix. Responsibility, organization and duties of the relevant organizations also are described. For NGO, name and their main activities are shown. 3.2 National Policy on Environment National policy on the environment such as national environmental action plan is stated. 3.3 Legislation Laws and regulations on the environment and their coverage are presented.
4. CURRENT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES This chapter summarizes the current status of the following environmental sectors and presents the organization in charge, applicable standards, past cases and relevant laws and regulations are presented. In the Chapter 4.3, current environmental issues to be considered are described based on the Local Consultant’s report.
4.1 Air Pollution 4.7 Wastewater Management 4.2 Water Pollution 4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification 4.3 Other Environmental Issues 4.9 Biodiversity 4.4 Solid Waste Management 4.10 Natural Resources Management 4.5 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy 4.11 Natural Disaster 4.6 Water Supply 4.12 Environmental Education
5. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Economic and technical assistance by the foreign donors in the country are reviewed. Chapter 5.1, “International Convention on the Environmental Protection” list up the conventions ratified of signed by the country. Chapter 5.2, “International Donor’s Project on the Environment” list up the assistance project on the environment by the bi- or multilateral donors with the information on the project. Japan’s assistance project are mapped.
6. INFORMATION SOURCES Contact persons of the organizations in the country concerning the environment are listed.
7. REFERENCES References quoted in this report are listed.
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA
Table of Contents
Page 1. Keywords...... 1 1.1 Keywords to understand the Environment ...... 1 1.2 Keywords in the Environmental Issues ...... 1 2. Fact Sheet...... 2 2.1 Socio-Economic Indicators ...... 2 2.2 Geological and Geographical Features...... 2 2.3 Meteorological Features...... 2 2.4 Ecological Features...... 3 2.5 Hydrological Features ...... 3 3. Organization and Legislation ...... 4 3.1 Organization...... 4 3.2 National Policy o]n the Environment...... 7 3.3 Environmental Law...... 9 4. Current Environmental Issues ...... 10 4.1 Air Pollution...... 10 4.2 Water Pollution ...... 11 4.3 Other pollution...... 12 4.4 Solid Waste Management...... 13 4.5 Energy Conservation and Alternative Energy ...... 14 4.6 Water Supply ...... 15 4.7 Wastewater Management ...... 16 4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification ...... 17 4.9 Biodiversity...... 19 4.10 Natural Resources ...... 20 4.11 Natural Disaster...... 21 4.12 Environmental Education...... 22 5. International Relations ...... 23 5.1 Global or Trans-boundary Issues ...... 23 5.2 Conventions Ratified or Signed concerning Environment ...... 24 5.3 International Donor’s Project on Environment ...... 25 6. Information Sources...... 27 7. References...... 30
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 1. Keywords
1. Keywords
1.1 Keywords to understand the Environment Relevant Pages ・ _Gross Domestic Products or Gross National Products（97） GNP per capita : 390 US$ (Japan 32,380 US$; China 750 US$) ・ 2. Fact sheet p.2 Total GNP: 7.2 billion US$ (Japan 4,090 billion US$; China 928 billion US$)
・ 2nd cacao-producing country in the world ・ Major gold and manganese-producing country
・ Remarkable progress in economic reform during 1995 and 1997 ・ Reconciliation with Togo in 1995 after 15 years opposition
1.2 Keywords in the Environmental Issues
Relevant Pages ・ Soil degradation
・Shifting cultivation (slush and burn) 4.10 Natural Resources p. 20 ・Loss of fertility ・Soil erosion ・Desertification 4.8 Forest Conservation / Desertification p.17 ・Causes of floods 4.11 Natural Disaster p. 21
・ Deforestation
・Shifting cultivation (slush and burn) 4.10 Natural Resources p. 20 ・Forest clearance for agricultural development 4.8 Forest Conservation / Desertification p.17 ・Mining exploitation ・Causes of floods 4.11 Natural Disaster p. 21
・ Water Pollution
・Discharge of domestic wastewater without treatment 4.7 Wastewater Management p. 16 ・Industrial wastewater 4.2 Water Pollution p. 11 ・Wastewater from mining
・ Environmental Sanitation
・Lack of citizen’s awareness on sanitation4.12 Environmental Education p. 23 ・Inadequate urban sanitary facilities 4.7 Wastewater Management p. 16 ・Epidemic diseases after flood 4.11 Natural Disaster p.21
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 1 2.Fact Sheet
2. Fact Sheet
2.1 Socio-Economic Indicators Indicators Data Year of data Ref. Population 17.2 million 1995 a)-1 (Average annual growth: 3.0 % during 1980-97) 1997 b) Ethnic Groups Black African 99.8 % (Major tribes: Akan 44%, Moshi-Dagomba 1997 d) 16%, Ewe 13%, Ga 8%), European and others 0.2% Religion Indigenous 38 %, Muslim 30%, Christian 24%, Other 8 ％ 1997 d) Literacy Male 76% Female 54% 1994 a)-2 66 % 1997 b) Urban Population 34 % (Share in total population) 1997 a)-3 Life Expectancy 60 years 1997 b) Child Mortality 102 1997 b) (Mortality of children under five years old against 1,000 birth) GNP*1 7.2 billion US$ (390 US$ per capita) 1998 c) GDP*1 7.5 billion US$ (406US$ per capita) 1998 c) GDP Composition Agriculture: 40.4 % Industry: 28.0 % Services: 31.6 % 1997 a)-5 Industry Mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, aluminum smelting, food 1997 d) processing Natural Resources Gold, timber, industrial diamonds, bauxite, manganese, fish, rubber 1997 d) Access to the Safe 65 % 1995 a)-4 Water *2 Access to the 32 % 1995 a)-4 Sanitation *3 Human Development 0.544 (133th in the world, GDP was 134th in the same year) 1997 e) Indicators（HDI） *1: GNP was converted from that in the national currency, and calculated by using the averaged exchange rate for these three years. GDP is indicated in the US dollars using the exchange rate in 1997 *2: Access to Safe Water is the percen6tage of the population with reasonable access to an adequate amount of safe water including treated surface water and untreated but uncontaminated water, such as from springs, sanitary wells and protected boreholes. *3：Access to Sanitation is the percentage of the population with reasonable access the pit latrine, flush toilet with sewage, septic tanks and other suitable facilities to dispose and prevent human from contact with excreta.
2.2 Geological and Geographical Features Area: Total: 238,540 km2 (0.63 times that of Japan) Geological Features: The country locates in the western Africa, facing to the Gulf of Guinea on the south, and borders to Cote d’Ivoire, Burkina Faso and Togo in the west, the north and the east, respectively. More than half of the territory is under 150 m in the altitude. Ashanti upland is in the eastern part of the country. Highest place: Afadjato 880 m Sources: Ref. a), d)
2.3 Meteorological Features Climate: Tropical climate in the south and dry climate in the north Season: Dual rainy season in the south from May to August and September to October. Single rainy season in the north from May to October Average Temperature: Highest 28.1℃ in March and lowest 24.8℃ in August Annual Rainfall: Annual average is 970 mm in Accra. The wettest area is the extreme southwest where the annual average rainfall exceeds 2,000 mm (Takoradi). The driest area is the coastal strip where the annual rainfall is around 750 mm. Climate Type: Tropical, Savanna and Dry Source: Ref. a), f)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 2 2.Fact Sheet
2.4 Ecological Features The territory can be classified into the following 6 types from south to north with respect to the ecological zoning. 1. Coastal Savanna 2. Rainforest 3. Deciduous Forest 4. Transitional zone 5. Guinea Savanna 6. Sudan Savanna
Sources: Ref. a)
2.5 Hydrological Features Main rivers: White Volta river Black Volta river Pra river Ankobra river Tano river Oti river
Main Lakes: Volta Lake (Artificial lake) Bosumtwi Lake Sources: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 3 3. Organization and Legislation
3. Organization and Legislation 3.1 Organization 3.1.1 Governmental Organisation (1) Environmental Issues and the Relevant Governmental Organisation
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11 4.12
Environmental Issues Pollution Air Pollution Water Mining Pollution Solid Waste Energy Water Supply Waste Water Treat Desert and Forest Biodiversity Resources Natural Disaster Natural Env. Education (No. indicates the relevant chapter)
Governmental Organization
Environment Protection Agency ○ ○ — ○ — — ○ — — ○ — — Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology — — — — — — — — ○ ○ — — Environmental Protection Council — — — — — — — — — — — ○ Ministry of Land and Forestry — — — — — — — ○ ○ ○ — — Ministry of Food and Agriculture — — — — — — — — — ○ — — Ministry of Mining and Energy — — ○ — ○ — — — — — — — Ministry of Trade and Industry — — — — — — — — — — — — Ministry of Local Governments and Rural Development — — — ○ — — ○ — — — — — Ministry of Transport and Communications — — — — — — — — — — — — Ministry of Roads and Transport ○ — — — — — — — — — — — Ministry of Tourism — — — — — — — — ○ — — — Ministry of Education — — — — — — — — — — — ○ Irrigation Development Authority — — — — — — — — — ○ — — District Assemblies — — — ○ — — ○ — — — — ○ Water Resources Commission — ○ — — — ○ — — — — — — Minerals Commission — — — — — — — — — — — — Forestry Commission — — — — — — — — ○ — — — Wildlife Department — — — — — — — — ○ — — — Desertification Control Unit — — — — — — — ○ — — — — Natioal Disaster Management Organization — — — — — — — — — — ○ — (ADOMO) District Disaster Committee — — — — — — — — — — ○ — Note:1) : ○ → Relevant Organization — → No responsible na → No Information
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 4 3. Organization and Legislation
(2) Environmental Organisation
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology is responsible for policy making on the environment protection. Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of setting environment standards, monitoring and actual regulation.
(3) Environmental Protection Agency
The Environmental Protection Agency is mainly composed of five divisions and one office. The EPA board supervises the agency.
1) Technical Support Services Division - Environmental Quality Dept. - Environmental Information and Development Management Dept. - Public Affairs Dept. - Environmental Law Dept. 2) Intersectoral Network Division - Natural Resources Dept. - Mining Dept. - Environmental Education Dept. - Build Environment Dept. 3) Operation Division - Manufacturing Industry Dept. - Environmental Inspectorate Dept. - Environmental Assessment and Audit Dept. - Conventions and Project Implementation Dept. 4) Regional Programme Division - Ashanti Region - Brong Ahafo Region - Central Region - Eastern Region - Greater Accra Regiopn - Northern Region - Upper East Region - Upper West Region - Volta Region - Western Region 5) Finance and Administration Division - Finance Dept. - General Administration Dept. - Human Resource Development Dept. 6) Ozone Office
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 5 3. Organization and Legislation
(4) Other Organisations relevant to the Environment Organization Relevant Department Activities Ministry of Land and Forestry Forestry Department Formulation of Forestry Law Wildlife Department Ministry of Food and Agriculture Formulation of policy on food supply and agricultural promotion Irrigation Development Authority Ministry of Local Governments and Rural Local administration and rural Development development District Assemblies Enacting and enforcing bylaws and implementing the governmental policies. Ministry of Mining and Energy Mining pollution control Minerals Commission Mining pollution control Ministry of Trade and Industry Industrial pollution control Ministry of Transport and Communications Ministry of Roads and Transport Sources: Ref. a)
3.1.2 NGOs
Currently, many NGOs including international NGOs are registerd with the Environmental Protection Agency. Most of them were established recently but are not much active because of finance shortage. These Environmental NGOs formed networks such as NENGO (Network of Environmental NGO, formed in 1993) and NUENGO (National Union of Environmental NGO, formed in 1994). GAPVOD, Ghana Association of Private Voluntary Organizations in Development, is also an umbrella NGO with many NGO’s participation. Major activities of the environmental NGOs are as follows; - Establishment of agro-forestry, nursery and tree planting - Environmental education and communication through seminars and workshops - Publishing magazines, pamphlets and handbills news on environment - Afforestation and wildlife conservation - Water, sanitation, health and clean-up campaigns Organization established Major activities a) Green Earth Organization Not described Not described b) Ghana Wildlife Society Not described Not described c) Friends of the National Zoo Not described Not described d) Friends of the Earth Not described Not described e) National Conservation Research Centre Not described Not described f) Ghana Heritage Conservation Trust Not described Not described g) IUCN (International Union of Conservation of Not described Not described Nature) h) CARE Ghana Not described Not described i) World Vision International Not described Not described j) Friends of Animals Not described Not described k) New Initiatives Conservation International Not described Not described l) Technoserve Not described Not described m) Third World Network Not described Not described Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 6 3. Organization and Legislation
3.2 National Policy o]n the Environment
Policy Formulated Purpose Authority National Environmental 1991 The Policy seeks to improve living conditions and the quality Ministry of Policy and National of life of the entire citizenry and to harmonize economic Environment, Environment Action development with natural resource conservation. The following Science and Plan 1991-20000 specific purposes are exhibited in the policy. Technology - to maintain ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere -to ensure sound management of natural resources and the environment -to protect human, animals and plants with respect to the biodiversity conservation - to minimize pollution and public nuisance stemmed from development activity
The Action Plan is the first comprehensive plan for environmental protection for Ghana in which the following activities are proposed. - Investment related to the environmental protection - Institutional building - Commitment of the government to policy making, legislation and management of land resources, forest and wildlife, water , marine and coastal ecosystem, human settlements and pollution control
Ghana Environmental 1993 The Programme was formulated as an actual programme along Resource Management the National Environment Action Plan. The Environment Programme 1993-1998 Protection Agency was established according to this programme. Forest and Wildlife 1994 The Policy comprehensively covers all aspects of the forestry Policy and wildlife conservation. It seeks compatibility between forest conservation and increasing industrial demand of forest resources in order to ensure rural livelihoods on a limited resource base, exhibiting the following specific activities. - Conservation and good management of forest and wild life resources in Ghana - Promotion of viable and efficient forest-based industries, particularly in the secondary and tertiary process - Raising people’s awareness to involve rural people in forest conservation and wildlife protection - Facilitation of research-based and technology-oriented management of forest and wildlife for their utilization and development - Enhancement of capability of national, regional and district agencies for sustainable forest and wildlife management
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 7 3. Organization and Legislation
Policy Formulated Purpose Authority Environmental May 1999 The policy aimed at developing and maintaining a clean, safe Ministry of Local Sanitation Policy and pleasant physical environment in all human settlements, as Government and well as promoting the social, economic and physical well-being rural Development for all the people. The policy includes the following principal components - Collection and sanitary disposal of wastes including solid waste, liquid waste, excreta, industrial waste, hospital waste and other hazardous waste - Drainage of storm water - Street sweeping and cleansing of public spaces including markets - Pest control and vector control - Education on environmental sanitation - Inspection and enforcement of sanitary regulations - Burial of dead body - Domestic animal control - Monitoring the environmental quality with respect to the environmental standards. Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 8 3. Organization and Legislation
3.3 Environmental Law
There has been no comprehensive legislation on environment in Ghana, although a number of laws of which most concerns exploitation of natural resources have specific aspects of the environment. Some of existing laws overlap their fields, while certain environmental issues, industrial effluents and waste, for example, are not covered by the law. Comprehensive environmental law is under preparation. Along with this, Environmental Assessment Regulations was promulgated in June 1999. Environmental Quality Standard Regulation (water, air and noise) was drafted in 1999.
Laws and relevant Regulation Description Authority Environmental Assessment Promulgated in June 1999 (Human settlement) Regulations Environmental Quality Standard Final draft was completed in 1999 (Human settlement) Regulation (water, air and noise) Town and County Planning Ordinance Enacted in 1951, regulating planning and (Human settlement) development of human settlement in general. Town Ordinance Enacted in 1951, including promotion of public (Human settlement) health. Local Government Act Enacted in 1994 (Human settlement) National Commission Act Enacted in 1994 (Human settlement) National Development Planning Enacted in 1994 (Human settlement) (System) Act Forest Improvement Fund Act Enacted in 1960 (Forestry) Concession Act Enacted in 1962 (Forestry) Trees and Timbers Law (amended) Enacted in 1983 (Forestry) Forest Products Inspection Bureau Law Enacted in 1985 (Forestry) Forest Protection Law (amended) Enacted in 1986 (Forestry) Bush Fires Prevention and Control Law Enacted in 1990 (Forestry) Trees and Timber-Chain Saw Enacted in 1991 (Forestry) Operation Regulation Forest Fees Regulation (amended) Enacted in 1993 (Forestry) Maritime Zones Law (amended) Enacted in 1986 (Marine environment) Fisheries Law Enacted in 1991 (Marine environment) Merchant Shipping Act Enacted in 1963 and amended in 1969 (Marine environment) Oil in Navigable Water Act Enacted in 1964 (Marine environment) Road Traffic Ordinance (Industrial and Public Health) Road Traffic and Nuisance Regulation Enacted in 1974 (Industrial and Public Health) Criminal Code Enacted in 1963 (Industrial and Public Health) Road Traffic Law (amended) Enacted in 1987 (Industrial and Public Health) Infectious Diseases Ordinance (Industrial and Public Health) Quarantine Ordinance (Industrial and Public Health) Beaches Obstructions Ordinance (Industrial and Public Health) Mineral and Mining Law Enacted in 1986 (Mining and Minerals) Chemical Imports Clearance (Others) Regulation Frozen Beef and poultry Products (Others) Import Clearance Pesticide Control and Management Act Enacted in 1996 (Others) Sources: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 9 4. Current Environmental Issues
4. Current Environmental Issues
4.1 Air Pollution
Air pollution has not yet been serious in Ghana. The problem is of local importance especially in industrial and mining areas.
Vehicular Emission
Currently, vehicular emission is not so problematic. The EPA monitors the air quality in Accra in collaboration with Vehicle Examination and Licensing Division of the Ministry of Road and Transport.
Industrial Emission
Major pollution industries and their typical pllutants are as follows; Aluminum smelter and alumina transportation; fluorides, sulfur dioxide, alumina dust - Oil refinery; sulfur dioxide - Cement and asbestos plants; asbestos particles and cement dust - Steel works; iron oxides - Sawmills and wood processing plants; dust - Gold mining; arsenic, antimony oxides, sulfur oxides - Bauxite and manganese mining; dust
These pollutants may be causes of bronchial and lung diseases in the polluted area and damage vegetation and soil. Environmental Protection Agency monitors air quality in industrial and mining areas. Industries and mining operators are required to submit Environmental Management Plans to the EPA to control pollution, while emission standards are under preparation.
Sources: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Environmental Protection Agency Vehicle Examination and Licensing Division, Ministry of Road and Transport Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulations Existence Title or References ・ Law on air pollution △ ・ Ambient air standards × ・ Emission std. (fixed or mobile) △ ・ Result of air monitoring ○ ・ Guidelines ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 10 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.2 Water Pollution
Major pollution causes are domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater and agricultural chemicals.
Most of domestic wastewater is discharged directly into the water bodies without treatment.
For the industrial sources, major polluters are the followings; - Breweries - Textile mills - Food and beverage industry - Oil refinery
Agricultural chemicals such as fertilizers, pesticides and harbicides are also the pollution causes.
Most polluted river is the Densu river for these three pollution causes, while the river is a water source of Accra-Tema metropolitan area. Therefore, elimination of the pollutants from the water for domestic and industrial use costs high. Environmental Protection Agency is in charge of water pollution control and Water Resources Commission assists it. However, legislation on the water quality control is still in progress including institutional development, monitoring system, water quality standards, and so on.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Environmental Protection Agency Water Resources Commission Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References ・ Law on water pollution × ・ Water quality standard × ・ Effluent standard × ・ Drinking water quality standard ？ ・ Result of water monitoring × ・ Guideline for water quality control × Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 11 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.3 Other pollution
(1) Mining Pollution
Mining is a major exporting industry in Ghana. Especially since 1983 when the Economic Recovery Programme started, mining sector has been developed and generated environmental problems such as air, water and soil pollution and solid waste. Hazardous chemical used in the refining process may also cause pollution. Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust are common air pollutants in the mining area. Arsenic and antimony oxides are more hazardous pollutants. It is reported that arsenic was detected from the soil, water and vegetation around the gold mines in Obuasi. Cyanide is used for gold refining from auriferous ore and it sometimes damaged aquatic life.
Mining operators are required to prepare Environmental Impact Statement and Environmental Management Plan, while environmental guidelines and regulation on mining is prepared.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Ministry of Mining and Energy Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References Laws on Mining ○ Laws on Prevention of Mining ？ Pollution Result of Monitoring on Mining ？ Pollution Guidelines on Prevention of ○ Mining Pollution Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 12 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.4 Solid Waste Management
District Assemblies is responsible for waste collection service, but in average less than 40 % of urban residents can accept waste collection service due to the rapid population growth and inadequate resources. In Accra, 55% of solid waste generated in the city is collected and dumped at the site which is not well prepared. Abandoned quarries, depressions, valleys, beaches and wetlands are sometimes used for dumping sites. Industrial waste is disposed in an uncontrolled manner.
The Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development prepared the National Environmental Sanitation Plan in 1999 to develop and maintain a clean, safe and pleasant physical environment for human settlements. Along this policy, local governments are going to develop Strategic Environmental Plans to implement the programmes proposed in the Policy.
The Environmental Protection Agency has drawn up solid waste management guidelines for municipalities, and also established standards for design, construction and management of waste disposal system to protect public health and the environment.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Environmental Protection Agency Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development District Assemblies Source: Ref. a
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References Solid Waste Management Law ？ Hazardous Waste Management Law ？ Guideline for Solid Waste Management ○ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 13 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.5 Energy Conservation and Alternative Energy
Ghana heavily depends on fuel woods as an energy source. It covers 70 % of all energy consumption and reaches 95 % of domestic and commercial use. Logging for fuel wood has induced deforestation. The government emphasize the use of natural gas in its policy but it is not yet prevailed because of high cost.
In 1998 electricity deficiency happened due to water shortage in Akosombo Dam and Volta lake. The government bought the electricity from the neighboring country and also started up thermal power stations. Currently, mini-hydro power stations are being developed in rural areas under the National Electrification Project.
Ministry of Mining and Energy has promoted alternative and renewable energy and energy conservation projects as follows; - Improved wood fuel stove for high energy efficiency - Solar energy - Bio-gas - Wind energy generation - New technology for charcoal production with less energy consumption
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Ministry of Mining and Energy Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Exist Title or References Law on Energy Conservation and Energy Use ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 14 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.6 Water Supply
Ghana is endowed with water resources but the amount of available river water fluctuates. Flow of the White Volta river in dry season is only 6 % of that in rainy season, and 11 % of annual mean. Water resources distribute more in south-western part of the country than the coastal and northern parts.
Current available water per capita is 3,000 m3 per capita/year but it is sharply decreasing due to rapid population growth. Ground water resource is also degraded due to loss of vegetation by deforestation, bush fire and cultivation. In consequence, surface water in rainy season flow shows high peaks with short duration while the flow disappears in dry season.
Water Resource Commission is in charge of management of water resources.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Water Resource Commission Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References ・ Water Resources Management Law ？ ・ Water Resources Control Law ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 15 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.7 Wastewater Management
No modern sewerage system exists in Ghana except a minor sewer network in Old city of Accra. Domestic wastewater is discharged into the nearest lagoon or the Gulf of Guinea via water ditches on the roadsides. Untreated domestic water has caused serious water pollution. The sewer system in Old Accra was constructed during the colonial era. Some 10 % of citizens in Accra uses the sewer system to dispose of the wastewater and excreta. Some 40 % of the citizens uses buckets to dispose of the excreta which is scooped and transported to an oxidation pond in Achimota. Other 40 % depends on suction manhole system to treat and dispose of wastewater and excreta. The rest 10 % uses septic tanks from which treated water flows into rainwater drainage. Public conveniences and pit latrines are also used. Currently, the World Bank is conducting “Urban Environmental Sanitation Project 1996-2000” in Accra, Kumasi, Tamale, Takoradi and Tema including construction of sanitary infrastructure such as night soil treatment plant and private toilets. DFID supports other “Accra Waste Management Project” subjected to wastewater and night soil treatment.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Environmental Protection Agency Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development District Assemblies Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References Sewerage Law × Laws and Regulation on Industrial Wastewater ？ Control Effluent Standards × Monitoring Results ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 16 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.8 Forest Conservation and Desertification
(1) Forest Conservation
Natural forest of Ghana is composed of two types, closed forest and Savanna forest. The closed forest is composed of the following forest types. - Wet evergreen forest - Moist evergreen forest - Moist semi-deciduous forest - Dry semi-deciduous forest
The Savanna forest is composed of the followings. - Interior Savanna (Guinea Savanna) - North-east Savanna (Sudan Savanna) - Coastal Savanna
Total area of forest is about 95,000 km2 accounting for 40 % of the country. Forest Reserves and Wildlife Reserves are designated for forest conservation as shown in the table blow. Two third of forest reserves, 21 % of the total area of the forest reserves and the wildlife reserves, are located in the closed forest, while 91 % by area of Wildlife Reserves are in the Savanna forest.
Area and Share of Forest Reserves and Wildlife Reserves Type Number of Sites Area (km2) Share in the territory Forest Reserves 291 26,300 11 % Wildlife Reserves 18 12,200 5 % Total 38,500 16 %
The forest has been decreased in an annual rate of 1.3 % for these years. Main causes of the deforestation are forest clearance for agricultural development, excessive logging for fuelwood and timber export, bush fire and so on. Forestry Department of Ministry of Land and Forestry is responsible for forestry and forest management. They formulated Forest and Wildlife Policy and Forestry Development Master Plan in 1994 and 1996, respectively. Timber Resources Management Act was approved by the Parliament in 1998.
Source: Ref. a)
(2) Desertification
Desertification is extending over 83,500 km2 accounting for 35 % of the land territory, mainly in the Upper East and eastern part of the Northern Region. It is also a trans-boundary issue at a border to Burkina Faso. The coastal Savanna of the Accra Plains is also at risk. National Plan to Combat Desertification was adopted in 1988 and the Desertification Control Unit was established.
Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 17 4. Current Environmental Issues
Relevant Organization Forestry Department of Ministry of Land and Forestry Desertification Control Unit Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References ・ Forest Conservation Law ○ Timber Resources management Act ・ Laws and Regulation on Protected Area ？ ・ Laws on Prevention of Desertification ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 18 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.9 Biodiversity
Ghana spans both the forest and Savanna zones and has a wide variety of biodiversity. There are 222 species of mammals, 725 species of birds and more than 850 species of butterflies, but 32 plants, 12 mammals, 7 birds and 4 reptiles are endangered. Waldoron’s Red Colobus and Diana monkey are typical indigenous species to Ghana. The wildlife is important for Ghanaian traditional culture, tourism, traditional medicine, international trade etc. Deforestation by agricultural development and excessive logging for fuel wood has led loss of habitat for wildlife. The number of wildlife species decreased and some vulnerable species are extinct in some area. Ministry of Land and Forestry, Forestry Commission, Wildlife Department, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology and Ministry of Tourism are responsible for wildlife management. In 1994, Forest and Wildlife Policy was adopted and in 1998 Wildlife Development Plan was prepared to define priority actions and planning process with local ownership. Currently 18 sites of Wildlife Reserves are designated including 7 national parks, 6 Resource Reserves, 4 Wildlife Sanctuaries and 1 Strict nature Reserve. Besides, 5 coastal lagoons and 1 inland wetland were designated as Ramsar sites.
Number of Known Species and Endangered Species in 1996 Category Known Species Endangered Species Mammals 222 12 Birds 725 7 Reptiles unknown 4 Amphibian unknown 0 Higher Plants 3,600 32
Source: Ref. a), g)
Relevant Organization Ministry of Land and Forestry Forestry Commission Wildlife Department Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology Ministry of Tourism Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References ・ General Law for Conservation of Fauna and Flora ？ ・ Laws and Regulation on the Conservation of Species ？ ・ Laws and Regulation on Hunting ？ ・ Laws and Regulation on Protected Area ？ ・ Definition in the Red Data Book ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 19 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.10 Natural Resources
(1) Land use
Area and shares by land use category is shown in the table below.
Area and Shares by Land Use Category (1993 estimated) Category Area (km2) Share (%) Cropland 16,100 7 Pasture land 34,500 15 Forest 85,100 37 Arable Land 27,600 12 Others 55,200 24 Source: Ref. a), d)
(2) Soil Erosion
Soil degradation is becoming more and more serious in Ghana. Loss of fertility, salinization, soil contamination, erosion as well as coastal degradation and desertification happen.
Main cause of the soil degradation is a shifting cultivation (slush and burn). This form of cultivation has been practiced traditionally. Recently interval of shifting rotation becomes shorter as the population grows, and it is too short to recover the vegetation and soil fertility. Loss of vegetation on slope will cause soil erosion. Volta Lake basin suffers soil erosion and siltation due to the bush clearance on the bank of the lake. Quarrying and mining also affect the soil erosion. Exploitation of sand, gravel, stone and clay as well as open-cast mining and dredging of gold damage vegetation in large scale and may lead soil erosion.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology Environmental Protection Agency Ministry of Food and Agriculture Irrigation Development Authority Ministry of Land and Forestry Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References ・ General Law on Natural Resources Management ？ ・ Laws on Mineral Resources Management ？ ・ Laws on Grand Resources Management ？ ・ Laws on Fishery Resources ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 20 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.11 Natural Disaster
Flood
Flood occurs almost every year in the northern area because a rainy season is unimode and rain fall tends to concentrate in a specific month. Discharge of river water from Bagre Dam in Burkina Faso may induce the flood when it is done during rainy season. An epidemic of cholera breaks out after the flood, and many young people left their village for the urban area.
Earthquake
Earthquakes sometimes occur in Ghana. Focus of the earthquake is a fault in a coastal area. However, measures against the earthquakes have not been taken.
Insects
Swarms of armyworm appeared in the northern area in 1999 and damaged crops. A reason of the swarms is not yet identified.
National Disaster Management Organization (ADMO) is in charge of prevention, mitigation and management of both natural and anthropogenic disaster. At local level, District Disaster Committee is responsible for disaster management.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization National Disaster Management Organization (ADMO) District Disaster Committee Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References ・ Laws on Natural Disaster Control ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 21 4. Current Environmental Issues
4.12 Environmental Education
Importance of environmental education is presented in the National Environmental Action Plan prepared in 1991. In 1994, Environmental Protection Council prepared “Environmental Education Strategy for Ghana” as an implementation guide of the Environmental Education Action Plan. The strategy mentioned both formal and non-formal education by National Environmental Council, Ghana Education Service, District Assemblies, National Council on Women and Development NGOs and so on.
The Environmental Protection Agency has the following activities along the strategy. - Capacity building of the District Assemblies to implement Environmental Education programmes - Development of textbooks on environment - Capacity building of the environmental NGOs involved in sanitation improvement and gender issue
For the formal education, Ministry of Education, in collaboration with Environmental Protection Council, incorporated the environmental themes into relevant subjects such as social studies, general science, agricultural science, life skill, vocational skill, etc. as a part of Education Reform Programme. However, the education for teachers and parents is needed, though the curriculum and textbooks were developed.
For the non-formal education, Non-formal Education Division (NFED) of the Ministry of Education is promoting it. Locally, Environmental Management Committees of the District Assemblies is in charge of enhancing people’s awareness on the environmental management.
NGOs also play important roles of the dissemination of environmental education through workshops, seminars exhibitions, debates and through media.
Source: Ref. a)
Relevant Organization Ministry of Education Environmental Protection Council Environmental Management Committees of the District Assemblies Source: Ref. a)
Laws and Regulation Existence Title or References ・ Education Law ？ ・ Guidelines for the Environmental Education ？ Notes) ○：Exist ×：No exist △：under development ？：Not identified
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 22 5. International Relations
5. International Relations
5.1 Global or Trans-boundary Issues
(1) Desertification
Desertification is a common issue among Ghana, Burkina Faso and Togo. The Ghanaian government prepared the National Plan to Combat Desertification in 1988 and established Desertification Control Unit
(2) Marine Pollution in the Gulf of Guinea
The Gulf of Guinea is polluted and its ecosystem is affected. Fishery resource declined. UNDP as a GEF project started “Pollution Prevention of the Gulf of Guinea Large marine Eco System” .
(3) International Rivers
Flood control, pollution control and aquatic weed control are the issues of the international rivers such as White Volta river. Water Resources Commission was formed and negotiation and collaboration among relevant countries are expected.
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 23 5. International Relations
5.2 Conventions Ratified or Signed concerning Environment
Convention Ratified 1) International Plant Protection Convention 1951 2) Convention on the High Seas 1958 3) Convention on the Continental Shelf 1958 4) Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas No data 5) Convention on African Migratory Locust 1962 6) Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Test in the Atmosphere in Outer Space and Under Water 1963 7) International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas 1966 8) Treaty on Principles Government Activities of States in the Exploration and Use Outer Space 1962 including the Moon the other Celestial Bodies 9) International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution 1969 Casualties 10) Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitats: Ramsar 1971 Convention 11) Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of 1972 Becteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on the Destruction 12) Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972 13) International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for 1971 Oil Pollution Damage (as amended) 14) Convention on International Trade In Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora: CITES No data 15) Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer 1985 16) Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer 1987 17) Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 1988 18) Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989 19) London Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer 1990 20) Convention for Cooperation in the Protection and Development on the Marine and Coastal No data Environment of the West and Central Africa Region 21) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change: FCCC 1996 22) Convention on Biological Diversity: CBD 1992 Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 24 5. International Relations
5.3 International Donor’s Project on Environment
Donor Country Duration Projects and related Institution The World Bank 1999-2001 Natural Resources Management Programme, Unbrella programme of natural resources management, Ministry of Lands and Forestry The World Bank -1999 Coastal Wetland Management Project, Community-based coastal wetland management, NGO DFID 1999-2004 Forest Sector Development project Phase II, Implementation of Forest Policy, Forestry Department GTZ 1998-1999 Forest Protection and Resource Use Management Project, Protection of Natural Forest FAO 1998-1999 Land Use Planning Project, Development of Institutional Framework for Land Use, Ministry of Lands and Forestry EU 1997-1999 Protected Area Development Project, Development of management plan for Bia National Park, Wildlife Department EU 1997-1999 Forest Management Certificate Project, Development of a system for certifying forest management EU 1998-2001 Woodworking Sector Development Programme, Promotion of exports of value-added timber products EU 1999-2004 Support to Forest Plantation Development Project, Technical support for forest plantation, Forestry Department AfDB 1999-2009 Forest Plantation Development Project, Credit facilities for forest plantation, Forestry Department NEDA 1999-2001 Bushfire Control and Management in the Transitional Zone, Reduction of bushfiresimpact on forest reserve NEDA 1999-2004 Development Plan for Mole National Park, Reorganization of the management system of Mole National Park WFP 1999-2003 Support to Savanna Resource Management in Northern Region, Food aid assistance to Savanna Zone DANIDA 1994-1999 Land and Water Management Project, Capacity building of Ministry of Food and Agriculture for improved land management, Ministry of Food and Agriculture DANIDA 1999-2001 Support to Traditional Energy Marketing, Strengthening of capacity for sustainable woodfuel production The World Bank Urban Environmental Sanitation Project, Storm drainage, Sanitation, Solid waste, Upgrading of low-income urban areas, Capacity building, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development, Ministry of Works and Housing DFID 1996-2000 Accra Waste Management Project, Solid and Liquid West Management, Accra Metropolitan Assembly AfDB -1999 Accra Sanitation Study, Review and update of the feasbility study report. UNDP Community-Based Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme, Improvement of health and standard of living of the rural population DANIDA 1993-1997 Volta rural Water Supply and Snitation Project, Supply of Safe Drinking Water, Ghana Water and Sewarege Corporation GTZ 1995-1998 Accra Solid Waste and Nightsoil Disposal System, Support to Waste Management Department of Accra Metropolitan Assembly, Accra Metropolitan Assembly The World Bank 1996-2001 Mining Sector Development and Environmental Project, Development of environmentaly friendry Mining, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Minerals Commission
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 25 5. International Relations
Donor Country Duration Projects and related Institution UNDP-GEF 1995-1999 Prevention of Pollution of the Guinea Gulf Large marine Ecosystem, Protection of Marine Ecosystem of Giea Gulf UNDP 1998-2000 Cooonservation of Forestry Ecosystem of Upper Guinea, Conservation of Ecosystem of Upper Guinea UNDP-GEF 1997-1998 Building Capacity iin Subsaharan Africa to respond to the UN Frameworl convention on Climate Change UNDP-GEF 1999 Preparation of Initial National Communication on Climate Change UNDP-GEF 1995-2000 Ozon Deplation Substance phase out Projekct, Environmental Protection Agency UNDP 1998-2000 Priority Conservation -Setting for Upper Guinea Forest Ecosystem UNDP-GEF 1998-2001 Renewable Energy-Based Electricity for Rural, Social and Economic Development, Electrification in rural areas, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Volta River Authority, Northern Electricity Department DANIDA 1994-1999 Environmental Information System Development, Improvement of National Environmental Information System, Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology UNDP 1998-2000 Ghana Capacity 21 Programme, Capacity building for imlpementation of Agenda 21., Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology EU 1996-1999 PACIPE (Regional Technical Assistance Programme for Information and Awareness Creation for the Protection of the Environment), Environmental Eduction, Awareness Creation, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology, NGOs, Media JICA 1997-2000 Integrated Watershed Management of Inland Valleys in the Republic of Ghana, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Crops Research Institute JICA 1997-2000 Project for the Improvement of the Maternal and Child Health In- Service Training System and Program in Ghana, Ministry of Health JICA 1999-2003 Infectious Diseases Control Project at the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health JICA 1997-2002 Small- scale Irrigated Agriculture Promotion Project in the Republic of Ghana, Irrigation Development Authority, Ministry of Food and Agriculture JICA 1998- Study on Reserve Forest Management in Transitional Zone in Ghana, Ministry of Land and Forestry Source: Ref. a), h)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 26 6.Information Sources
6. Information Sources
(1) Governmental Organizations Sector Institution Contact Person Address Agricultural Ministry of Food and Crop Service Tel:021-6668187 Production/Agro Forestry Agriculture Division/Agro Forestry Fax:021-780526 Director Agriculture in Savanna Savanna Agric. Research Director Tel:071-22411 Institute Fax:071-22793 Agro-Forestry, Wildlife University of Science & Institute of Renewable Tel:051-5350 Technology Natural Resources Appropriate Technology Technology, Technology Tel:051-5351 Consultancy Centre Climate, Weather Meteorological Service Director Tel:021-777172 Department Ecology, Plant Science Department of Botany Ecology, Wildlife Department of Zoology Tel:021-75381 Ecology, Wildlife Department of Zoology Tel:042-2440 Environment Environmental Protection Mr. Jonathan A. Allotey Tel:021-664697 Agency (Director:Regional Fax:021-662690 programmes) E-mail: [email protected] Environment Ministry of Environment, Mr. Edwin P. D. Barnes Tel:021-666049 Science and Technology (Chie Director) Fax:021-666828 E-mail: [email protected] Environmental Impact Faculty of Tel:051-5351 Assessment, Environmental & Dev. Environmental Education Studies Environmental Sanitation Ministry of Local Chief director Tel:021-663668 Government and Rural Development Forestry Forestry Department Mr. Edward Osei Tel:021-776145 Nsenkyire (Chief Fax:021-772728 Conservator of Forests) Forestry Forestry Commission Chief Administrator Tel:021-221315 Fax:021-220818 E-mail: [email protected] Forestry Forest Information [email protected]. network Librarian gh Forestry Forestry Research Director Tel:051-60123 Institute of Ghana Fax:051-60121 E-mail: [email protected] Hydrology, Water Water Resources Mariiam A. Jiagge Tel:021-775351 Management Research Institute Fax:021-77710 Industrial Pollution, Institute of Mining and Tel:051-5350 Mining Mineral Engineering Fax:051-3137 Industrial pollution Ministry of Trade & Tel:021-663327 Industries Fax:021-65114 Information of Council for Scientific & Prof. W. S. Alhassan Tel:021-774772 Environmental Research Industrial Research (Director General) Fax:021-777655
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 27 6.Information Sources
Sector Institution Contact Person Address Land Use Land Use Planning National Project E-mail: Project Coordinator [email protected] Land, Forestry Ministry of Lands and Mr. E. Sisi-Wilson Tel/Fax:021-666711 Forestry (Technical Director) E-mail: [email protected] Limnology, Pathogenic, Institute of Aquatic C.A.Biney AG. Director) Tel:021-775511 Biology, Abiotic and Biology Fax:021-777655 Biotic, Fauna and Flora Marine Ecosystem Department of Tel:021-775381 Oceanography & Fisheries Marine Biology Project Mining Engineering, Tarkwa School of Mines Tel:0362-324 Mineral Resources Fax:0362-306 Mining Pollution Minerals Commission Chief Executive Tel:021-772783 Fax:021-773324 Marine Ecosystem University of Ghana Department of Tel:021-775381 Oceanography & Fisheries C. J. Vanderpuye Natural Resources, GIS Department of Geography & Resource Development Renewable Energy Ministry of Mines and Rural Energy Tel:021-667151 Energy Division/Renewable Fax:021-668262 Energy Development E-mail:[email protected] Programme Mr. Wisdom Ahiataku-Togobo Resources Management Department of Geography Timber Timber Export Managing Director Tel:031-22921 Development Board Fax:031-23339 Water Pollution, Department of Fisheries Tel:051-3133 Freshwater Management and Aquaculture Water Resources Irrigation Development Chief Executive Tel:021-662050 Authority Water Resources Volta River Authority Ms. Agnes O. Nortey Tel:021-664941 Management Fax:021-662610 Water Supply, Ghana Water and Tel:021-775409 Environmental Sanitation Sewerege Corporation Fax:021-775409 Wildlife Wildlife Department Chief Wildlife Officer Tel:021-664654 Fax:021-666476 Others Ministry of Work and Housing Others University of Ghana Malme Library Legon Others University of Cape Coast Library Others University of Director of Agriculture Tel:071-23620 Development Studies Department Fax:071-23675 E-mail: [email protected] Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 28 6.Information Sources
(2) Consultants and NGOs Sector Institution Contact Person Address Ecological Management Eco-Management Mr. Samuel Anku Tel:021-400143 Consultant Centre for the Mr. Tony (D.K.) Dogbe Tel:051-24581 Development of People (Executive Director) Fax:051-26026 E-mial: [email protected] Agro-Forestry, Green Earth Organization Mr. George Ahadzie Tel:021-232762 Conservation of water (ExecutiveDirector) Fax:021-230455 E-mail: [email protected] Friends of the Earth Director Tel:021-225963 Fax:021-227993 Technoserve Director Tel:021-773873 Fax: CARE-International Tel:021-22001 Fax:021-764547 E-mail:[email protected] Friends of the National Executive Secretary Tel:021-776551 Zoo Fax:021-223275 World Vision Field Director Tel:021-774351 International Fax:021-773137 Ecology, Environmental National Union of Samuel Tel:021222467 Sanitation Environmental NGOs Anyumadu-Amaning Fax:021-228668 (NUENGO) Wildlife Ghana Wildlife Society Executive Director Tel:021-663500 Fax:021-780610 E-mial:[email protected] Energy Conservation Women's Action Group Ms. Florence E. Dovlo Tel:021-7754442 on the Environment Fax:021-667947 Agro-Forestry Advantist Development George Baiden Tel:021-220779 and Relief Agency Fax:021-220243 Community Forstry, Integrated Ecosystem John Atibila (Director) P. O. Box 88 Bawku, Conservation & rural Upper East Region Development Centre Environmental Education Global Youth Friends of George Kudzo Awu P. O. Box 661 Ho, Volta Nature Region Community Forestry Community Forestry & Anthony Aidoo TEl:021-229988 Social Development Organization Aforestation, Water Voluntary Workcamp Mr. Francis Atta Donkor Tel:021-663486 Bodies Association (General Secretary) Fax:021-665960 Forest Conservation, Christian Council of Mr. Gyampah Tel:021-777718 Urban Sanitation Ghana Amoako-Gyedu Fax:021-778725 (Co-ordnator of health and Environment) New Initiatives Director E-mail:[email protected] Conservation International Source: Ref. a)
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 29 7.References
7. References a) Country Profile on Environment, Ghana, 1999, JICA Ghana Office
a)-1 Analysis of Demographic Data, 1995, Ghana Statistical Service
a)-2 Ghana Living Standards Survey, 1995, Ghana Statistical Service
a)-3 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey, 1995, Ghana Statistical Service
a)-4 Ghana Common Country Assessment, 1997
a)-5 Bank of Ghana Annual Report 1997, 1997, Bank of Ghana
a)-6 United Nations Conferences on Environment and Development (UNCED) Environmental and Development in Ghana National Report, 1991, Environmental Protection Council
a)-7 Ghana Environmental Action Plan (Volume I), 199l, Environmental Protection Council
a)-8 Ghana Environmental Action Plan (VolumeⅡ), Technical Background Papers by the Six Working Group, 1994, Ebenezer Laing
a)-9 Environmental Protection Agency Republic of Ghana Strategic Plan 1999 - 2003, 1999, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-10 Ghana Environmental Protection Agency 1997 Annual Report, 1998, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-11 Ghana Environmental Protection Agency 1998 Annual Report, 1999, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-12 Ghana Historical Date on the Environment (HIDEN), A Bibliographic Database, 1994, Environmental Protection Council
a)-13 Implementation Manual for NRMP, Phase One (1999 - 2001), 1999, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
a)-14 Forest and Wildlife Policy, 1994, Ministry of Lands and Frosty
a)-15 Forestry Development Master Plan, 1996, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
a)-16 Ghana’s Water Resources Management Challenges and Opportunities, 1998, Ministry of Works and Housing
a)-17 National Land Policy, 1999, Ministry of Lands and Forestry
a)-18 Coastal Zone Profile of Ghana, 1998, Ministry of Environment, Science, and Technology
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 30 7.References
a)-19 A Report Submitted by the Land Use Planning Committee 1979 (Re-Published), 1994, Environmental Protection Council a)-20 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 2, Institutional Reform, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-21 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 3, Training needs and human resources development, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-22 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 4, Community conservation, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-23 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 5, Ecotourism Development and Promotion, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-24 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 6, Sustainable Use of Bushmeat, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-25 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 7, Research and Monitoring, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-26 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 8, Protected Area Infrastructure and Management Costs, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-27 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 9, People in Protected Areas: Conflict Resolution, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-28 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 10, Public Education, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-29 Wildlife Development Plan 1998-2003, Volume 11, Wildlife-Based Enterprise Development, 1998, Wildlife Department a)-30 A Logging Manual for Ghana, 1998, Forestry Department a)-31 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section A, 1998, Forestry Department a)-32 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section B, 1998, Forestry Department a)-33 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section C, 1998, Forestry Department a)-34 Manual of Procedures Forest Resource Management Planning in the HFZ, Section D, 1998, Forestry Department
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 31 7.References a)-35 Save Sea Turtles: A primer on sea conversation for coastal communities in Ghana, 1997, Resource and Environmental Development Organization a)-36 Land Tenure System and Ecological Degradation in Northern Ghana; What Role for Local Authorities?, 1994, Kasim Kasanga a)-37 Land Degradation in Ghana, 1990, G. Behheh, G.T. Agypong, J. A. Allotey a)-38 Land and Biodiversity, 1994, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology a)-39 The Coastal Zone of West Africa: Problems and Management, 1997, S. M. Evans, C. J. Vanderpuye, A. K. Armah a)-40 Towards an Integrated Coastal Zone Management Strategy for Ghana, 1997, Environmental Protection Agency a)-41 Strategic Plan for the Grater Accra Metropolitan Area, Volume 2, Strategic Plan, 1991, Ministry of Local Government, Department of Town and County Planning a)-42 Strategic Plan for the Grater Accra Metropolitan Area, Volume 3, Five Year Development Plan (FYDP), 1991, Ministry of Local Government Planning a)-43 Preliminary Study on the Accra Metropolitan Liquid Waste Treatment Facility Improvement Plan in the Republic of Ghana, Study Report, 1994, The Overseas Construction Association of Japan a)-44 Preliminary Study on the Cape Coast Sewerage System in the Republic of Ghana, Study Report, 1994, The Overseas Construction Association of Japan a)-45 Environmental Sanitation Policy, 1999, Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development a)-46 Environmental Problems and the Urban Household in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Areas (GAMA) -Ghana, 1993, George Benneh, Jacob Songsore, John S. Nabila, T. Amuzu and Gordon McGranahan a)-47 Water Supply and Sanitation in Low and Middle Income Cities: Comparing Accra, Jakarta and Sao Paulo, 1996, Marianne Kjellen, Anna Bratt and Gordon McGranahan a)-48 Ghana's Mining and Environmental Guidelines, 1994, Minerals Commission and Environmental Protection Council a)-49 Environmental Education Strategy for Ghana, 1994, Environmental Protection Council a)-50 Environmental Education in Ghanaian Schools, Environmental Protection Agency a)-51 Where Have All the Trees Gone?, 1997, A. Ofori-Mensah and E. O. A. Asibey
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 32 7.References
a)-52 Where Have All the Rivers Gone?, 1997, A. Ofori-Mensah and E. O. A. Asibey .
a)-53 Garbage Garbage Everywhere, 1998 , A. Ofori-Mensah and E. O. A. Asibey
a)-54 Ghana INFOTERRA Directory of Environmental Information Sources, 1995, Environmental Protection Agency a)-55 Guidelines on Environmental Management for District Assemblies, Environmental Protection Council
a)-56 Environmental Protection Agency (At A Glance), 1996, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-57 Basic Social Studies Atlas for Ghana, 1987, SEDCO Publishing
a)-58 Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure, 1995, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-59 Environmental Impact Assessment in Ghana, A Guide, 1996, Environmental Protection Agency
a)-60 Environmental Assessment Regulations, 1999, Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology
a)-61 Report on Trainer’s Workshop for District Environmental Management Committees of District Assemblies of Ghana, 1996, Environmental Protection Agency b) World Development Indicators, 1999, The World Bank c) World Development Report, 1999, The World Bank d) The World Fact Book 1999, CIA e) Human Development Report 1999, UNDP f) Chronological Science Tables, National Astronomical Observatory ed., Maruzen Co., Ltd. g) World Resources 1996-97, World Resource Institute, UNEP, UNDP and the World Bank h) JICA Annual Report, 1999, JICA
JICA COUNTRY PROFILE ON ENVIRONMENT GHANA 33