Zoo 2016 25(2): 122-141 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago

AVIFAUNA DIVERSITY IN KANGEAN ARCHIPELAGO

KERAGAMAN BURUNG DI KEPULAUAN KANGEAN

Mohammad Irham

Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi LIPI Gedung Widyasatwaloka, Jl. Jakarta Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911 e-mail: [email protected]

(diterima September 2016, direvisi Oktober 2016, disetujui November 2016)

ABSTRAK Penelitian avifauna di Kepulauan Kangean dilakukan antara 2007-2008. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui jumlah jenis dan keragaman komunitas burung di berbagai tipe habitat utama. Tiga metode yang diterapkan dalam penelitian ini yaitu observasi oportunistik, titik hitung dan penangkapan dengan jaring kabut. Setiap metode saling melengkapi untuk mendapatkan daftar jenis burung yang komprehensif. Penelitian dengan menggunakan titik hitung bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaman komunitas burung. Sebanyak 82 spesies burung ditemukan dimana beberapa jenis terutama burung-burung bermigrasi ditemukan sebagai catatan baru. Keanekaragaman tertinggi ditemukan di habitat alami, yaitu hutan alam (28 spesies, Shannon index = 3.07), daerah terbuka (32 spesies, Shannon index = 3.18) dan ba- kau/ hutan pantai (34 spesies, Shannon index = 3.09). Keanekaragaman burung yang miskin di perkebunan jati dengan hanya 26 spesies (Shannon index = 2.86). Ancaman terhadap burung di Pulau Kangean sangat nyata pada burung-burung berkicau seperti kucica hutan dan tiong emas. Jenis tersebut hampir tidak ditemui selama survei. Kangean memiliki jumlah jenis lebih banyak daripada yang telah diketahui sebelumnya, namun demikian perburuan dan penebangan liar menjadi ancaman serius bagi keberadaannya.

Kata Kunci: Kangean, keanekaragaman jenis, catatan baru, hutan alam, perkebunan jati, Shannon index.

ABSTRACT Research on the avifauna of Kangean Archipelago were conducted between 2007-2008. Objective of the studies were to obtain new data on the species numbers and community diversity at the main islands in various types of habitat. Three methods were applied i.e. opportunistic observation, point counts and mist netting. Each method would be complemen- tary in order to get a complete list of Kangean avifauna, while point counts were intended to be used for community di- versity study. A total of 82 species were recorded from which some of them especially migrating were new to the island. The richest diversity was found in natural habitat i.e. natural forest (28 species, Shannon index = 3.07), open area (32 species, Shannon index = 3.18) and mangrove (34 species, Shannon index = 3.09). Avian diversity was poor at teak plantation with only 26 species observed (Shannon index = 2.86). The threats to avian communities were apparent at song birds such as white-rumped shama and hill mynah. Those birds were hardly encountered during the survey. To be con- cluded, Kangean archipelago were richer in avifauna diversity than previously known, however hunting pressure and illegal logging might become serious threats to its existence.

Keywords: Kangean, diversity, new record, natural forest, teak plantation, Shannon index

INTRODUCTION Kangayan Sub-District on the East Kangean, The Kangean Archipelago are a group and Sapeken Sub-District on the eastern small of small islands situated between 115°11’-116° islands of Kangean. Kangayan Sub-District is 16’E and 6°30’-7°12’S (Fig. 1). They are ap- a newly formed district. It was just recently proximately 120 km east of Madura and 120 splitted from Arjasa Sub-District to accelerate km north of . The archipelago consists of the development of East Kangean. Meanwhile, some 30 islands with Kangean Island as the forested area in , with the ex- largest at 48,700 ha. Administratively, ception of Saobi that is managed by PHKA, Kangean consists of three sub-districts; those are under management of Perum Perhutani are Arjasa Sub-District on the West Kangean, Unit II of .

122 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

Kangean

Figure 1. Map showing location of Kangean Archipelago and major study sites (red dots).

Geographically, Kangean Island is a son 2003). This communities reflect the depau- rugged island with hilly contour especially at perated condition from those of birds in Java; the central ridge. The western half of the north meanwhile there was only a single species of coast is bordered by sandy beach, while the Wallacean origin present on the island which eastern half and part of the southern section are was Orange-footed Scrubfowl. Kangean show bordered by vast area of mudflat and fringed by just a little less proportion of endemic species a coral reef. Kangean has a climate of tropical in comparison to Java endemic; by which monsoon forest (de Iongh et al. 1982, Silvius & Kangean has 9% and Java has 11% of endemics Taufik 1989). The central part of Kangean Is- birds (Irham & Marakarmah 2009, Sukmantoro land, which is situated at the hilly area, is cov- dkk. 2007). Therefore by having endemic spe- ered by a tropical forest in which decorated by cies regardless its subspecies status the islands Canarium vulgare, Schleicheria oleosa, Grewia hold significant value and is warranted as Se- eriocarpa, and Kleinhovia hospital among o- condary Area of Restricted-Range Species by thers. Whereas the surrounding area on flat ter- BirdLife (BirdLife International 2003). rain the vegetation are replaced by huge area of Birds communities in Kangean face teak plantation The southern part of P. Kangean greater threats than continental communities. is covered by mangrove forest dominated by The forest cover have changed rapidly over Rhizophora sp., Brugueira sp., Ceriop tagal, years. Kangean and Sepanjang, the two biggest Avecenia sp., Sonneratia acida and Calophyl- islands, lost around 26 – 28 km2 its natural fo- lum inophyllum (Silvius & Taufik 1989, Syukri rest due to expansion of agricultural land and 2000). teak plantation. In addition, illegal logging that The communities in Kangean is- targeted not only teak but also forest timber was lands have been studied since 1892. A total of rampant as during the periods of November- 113 species are present from which 11 subspe- Desember 2010 as many as 4000 trunks of teak cies are recognized as endemic (Irham & Mara- and other forest species were transported out of karmah 2009, Hartert 1902, Vordermann 1893, the island every day (tempointeractive 2010). Hoogerwerf 1954 & Hoogerwerf 1962, Dickin- As an island population, they are prone

123 Zoo Indonesia 2016 25(2): 122-141 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago to extinction due to their smaller range of habi- at five main sites. Three study sites were loca- tat therefore susceptible to have greater impact ted at the central ridge of Kangean i.e. G. Ta- from any catastrophic event, habitat alteration langkobeto (S 06°55.341’- E 115°32.385’, natu- and destruction, forest fragmentation, hunting ral forest), G. Ngeteng-Tembayangan (S 06° and invasive species (Rodriguez & Cunha 52.496’-E 115°25.028’, natural forest) and G. 2012). There are evidences of that where is- Moncong (S 06°52.673’-E 115°26.833’, natural lands species immediately extinct after environ- forest). The other sites were located at the lower mental changes from both natural or anthropo- elevation i.e. Tembayangan (S 06°52.942’-E genic cause (Blackburn et al. 2004, Morrison et 115°24.737’, teak forest), Kaletek-Aingkokap al. 2011). In addition, the legal standing of fo- (S 06°51.701’- E 115°24.481’, natural forest), rest protection is very limited to protected forest Jukong-jukong (S 06°50.996’- E 115°25.938’, except in Saobi Island where some of area is teak forest), Patapan (S 06°55.981’- E 115° protected as nature reserve. 34.536’, open area and mangrove/beach forest), In order to conserve Kangean avifauna, and Cangkramaan (S 06°54.292’-E 115° proper management should be planned and car- 25.906’, open area and mangrove/beach forest). ried out by the local authorities. Some basic data would be needed to support conservation Data acquisition plan. Therefore, the objective of this study is to I applied three methods in order to ob- provide data on Kangean avifauna, specifically: tain a comprehensive bird list i.e. opportunistic (1) the current condition of avifauna diversity; surveys, point count and mist-netting (Bibby et and (2) community diversity between habitat al. 1998, Allen et al. 2006). Most fieldwork was types. By utilizing those data, hopefully the carried out opportunistically to allow as many local authority can set up conservation priority species as possible to be found. I searched for that can be synchronized with the target of the birds in a range of terrestrial habitat following production forest. main roads, tracks, and forest trails across the area. Upon an encounter with birds, the follow- RESEARCH METHODS ing data were collected i.e. species, number of Study Sites individuals, habitat type, behavior, and location. I visited the islands four times during If possible, birds calls were recorded and photo- 2007-2008. I went to Kangean in March-April graphed were taken. Birds calls or sound were 2007 and August-September 2007; then I con- useful to identified unseen birds. tinued to Sepanjang in June-July 2008 and Pali- In order to get more information on at in December 2008. General inventories were recent situation of bird communities, local peo- made during all visits, however, systematic ple also were interviewed and shown pictures of study of avian diversity was conducted only in birds. Fieldworks started at 05.30 – 18.00 eve- Kangean Island during 2007 period. ryday. For bird identification, I refer to Avian diversity studies were carried out MacKinnon (1997) and Sonobe & Usui (1993).

124 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

I followed Dickinson (2003) for English and For evaluating bird species richness scientific names of birds. and completeness of point counts, non- As for quantitative avifauna communi- parametric species richness estimators (ACE, ty comparison study, I surveyed birds collated ICE, Chao1, Chao2, Jack1, Jack2, Bootstrap) from point observation in different habitats and curve models (MMRuns, MMMeans) (Bibby et al. 1998, Allen et al. 2006). These were used (Colwell 2005). To quantify index methods were carried three days in each loca- of diversity and similarity index, Shannon and tion altogether with mistnetting. Sampling Jaccard index was applied respectively (Krebs sites for diversity studies where chose based 1989, Colwell 2005). on vegetation characteristic that categorized as Comparison of avian communities natural forest, teak forest, mangrove and open between habitat types was examined by area. Natural forest is defined as the interior ANOSIM (Oksanen et al. 2015). All data were forest that dominated by wild plants or trees checked whether or not they departed signifi- and it received less influence done by human cantly from a normal distribution. If the data activities. Teak forest is a forested area in was not normally distributed, it was trans- which teak timber is planted and managed by formed to approach a normal distribution more human. Mangrove forest is natural forest along closely (Sokal & Rohlf 1995). Statistical anal- coastal area. Beach forest is included in this ysis conducted with SPSS software (SPSS Inc. category. Open area is a habitat dominated by 2002). The abundance of birds was taken as shrubs or bushes and it cover both natural the maximum number of individual of a spe- grassland and artificial environment such as cies present in each habitat types during the paddy field and fish ponds. three observations periods (Nur et al. 1999). The numbers of point of observation To quantify index of diversity and similarity for each habitat category were as followed 25 index, Shannon-Wiener and Jaccard index was for natural forest, 20 for teak forest, 15 for applied respectively (Krebs 1989). open area and 15 for beach/mangrove. The observation was made at 25 m radius circular RESULTS AND DISCUSSION station in 10 m. The distance between stations Species account was around 200 m apart. I recorded as many as 82 species from

Kangean Archipelago (Appendix 1). General Analysis information on that finding had been pub- Bird diversity was analyzed only lished in Irham & Marakarmah 2009. Hereaf- based on the data obtained from point counts. ter, specific informations were presented. Of Data from mistnetting were used together with those records, some species were newly re- opportunistic observations as annotated spe- corded for the island of Kangean such as Arc- cies checklist. tic Leaf-Warbler (Phylloscopus borealis),

125 Zoo Indonesia 2016 25(2): 122-141 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago

Changeable Hawk-Eagle (Spizaetus cir- THRESKIORNITHIDAE rhatus), Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis Plegadis falcinellus Glossy Ibis ptilorhynchos) and Eastern Marsh-Harrier Protected by Indonesian Law (Circus spilonotus). All subspecies endemic to Only one specimen is available which Kangean such as Red-breasted Parakeet was collected by Hoogerwerf in September 29, (Psittacula alexandri kangeanensis), Javan 1954 in Kalisangka, Kangean Island. Judging ( javensis longi- from habitat deterioration on that place, I pre- caudatus), Greater Goldenback sumed that local population was expatriated or (Chrysocolaptes lucidus kangeanensis) and moved to another site within the islands. Green-billed Malkoha (Rhopodytes tristis kangeansis) were also observed. A bird from ACCIPITRIDAE Wallacean area, Orange-Footed Scrubfowl Pandion haliaeetus Osprey (Megapodius reinwardt), was seen in Saobi. Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian Scrubfowl is known to be absent from Law Kangean, however a mound like structure was All Osprey observed throughout field- found near Talangkobeto. According to local works were presumed to be resident birds in- helper the mound was likely an abandon stead of migrants from boreal regions. More- scrubfowl nest. over, pair consists of an adult and juvenile Os- I presented comprehensive infor- prey was observed on the coastal and man- mation on species that has been documented grove area of Saobi Island, Sepanjang Island, in Kangean Archipelago having special inte- and southern Kangean. rest from an ornithological perspective and conservation. I marked species that bear con- Elanus caeruleus Black-winged Kite servation status such as Indonesian protected Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian species, IUCN and CITES appendices. Law Two specimens were collected by NON-PASSERIFORMES Hoogerwerf in 1954 at Bujutan, North-western CICONIIDAE Kangean. However, they presence were not Leptoptilos javanicus Lesser Adjutant mentioned by Nijman (2004). None of the in- Vulnerable, Protected by Indonesian Law dividuals were observed in Kangean Island. This species was known from Paliat Five individuals were recorded in Sepanjang Island only based on observation report by and three individuals were seen in Paliat. They Nurwatha (1996). Some information on the were observed while hunting and perching on presence of this bird was also given by locals. the open land. They were frequently seen in pairs.

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Haliaeetus leucogaster White-bellied Sea- uleu Island ( West of Sumatra) and Lesser eagle Sundas are the only island population in Indo- Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian nesia (Dickinson 2003). Law Call was heard during morning obser- Several individual including sub- vation on 27 August 2007 at natural forest of adults were recorded in southern Kangean, and G. Ngeteng, Tembayangan. A short recording all visited island. They were observed a long was made for several seconds. A few minutes the coastal area of the islands. later, from forest opening, about a half km from the place where calls were heard, I got Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite one sighting of an adult Changeable Hawk- Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian Eagle soaring over forest canopy. Law From call and sighting, I estimated They were the most common bird of there were probably two individuals of preys in Kangean Archipelago. They were Changeable Hawk-Eagle present at G. frequently observed as single bird and a flock Ngeteng-Tembayangan because the first calls of five to seven individuals. During these detected was typically begging calls of juve- fieldworks, all flocks were consisting of adults nile while another individual sought was an and sub-adults. Brahminy Kites were observed adult. This was the only encountered with almost in all parts of the island not only on the Changeable Hawk-eagle. mangrove and coastal area where they usually went hunting but also at natural forest on the Falco moluccensis Spotted Kestrel central ridge of the island. Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian Law Spizaetus cirrhatus Changeable Hawk-eagle Spotted Kestrel is rather common in Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian Kangean. Locals know them as the fast flier. Law Most of the time, they were seen in pairs in all On Java or other continental islands, parts of the island but coastal and mangrove Changeable Hawk-eagle inhabits primary or forest. secondary forest and hunts for preys on vari- ous type of habitats. They are mostly seen Pernis ptilorhyncus Oriental Honey- around mountainous area, they frequently fly buzzard to lower altitude. It is known as vocal raptors Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian due to frequent calls and shrieks during fly or Law, Migrant perch. They have never been recorded on the A single individual was first detected small islands especially around fly along the coast of eastern Kangean. Clear (Nijman 2004). To date population of Sime- observations were obtained at the neighbour-

127 Zoo Indonesia 2016 25(2): 122-141 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago ing island, Paliat, on the next subsequent days. tert from East of Kangean and three specimens A single individual of Oriental Honey-buzzard were collected by Hoogerwerf at Bujutan was observed soaring above teak forest that (Hoogerwerf 1962). None was observed du- mix with paddy field in the morning around ring this researches. 10.00 and it being mobbed by Hair-crested Dendrocygna arcuata Wandering Whistling Drongo. Another individual was recorded in the morning, perched on tree at natural forest Two pairs were recorded, once at the of western Paliat. Again, because of the dron- mudflat of Patapan and another at Paliat, gos it flew away. It was clearly seen that this mixed with a group of Sunda Teal. bird used Kangean as wintering ground. Hoogerwerf collected two specimens from Saebus and Sepanjang Island (Hoogerwerf Circus spilonotus Eastern Marsh-harrier 1962). Appendix II CITES, Protected by Indonesian Law, Migrant MEGAPODIDAE A flock of eight individuals was ob- Megapodius reinwardt Orange-footed Mega- served fly low on the coastal area of western pode Kangean. They arrived from south-west and Protected by Indonesian Law toward making a landfall flew off to north- Kangean is the only one extended eastern direction. range within Javan realm of this Wallacean form. The biggest population is found in Saobi and Sepanjang Island. Saobi, which is only gibberifrons Sunda Teal 430 ha, has the highest density of megapode’s Sunda Teal has a widespread distribu- mound. On that small island, Orange-footed tion in Indonesia except Maluku and Papua. Megapode confined only at the south-eastern They were usually encountered in a pair or in beach forest; and the only remaining forest of a flock of three to seven individuals as ob- the island. Due to that fact, Saobi was declared served in Patapan, East Kangean. The num- as protected area. I encountered five individu- bers could be up to 15 when they gathered on als during a day visit to Saobi. large mudflat such as one in Paliat. During Sepanjang, the second biggest island, this study, it seemed that they had a clear pre- is also the main distribution of Orange-footed ference for mudflat area around mangrove Megapode. They present almost at all area forest. although the main population is restricted to the natural forest and teak forest at the eastern Anas superciliosa Pacific Black Duck flank of the island. Encountered with this spe- All previous observers recorded the cies was almost happen every day in Sepan- presence of this species was recorded by Har- jang although rather difficult to see due to

128 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

their shy behaviour. While they could forage Based on the information from local, the po- for food not only limited to natural forest but pulation of were decreasing also to teak forest, they still have their mound steadily due to over harvesting. built around natural forest. Their mounds in Sepanjang were sparse with the distance CHARADRIIDAE around 50 m in average between mounds. Charadrius javanicus Javan Plover The main island, Kangean, is not Migratory known for being occupied by Orange-footed There are five species of Charadrius Megapode. The hypothesis regarding the ab- have been recorded in Kangean Archipelago. sence of Orange-Footed Scrubfowl in And all species have specimens’ representa- Kangean was due to the occurrence of large tives collected by Hoogerwerf. Javan Plover predator in bigger island (Decker 1989). How- was previously not recorded. This is the first ever, an abandoned mound was found on the information on the extended distribution of way to G. Talangkobeto, central ridge of Javan Plover outside the mainland Java. Kangean Island. SCOLOPACIDAE Numenius phaeopus Whimbrel Gallus varius Green Junglefowl Migratory There is only one species of jungle- They are frequently seen and easily fowl in Kangean which is Green Junglefowl recognized by their long bill and loud calls. and, unlike its relative Whimbrels were presented mostly around (Nishibori et al. 2006), it is free from natural coastal and mangrove forest during migratory hybridisation. Male Green Junglefowl from season and took tall trees as their roosting site. Kangean is very popular and the best stock for They were recorded as a flock from which being bred with domestic hen to produce could consist up to 30 individuals. Towards Bekisar breed. Green Junglefowl from Java the end of wintering season, several individu- mainland and Bali will not give offspring as als stayed longer and were still being seen un- good as Kangean despite of their same taxo- til July. nomical status. This is interesting fact due to particular genetic treats that might be absent Esacus neglectus Beach Thick-knee in Java and Bali population. Near Threatened, Protected by Indonesian At present study, I only saw once a Law group of Green Junglefowl consists of one No single specimen was observed dur- adult male, four female and the other three ing fieldwork. The only records were from unidentified sexes. They were foraging on the Hartert (1902) by which collected two individ- paddy fields southern Tembayangan village. uals from east of Kangean island.

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COLUMBIDAE except Sepanjang Island. Kangean Red- Streptopelia bitorquata Island Collared Dove Breasted Parakeet was firstly described as a There is only one record provide by distinct population from other islands by Nurwatha et al. (1996). None were observed Hoogerwerf (1962) ( Sudaryanti et al. 2006). during present study. I believed that the dove Red-Breasted Parakeet was frequently observed by Nurwatha was not origin to seen in natural forest and teak forest. They Kangean and probably caged birds that made a could be found also around villages, especially way to escape. those directly adjacent to teak forest or natural forest. The availability of big tree stands were Caloenas nicobarica Nicobar Pigeon probably one of the prerequisites habitat com- Near Threatened, Appendix I CITES, Protect- ponents for Red-Breasted Parakeet to dwell as ed by Indonesian Law. it reflected on their absences in open and man- Nicobar Pigeon is a breeding resident grove forest. and it has a widespread distribution in Indone- Red-Breasted Parakeet was usually sia especially on the small islands. Mr. found in a flock of three to ten individuals. Prillwitz collected two male specimens from They would form larger flock to raid corn east Kangean. Local people in Kangean Island field at the harvesting season. Even so, locals was not very familiar with this birds but on the did not put special counter measurements to other islands they knew it well. According to repel them. The population of Red-Breasted people in Sepanjang, this bird had not been Parakeet in Kangean was rather secured than seen for quite some times. its other Psittacidae in Indonesia. There were I did not observe any living specimen no direct persecutions observed on this species but I found bones of leg tied on trap that could because locals prefer other species such as be belong to Nicobar Pigeon due to its size Zebra Dove and Hill Myna to be caught and and features. Moreover, Nicobar Pigeon has sold in Java. unique behaviour while eating fruits by clean- ing the area of foraging. I noticed there were CUCULIDAE several spots that had been used by them in Rhopodytes tristis Green-Billed Malkoha Sepanjang. The fact that I failed to observed The global distribution of Green- them due to its low numbers and cryptic. Billed Malkoha is from India to South-East Asia. In Indonesia, its distribution is disjunct PSITTACIDAE as they occurred only in Sumatra and Psittacula alexandri Red-breasted Parakeet Kangean, while this species is altogether ab- Appendix II CITES sent from Java. Kangean population was sepa- It is the only parrot inhabits Kangean rable from Sumatran population based on the Archipelago. They present all over the area larger size, especially on bill and wing, and

130 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

coloration on the head (Vorderman 1893). In present in Kangean, it should be easy to ob- Sumatra, they were commonly present in hill serve since they are highly vocal and have forest at the elevation of 500-1500 m and in habitat preferences as same as Greater Coucal. Kangean it was said to be common (MacKinnon 1998). Two individual were ob- PODARGIDAE served in this study. One individual was seen Batrachostomus javensis Javan Frogmouth on teak forest in Tembayangan. Another was Javan Frogmouth was firstly described caught by children in Patapan, east Kangean. by Hoogerwerf upon specimens from Sepan- This malkoha is absent from Sepanjang Island. jang Island (Hoogerwerf 1962). An individual of Javan Frogmouth was mistnetted at man- Centropus sinensis Greater Coucal grove in Patapan. No other individual of Javan There are two form of Greater Coucal Frogmouth were observed or mistnetted on the in Kangean Archipelago. First is ‘normal’ col- next subsequent surveys. Its distribution ap- or with black body and reddish brown color on parently restricted in southern Kangean and the wing, this form resembled to those in Java. nearby islands. Second is having grayish, beige or creamy buff, varying much in tinge, especially on the PICIDAE under parts, instead of black. Picus vittatus Laced Woodpecker Greater Coucal was common species Once, this species was considered to all around island of Kangean. Normal Greater be separated entity from that Javan and Bali Coucal (dark form) was more common than its population (Vorderman 1893). With the addi- light form. I observed three individual of Light tion specimen from Bali, the diagnostic char- Greater Coucal in open area and teak forest at acters described by Vorderman were consid- Kangean Island and one individual in Paliat. ered not enough to separate Kangean popula- tion from Java (Mees 1996). Centropus bengalensis Lesser Coucal Laced Woodpeckers were frequently Three specimens were collected by observed in natural forest and teak forest. Hoogerwerf from Kangean Archipelago. All They sometimes flew down to the nearby vil- of them are immature; two males and a fe- lage. While this species were seen in various male. He recognized them as the same popula- habitat types, microhabitat or the substrates tion as those in Celebes and Lesser Sundas, where they forage upon are typical. Like other known as C.b. sarasinorum due to their larger woodpecker, the availability of big and old size than Java and Bali population. trees is prerequisites. When they were seen at I did not encounter any individual of teak forest or village, they always forage on Lesser Coucal in all islands. If this species is the old trees but teak.

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Chryocoplaptes lucidus kangeanensis Great- dressed concerning its status, the present situa- er Goldenback tion is not promising. During two times visits Greater Goldenback is one of the en- in Kangean, I only saw two individuals of Hill demic birds in Kangean. It is less common Myna. Its distribution seemed restricted to than Laced Woodpecker. They foraged mainly natural forest. Its rarity was due to hunting and on the old tree, dead or sick trees and snags illegal logging. that where more abundant in natural forest. Therefore, most of the encountered with MUSCICAPIDAE Greater Goldenback were taken place in natu- Copsychus malabaricus nigricauda White- ral forest. However, their distribution was not rumped Shama restricted to natural forest; they sometimes Hoogerwerf (1962) noted that White- venture downhill to forage in teak forest if big rumped Shama were recorded and collected at and old non-teak trees were available. Greater western part of Kangean, which nowadays Goldenback and Laced Woodpecker are pre- transformed greatly into urban and agricultural sent only in Kangean, Paliat and nearby is- areas; and Paliat. Kangean forms differed from lands but absent in Sepanjang Island. the other population by having almost totally black tail with few white on the tip of outer PASSERIFORMES feathers, rufous-orange underparts without STURNIDAE chestnut tone (Collar 2017). This species was Gracula religiosa Hill Myna detected by song once at the easter part of Hill Myna is one of the most after Tembaya-ngan forest. It was even rarer than sough birds in Kangean. They have economic Hill Myna. Paliat population was not detected. value as pet birds. The ability to mimic human Kangean population was predicted to be ex- vocals makes Hill Myna popular among birds tinct due to over harvesting for song birds. lover. Kangean Hill Myna is being included into religiosa race together with other conti- CAMPEPHAGIDE nental races of Sumatra, Java and Borneo Coracina striata vordermani Bar-bellied (Hoogerwerf 1963). Nevertheless, vocalization Cuckooshrike of Kangean bird has different characters com- Coracina striata vordemani were col- pare to those in Kalimantan or Sumatra. Un- lected on Sepanjang, Paliat and Batuputih, fortunately, I did not manage to get clear calls Central Kangean (Hoogerwerf 1962). None of recording. To get clear taxonomical status of indivi-duals were detected. Kangean population, detailed study in molecu- lar and vocalization may be a promising op- TIMALIIDAE portunity for future research. Mixornis prillwitzi Kangean Tit-babbler While many questions can be ad- The taxonomic status of Kangean Tit-

132 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

Table 1. Evaluating bird species richness across habitat types using non-parametric estimator.

Estimator Natural Teak Open Mangrove Observed species richness 28 26 32 34 ACE 30 29 32 38.15 ICE 29.7 28.05 38.69 48.62 Chao1 28.33 26.5 32 38.99 Chao2 32.5 26.64 35.43 40.74 Jack1 31 29 38 43.33 Jack2 33 29 40 46.67 Bootstrap 29.28 27.65 34.89 38.44 MMRuns 29.17 29.95 38.24 47.11 MMMeans 29.19 29.34 37.96 46.17 Mean estimated species richness 30.24 28.35 36.36 43.14 Percentage of total estimated species detected by observations 92.59 91.72 88.02 78.82 Shannon Index of Species Richness 3.07 2.86 3.18 3.09

babbler has been re-instated to full species by natural forest and the least diverse was in teak del Hoyo and Collar (2017). Unlike the others forest. passerine endemics, Kangean Tit-babbler was From this analysis, the open area and ma- fairly common in open area, agricultural area ngrove forest, while they were not sampled as and teak forest. They were observed in natural many as natural and teak forest, exhibited the forest. Therefore, they occupied wide range highest diversity of birds compare that of fo- habitat except for mangrove area. rest birds. Some of the estimators for open area and mangrove even predicted much high- Bird Communities across Habitat Types er numbers of species that occur on both habi- A total of 60 species of birds out of 82 tat than estimators for forest communities. species were observed during point count sur- Shared species were varied between veys. Most of the observation among habitat habitat types (Table 2). The biggest numbers types gave indication that the systematic sur- of shared species were shown between natural vey was relatively complete of which 80% - forest and teak forest. It was followed by teak 90% of bird’s species recorded closed to the forest to open area and open area to mangrove. expected richness (Table 1). The observed The lowest shared species was found between species richness showed that highest diversity natural forest and mangrove forest. ANOSIM was found in Mangrove habitat while the low- test showed that the community between habi- est diversity was counted in teak forest. All the tat types were differed significantly (R = 93%, estimators also confirmed the observed rich- p < 0.05); except between open area and man- ness of which the highest diversity was the grove (p = 0.09). highest in ma-ngrove followed by open are, The interior forest community such as

133 Zoo Indonesia 2016 25(2): 122-141 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago members of Family Columbidae, Picidae, Ori- mangrove is important habitat to maintain di- ole and Drongo that were pre-dominantly na- versity especially for water birds. In addition, tural forest dweller could expand their ranges mangrove is not only important for birds but onto teak forest and used as secondary habitat. also as a complex ecosystem due to its ability The pool data showed that there were only to provide many function such as fish feeding several species did not occur in teak forest ground and natural barrier from land erosion. such as Copsychus malabaricus, Pachycepha- This research showed that natural fo- la grisola and Coracina striata. However, rest hold important role to maintain bird’s di- some species tend to have lower abundance in versity over monoculture plantation. Study by teak forest than natural forest such as Picus Fujita et al. (2015) demonstrated that land use vittatus, Chrysocolaptes lucidus, Macronus change has substantially affected species rich- flavicollis, Ducula aenea, Duculua bicolor ness, community composition and feeding and Macropygia emiliana. guild patterns of peatland avifauna in Su- Bird communities in mangrove habitat matera. The peatland natural forest sustained were the most different from all types. It the highest species richness, especially for for- shared some of species with (young) teak fo- est dependent birds, and ß-diversity compare rest and open area, specifically for members of to monoculture acacia plantation in which gen- Family Ardeidae such as Ardeola speciosa, eralist species were commonly present. Other Bubulcus ibis and Egretta sp. The occurrence studies showed that birds richness and capture some of the water birds and other species that rates of understory birds were lower in planta- more commonly associate with mangrove and tion than in natural forest, again, it was ac- open habitat were due to plantation manage- counted for forest dependent species (Zou et ment. Those species usually were found in al. 2014). Therefore, in Kangean islands, poor young teak forest instead of the old growth. subset of interior forest birds in teak plantation Shorebirds and were exclusively gave the tendency of low value of teak forest bound to mangrove habitat. This area also to maintain bird’s diversity. used as stop over for some of migratory shore However, since teak plantation was birds. Therefore, as a form of natural habitat, managed it was consist of many blocks with

Table 2. Shared species between habitat different sizes and ages. Those matrix in the types. (1.0 indicates all species monocultures plantation provided additional are in common; 0 indicates no species are shared). microhabitat such as shrubs that could be at- tractive to birds. Some of the water birds and Jaccard Habitat Types Habitat Types Classic small granivores birds were commonly seen in Natural Forest Teak Forest 0.50 young teak plantation, adding the diversity to Natural Forest Open Area 0.25 Natural Forest Mangrove 0.19 this habitat. Therefore, managed plantation Teak Forest Open Area 0.41 with different types of stands structures and Teak Forest Mangrove 0.30 Open Area Mangrove 0.40 mixed with native tree species could affect

134 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

bird’s community structures (Fujita et al. Hunting pressure may give larger im- 2014., Zou et al. 2014). Furthermore, mixed pacts on the declining numbers of some spe- tree plantation with native tree species used cies in Kangean. The popular birds targeted by either as main trees or shade trees might pro- hunter are song birds notably, Gracula religi- mote bird species richness and composition osa, Copsychus malabaricus and Lanius comparable to undisturbed or natural forest schach. Those birds were detected either only (Zou et al. 2014, Subashinge et al. 2014). once or none at all. The demand of song birds Birds conservation in Kangean needed was very high so it was expected that those to focus on natural habitat i.e. natural forest birds which were very rare at the time of field- and mangrove. Teak plantation and open area work became extinct nowadays. Those parti- as part of managed habitat should be threated cular three species were included in top 28 the carefully as not to expand so much in reducing most threatened song birds in Southeast Asia the area of natural forest. In addition, shifting and particular conservation action was on go- harvesting time of teak stand in which already ing (Lee et al. 2016). been practice has created mosaic that benefi- cial to diversity. Moreover, those habitats CONCLUSION might have the function of maintaining birds The study revealed new information diversity on some degree. on the bird’s diversity and community in Nevertheless, the survival of the bird Kangean Islands. The additional data on par- in Kangean especially forest bird was threat- ticularly water birds and migratory birds ex- ened by habitat degradation, particularly ille- panded the list of Kangean birds onto 113 spe- gal logging and birds hunting. Illegal logging cies. The bird richness and community compo- was imminent in Kangean. The targeted sition showed that natural forest hold im- woods were not only teak timber which had portant role to maintain interior forest commu- high economic values but also trees from natu- nities over teak plantation; while the im- ral forest. In the long run, if natural forest was portance of mangrove habitat in Kangean be- kept unprotected from illegal logging, it would came clearer as the stop over for migratory influence some species which have specific birds. However, this study also demonstrated niche such as woodpeckers or species that de- the process of diminishing diversity especially pendent on the fruiting trees will be at risk for forest birds as many of species became because the loss of older trees. The habitat rarer and eventually missing from observation alteration and forest fragmentation would push such as song birds species. Conservation stra- process of extinction even faster for island tegy should be taken to prevent local extinc- endemic as it lack of mechanism of recoloni- tion in Kangean islands, focusing onto some zation in the secondary growth from nearby objectives i.e plantation management that in- forest fragments (Wolfe et al. 2015) clude natural forest conservation, effective law

135 Zoo Indonesia 2016 25(2): 122-141 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago enforcement to prevent illegal logging both in and Moore complete checklist of the birds of the world. 3rd Edition. Lon- teak plantation and natural forst, and control- don: Christopher Helm. ling illegal birds poaching. Ferguson-Lee, J. &. Christie, D. A. (2001). Raptors of the world. London: Christoper Helm. REFERENCES Fujita, M.S., Prawiradilaga, D.M. Yoshimura, T. (2015). Roles of fragmented and Bermans, W. & Bree, P. J. H. van. (1986). On logged forests for bird communities in a collection of bats and rats from The industrial Accacia mangium plantation Kangean Islands, Indonesia in Indonesia. Ecol. Res. DOI 10.1007/ (Mammalia: Chiroptera and Rodent- s11284-016-1334-2. ia). Z. Saügetierkunde, 5, 329-344. Fujita, M.S., Samejima, H., Haryadi D.S., Mu- Bibby, C., Jones, M. & Marsden, S. (1998). hammad, A., Irham, M., Shiodera, S. expedition field techniques: Bird sur- (2015). Low conservation value of veys. London: Royal Geographic Soci- converted habitat for avifauna in tropi- ety. cal peatland on Sumatra, Indonesia. BirdLife International. (2003). Important bird Ecol. Res 29, 741-755. areas in Asia: Key sites for conserva- Hartert, E. (1901). Mixornis Prillwitzi & tion. Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife Inter- Graucalus Vordermani. Bull. B.O.C. national. XII, (LXXXIV), 32-33. Collar, N. (2017). White-rumped Shama Hartert, E. (1902). The birds of Kangean Is- (Kittacincla malabarica). In J. del lands. Nov. Zoöl, 9, 419-442. Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Hoogerwerf, A. (1962). Ornithological notes Christie, & E. de Juana. in the Sunda Strait area and the Kari- (eds.). Handbook of the birds of the mundjawa, Bawean and Kangean Is- world alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelo- lands. Bull.Brit.Ornith.Club, 82, 142- na.[Online]. Retrieved from http:// 147. www.hbw.com/node/58486 [3 Au- Hoogerwerf, A. (1962). Some ornithological gust 2016]. notes on the smaller islands Javan. Colwell, R. K. (2005). EstimateS: Statistical Ardea, 50(3-4), 180-206. estimation of species richness and Hoogerwerf, A. (1962). Notes on Indonesian shares species from samples (Version Birds with special reference to the avi- 7.5). Diambil dari http://purl.oclc.org/ fauna of Java and the surrounding estimates. small islands (II). Treubia, 26, 11- 38 de Iongh, H., van Helvoort, B., Sumaryoto, A., Hoogerwerf, A. (1963). Notes on Indonesian & Sutanto, H. (1982). An ecological Birds with special reference to the avi- survey of the Kangean Island archi- fauna of Java and the surrounding pelago in Indonesia. WWF-Indonesia, small islands (II). Treubia, 26, 133- Bogor: van Tienhaven Foundation 157. Ijsselstein. Hoogerwerf, A. (1963).The golden-backed del Hoyo, J. & Collar, N. (2017). Kangean Tit woodpecker, Chrysocolaptes lucidus -babbler (Mixornis prillwitzi). In J. del (Scopoli) in the Kangean Archipelago. Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Bull.Brit.Ornith.Club, 83, 112-114. Christie, & E. de Juana. Hoogerwerf, A. (1964). On two species of (eds.). Handbook of the birds of the Centropus from The Kangean Island world Alive. Lynx Edicions, Barcelo- (Aves, Cuculidae). Zoologische na. [Online]. Retrieved from http:// Mededelingen, 40(14), 119-123. www.hbw.com/node/1343970 [3 Au- Hoogerwerf, A. (1965). Notes on Indonesian gust 2016). Birds with special reference to the avi- Dekker, R. W. R. J. (1989). Predation and fauna of Java and the surrounding western limits of Megapode distribu- small islands (III). Treubia, 26, 211- tion (Megapodiidae; Aves). Journal of 291. Biogeography, 16(4), 317-321. Irham, M. & Marakarmah. A. (2009). Panduan Dickinson, E. C. (editor). (2003). The Howard

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138 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

APPENDIX 1. List of Kangean Birds

No Family Species Previous records 2007-2008

1 Ardeidae Ardea sumatrana √ √ 2 Ardea purpurea √ √ 3 Bubulculs ibis √ √ 4 Ardeola speciosa √ √ 5 Butorides striata √ √ 6 Nycticorax nycticorax √ 7 Egretta sacra √ √ 8 Egretta garzeta √ √ 9 Egretta intermedia √ √ 10 Ixobrychus cinnamomeus √ 11 Ciconiidae Leptoptilos javanicus √ 12 Threskiornithidae Plegadis falcinellus √ 13 Accipitridae Pandion haliaeetus √ √ 14 Elanus caeruleus √ √ 15 Pernis ptilorhynchus √ 16 Haliaeetus leucogaster √ √ 17 Haliastur indus √ √ 18 Circus spilonotus √ 19 Spizaetus cirrhatus √ 20 Falconidae Falco moluccensis √ √ 21 Fregatidae Fregata ariel √ √ 22 Fregata minor √ 23 Anatidae Dendrocygna javanica √ √ 24 Dendrocygna arcuata √ √ 25 Anas gibberifrons √ √ 26 Anas superciliosa √ 27 Megapodidae Megapodius reinwardt √ √ 28 Phasianidae Gallus varius √ √ 29 Rallidae Amaurornis phoenicurus √ √ 30 Poliolimnas cinerea √ 31 Gallinula chloropus √ 32 Porphyrio porphyrio √ 33 Charadriidae Pluvialis fulva √ 34 Charadrius javanicus √ √ 35 Charadrius dubius √ 36 Charadrius peronii √ 37 Charadrius leschenaultii √ 38 Charadrius veredus √ 39 Scolopacidae Numenius phaeopus √ √ 40 Limosa sp. √

139 Zoo Indonesia 2016 25(2): 122-141 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago

continued

No Family Species Previous records 2007-2008

41 Tringa totanus √ 42 Tringa nebularia √ √ 43 Tringa glareola √ √ 44 Actitis hypoleucos √ √ 45 Heteroscelus brevipes √ √ 46 Calidris ruficollis √ 47 Calidris subminuta √ 48 Burhinidae Esacus magnirostris √ 49 Graleolidae Stiltia isabella √ 50 Laridae Sterna sumatrana √ √ 51 Sterna albifrons √ √ 52 Sterna bergii √ √ 53 Sterna bengalensis √ 54 Columbidae Treron griseicauda √ √ 55 Treron vernans √ √ 56 Ducula aenea √ √ 57 Ducula rosacea √ 58 Ducula bicolor √ √ 59 Macropygia emiliana √ √ 60 Ptilinopus melanospila √ √ 61 Streptopelia chinensis √ √ 62 Streptopelia bitorquata √ 63 Geopelia striata √ √ 64 Chalcopaps indica √ √ 65 Caloenas nicobarica √ √ 66 Psittacidae Psittacula alexandri √ √ 67 Cuculidae Chrysococcyx basalis √ 68 Rhopodytes tristis √ √ 69 Centropus sinensis √ √ 70 Centropus bengalensis √ 71 Eudynamys scolopaceus √ √ 72 Tytonidae Tyto alba √ √ 73 Strigidae Otus lempiji √ √ 74 Podargidae Batrachostomus javensis √ √ 75 Apodidae Collocalia fuciphagus √ √ 76 Collocalia linchi √ √ 77 Cypsiurus balasiensis √ 78 Hemiprocnidae Hemiprocne longipennis √ √ 79 Alcedinidae Alcedo meninting √ 80 Alcedo coerulescens √ √

140 Avifauna Diversity in Kangean Archipelago Mohammad Irham

continued

No Family Species Previous records 2007-2008

81 Ceyx rufidorsa √ 82 Halcyon chloris √ √ 83 Halcyon sancta √ √ 84 Meropidae Merops phillipinus √ √ 85 Merops leschenaulti √ 86 Merops ornatus √ √ 87 Picidae Picus vittatus √ √ 88 Chrysocolaptes lucidus √ √ 89 Hirundinidae Hirundo tahitica √ √ 90 Hirundo rustica √ 91 Motacillidae Motacilla flava √ 92 Campephagidae Coracina striata √ √ 93 Lalage sueurii √ 94 Pycnonotidae Pycnonotus goiavier √ √ 95 Laniidae Lanius schach √ 96 Turdidae Copsychus malabaricus √ √ 97 Timaliidae Macronous flavicollis √ √ 98 Sylviidae Cisticola juncidis √ √ 99 Orthotomus ruficeps √ √ 100 Phylloscopus borealis √ 101 Dicaeidae Dicaeum trochileum √ √ 102 Nectariniidae Anthreptes malaccensis √ √ 103 Cinnyris jugularis √ √ 104 Zosteropidae Zosterpos chloris √ 105 Estrildidae Lonchura punctulata √ √ 106 Lonchura molucca √ √ 107 Padda oryzivora √ √ 108 Phacycephalidae Pachycephala grisola √ √ 109 Sturnidae Gracula religiosa √ √ 110 Oriolidae Oriolus chinensis √ √ 111 Dicruridae Dicrurus hottentottus √ √ 112 Artamidae Artamus leucorynchus √ √ 113 Corvidae Corvus macrorhynchos √ √ Notes: previous records were accumulated from list of Hartert (1902), Hoogerwer (1954) and Nurwatha(1999).

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